Myasthenia gravis (Year of the Zebra 2024) | Osmosis from Elsevier | YouTubeToText
YouTube Transcript: Myasthenia gravis (Year of the Zebra 2024)
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myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune
disorder that causes weakness in
skeletal muscles it occurs when the body
mistakenly produces antibodies that
attack the neuromuscular Junction which
is the meeting point between nerve
fibers typically when the brain sends a
signal to move a muscle it travels down
motor nerves until it reaches the
neuromuscular Junction at this Junction
nerve cells release a chemical mess
called acetylcholine a neurotransmitter
that crosses a small Gap and binds to
receptors on the surface of muscle cells
contraction with myasthenia gravis
antibodies bind to these receptors
blocking their interaction with
acetylcholine and weakening muscle
contraction over time these antibodies
can damage and reduce the amount of
receptors on the muscle cell surface
further leading to weak and easily fatigued
fatigued
muscles although it's unclear why
myasthenic gravis tends to affect young
females in their 20s and 30s and older
males in their 60s and 7s it's also more
common in people who have a thymoma
which is a type of tumor that develops
in the thymus
gland the Hallmark of myasthenia gravis
is muscle weakness that worsens after
activity and improves with rest
initially myasthenia gravis may only
affect the muscles that control movement
of the eye and eyelids causing symptoms
like double vision or drooping eyelids
when the arm and leg muscles are
involved people might experience severe
fatigue and difficulties with walking or
climbing stairs weakness in the muscles
responsible for swallowing and speech
production can cause symptoms like a
change in voice and slur speech as well
as difficulty
swallowing finally if the muscles that
control breathing are affected people
can develop a myasthenic crisis which is
a life-threatening manifestation of the
disorder that causes muscle weakness of
the respiratory muscles leading to
difficulty breathing which rapidly
results in respiratory failure if not
treated some factors that may trigger a
myasthenic crisis include infections
stress diagnosis is usually based on
suggestive symptoms and the presence of
anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies
in the blood a simple bedside test that
can assist in the diagnosis is the ice
pack test which involves placing an ice
cube over the person's eyelids for a
couple of minutes and then checking if
they is an improvement in muscle
strength the cooling effect of the ice
pack temporarily slows the breakdown of
acetylcholine which can improve muscle
weakness in people with myasthenia
gravis additional tests may include
electromyography and nerve conduction
studies which typically show decreased
muscle activity with repetitive
stimulation once mythia gravis is
diagnosed a CT scan or MRI of the thorax
may be done to check for
thymoma treatment of myasthenia gravis
consists of medications that increase
the amount of acetylcholine available to
muscle cells like neostigmine or paridos
stigmine severe cases can also be
treated with immunosuppressive
medications like prazone which reduce
the production of harmful antibodies
finally many individuals with myasthenia
gravis undergo surgical removal of the
thymus which can improve symptoms even
to those who don't appear to have any
issue with the thymus gland
itself all right as a quick recap
myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune
disorder caused by antibodies against
the neuromuscular Junction it's
clinically characterized by muscle
weakness that worsens with activity and
improves with rest the purpose of
treatment is to reduce the immune
systems attack on the muscles and
improve muscle strength by increasing
the amount of acetylcholine available
helping current and future clinicians
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