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Criminological Research, UN SDG's and Choosing research Topic

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Good day everyone. Today we will be

talking about criminological research,

how it connects with the United Nations

sustainable development goals and the

ethical use of AI in conducting

research. By the end of the session, you

should be able to understand what

research is. See examples relevant to

criminology and learn how to choose and

refine research topics that are

smart, globally relevant and aligned

By the end of this discussion, you

should be able to define

research and criminological research.

relate criminological research with the

UNSDGs and the university research

agenda. Identify sample criminological

research topics. Formulate clear

research objectives using the smart

framework and next meeting recognize the

rule of AI in research and how to use it ethically.

So let's start a quick poll.

I read some statements and at least on

your mind you should respond with agree

or disagree.

So once I read the statement um you need

to think whether the statement is true

and if the statement is true

you should agree and if you think that if

the statement is false you should disagree.

disagree.

For this statement, it mentioned that if

a criminology research topic is relevant

to the community, it automatically

aligns with the UN sustainable

development goals.

This topic and this statement is not

correct because a research topic um even

if it's relevant to the community

doesn't mean that it automatically

aligns with the UNSDGs.

We still need to identify whether the

topic aligns with the 17 UNSCGs which we

will discuss later.

According to the statement, you using AI

to refine your research

This statement

is false so you should disagree

because using AI to refine is not

plagarism per um

since we can be we can presume

in the statement that the original idea

may come from the mind of a human. So it

means that if the topic comes um from

your mind and you just asked AI to refine research

question then it is not plagurism

because students you should be

um not citing chat GPT or any other AI

tools is already uh plagarism.

So therefore

if you did not cite um AI but you use it that

's pluralism. Now in this statement

since you just use AI to refine it's not

plagurism unless the original idea

Criminology research is only valid if it

produces new theories. This statement is

not true or you should disagree with

this statement because the theories are um theory

is a backbone of a research or

theories are the backbone

and um in doing research it doesn't mean

that you should produce theories but

you should produce an output

which is not theories a

broad topic is better than a narrow

one because it gives more room for

discussion. So this statement is false

also or you should disagree with this

statement because the broader the topic the

um it means that you you did not pick

the good topic. Later we will discuss

how to choose a good topic so we can

relate our we can relate this statement

to our um lesson later.

So we will um discuss what is smart how

Okay. Another one.

Once a research topic is aligned with an

SDGs there's no need to check the

university's research agenda. So this is

false or you should disagree with the

statement because

later we discuss the 17 the 17 UN SDGs

and the university research agenda. Your

topic should be aligned to the 17 or at

least one UNSDG and also to the

So now we will um

in this slide the topic or the

definition of research is being defined

here according to this according to the definition

definition

research is a systematic and organized

process of finding answers to questions.

So it is a way of generating knowledge

and evidence to address real world problems.

problems.

Think of it as a muff. It guides us from

curiosity to reliable answers. So it's

also a method of inquiry that

contributes to knowledge development in

any field. So the term

research is generic. Now we should also understand

the term criminological research. In

particular, it investigates crime,

criminal behavior and the justice

system. It validates theories, test

intervention and studies criminal

justice processes.

This is essential because criminology

doesn't just study crime. It also

provides evidence policies, programs and

justice reforms.

So we are if our topic is focused of

course in criminology

that is criminological research

here are examples. So I will provide two topics.

topics.

So one is the topic which I am the

soul author and the second one um is the

uh research wherein I am only a co-author.

co-author.

highlights real societal societal issues

and aligned with SDGs

such as gender equality, family

well-being and peace and justice. So this

one is what the title is breaking

chains, rebuilding lives, paternal

incarceration, family well-being and support

system in the context of the

SDGs. It's very obvious that it is um

responsive to the uh to the uh SDG

number 3 which is the good health and

well-being. Since I aligned the title of

the research based on the um journal

where I submitted my paper. remember

that um because if we were we will publish um

a topic or say a research

paper in journal we should always align

the our topic based on the aims and

scope of the journal so it's very

important that if you have a research you

should publish it so that the whole

So here is the objectives of the or

objective of the of the study since it's

a qualitative research where I interview

uh women who are um currently um in the

custody of Bulacan Provincial Jail and

their trial

their case is still pending.

So I just examine their live experiences

as incarcerated mods how they maintain

This is an order study about the

counter factors of homicide

victimization within the province of

Pampanga Philippines. So if you if you

notice in this topic the local of the

study was mentioned that the focus of

the study as for example as to what

particular crime is our focus like

for for this example it's homicide victimization.

victimization.

And specifically um what about homicide

as for example the contributory

factor. So it's very specific

and here is the

aim of the study

and the

scope. So from 2019 to 2022 maybe um

what is missing in the title is the

coverage which is 2019 to 2022. Remember

that if you're um looking for uh the

title you must at least mention the coverage.

coverage.

These are sample criminology research

titles. Notice how specific they are.

contextualized in Bulacan or provinces

and focus on criminological problems

such as online gumbling burglary gender

issues and the role of barangay tanots

so we have one which is the exploring

the motivation for mendicancy among

nonstitut in the city of Malolos Bulacan

so this um topic the group was curious

because of the fact that there are a

lots of mendicants or youth mendicants

in the city of Malolos. So when

you're eating, um, ayuth me, or let's say, even though you're

still young, sometimes you'll get bitten. So

that's one other topic is about the

correlation of the online gumbling and

the development of divant behavior among players.

players.

So if it's a correlation because

when you play online

this or that, does that mean that when

your online gambling tendency increases, does your deviance

deviance

as a player or as a person also increase?

So correlation to no again when we

say correlation it doesn't mean causation. It's

causation. It's

not cause and effect. It's just

whether the tendency for

him to be a gumbler increases and then he becomes a deviant. It

seems like that. Then we have this this is

this is another good study. Um they

analyze the awareness of the cyb

security or those digitally

dependent small business um owners

wherein they determine whether the

owners are aware of the cyb security awareness.

awareness.

That's it. So that's in Malolos. So they took it and

listed it at the municipality and then

they did a survey. Yes. To find out if

the if the employers are aware of the

cyb security.

Okay. Another one is the vulnerability of

convenience stores. Examples are

Alphaart, OSVE, Dali. However, the

location is in Bulacan, Bulacan. So they

determined whether these

convenience stores were still vulnerable. That's it. So

gender nonconformity. So the live

deliver experiences of LGBTQIA and

criminology students at Bulacan State University.

University.

So this is a qualitative or

phenomenological. Because when you hear the

word live experience, what usually

Other, we have the assessing digital

literacy and technological capacities of

Poliland municipal

police officers. So enhancing tools for

effective law enforcement functions.

Here, we look at the capabilities of the

police officers at the Puliland Police Station, whether

they are that techy. The

second is to examine whether

vlogging as a tool used

by the PNP has increased public thrust

towards them. For number three,

um, here they looked at it

quantitatively because they used

inferential statistics where

they looked at

a person's educational attainment and

their level of income. It's like gambling

earlier. So they looked at the

correlation to see if they were close. So

educational attainment and div. So

it's inferential because

they compared whether when you were incarcerated, the

majority of them were still uneducated or

educated, like that. So that's one.

Another is what is the impact of social

media in shaping defiant behavior

among selected students of Bulacan

state. That's it.

And in this study, redefining

second chances.

So it's a quantitative study. It's obvious

from the title. Sometimes

they put the research design in the title .

Ah, so that's what readers will see

right away, just from the title. Oh it's a

quantitative. That's it.

And then they looked at this,

what the

employer was

looking at. What is their view

of former PDLs? Whether they will hire

him or not. There you go. So of course,

the record already exists. Another we have

effectiveness of barangay tanod in

responding. That's because this was done by the

researchers who assisted Sir Carlos

here because it's very important that if

you are a barangay guard, you know

how to respond if someone is the victim of a

rape case, right? So they conducted

the study in all the

barangays in Bulacan. I said that not

all of them are necessary because when

you're doing a quant, you really

shouldn't get 100% of the people because

that's also very costly, but

they want everyone to ask questions,

so they still pushed everything. So

here they saw that not all

barangay guards were aware of responding to

cases related to this one. That's it.

That's it. So it will raise of course, actually it

seems like they have a proposal there in

the municipality as their output

because research has no sense if there is

no output. Bulacan State University

Research Agenda reflects national

development priorities and promotes

interdisciplinary studies through seven

research program divisions. But this is

the only relevant to us division 3

which is the education, language,

language,

social science and humanities.

Division 5 business and public

governance division 6 artificial

intelligence digital technology and innovation

innovation

criminology research of aligns with this

division particularly in areas such

peace and security law enforcement

gender and development digital crimes

and youth delinquency.

So when choosing a topic we must align

it with two important frameworks. The

university research agenda

which ensures our work contributes to

institutional priorities and the UNSDG

which makes our research globally

relevant. So if we balance both our

local and international impact.

So again it's very important that

we also align our research with

this. So, ma'am, is that all? No.

So this is what I was saying earlier, the

university research agenda. There are many of them

nine. But only a few are applicable to

us. So whatever comes in that is

applicable to us,

that's what we'll align with. What

topic needs to be aligned with that?

And the UNSDG.

It's actually UNSDG 17. But the ones

I mentioned may have other goals

that are not here but are within your topic.

So you won't limit him to

just my opinion, right? Like for example

good health and well-being,

quality education,

gender equality, reduce inequalities.

This is really the point of entry: peace, justice,

and strong institutions and partnership

for the goals. So the 17 SCG, it's a pro

it's a global framework for sustainable development.

development.

So again your research must align with it.

it.

So you must use this um goals in

determining which particular topic

you will choose.

Okay? So

this is an example, huh? If we study for example gender sensitivity

sensitivity

training and gender-based violence

that aligns with STG5 ba so that's

gender equality it also aligns with the

criminology discipline because it

addresses crime prevention

um law enforcement training and social

justice. So social science is also broad,

so he can go into that too.

that too.

So if you see this example,

the topic is there. This is the topic and

this is the aligned SDG. So in

your assignment, you just choose

one SDG topic and then what

SDG is it aligned with?

There you go. So that's okay. I mentioned it

earlier. We're okay there.

So now um you must learn the one on how to

choose and narrow a research topic.

Because a good research topic is

relevant to criminology and current

social issues. Example of which um I

watch this uh

in KMJS wherein a woman was

seen floating in the sea. So

that's trending, no, that's a current social

issue because it's very unusual for a

woman to be a victim of crime. So please

revisit. Look at how many or you may have

asked the PNP statistics as to the

victims. How many are men? How many are

women? Because for us, being a licensed

criminologist and a researcher, the

statistics are high that men are the

victims. But in that sense,

it's very unusual for a woman. And what's the

motive behind that, right? So what

is gender? It's also a bit of a gender issue. And then

then

why does it need to be relevant and current? So

you look at news articles, trends,

trends,

and new research, like

many studies about AI and other

studies about technology. That's it.

Why new? Because of course,

the world is moving fast. So we need to um look for

a research topic that is not old

or outdated because it has been thought of

before. Your topic must also be specific

and manageable within your scope and

resources. Usually, when you're an undergraduate, the

scope isn't really that big,

because you're an undergraduate. Unlike the

masters and PhD usually provincial and

regional. So for you it's usually

only a barangay or a municipality because you're an

undergraduate. This is just the pH that

you are learning to do research on.

So therefore it won't be that

expensive. So only specific

but BulacanBulacan, Malolos or

barangay. Okay. So, it must also be

meaningful and contribute to theoretical

or practical knowledge. So

your research should be useful. "

He" is not a noun, so we have no

use for it. That's why I'm requiring that after

the thesis or after the study, we have an

output that we can propose to the LGU or

whoever it is or the project. So

that's one last one. It must be aligned

with the SDGs or

institutional research agenda. This is

what I mentioned. The topic must be

aligned with the agenda.

So again, when choosing a topic, avoid

being too broad. For example, your focus

is crime in the Philippines. No,

it's too wide because it's the Philippines. So, you

need to narrow it down. Trends in, for

example, your topic should be trends in

property crime in Quezon City 20202.

So, that's not the focus because

So, this is another example of

topics that are too broad. For example, we

police visibility no that's broad. So

this is how to refine it. So we focus on

the effect of police presence also that

's police visibility right and how

it affects reduction of crime crime

theories. So it's too broad. So this

one we've become specific about the broken

windows theory in school-based crime

prevention. So we have refined

the research problem.

Cyber crime impact of social media

usage. That's why we became specific on

social media usage on cyber bullying

incidents among teenagers. So that is

how to refine the research problem.

Now we will proceed with the formulation

of the research objective.

So after choosing a topic we now need to

set objectives.

So the general objective gives the broad

goal. For example

to determine the impact of police

visibility on urban crime rates then we break

it down into specific objectives

which make the study more structured and

measurable. Again, your topics are different

and your research

objectives are different. Because usually research

objectives are the either interrogative

or declarative form. It means a

question, a question. So these are

the answers you will answer in

your chapter 4. So sometimes we use.

This is what we call the statement

of the problem. That's it. So these are the general objectives.

objectives.

This is what your topic seems like, which

you converted into

an interrogative or declarative statement.

statement.

So here are the specific objectives. If

you have a general objective, do

you need to break it down into

different SOPs that you will answer in chapter

4 so that you can answer your general

objective? Because the general objective

cannot be answered um solely just to

answer your topic. Many will answer

that. Like for example, so you can answer

the general objective here, you need

first to describe the level of police

visibility in the community.

Then you also analyze the types of

frequency of reported crimes in those

areas. And once you already have the

data, you will colorate police

visibility with crime reduction rates.

That's it. So that's still different.

So that will be used to answer the

Because what we are looking for here in the

general objective is whether police

visibility has an effect on

reducing crime. That's why

we need this data. So for us to

understand what's happening. Because

you will be asked about that too. How

high is police visibility in

that area? How often should you report a crime?

And then what about now and how

low or reduced is the crime rate?

That's right. So to know if

police visibility is really effective,

So again if you're looking for a topic

it must be aligned with what we called

our smart criteria. Okay? So it must be

specific, measurable, achievable,

relevant and time bound. So this is him

when we say specific, clear and focus.

Okay? When we say measurable, measurable,

quantifiable and observable. That's why

we use an instrument because that's where

we can measure it. It must also be

realistic given the time and resources that

we have. Like for example, is it possible to

mager a data within 6 months or 5

months? So go. If it can't be

done, then the

longitudinal study can't be done. When we say

longitudinal, it's about 10 years, 5

years. It's not possible. Because that means

you still have 5 years before you graduate. So it

can't be, right? So it must be

relevant. So it must be aligned with the

research topic. Ah, that means what

I pointed out earlier should be current

like that. It must be aligned with the SDGs

and what is one of the

university research agendas. And

you must have a time frame. You need to put

a timeline. For example, from this

month until November we will be

working on an instrument,

chapter 1, two, three, etc. And then

by December, once

the data has been validated, we can start gathering

data like that. So will you set

a target every month so that you have something to follow?

So these are the examples. There you go.

So aside from that, this is

his topic, right? So when we say that it is

time bound, you will also put it

in the topic if the coverage is 3 years or

maybe 2019 to 2022 like that. So

it's very important that that is also stated

because otherwise the reader won't be confused about

when this was done? Because

the data varies depending on the time

because sometimes the study is repeated, is

n't it, for example, pre-pandemic versus

post-pandemic? So the

date is different. The topic and

the data collected may be the same, but the

time frame may be different. So that's different

research because the time frame is different, so

it's very important that

you mention the time frame because it can't be the

same topic because the time

frame is the same. That's not possible. So you can

just repeat a topic if no

such topic has been done in that area

Then here in the achievable, I'll just add it.

Um, for example, can

you interview the senators?

Is it difficult? So he's not possible, so

he's not achievable, so

you'll look at that too.

There you go. So that's all for the smart criteria objectives.

objectives.

So here are some examples, smart aligned titles.

So we have the effect of police visibility.

visibility.

Okay. If you look at the effect,

let's discuss the topic in detail. Effect of

police visibility. Where? On a crime

incident. Where too? Local, barangay

Malolos. This is just for example if

Malolos is in barangay no. You're assuming

Malolos is a barangay, right? And what

is his time frame? January to June

2024. This is an example of a smart

topic. Okay? So this is how you think about

your topic to be very specific. He didn't

vape, did he? Clearly. Next.

Next.

This is it. If for example your topic is

um focus on a program impact that is

usually evaluation the term used is

assessing the effectiveness like that um

evaluating the impact like that. So what are

they looking at here? Um the

anti bullying campaigns. Who is that?

Selected senior high schools in Bulacan.

So school year 2024 to 2025. So look at it

very specifically. When asked what

program is there? What is

assessing effectiveness or evaluating

the effectiveness? Sometimes that's what

they use.

This is another topic.

Okay. This is it. Um it's a comparative

study. Okay. So, it's a

comparative study of what? Recidivism

rates. There you go. By now you should know

the definition of residism, right?

Where? Among drug offenders before

and after the implementation of barangay

based rehabilitation

program. Okay. So here we see

that there's a comparison. That's why

the timeline is very important. So before and

after implementation, so

it is measurable. That's

right, because we have records

and we can know based on

that whether there are recidivism

rates. Okay. So this is another

good topic. This is an example of a topic

that, just by looking at the title, is

immediately aligned with the SDG of gender

equality. Okay? So because this topic

focuses on examining the relationship

between gender sensitivity training and

reported cases of gender-based violence

in Malolo City Police Station in the

year 2023. That is. So it's another example

and that's visible.

Another topic that is technology-related, okay,

um related to crime is if you're

assessing for example the impact of CCTV

surveillance on TEF

incidents in selected commercial areas

of San Jose del Monte from January to

December 2024. So this one

they focused on a geographic area of San

Jose del Monte and just went from January

to December, so the timeline is clear, so

our variables are also clear. What we

are looking for is the TEF incidents and the

CCTV presents. That's it. So that's another topic.

topic.

I've been to Jose Del Monte. There's

quite a lot of crime

going on there, so with respect to the

locals, isn't it a bit

chaotic? So these are the topics that if

we look at it, it's not specific to

crime in the Philippines, it's

very broad, bullying in schools,

right? So that's broad, these are the

specific ones, these are the smart titles that are

really specific. Okay? So I won't

read this anymore because I think I already did this

earlier. So this is what he seems to summarize

as to why we say this is

why he's broad and why he's not

smart. This is him. Just read

that, okay?

There you go. So is this the smart version

or is it just made smart? It's over.

Okay. So I will give the presentation

and read this example.

So now I'd like to hear your questions.

Feel free to ask about research

processes, how to align with STGs or how

to refine your topic. Again class, the

process should be what you're looking for,

for example, you're interested in cyber

crime. What is the topic that can be done on

cyber crime that is happening around us,

where should we do it, who should we

interview, right? So,

you guys should look at that. So don't

think too much about whether this is the topic right away

because we will still have

another activity to determine whether the

topic you got is the one you

want because I will teach you that because

you will still be looking for related

studies on your topic. There you

can see if it's redundant, overstudied

, or if your topic has been completed.

Because if not, of course, look at

the related study you can find and

see if it is qualitative. An

example is that it is quantitative. For

example, if it's quantitative, it

means that maybe no

qualitative or interview has been done yet. There you go. So

what the researcher hasn't done yet

, that's what you'll do. Okay?

So I'll tell you about it later because

we have what's called a research gap. That's what

you will use as the basis for

why you conducted or chose

that topic. So for now, you just need to

think of a topic and then

we'll align it depending on

what the research cup is for those who are already interested in the

to close, let me leave you with this.

Choosing a topic is not about finding

something to study but finding something

worth studying. As criminology researchers

are tossing to produce knowledge that

improves justice, safety and human dignity.

dignity.

Not only to pass this subject no but of

course we need to study to contribute

something in the community.

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Criminological Research, UN SDG's and Choosing research Topic