0:02 hello and welcome to lecture number 14
0:05 this is topic 2.3 capture and the impact
0:08 of the slave trade on West African
0:10 societies the first learning objective
0:11 is to describe the conditions of the
0:13 three-part Journey enslaved Africans
0:16 endured during the transatlantic slave
0:18 trade the first part is the march to the
0:20 coast many of the people who were
0:22 enslaved were captured and marched from
0:24 the interior States the abductions were
0:26 done by other Africans who were
0:28 utilizing European weapons to sell these
0:30 captives for finished goods weapons and
0:32 sometimes New World items like rum for
0:34 example the kingdom of D homi in present
0:36 day benon engaged heavily in capturing
0:38 and selling War captives they marched
0:40 the captives in cofal or chains that
0:41 traditionally connected captives by the
0:43 neck the march of the coast where they
0:45 would be sold to be put on slave ships
0:47 could last several
0:49 months when they arrived at the coast
0:50 they were held in bar raccoons or
0:53 hastily made Barracks other times they'd
0:54 be held in dungeons to factories or
0:57 fortified buildings on the coast often
0:58 these were very crowded with captives
1:01 chained together and unan Ary conditions
1:02 human waste would often sit in the
1:04 gutter of the cell and there would be
1:06 very little ventilation or light and
1:07 they could be held in these areas for
1:09 weeks or even months as they awaited a
1:10 slave ship to transport them across the
1:12 Atlantic examples of these factories
1:14 include the Portuguese fortification at
1:16 elmina Castle off the coast of Ghana and
1:18 gory Island located off the coast of
1:20 Sagal which traded hands between the
1:24 Portuguese Dutch English and
1:27 French the second part of the journey is
1:29 called the Middle Passage it started
1:30 when the captives were taken from the
1:32 dungeons or bar raccoons and bought by
1:35 the captains of slav ships they would be
1:36 roded to the larger slav ship waiting in
1:39 open water or natural Bay often the
1:40 slave ships would only buy a few
1:42 enslaved people at each trade post off
1:44 the coast of Africa so it could take
1:46 several weeks for a slave ship captain
1:47 to fill his cargo and finally head off
1:50 to the new world once they did sail off
1:51 they used the westward currents and the
1:53 prevailing winds usually launching from
1:55 the Canary Islands they could pick up
1:57 these prevailing winds depending on the
1:59 size of the ship and any interruptions
2:01 that happen during Transit the passage
2:03 could take between 2 to 3 months some
2:05 ships like the notorious Brooks could
2:07 carry up to 600 enslaved people far
2:09 exceeding its official
2:11 capacity there were many difficulties
2:13 for the captives during the Middle
2:15 Passage the overall death rate across
2:17 the entire transatlantic slave trade was
2:20 about 15% but it was definitely higher
2:22 in the earlier years of the slave trade
2:25 inhumane treatment was rampant captives
2:27 could be humiliated beaten or punished
2:29 for not being obedient the traditional
2:31 weapon of for the slave ship captains
2:34 was the cat Ninetails a whip women faced
2:35 the constant threat of rape and in Slave
2:37 people were placed in the cargo hold
2:38 below the deck of the ship where there
2:40 was less than 30 in of Headroom when
2:42 lying down they were chained together
2:44 often in pairs and stuffed beyond the
2:47 actual capacity of the ship diseases
2:49 such as small poox scurvy and dissenter
2:51 were common and difficult to control
2:53 among the human cargo and slave people
2:55 were usually fed twice a day but some
2:56 captains skimped on the food cost to
2:58 increase their profit margins leading to
3:00 malnourishment and death those who died
3:02 on board were then thrown overboard and
3:04 sharks were known to follow the ships
3:05 anticipating the bodies that were being
3:08 discarded in one Infamous incident in
3:10 1781 the crew of the British slaveship
3:13 zong threw 132 sick and dying slaves
3:20 money the final part of the journey was
3:22 the arrival at the Port upon arrival
3:24 captives were quarantined to recover
3:26 from illnesses and ensure diseases did
3:29 not spread further they were washed the
3:31 body's oil to had any blemishes or scars
3:32 and their herir was died to Mas gray
3:35 hairs by far the most cruel and
3:38 humiliating practice during this time
3:40 was to stuff up the anuses of people
3:42 that were suffering from distant ter
3:45 using hemp that way their ailment would
3:46 be hidden long enough to pass the
3:48 inspection of a potential
3:51 buyer the enslave would be lined up on
3:53 the deck of the ship and buyers would be
3:55 invited aboard to inspect them before
3:57 purchase slave ships rarely sold all
3:59 their human cargo at one location or at
4:01 the first Port of arrival so it could
4:02 take several months for a captive to be
4:05 sold to a potential Plantation often
4:07 they started in the Caribbean islands
4:08 and then made their way up to Charleston
4:11 South Carolina upon arriving at their
4:12 destination captives underwent a
4:13 seasoning period where they were trained
4:15 on plantation work and instilled with
4:17 obedience often through beatings
4:18 seasoning often included brutal
4:20 practices to break the spirit of the
4:22 captives making them more compliant
4:24 enslavers frequently gave them new names
4:26 often after famous Greek or Roman
4:28 figures as a way to strip them of their
4:31 identity and Humanity
4:32 the second learning objective is to
4:34 explain how the transatlantic slave
4:38 trade destabilized West African
4:40 societies the slave trade actually
4:42 predated European interactions slavery
4:44 already existed in Africa before the
4:46 Portuguese arrived but after the
4:47 Europeans arrived the monetary
4:49 incentives increased leading to more
4:51 violence and capturing of people from
4:54 rival factions to sell them into slavery
4:55 for instance the oo Empire in present
4:57 day Nigeria expanded its military
5:00 campaigns to capture more slaves prior
5:02 to European arrival more women and
5:03 children were enslaved than men because
5:05 the market for enslaved people was
5:06 usually across the Sahara where they
5:09 often became servants or concubines
5:11 after European arrival domestic Wars
5:13 between kingdoms were exacerbated by the
5:15 Firearms provided by Europeans and
5:23 men Coastal kingdoms benefited from
5:24 capturing and selling people from
5:26 neighboring societies increasing their
5:28 control and influence in the region
5:30 Coastal states that dealt with Europeans
5:31 became wealthy from the trade in goods
5:33 and people selling War captives from
5:35 opposing ethnic groups the kingdom of
5:37 Congo the Ashanti in modern day Ghana
5:40 and the doomi in modern day Vin are
5:41 examples of Kingdoms that benefited
5:43 greatly from the slave trade by the time
5:45 the European countries were considering
5:46 Banning the practice of the
5:48 transatlantic slave trade in the 19th
5:50 century these kingdoms lobbied against
5:53 its abolition king gzo of dhomi famously
5:55 declared in the 1840s that the slave
5:56 trade was the source of his Kingdom's
5:59 wealth conversely interior States became
6:00 became less stable under the constant
6:02 threat of capture and enslavement the
6:04 loss of people and family members who
6:06 could have assumed leadership roles
6:08 raised families or passed on Traditions
6:10 led to weaker political systems the
6:12 decimation of male populations and the
6:14 incentivization of coastal states to
6:15 continue capturing people resulted in
6:17 more Civil Wars among the interior
6:20 States for example the bombara empire in
6:22 present day Mali faced increased
6:29 trade the last learning objective is to
6:31 describe the key features and purposes
6:32 of narratives written by formerly enslaved
6:38 Africans a slave narrative is a genre of
6:40 literature in which formerly enslaved
6:42 Africans detailed their experiences
6:44 famous examples include olad aiano the
6:46 interesting Narrative of the life of
6:49 olada aano Harriet jacobs's incidents in
6:51 the life of a save girl Solomon North
6:54 rep's 12 years of slave transcribed by
6:56 another author and Frederick Douglas's
6:57 Narrative of the Life of Frederick
6:59 Douglas an American slave slave
7:01 narratives also included genres of
7:03 poetry such as Phyllis wheatley's poems
7:06 on various subjects religious and
7:09 moral slave narratives are foundational
7:11 to American Literature and they serve as
7:12 historical accounts documenting the
7:14 horrors of the middle passage in the
7:16 lives of enslaved people on plantations
7:18 for example ao's Memoir describes the
7:20 Middle Passage while North's 12 years of
7:22 slave details Plantation life and the
7:24 strategies plantation owners use to
7:26 increase productivity they also serve as
7:28 literary works on their own with wheatle
7:30 gaining recognition for her poetry
7:33 during her lifetime additionally slave
7:35 narratives served as political texts
7:36 advocating for the end of slavery and
7:38 the slave trade demonstrating black
7:40 Humanity Douglas's narrative fits his
7:42 description as do works by other black
7:44 writers like David Walker's and appeal
7:46 to the colored citizens of the world
7:47 which advocated for the inclusion of
7:49 people of African descent and American
7:52 society Mary Prince's narrative the
7:53 history of Mary Prince a West Indian
7:55 slave was the first account of the life
7:56 of a black woman to be published in the
7:59 UK highlighting the brutality of slavery
8:01 in the British
8:04 colonies finally here's a recap the
8:06 Journey of enslaved Africans started in
8:08 the interior of Africa continued to
8:10 cross the Atlantic and persisted after
8:12 the arrival in North America African
8:14 kingdoms engaged in the slave trade to
8:16 maintain wealth power and influence in
8:17 the region but the loss of population
8:19 left the lasting Legacy of instability
8:22 in Africa finally slave narratives are
8:24 foundational to early American writing
8:26 serving as literary Works historical
8:29 accounts and political texts
8:31 thank you for watching if you would like
8:32 to watch the next lecture click the
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8:38 you can visit APUSH lights.com
8:40 slfm I wish you the best of luck with
8:41 your studies and I hope to see you back
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