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Major Discoveries About Nearby Exoplanets - 3 Hour Video Compilation

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This is the famous Helix Nebula. A

planetary nebula formed by a star not so

different from the sun that at the end

of its lifetime released a huge amount

of gas leaving behind a white dwarf. A

white dwarf that's still visible in a

center and that actually has been

studied by a lot of different

astronomers over the years. And

extremely recently, in March of 2025,

researchers actually discovered that the

unusual X-rays coming from the center of

this nebula seem to be the result of an

ancient planet destroyed by the central

white dwarf, possibly not so long ago.

essentially confirming that these

unusual X-ray signals that were first

detected over 40 years ago seem to be a

direct confirmation that this object

used to have a planet. A planet that has

since been shredded and destroyed and

potentially became some kind of a ring.

And naturally, this is not the first and

not the last time we're going to be

seeing signs of ancient planets around

White Wars. As a matter of fact, the

majority of White seem to contain

something. usually the signs of an

absorbed or a destroyed planet,

sometimes rings, but in some cases,

researchers also discovered actual white

dwarf planets with one that was recently

analyzed, basically becoming a new

record holder. And so, hello person.

This is Anton. In this video, we're

going to discuss a relatively recent

study and a somewhat recent analysis

using the James Web telescope reported

in a study by Mary and Limbach and the

team you see right here in April of

2025. And here this was an additional

observation based on a discovery from

2020. A system known as WD1856

+ 534 actually a triple system

containing two red dwarfs and an

orbiting white dwarf was discovered to

have a really bizarre planet. And

because this is only about 80 lighty

years away from us, this was a super

exciting discovery because in this case

this planet was far enough from the

white dwarf that it could now be

directly observed. But before we discuss

exactly what was discovered here, the

first question here is why exactly does

this matter and why is this important?

Well, as you probably know, today most

of the exoplanets have essentially been

discovered using the method right here.

This is the transit method. A method

where you basically look at a star and

then try to discover shadows passing in

front of a star with a regular interval.

This is how the majority of planets so

far have been discovered around pretty

much most of these star systems. But

these shadow observations don't really

tell us much about the planet themselves

other than their size. And though it is

possible to sometimes analyze their

atmosphere by looking at the region

where the star light passes through the

atmosphere of the planet, this is an

extremely difficult method. And so

trying to identify the emission spectra

of the actual planet or to be more

specific trying to identify what kind of

an atmosphere they might have so far has

been sort of challenging. So we know

that these planets are there and we know

their size and sometimes their mass but

not what kind of planets they are,

what's on their surface or if they can

be habitable and maintain stable

conditions. Which is why scientists have

actually been trying to discover a

better way for direct imaging.

Physically looking at different planets

and trying to find out what kind of

light is coming from them in order to

then find out what's in their

atmosphere. But detecting direct light

is super challenging and so far only

some planets have been seen this way.

Here from this simulation you can see

that it actually involves something

known as the coronagraph which

essentially blocks the starlight while

also allowing us to study the stars

corona. But most of the planets this has

been applied to are usually very far

from the star and are extremely

different from anything we have in the

solar system. And so basically the Sony

works for gas giants in extremely wide

orbits. but also usually with very high

temperatures in the atmosphere because

this is the only way these planets

become visible. Cold planets are

extremely difficult to find even if

they're far from the star. And to date,

not a single rocky planet has been

observed directly, mostly because

usually they orbit much closer to the

star or are essentially invisible if

they're farther away. Moreover, not a

single exoplanet that's colder than

about 275 Kelvin or about 2° C has been

seen at all. And that's because usually

colder planets are super difficult to

find using any of the telescopes and

basically because they don't produce

enough infrared emissions. But we

obviously know such planets should

exist. And we also know that it should

be possible to observe something once we

discover the right environment. And here

white dwarfs actually presents us with a

perfect opportunity. Mostly because

white dwarfs by nature are extremely dim

but also dense enough to contain a

planetary system that can actually stay

stable for a pretty long time. As a

matter of fact, in some of the previous

videos about white dwarfs, we've

discussed some of the more unusual

discoveries when it comes to planetary

objects and some whitews that actually

do have some really strange systems. But

more importantly, since white dwarfs are

so small and so dim, they generally

reduce the contrast by so much that it

makes a lot of objects in the white

dwarf system tend out quite a lot. In

other words, allowing us to see any

object, assuming we have a powerful

enough telescope. And in theory, if we

could somehow detect a planet around the

white dwarf and we could actually see it

directly, it could then present us with

a perfect opportunity to study

everything about planetary evolution and

to discover what happens to various

planets once stars like our sun

essentially turn into white dwarfs. For

example, can planets even survive this

stage? And if so, what do they become?

And I guess even more importantly, can a

typical white dwarf system at some point

potentially become habitable? We've

discussed this idea in some of the

previous videos, but so far all of this

has been kind of hypothetical. We know

that these planets are possible. We just

don't really know where and how. And so,

let's discuss this new study and this

new discovery. First of all, this of

course involves the James Web Space

Telescope, the most powerful infrared

telescope scientists currently possess

and a star approximately 80 light years

away in the constellation of Draco. But

in 2020, this system was confirmed to

contain a planet. If you go online and

if you try to find this planet inside

the NASA exoplanetary database, here is

roughly what the star system looks like.

And this region right here, that's the

so-called habitable zone. Now, even

though NASA in this case reports the

star as a K-type star, which technically

this object kind of is. In reality, this

is a white dwarf that's basically much

much colder than usual. In other words,

this is actually a white dwarf that's

really old, possibly at least 6 billion

years old. And as a result, its

temperature is approximately 4,400° C,

8,000 Fahrenheit. In other words, it's

technically much colder than the sun.

But surprisingly, it also contains a

planet in a very tight orbit here. It

takes approximately 34 hours per orbit,

which already kind of presents us with a

mystery. It's not entirely clear if this

is a planet that used to exist here from

the beginning. And if so, it's unclear

how this planet survived the expansion

of the star before it became a white

dwarf, or if this is an object that

formed from some kind of a remnant that

existed around this white dwarf, such

as, for example, some kind of a ring.

So, for all we know, this is actually a

new generation of a planet formed from

some kind of an ancient planet that

became shredded over time. Either way,

we know that the system is just a little

bit unusual. For example, the white

dwarf itself seems to be relatively rich

in hydrogen with a total mass of about

60% of the sun. and it could be as old

as 10 billion years old. So basically,

we know that this is an ancient system.

That's the only way we can explain such

a low temperature. But based on its

mass, we know that this is very likely a

star that was very similar to the sun.

So in some sense, this actually shows us

what might happen to the solar system 6

to 7 billion years in the future. But we

also know that this white dwarf at some

point was very likely much hotter, which

means that this habitable zone was

expanded much farther away as well. And

that means that at some point in the

past, this unural planet could have been

in a habitable zone as well, which of

course makes this a super exciting

object. And so when this was discovered

in 2020, this was the first ever

officially confirmed transiting

exoplanet around any white dwarf, which

allowed researchers to work out a lot of

properties of this planet. But there was

one property that was missing and

researchers really wanted to know about

its temperature. Scientists wanted to

find out how cold or how hot this object

is, especially since it's in such a

tight orbit to a somewhat unusual cold

white dwarf. And obviously, they wanted

to find out everything else about it,

including it mass. Initial observations

assumed that this was about 13 to maybe

14 masses of Jupiter, suggesting that

maybe this was actually a brown dwarf.

But this was based on some of the

preliminary evidence. And so now based

on this study, researchers worked out

pretty much everything by using a very

detailed observation from the James Webb

Space Telescope. Here by using

observations in the mid infrared or

using MERI, they basically confirmed

that this is the coldest exoplanet ever

seen. Here it seems to have a

temperature of about 186 Kelvin, - 87

Celsius, -25 Fahrenheit, which is

slightly warmer than the overall

temperature in the upper atmosphere of

Jupiter, but definitely much, much

colder than any exoplanet we've seen so

far. It's also obviously much colder

than Mars. At the same time, the

observations here confirm that this

planet is about six times mass of

Jupiter. So basically much lighter than

previously assumed with the observations

also confirming that this planet is

indeed orbiting very close to the white

dwarf. And exoplanets seem to find a way

to survive around white dwarfs billions

of years after a typical star becomes a

red giant. With the new observation

suggesting that the star system is at

least 9.3 billion years old and

basically exists inside what's known as

the forbidden zone of white dwarfs. the

region where we don't think planets

should exist because they should be

shredded apart. And so, not only is this

a confirmation that James Web is able to

detect exoplanets much colder than

anything we've seen before, it's also

able to detect objects colder than brown

dwarfs and objects in orbit of white

dwarfs. And even though this planet is

actually pretty far away, even for the

James Web, it was still able to detect

it despite relatively cold temperatures

and a distance. And here it only took

approximately 1 hour. Although here

these observations still do not answer

some of the other important questions.

Why does this planet even exist? Now

some of the additional observations

might reveal some other planets that

could explain some kind of a migration

from the outskirts closer to the white

dwarf or possibly find signs around the

white dwarf that this is actually a

result of a second generation of planets

formed from the disc. But I guess more

importantly, future observations,

especially the ones that are being

conducted right now in the near infrared

frequencies, will also help us determine

what's inside the atmosphere. So

basically, the future study here will

tell us more about the planet's

atmosphere, helping us figure out if at

any point in the past, this could have

actually been a somewhat habitable world

or at least have conditions where life

could have maybe formed somehow. once

again because in the past the habitable

zone was actually much farther away and

so this planet could have been much much

warmer. Now obviously this is a gas

giant and so the chances for life here

are somewhat minuscule but still worth

exploring which means that in the next

few months we're going to get some of

the chemical analysis as well and

discover the chemical signatures from

this bizarre cold planet. And if by some

chance we discover things like oxygen,

nitrogen, methane, water, and possibly

some other chemicals, especially organic

chemicals, this will suddenly become way

more exciting. It might actually turn

into the first ever white dwarf planet

with potentially habitable conditions.

But once again, you can explore this

idea a little bit more based on the

previous study and a video about this

that you can find in the description

below. But in general, since in the

future approximately 97% of all stars in

the Milky Way are actually going to

become so much similar to this, they're

basically going to be white dwarfs,

trying to figure out if such planets are

possible and if habisable conditions are

possible as well can tell us just a

little bit more about what's going to

Hello wonderful person. This is Anton

and today we're going to discuss a

discovery of one of the most extreme

planets we've ever seen. At least in

terms of atmospheric conditions and the

speed of the wind. Because for the first

time ever, researchers have discovered

the planet with the fastest winds ever.

Average velocity of about 9 km/s or

33,000 km/h, which is kind of

mind-blowing. And so let's talk about

this discovery and this planet in a we

bit more detail because it is bizarre

for a lot of other reasons as well. But

I guess first where is this? What is

this? And what do we know about it?

Well, up until a few years ago, most of

the research basically focused on

measuring mass and radius of various

planets in order to determine their

density and to then basically figure out

what sort of a planet this might be. But

this only gave us a very limited

observation because it was extremely

difficult to measure atmospheric

conditions or the actual composition of

the atmosphere which would help us

determine what sort of a planet this

actually is. And while something like

this was done back in 2016 with the

discovery of this planet known as was

127b. Its size and its mass were

calculated relatively accurately, but we

basically knew nothing else about it.

But even back then, this already

classified as a somewhat unusual planet.

Now, first of all, this was a gas giant,

kind of similar to Saturn in mass, but

actually bigger than Jupiter in size,

which sort of made this planet what's

known as a poofy planet. A type of a gas

giant with a very expanded atmosphere

that even today still doesn't really

make sense. On top of this, it was

orbiting a G-type star, very similar to

our sun. But because it was over 500

light years away from us, everything

else was a bit mysterious. But because

this was a poofy planet passing in form

of its star, it allowed researchers to

basically study everything about it in

order to maybe solve the mystery once

and for all. Basically, what makes these

planets so large and what makes them

different from planets like Jupiter and

Saturn? And over the years, there were

quite a few observations with various

telescopes, including the European

Southern Observatory's Very Large

Telescope, which might provide some

hints on why this planet is so inflated.

And so in the last 8 years, there were

discoveries of sodium, potassium,

lithium, and actually quite a lot of

different metals in the atmosphere with

additional confirmations that this

planet was tidily locked. And it was

obviously pretty hot, over a,000

Celsius, approximately 2,000 Fahrenheit.

But here it was also discovered that

this planet was actually orbiting in a

very bizarre way, as in it's actually

orbiting in the opposite direction in

the retrograde way with a somewhat

misaligned orbit. Now, this was actually

difficult to explain, but might be

because of interactions with something

else in the star system that we were

just not seeing yet. Additionally, this

was discovered to be a really old

system. This planet is over 10 billion

years old, or basically twice as old as

planet Earth and planet Jupiter,

suggesting that this planet might have

been in this orbit for a very long time,

but also implying that this planet was a

lot more mysterious and way more

interesting than we initially assumed.

Which is why in one of the recent

studies, scientists wanted to take a

look at this again just to see what's

happening in the atmosphere. And the

goal was spectroscopy. Essentially

trying to figure out what other elements

we can discover here, which might

explain why this planet is so strange or

potentially provide us with explanations

to what happens to these ancient

planets, especially the ones orbiting in

a very strange way. And here they use

something known as cryies cryogenic high

resolution infrared air shell

spectrograph that basically provides

superdetailed observations of distant

planetary atmospheres which is really

the achievement in this study. It was

able to see atmospheric composition of a

planet over 500 lighty years away from

us. And so yeah astronomy has officially

entered a completely new era with the

overall technique very similar to what

was used before by looking at the

starlight as it passes through the upper

atmosphere. It becomes possible to see

spectroscopy of various elements.

Basically determining what's here by

comparing it to what we already know

from planet Earth and other planetary

objects. And here the initial results

definitively confirmed water vapor and

carbon monoxide inside the atmosphere of

the planet. This was obviously on top of

previous discoveries from other studies.

Here's what these observations looked

like. But something here was really

bizarre. Instead of just getting one

peak showing us the frequency of

specific molecules, scientists observed

double peaks for basically every

detection. And that by itself was kind

of mind-blowing because here this double

peak can only be produced by one

phenomenon. This was a Doppler shift.

And here's a video showing us how this

Doppler shift effect would work. Because

in this case we have atmosphere that's

moving really fast. On one edge it moves

really fast toward us. On the opposite

edge it moves really fast away from us.

And that's exactly what's happening

here. This bizarre double edge is

basically formed by extremely fastmoving

atmosphere that seems to zoom around the

planet at 9 km/s.

The fastest we've ever seen anywhere and

obviously much much faster than anything

in the solar system. For example, here

on Earth, the highest speed of winds

recorded anywhere was from a cyclone in

Australia in 1996 with speeds of

approximately 110 m/s. Although

technically a tornado can be even

faster, reaching speeds of 140 m/s. Now,

Jupiter and Saturn are pretty fast, but

it's actually Neptune that holds the

record for the fastest wind ever

measured, 500 m/s or 1,800 km/h, which

is almost 20 times slower than what's

happening on this planet. So, this is

definitely something we've never seen

before, and it's definitely the fastest

wind we've ever measured anywhere. Okay,

not like on a star because some stars do

move pretty fast, but in terms of

planetary winds, this is definitely a

record. And what's even stranger is that

in this case, the wind seems to move at

least six times faster than the actual

planet. So basically, even though planet

spins around its axis pretty fast as

well, the winds go around the planet six

times as fast. Now, obviously here it's

not clear if this is actually what makes

this planet poofy. In other words, maybe

this planet is so expanded and so

inflated because the winds are moving so

fast that they basically escape the

planet and move around it at very high

velocities. But what is clear is that

this planet is definitely bizarre.

Although intriguingly because of the

incredible instrument that was used for

this study, scientists in this case were

also able to measure temperatures,

specifically differences in temperature

in various planetary locations. And here

they were able to determine that there's

a definitive difference between the

morning and evening sides, which I mean

is kind of obvious, but here just being

able to measure this is already pretty

impressive. But also confirming that the

poles on this planet seem to be much

colder than the rest of the planet as

well. So essentially, these observations

from over 500 light-years away from us

even allowed us to measure individual

differences on the planetary surface

when it comes to temperature. And by

itself, this is an incredible study. We

essentially have our first detailed

investigation of very complex

atmospheric differences and even

temperature differences and a

confirmation that an exoplanet somewhere

out there has very similar weather

patterns to planet Earth and planets

like Jupiter. But because this is just

the first such study, we still don't

really have more detail and obviously

don't have any explanations. In the

future, researchers are hoping to study

heat distribution and chemical processes

which will hopefully help us explain how

this planet formed, how it ended up with

such a strange orbit and how it ended up

so close to the parent star. And all of

this will actually become a reality once

this telescope extremely large telescope

becomes operational in Chile in the next

few years. It's actually still under

construction as you see from this webcam

footage. But by having this telescope,

it will definitely be able to observe a

lot more, helping us reveal weather

patterns on a lot of different planets,

even the ones we've always wanted to

study. Specifically, various rocky

planets like the ones in the Trappist

one system. The system you can actually

learn about in one of the recent videos

in the description, although officially

it's not going to begin separation until

mid 2027. And so some of these mysteries

will most likely become unresolved for

at least a few more years. But when it

comes to this particular planet right

now, this is just a really exciting and

a very unusual discovery, a discovery of

an object with extreme atmospheric

conditions we've never seen or even

imagined could exist. But because

there's now a new technique to study

these planets, chances are that in the

next year or so, there will be a lot

more similar discoveries and potentially

a solution to these poofy planets and a

Hello wonderful person. This is Anton

and in this video we're going to discuss

one of the recent discoveries of what

seems to be one of the most exciting

potentially habitable exoplanets

discovered in the last few years. And

exciting really because it seems to be

super close to us and because it seems

to orbit a very similar star to our sun.

And so let's discuss the details of this

recent discovery. But here, I guess

let's start with some of the basics when

it comes to exoplanets and especially

the ones that we believe might be

habitable or potentially contain liquid

water on the surface. And so, as of

2025, over 7,400 different exoplanets

have officially been confirmed with the

link in the description basically

showing us each one of them with

thousands and thousands more awaiting

confirmation through analysis by various

telescopes. And of billions of

exoplanets are expected to exist in the

entire Milky Way galaxy. What's really

surprising is that in the last few

decades, since some of these first

discoveries, scientists realized that

the majority of exoplanets out there

seem to be unlike anything in the solar

system. The vast majority seem to be

either super Earths or mini Neptunes.

Quite a lot of them seem to be

Jupiterike and very often orbit

extremely close to the star. And only a

very small portion of exoplanets has

been discovered to be terrestrial or

some kind of a super Earth. And of all

of these thousands and thousands of

discoveries, only a very small number of

exoplanets has been found to be in

locations where we basically expect

liquid water to exist and where we hope

some of these exoplanets might host

habitable conditions. Now, this is

mostly based on estimates of

habitability by the habitable world

catalog, a database you can find in the

description below, combined with the

data from the NASA exoplanetary archive

that should be also in the description.

And in this catalog, out of nearly

10,000 exoplanets, only 70 have been

discovered to be potentially habitable

and only 29 seem to be rocky with a

chance of having surface liquid water.

The other discoveries seem to be either

mini napunes or a variation on some kind

of a gas planet such as the previously

discovered and previously discussed

highen worlds and steam worlds. But even

here, this list is extremely optimistic.

The majority of all planets in this list

are actually extremely different from

planet Earth and from anything in the

solar system as well. But it is based on

a relatively simple assumption. The

assumption that surface habitability

requires a certain distance from the

star in order to potentially host liquid

water, but also requires specific

geoysical and geodnamical properties,

including specific atmospheric density,

specific type of star with very specific

radiation, and even the plasma

environment in the entire star system.

For the majority of these planets behind

me, most of these properties are

actually unknown. And so even here,

chances for these planets to be actually

habitable and potentially contain liquid

water is still extremely low. And so

this whole list becomes much much

smaller if we make more conservative

assumptions, ignoring star systems where

we actually don't know certain

properties. For example, ignoring some

of the larger planets. It's extremely

unlikely that the larger planet is going

to be rocky. And if it's not rocky, it's

unlikely to have oceans similar to

planet Earth. So here everything has to

be under 10 Earth masses and smaller

than 2.5 Earth radi. On top of this we

probably don't want to study planets

around stars that are too active or too

extreme such as the famous red dwarfs.

And the thing is if you look at this

list the majority of planets discovered

are basically around mtype stars. Red

dwarfs. The most exciting discovery is

around trappist one system and that

system seems to be pretty active as

well. And so red dwarf stars or mtype

stars are maybe not the best examples

either. Mostly because these star

systems are very different from the

solar system and the planets in these

star systems are going to be very

different as well. For one, they're all

going to be tidily locked, always facing

with the same side to the star, but also

receiving huge amounts of x-ray

radiation and huge amounts of flares

coming from the star mostly because

they're so much closer to the star

compared to planet Earth. And so in that

sense, some of the most exciting

exoplanets astronomers want to study are

usually around G-type stars. Stars very

similar to our sun, except that G-type

stars are not very common. They seem to

only represent approximately 7% of all

stars in a stellar neighborhood. And not

a lot of planets have been discovered

around G-type stars compared to anything

else. For example, our neighbors Alpha

Centuri is a system of a red dwarf, a

K-type star, and a G-type star. And we

know that the G-type star does not seem

to contain any planets around it with a

partner that's a K-type star, a little

bit smaller and less massive, doesn't

seem to contain anything either. Now,

the third partner, Proxim Centtory, does

contain a planet, but it's a red dwarf.

And so, despite having these really

exciting sunlike stars around us, so

far, nothing has been discovered in the

habitable zone around them with similar

discoveries around other G-type stars as

well. And that's basically because it's

just hard to find exoplanets in general,

but especially around certain types of

stars. And so if we go through this list

again and cross out anything that seems

to be around some kind of a super active

star or a star different from our sun,

we're actually left with just a handful

and a handful that we know very little

about. Now, we've actually discussed

many of these exoplanets in some of the

previous videos that should be in the

description. But here we have Kepler

1606b at 2700 light-years away from us.

A potentially rocky planet in the

habitable zone of a G-type star.

Although in this case since it's so far

away from us, it's super difficult to

study anything about this planet. We

also have Kepler 452b at 1,800 lighty

years away. Once again, potentially

rocky, but same problem as before, just

way too far to discover anything else.

And we have Kepler 22b at 635 lighty

years. So basically just three

exoplanets around G type stars in

potentially habitable zones. Now

technically there's actually one planet

around a K-type star that's also

potentially exciting, but we don't know

enough about K-type stars to know if

they're similar to G-type stars like our

sun. In contrast, all of the nearest

potentially habitable planets discovered

in the last decade all seem to orbit red

dwarfs and in many cases very active red

dwarfs. You can find out more about some

of these planets in additional videos in

the description below. But then if you

keep going down the list, there is

actually one intriguing object and it's

an object you see right here. Sometimes

referred to as A2G Aridin D, but also

referred to as HD 20794.

And well, this is one of the closest

G-type stars to us. And for many years,

scientists speculated that it

potentially has a bunch of exoplanets as

well. But it was just very difficult to

discover what sort of planets and at

what distance from the star. Now even

today it's not actually clear how many

planets there are but possibly four

although only three have been officially

confirmed. And this as you can see is

only 20 light years away from us and is

also a relatively mild G-type star a

little bit less bright and a little bit

less massive than the sun with 80% of

solar mass and 90% of solar radius. But

it's also just a little bit older

possibly 5.8 billion years old. So just

over 1 billion years older than the sun.

And so after two decades of

observations, we actually have enough

data to finally confirm certain objects

here and specifically one really

exciting planet. First of all, the star

system here seems to contain some kind

of a dust disc at approximately the same

distance as Uranus from the sun. It's

not entirely clear why this disc is

there, but it's maybe something similar

to the asteroid belt in the solar

system. Likewise, we can now confirm two

of the closer planets to the star. Both

a little bit more massive than planet

Earth and one orbiting every 18 days,

one orbiting every 90 days, with both of

these planets basically being super

Earths and very likely extremely hot.

But a recent detailed observation of the

third planet, planet HD 20794D,

revealed that this planet seems to be

actually orbiting right in the middle of

the habitable zone disc, except that

this one is also potentially a super

Earth and very likely the biggest planet

in that star system as well. It's about

5.8 masses of planet Earth and is very

likely either some kind of a very large

terrestrial world or possibly some kind

of a mini Neptune. But in this case,

it's hard to know for sure because we've

never really seen a transit of this

planet. So, we don't really know its

exact size. As a matter of fact, this

planet was discovered by measuring

what's known as radial velocity.

Observing the motion of the wobble of

the star by looking at the miniature red

shift and blue shift anomalies. That's

how the scientists know its exact mass

and how they're able to work out the

exact orbit. And so in this study by

using some of the most advanced

instruments such as Espresso and HARPS

able to study exoplanets with extreme

detail and also using 20 years of

observations from various other

telescopes. Scientists definitively

confirm the existence of this somewhat

strange planet. Strange because of its

orbit. It does not have a circular orbit

and it seems to be quite eccentric. It

seems to extend from about.7 AU at its

closest, which is around the same

distance as Venus from the sun, but then

go all the way to 1.5 AU, which is

basically where Mars is located away

from the sun. And so every 650 days,

this planet goes between these two

extremes with a single year actually

being relatively similar to what we have

on Mars or approximately 40 days shorter

with a severe elliptical orbit

suggesting extreme changes on the

surface and potentially extreme climatic

conditions that basically change

throughout the year. But because in this

case, this star is actually not as hot

as the sun, there's now a very high

chance that assuming that this is a

terrestrial world and assuming that it

has any water on the surface, that water

could potentially become oceans. Because

even that is closest to the star, it's

still not going to receive as much heat

as Venus. But more importantly, because

the star system is so close to us, and

because this is such an exciting world,

and also because the star is quite

luminous and relatively stable, it

presents us with an excellent

opportunity to observe the atmosphere of

this planet at some point in the future.

Essentially allowing us to figure out

what sort of a world this is, figure out

if this is a habitable world and if

these planets can be habitable, and even

figure out what happens to planets with

such extreme orbits. Now, we obviously

have no idea how it assumed this orbit,

but very likely because of the

interaction with something else in the

star system that changed its orbit so

much. And so, if this planet is

terrestrial, it might resemble something

like this. And also, if it does have

water on the surface, this water would

basically go from the ice state to water

state pretty much every single year,

which is technically not a bad thing. We

know that these dramatic changes are

maybe one of the main reasons earth

early on was able to develop life on the

surface as a lot of early conditions

were actually quite extreme especially

because of the interactions with the

moon. And so the orbit of this planet

technically also makes it somewhat

exciting. And so even though technically

this is the 12th closest habitable

exoplanet to planet Earth in reality

because this is the only one around a

G-Tech star it seems to be the most

exciting and the most interesting of

them all. The only planet we've found so

far that has such a unique orbit and the

only one around the star very similar to

Hello for this is Anton and today we're

going to discuss a discovery of what

seems to be the most volcanically active

exoplanet we've seen anywhere. an

unusual terrestrial exoplanet that was

actually discovered a few years back but

that has now been observed with the

James Web Space Telescope which was able

to detect volcanic emissions from around

the planet while also discovering

something else somewhat unusual about

the planet and so it's actually worth

discussing today and so let's talk about

this planet in a system of L9859

and discuss why this is actually kind of

exciting but I guess first of all so

technically this is not the first time

different types of volcanic activity has

been detected outside of planet Earth.

Now, obviously the most famous volcanic

object is Jupiter's moon Io that, by the

way, we actually recently discussed

because it was able to produce some of

the most spectacular volcanic eruptions

in the entire solar system. But when it

comes to looking at exoplanets due to

distances, this becomes a little bit

more complicated because here we cannot

observe these eruptions visually. But we

can observe emissions of gas around

these planets by studying the starlight

as it passes through some of these

molecules. But I guess the question is

why? Why even bother with these volcanic

planets? Well, it's mostly in regards to

what's known as red dwarfs or Mtype

stars, which basically represent the

most common types of stars in the entire

galaxy. But on top of being common, red

dwarfs also possess the most amount of

terrestrial planets we've ever seen

anywhere. For example, the famous

Trappist one system contains seven

terrestrial planets, and at least three

of them seem to be in the habitable zone

of the star. But a lot of these stars

are also extremely active and tend to

produce a lot of flares. And so quite a

lot of previous studies determined that

it might be impossible for many of these

planets to maintain atmospheres like at

all. All of them might be completely

barren and thus have no chance for

liquid water and obviously life. As a

matter of fact, two of the seven planets

in the Trappist one system have already

been discovered to potentially have

nothing. And so trying to assess the

prevalence of atmospheres around mtype

stars or red dwarfs is actually one of

the biggest priorities in a lot of

different exoplanetary research. Or just

to rephrase this, can rocky planets

around red dwarfs actually have

atmospheres. And well, additionally,

some other studies actually propose that

there might be a way. And that way is

through, as you probably guessed,

vulcanism. Even though a star might

strip initial atmosphere, if a certain

planet has a lot of volcanism on its

surface, this might actually provide it

with just enough resources to

continuously replenish its atmosphere.

In other words, this is maybe one way

for many of these planets to have

permanent atmospheres, even though these

planets might not be super hospitable.

And it just so happens that back in

2021, one such planet was proposed to be

the perfect candidate to study all of

this. This is a system known as L9859.

And here several planets have already

been confirmed as you can see from this

NASA simulation. But specifically the

closest planet, planet B, seems to

actually be smaller than planet Earth

and is even less massive at

approximately half the mass of Venus.

And this is also not very far,

approximately 35 lighty years away from

us. So this is almost definitively a

terrestrial planet. Moreover, this is a

multilanetary system with three

confirmed and two unconfirmed planets

with actually one of them in the

habitable zone. But it's really the

smallest planet that seems to be of the

most interest. And back in 2021, this

was officially one of the smallest

planets ever discovered until a

discovery of something even smaller

we've discussed in one of the previous

videos. And it was also one of the

lowest in mass planets as well. Not the

least massive, but definitely in top

three. And here the planet was orbiting

very close to the star. It took

approximately 2.2 days per orbit. So it

was actually very easy to observe. But

obviously this also made the planet

pretty hot. here was receiving

approximately 20 times more energy than

planet Earth and was thus estimated to

be at least 330° C 620 Fahrenheit. But

then approximately a year after its

discovery in 2022, the initial

atmospheric studies unfortunately

discovered nothing as in there were

basically no emissions or nothing that

was easily visible. But this was before

the James Web. In this case, it was from

this study where the scientists use

Hubble Space Telescope. But it did not

mean that it had no atmosphere. As a

matter of fact, there were two possible

solutions. One is that it was barren,

but the other solution was that it could

have had an extremely hazy, almost

opaque atmosphere, kind of similar to

Venus, basically containing a lot of

haze in the high altitudes, which

blocked most of the light. And because

previous studies predicted volcanism

here and even predicted potential

atmospheres, scientists wanted to look

at this planet again using the James

Web, mostly because it's able to see so

much more, which is why we get this

study. The study by Aaron Bellow Aruf

and his team. And here the study was

very simple. Basically observing several

transits and then trying to see if the

spectrum coming from the star changed as

a result of certain molecules blocking

the starlight. And while here, unlike

the Hubble, something was indeed

discovered. Here the transmission

spectroscopy because it was so much more

accurate than the Hubble Space Telescope

revealed an almost definitive presence

of sulfur dioxide. That's by the way

what we usually see around Io as well.

But here the amount detected was

actually really huge. Because the

evidence suggested a lot of sulfur

dioxide, it implied volcanic activity at

least eight times more active than

Jupiter's Io. So this planet might

actually really look sort of like this.

And the reason they believe this is from

volcanism and not from something else is

really because when trying to calculate

how likely is this planet to maintain

its atmosphere, the chance for that is

pretty low. Because in this case, the

planet orbits so close to a red dwarf,

just like with Mercury, it would

extremely likely strip everything from

the surface, only leaving trace amounts

of materials around the planet. But in

this case, due to the amount of sulfur

dioxide, it suggested that something was

probably replenishing it actively

because if it was not being replenished,

it should disappear within approximately

10 million years. In this case, though,

this is a much older star system. So the

fact that we're seeing sulfur dioxide

implies activity on the surface. And so

in essence, just like predicted, this

indeed seems to be the most volcanic

planet we've detected so far. And indeed

seems to suggest that it's possible for

planets to actively replenish their own

atmospheres through volcanic processes.

Although here we're just talking about

planets orbiting red dwarfs. And one of

the reasons this seems to be possible is

really because of its orbit. here.

Because this planet has a relatively

circular orbit and because it has so

many neighbors, it very likely

experiences a lot of tidal heating,

which is really the same mechanism that

causes Io to be volcanic as well. And so

because of the tidal heating or because

of these gravitational forces acting on

the planet's mantle and basically

causing it to move back and forth, it

then causes huge amount of volcanism

which is unlikely to stop anytime soon.

And interestingly, something very

similar was actually discovered around a

different planet, the one you can learn

about in one of the previous videos in

the description, the planet LP79118

that was also very similar in size to

this planet. And based on gravitational

interactions and thus assumed to be

potentially volcanic, too. And so this

tidal interaction might be one of the

ways for many of these planets to

continuously replenish their own

atmospheres, thus maybe even creating

somewhat hospitable conditions for some

kind of life. And though it's obviously

still possible that maybe this signal

came from something else and maybe this

planet is actually still barren as

originally observed by the Hubble Space

Telescope, obviously until future

observations, we're not going to know

for sure. Nevertheless, right now this

does seem to be the most volcanically

active planet ever seen, which would

basically suggest an enormous subsurface

magma ocean, very likely representing at

least 60 to maybe even 90% of the entire

volume responsible for all of these

volcanoes. But more importantly, the

study also calculates that it's quite

possible for this planet to continuously

replenish a lot of different gases and

not just sulfur dioxide. As a matter of

fact, depending on the composition, this

planet could easily contain a relatively

hospitable atmosphere. Although

obviously in this case, it would be

maybe just a little bit too hot. But a

similar planet at a slightly farther

away distance that still has vulcanism

on its surface does actually have a

pretty high chance to maybe even be

habitable long term. And so when it

comes to exoplanetary discoveries, this

Hello wonderful person. This is Anton

and today we're going to discuss a

relatively new discovery coming from I

guess you would call it cosmic

neighborhood. A discovery of yet another

terrestrial planet, but this time super

super close to us. A planet around a

very famous star known as the Barnard

star. That's technically one of the

closest objects to the solar system. And

so let's talk about this in a little bit

more detail. But here first, let's talk

about why this is actually a super

exciting discovery for a lot of

astronomers out there. And that's

despite the fact that thousands of

planets have already been confirmed and

a lot more exciting planets have been

discovered in a lot of other star

systems. And so here, let's start with a

bit of a history. And I guess let's

start with the name first. Why Barnard

star? Well, it's named after this guy,

Edward Emerson Barnard or Barnard. I

don't know. It's one of those names I've

only read, never heard pronounced by

anyone. So, I'm going to assume Barnard.

An American astronomer who back in 1916,

or essentially 108 years ago, discovered

an unusual star moving really fast in

the night skies, or at least fast

compared to other stars. It basically

had a relatively high proper motion

moving laterally at 90 km/s. And because

he was the first to discover this, and

because this was actually before any

star naming convention existed, this

somewhat dim red dwarf eventually became

known as the Barnard star. And because

this guy was pretty prolific in

discovering other things, he actually

has a bunch of other objects named after

him, even a galaxy. But one of the main

reasons why this star was actually kind

of exciting for a very long time is

really because of its distance to us.

This is as I mentioned one of the

closest objects to us. Now Proxima

Centtory is a little bit closer. Alpha

Centtory as well but then we have the

Barnard star. Currently it's only about

5.96 light years away from us and it's

essentially one of the closest objects

ever discovered. Intriguingly it was

even discovered before Proxima Centuri.

But both Proximus Centtory and Barner

star represent the closest red dwarfs to

us. And as you might already know from

some of the older videos, one of which

is in the description. A while back, two

separate planets have been officially

confirmed around Proxima Centtory. One

of these planets is extremely similar to

Earth in terms of size and mass and is

also in the habitable zone. And so

because of that discovery of Proxima B

and because of previous studies

suggesting that many red dwarfs should

have planets in habitable zones, the

next obvious target has always been

Barnard star, more officially known as

Proxima of Firekai, which led to an

extensive search in the last few decades

and was actually one important reason

why Barnard star was a little bit more

exciting than Proximus Centuri. Proximus

Centtory is what's known as a flare

star. It's basically a red dwarf that's

still kind of active and tends to

produce massive flares, emitting a lot

of X-ray and ultraviolet radiation that

within just a few million years can

actually strip any atmosphere and

destroy any liquid water on pretty much

any planet. And it just so happens that

many red dwarfs turn out to be this.

They're just a little bit too active for

any life to survive on the surface. But

when studying Barnard star, researchers

discovered that it seems to spin really

slow and thus its age is much higher. In

other words, Barnard star was

potentially much calmer. And because its

age was established to be 7 to 12

billion years and because it was one of

the older red dwarfs out there, it was

assumed to be calm enough to potentially

have hospitable conditions for

terrestrial planets. But there were two

problems. First problem was that

initially no planets have been

discovered here. And a second problem

came in 1998. Despite being an ancient

star, it experienced a massive stellar

flare detected in 1998. And once this

flare was discovered, the star

officially became a flare star as well.

With all this confirmed in 2019 when two

additional ultraviolet flares were

detected as well with a total energy

released being much much higher than

anything our sun produces during a

typical very active stage. And so by

observing these flares, researchers

eventually calculated that a typical

planet orbiting around the star would

probably lose one Earth atmosphere every

10 million years, which obviously

suggested that this was not a star for

habitable planets. But still researchers

wanted to find something anything.

Basically where are all the planets? And

the thing is since the early 1960s there

have been a lot of arguments for the

existence of planets in the system

specifically gas giants. And so actually

as early as 1970s several astronomers

including Peter Wend argued for the

existence of some kind of a gas giant

that was potentially detected using

initial observations. But here this was

detected by using extremely early and

very inaccurate techniques using what's

known as astrometry or basically

observing tiny deviations in motions of

a star as it travels across the night

skies. But back in the 60s and the 70s

astrometry was at its infancy and was

basically very inaccurate. And so it

didn't take long to basically disprove

this idea, eventually proving that there

was no gas giant here at all, and the

star was not wobbling as much as

initially assumed. Here's actually a

really cool image showing us how the

star compares in terms of size to

Jupiter and to our sun. But then in

November of 2018, a new study using new

techniques revealed a potential super

Earth or basically a planet a little bit

more massive and a little bit larger

than planet Earth orbiting at 4 AU away

from the star. And here this was

detected by using a different technique

known as radial velocity. Essentially by

observing the wobble of the star, but

this time through the observations of

the red shift and the blue shift coming

from the starlight itself. But turns out

that these observations were maybe not

precise either because by 2021 or

approximately 3 years later this signal

was discovered to be not coming from the

planet but very likely from the stellar

activity and just from the star itself

changing in color by just a little bit.

So basically it seemed to be some kind

of a variable star effect and not really

a planet at all. This is not the first

time such a discovery has been made and

not the first time variability of a star

fooled us into thinking it was a planet.

With additional studies in 2022

confirming that this was not a planet

after all. And so basically in the last

five decades, lots and lots of papers

came out trying to find something here

and discovered absolutely nothing. And

this was super unusual because as I

mentioned previously, modern theories

predict at least a few terrestrial

planets around most red war dwarfs. So

what's exactly happening here? And

interestingly, in the last decade or so,

a lot of detailed observations revealed

that there was possibly nothing here as

far away from the star as a thousand-day

orbit. At least nothing comparable to

planet Earth or larger in mass. And

there was definitely nothing in the

habitable zone that could have been

similar to planet Earth like an

approximate centtory system. And then a

few hours ago from when I'm making this

video, I got an email saying,

"Attention, embargo. Don't talk about

this until uh today basically." And

that's because something finally has

been discovered here, but we were not

supposed to talk about it until now. And

so let's talk about this new discovery

that seems to be super official and

definitely there because in this case

the actual evidence seems to be very

strong. Now usually when I get these

embargo emails from the European

Southern Observatory is because

something big has been discovered and

they just want all of the press to talk

about this at the same time. And

normally you can actually get these

emails yourself if you subscribe to

their newsletter. But this time it was

really the study itself and the amount

of data included in the study that was

kind of exciting. Now, as always, you

can find the study in the description

below, but here the title says it all. A

subear mass planet orbiting Barnard star

discovered using ESO's extremely

accurate and very precise Espresso

instrument and HARPS instruments in the

Las Observatory. And one thing these

instruments do really well is basically

this. They can do radial velocity with

absolutely unprecedented accuracy. In

other words, they show us how something

wobbles around something else by

observing red shifts and blue shifts,

but this time with accuracy we never had

before. And these instruments are

relatively new. They've only been

operational for a few years, but we know

their accuracy is very high. And well,

this time the focus was Barnard star

because here astronomers just really

wanted to find something. Anything I

mean like please because it just doesn't

make sense that there would be nothing

here. And well, Eureka, there was

something after all. And the reason it

was invisible before was because it was

just not massive enough. It is a

terrestrial planet, but as the title

suggests, it's a subar planet. And so

here, by looking at signals from the

habitable and the temperate zone of the

Barnard star, they discovered and then

confirmed a planet very, very close to

the star. A planet that orbits every

3.15 days and very likely has a

temperature of about 125 C. So

definitely hot and definitely too close

for any habitable conditions, but still

super exciting and actually exciting for

maybe one more reason. This seems to be

one of the lowest mass terrestrial

planets ever discovered with a mass

equivalent to approximately half of

Venus and specifically approximately 37

masses of planet Earth, which is

surprisingly 3 times the mass of Mars.

And it seems to have a perfectly

circular orbit visible in the way the

star wobbles. But obviously because it's

so close to the star, it's unlikely to

have any atmosphere and unlikely to have

habitable conditions. But still, we

finally found one planet here and it's

as predicted a terrestrial planet. But

what's even more interesting, this new

data suggests that there might be

actually three more planets hiding

somewhere in the vicinity. specifically

orbiting slightly farther away would

maybe be a period of 4 days, 2.3 days,

and 6.7 days with additional planets

potentially being even smaller. And so,

in other words, one of the explanations

for why no planets have been discovered

previously is because they seem to be

kind of tiny, much smaller than Venus, a

little bit bigger than Mars, and

basically Mars and Mercury like in

appearance and potentially surface

conditions. And so along with the

discovery of Proxima V and Proxima D,

this once again confirms that there seem

to be a lot of terrestrial planets near

us and quite a few of them are very

similar to what we have in the solar

system. Although in this case, in this

particular study, they once again also

confirmed that there seem to be no gas

giants and no additional super Earths as

initially reported in previous studies

from 2018 and from 1970s. And because

here the observations were ultra

accurate, it's extremely unlikely that

this is a mistake. But I guess only time

will tell what else we discover in this

system. And more importantly, what sort

of planets these are, what's on their

surface, and if any of them contain

conditions necessary for life to survive.

Hello, wonderful person. This is Anton,

and today we're going to discuss a

somewhat unusual discovery coming from

approximately 12,000 lighty years away

from us. A discovery of what seems to be

a star officially confirmed to have

swallowed one of its planets, but in a

somewhat bizarre and unexpected way. And

specifically confirming that planets

being eaten by stars is definitely

something that's really common, but also

providing a very important resolution. a

resolution in regards to some of the

most common types of planets we've

discovered so far that don't seem to

exist in the solar system. And so let's

talk about this recent study and the

observations from the James Web. But

first, let's start with a study from

approximately 5 years back. And here it

was in regards to this ZTF SLRN 2020. An

unusual and somewhat bright emission

suddenly detected 12,000 lighty years

away from us in the year 2020. As the

name implies, this was part of ZTF or

the Ziki transient facility which is a

kind of an automated system named after

the Swiss astronomer Fritz Ziki that

observes visible in the infrared

wavelengths in order to detect

transients or sudden bursts of light

somewhere out there in the universe. And

this actually can be caused by a lot of

things. Obviously Nova and supernova,

but also even things like comets and

asteroids suddenly erupting as they

approach the sun. And well, in 2020, it

discovered a very bizarre subluminous

red nova that at first did not make much

sense. You can actually see the before

and after picture right here. And this

outburst lasted for at least 6 months,

but it was not bright enough to be a

nova or a supernova. So, it had to be

something else. There were also no X-ray

or gamay emissions. So, whatever this

was, it was probably caused by an

entirely different phenomenon. and will

eventually additional observations

revealed that this is most likely a star

swallowing a planet and essentially was

proposed to be this. This star that was

probably somewhat similar to our sun

became a red giant and have become so

large that it basically swallowed one of

its gas giant planets with all this

lasting for approximately 6 months. And

this conclusion was reached after

analyzing pretty much every wavelength

and discovering that there were indeed

signs of planetary leftovers with the

overall change of brightness predicted

by various models as well. And

surprisingly, this was potentially the

third time such an unusual event was

witnessed. But this one provided the

most data and was practically seen in

real time. And so here back in 2020,

scientists believe that they found

evidence for a star in its final stages

of life engulfing a planet just as

predicted by various models. But now

after 5 years and additional

observations with the James Web, the

story seems to have changed a little bit

because here additional infrared

observations revealed something a bit

more unusual. Now, first of all, because

this was such an unusual event,

scientists really wanted to take a look

at it with the James Web just because

this was so bizarre and they actually

did receive guaranteed time on the

telescope, specifically with a program

that's meant to observe different

anomalies. And so, some of the first

infrared observations were made

approximately 830 days after the optical

emissions and the swallowing of the

planet. And almost right away,

researchers realized that there was

actually a bit of a mistake initially.

Turns out this was not a red giant at

all. As reported in this study by Ryan

Laauo and his team, in mid- infrared and

near infrared observations, this star

was actually your typical K-type star,

also known as the orange dwarf, which

basically implied that this star can

technically survive for up to 70 billion

years. And it was definitely not

anywhere close to becoming a red giant.

Now, a star like our sun is expected to

become a red giant after maybe 9 to 10

billion years. But this type of a star

that's about 70% the mass of the sun can

easily survive up to 10 times longer.

And so, since the star discovered here

was much smaller, more dim, and even

much cooler, it was definitively shown

to be a main sequence star, not even

close to being a red giant. And

actually, this star seemed to be pretty

young, full of energy with billions and

billions of years of hydrogen left to

burn, which of course meant that this

type of a scenario was completely out of

the question. But the signs of a planet

being swallowed were still there. As a

matter of fact, planetary collision or

planetary engulfment was still the best

explanation. So obviously, the next

question was, "All right, so what

actually happened then?" And well, the

best explanation is of course the

alternative type of a collision. The

collision when the planet gets super

close to the star and essentially

because of the interaction with the

outer shell of the star starts to slowly

lose its orbit eventually coming closer

and closer to the star and then in a

very short period of time evaporates

with the rest of the planet absorbed by

the star itself. And in the past we've

actually discussed quite a few planets

specifically the so-called hot Jupiters

that essentially orbit the star so close

that they're practically touching the

edge already. In many cases, these

planets produce really large tails as a

lot of their atmosphere evaporates. But

naturally, we've never seen the end

product or the actual process of the

star eating the planet and finally

absorbing it into itself. And that's

despite the fact that hot Jupiters

technically represent some of the most

common planets discovered so far. And so

far, scientists have also seen pretty

much every major stage, even the stage

involving these massive tails. We

discussed one of these not so long ago

when a humongous tail of helium was

discovered in a star system nearby and a

lot of other objects evaporating as they

orbit the star. But there was always a

question of okay so what happens after

though? Does the planet just evaporate

potentially becoming some kind of a

rocky core? Does it evaporate completely

leaving nothing behind or does something

collide with the star as well? And looks

like we finally have that answer because

right now the best explanation is that

this hot Jupiter slowly evaporated,

losing its orbit over time with the

orbit decaying even more over several

million years. And this was basically

the result of the planet smacking into

the outer layers of the star which would

reduce its velocity over time dropping

its orbit. And so after millions of

years of the interaction with the stars

atmosphere, it eventually left a mark on

the surface of the star, leaving behind

a lot of gas around the star, but then

finally collided with the star,

disappearing inside of it, causing the

star to poof up just a little bit and

increasing brightness. Something that

potentially lasted for approximately 6

months, which is what we basically see

right here. with the addition

observations using near infrared

frequencies additionally revealing

several types of gas clouds and even

certain molecules that were sort of

unexpected. For example, first there was

a presence of a relatively warm

circumstellar dust that seemed to be

about 720 Kelvin and was forming a kind

of a ring around the star but also the

presence of what seemed to be a kind of

a pooftop cloud around the star with a

much colder and much more massive dust

that was about 300 Kelvin in

temperature. So basically here we had

both the accretion disc from the final

collision and a kind of a poofed up

ejector possibly the result of some kind

of a final event that released all of

this gas around the star with the

overall process described in this image.

So basically here we have a kind of an

inspiral planet most likely a gas giant

that eventually got absorbed by the

star. But intriguingly this hot

molecular gas around the star seem to

contain things like carbon monoxide and

phosphine. And this carbon monoxide seem

to actually resemble something we usually find around extremely young

usually find around extremely young stars and protolanetary discs which

stars and protolanetary discs which potentially suggest that all of this gas

potentially suggest that all of this gas might now start forming something else

might now start forming something else once it cools down. But the colder gas

once it cools down. But the colder gas that seems to be present around the

that seems to be present around the star, that's actually very likely coming

star, that's actually very likely coming from the star itself. And that's because

from the star itself. And that's because as the planet interacted with the outer

as the planet interacted with the outer shell of the star, a lot of this gas

shell of the star, a lot of this gas started to escape the star, expanded,

started to escape the star, expanded, cooled off, and eventually form this

cooled off, and eventually form this much colder gas, still present even

much colder gas, still present even after 5 years. Although, it's quite

after 5 years. Although, it's quite likely that this is just an ejector

likely that this is just an ejector that's going to return back into the

that's going to return back into the star with time, possibly changing some

star with time, possibly changing some with spectra once again. But right now

with spectra once again. But right now only future observations will tell us

only future observations will tell us what's going to happen to the star in

what's going to happen to the star in the future. For example, one big

the future. For example, one big question here would be what's going to

question here would be what's going to happen to this ring. Is it actually

happen to this ring. Is it actually going to coales into something else like

going to coales into something else like for example a smaller object or will it

for example a smaller object or will it also disperse over time returning back

also disperse over time returning back into the star or possibly get blasted

into the star or possibly get blasted away into the outer star system? In a

away into the outer star system? In a way, this is still a super exciting

way, this is still a super exciting discovery and essentially makes this the

discovery and essentially makes this the first ever confirmed planetary

first ever confirmed planetary engulfment that was seen in real time.

engulfment that was seen in real time. engulfment not related to the stars age

engulfment not related to the stars age and the engulfment that shows us what

and the engulfment that shows us what happens to hot Jupiters right at the end

happens to hot Jupiters right at the end with the next really big question to

with the next really big question to answer being okay so did this ever

answer being okay so did this ever happen in the solar system and if so how

happen in the solar system and if so how can we actually find out because one big

can we actually find out because one big mystery about the solar system is that

mystery about the solar system is that we don't really have hot Jupiters or

we don't really have hot Jupiters or many napons and the question is why not

many napons and the question is why not these are extremely common exoplanets

these are extremely common exoplanets and they've been discovered around most

and they've been discovered around most star systems out there and so it's quite

star systems out there and so it's quite possible that back in the days, billions

possible that back in the days, billions of years ago, maybe something very

of years ago, maybe something very similar happened to our sun. And if so,

similar happened to our sun. And if so, what exactly happened to the ring?

Today, I wanted to discuss one of the strangest exoplanets discovered in the

strangest exoplanets discovered in the last few years. Actually, in this case,

last few years. Actually, in this case, not just the exoplanet, but in some

not just the exoplanet, but in some sense, the entire star system. The

sense, the entire star system. The system that you see right here known as

system that you see right here known as WD1856

WD1856 plus 534. A system that potentially

plus 534. A system that potentially created a planet entirely out of

created a planet entirely out of leftovers from some kind of a destroyed

leftovers from some kind of a destroyed or potentially swallowed star and a

or potentially swallowed star and a planet that now seems to be located in

planet that now seems to be located in the habitable zone of the star system.

the habitable zone of the star system. And so here there's actually quite a lot

And so here there's actually quite a lot to unpack. And so I guess let's start

to unpack. And so I guess let's start with the basics. Hello info person. This

with the basics. Hello info person. This is Anton. Let's talk about the discovery

is Anton. Let's talk about the discovery of this unusual white dwarf. the planet

of this unusual white dwarf. the planet orbiting around it in the habitable zone

orbiting around it in the habitable zone and how this bizarre system was

and how this bizarre system was potentially created. And technically,

potentially created. And technically, this planet was discovered back in 2020.

this planet was discovered back in 2020. I think there might be even an older

I think there might be even an older video about this. There should be

video about this. There should be somewhere in the description, mostly

somewhere in the description, mostly because the planet in this case was so

because the planet in this case was so strange. Here we clearly had an unusual

strange. Here we clearly had an unusual white dwarf in a triple star system that

white dwarf in a triple star system that actually contained a couple of red dwarf

actually contained a couple of red dwarf stars as well. But the white dwarf that

stars as well. But the white dwarf that was a little bit colder. Based on the

was a little bit colder. Based on the spectrum you see right here, it was

spectrum you see right here, it was about 4,400 Celsius, 8,000 F. And that

about 4,400 Celsius, 8,000 F. And that suggested that this white dwarf was

suggested that this white dwarf was pretty old, maybe about 5.8 billion

pretty old, maybe about 5.8 billion years old in total. It was also

years old in total. It was also approximately half as massive as our

approximately half as massive as our sun, but was either the same size or

sun, but was either the same size or maybe just a little bit larger than

maybe just a little bit larger than planet Earth in terms of radius. And

planet Earth in terms of radius. And just like a lot of other unusual white

just like a lot of other unusual white dwarfs, usually the ones involving some

dwarfs, usually the ones involving some kind of a disc or unusual elements on

kind of a disc or unusual elements on the surface, in case of this white

the surface, in case of this white dwarf, it appeared to have something in

dwarf, it appeared to have something in its orbit at a relatively close

its orbit at a relatively close distance. It was about 002 astronomical

distance. It was about 002 astronomical units away from the center, roughly in

units away from the center, roughly in the orbit you see right here. And that

the orbit you see right here. And that something could only be some kind of a

something could only be some kind of a planet. Possibly same size as Jupiter,

planet. Possibly same size as Jupiter, but very likely not a brown dwarf. With

but very likely not a brown dwarf. With a mass of about 1 to maybe 12 masses of

a mass of about 1 to maybe 12 masses of Jupiter in total and a single orbit of

Jupiter in total and a single orbit of 1.4 days. And so essentially here, every

1.4 days. And so essentially here, every 1.4 days, something was pulling on this

1.4 days, something was pulling on this white dwarf, suggesting a relatively

white dwarf, suggesting a relatively massive object. But I guess more

massive object. But I guess more excitingly was the actual location for

excitingly was the actual location for this planet. White dwarfs, unlike

this planet. White dwarfs, unlike typical stars, obviously don't produce

typical stars, obviously don't produce as much heat. And so their habitable

as much heat. And so their habitable zone is also much much closer. And it

zone is also much much closer. And it just so happens that this particular

just so happens that this particular planet was literally right in the middle

planet was literally right in the middle of it, implying that this planet, if it

of it, implying that this planet, if it maybe had some moons or something, those

maybe had some moons or something, those moons could be habitable as well, making

moons could be habitable as well, making this planet super exciting for a lot of

this planet super exciting for a lot of scientists. But it was still a gas

scientists. But it was still a gas giant, and there were obviously no signs

giant, and there were obviously no signs of moons whatsoever. As a matter of

of moons whatsoever. As a matter of fact, the initial observations of what

fact, the initial observations of what this planet might look like potentially

this planet might look like potentially even suggested some kind of a

even suggested some kind of a featureless gray world, very likely

featureless gray world, very likely entirely covered in hazes. And so

entirely covered in hazes. And so basically, this was just a strange

basically, this was just a strange planet. And so many different scientists

planet. And so many different scientists wanted to figure out where exactly did

wanted to figure out where exactly did it come from. Mostly because a typical

it come from. Mostly because a typical planet should not form so close to a

planet should not form so close to a white dwarf, even if this white dwarf

white dwarf, even if this white dwarf had a really large disc around it. As a

had a really large disc around it. As a matter of fact, any planet in this

matter of fact, any planet in this location should have been already

location should have been already shredded apart long time ago. Yet, it

shredded apart long time ago. Yet, it was clearly not destroyed and it was

was clearly not destroyed and it was clearly here. And so, the first

clearly here. And so, the first suggestion from back in 2020 was some

suggestion from back in 2020 was some kind of a planetary migration. This was

kind of a planetary migration. This was possibly a planet much farther away and

possibly a planet much farther away and eventually made its way closer and

eventually made its way closer and closer, possibly because of the

closer, possibly because of the gravitational pool from the nearby red

gravitational pool from the nearby red dwarfs. This is a triple star system.

dwarfs. This is a triple star system. And so, the white dwarf here has at

And so, the white dwarf here has at least two partners. But a much more

least two partners. But a much more interesting explanation and possibly a

interesting explanation and possibly a more likely explanation was just

more likely explanation was just explained in a recent study you can find

explained in a recent study you can find in the description. And here the

in the description. And here the assumption is really simple. We know

assumption is really simple. We know that the majority of systems out there

that the majority of systems out there seem to be binary just like the binary

seem to be binary just like the binary partners of this particular star. And we

partners of this particular star. And we know that many white dwarfs do actually

know that many white dwarfs do actually form in binary systems where sometimes

form in binary systems where sometimes there's another larger star in their

there's another larger star in their orbit. And so here there's actually a

orbit. And so here there's actually a possibility that back in the days over 6

possibility that back in the days over 6 billion years ago this was just two

billion years ago this was just two regular stars. One possibly similar to

regular stars. One possibly similar to the sun and one maybe a little bit

the sun and one maybe a little bit smaller. Some kind of a red dwarf once

smaller. Some kind of a red dwarf once again. And eventually just like so many

again. And eventually just like so many other stars that sunlike star started to

other stars that sunlike star started to become a red giant and basically

become a red giant and basically enveloped its partner. It actually

enveloped its partner. It actually formed a really cool phenomenon referred

formed a really cool phenomenon referred to as common envelope. And so here the

to as common envelope. And so here the smaller red dwarf literally entered the

smaller red dwarf literally entered the larger star and started to orbit inside

larger star and started to orbit inside of it inside that common envelope. And

of it inside that common envelope. And we actually know these stars exist and

we actually know these stars exist and do produce very specific observations.

do produce very specific observations. But in many cases they also produce some

But in many cases they also produce some really extreme binaries such as

really extreme binaries such as sometimes neutron stars, black holes and

sometimes neutron stars, black holes and so on. And so in essence what we have

so on. And so in essence what we have here is a core of a larger star which is

here is a core of a larger star which is going to become a white dwarf orbiting a

going to become a white dwarf orbiting a smaller red dwarf literally inside of

smaller red dwarf literally inside of itself. And modern explanations propose

itself. And modern explanations propose one of two potential resolutions. Either

one of two potential resolutions. Either a merger that results in a novel like

a merger that results in a novel like explosion such as the famous V838

explosion such as the famous V838 monoserotus you see right here. The

monoserotus you see right here. The videos in the description talk about

videos in the description talk about this a little bit more. Or the envelope

this a little bit more. Or the envelope disappears and dissipates and we

disappears and dissipates and we actually end up with some kind of an

actually end up with some kind of an unusual binary very often some kind of a

unusual binary very often some kind of a neutron star and some kind of a smaller

neutron star and some kind of a smaller star or possibly some other binary

star or possibly some other binary object in a very tight orbit. Now, these

object in a very tight orbit. Now, these have been actually found pretty much

have been actually found pretty much everywhere, but up until this point,

everywhere, but up until this point, we've never actually seen anything like

we've never actually seen anything like what we're essentially seeing right

what we're essentially seeing right here. And so, in this case, in this star

here. And so, in this case, in this star system, several mathematical models were

system, several mathematical models were successful in reproducing an extremely

successful in reproducing an extremely similar star system. A system of a

similar star system. A system of a really, really unusual planet orbiting a

really, really unusual planet orbiting a white dwarf super close, but in this

white dwarf super close, but in this case, a system that involved a potential

case, a system that involved a potential destruction of a smaller star inside of

destruction of a smaller star inside of that common envelope. And so here the

that common envelope. And so here the smaller star once it entered the common

smaller star once it entered the common envelope it might have been completely

envelope it might have been completely disrupted tidily which essentially

disrupted tidily which essentially destroyed the star producing a

destroyed the star producing a relatively massive accretion disc

relatively massive accretion disc somewhere in the center. In other words

somewhere in the center. In other words here we essentially have some kind of a

here we essentially have some kind of a third scenario. Instead of a binary

third scenario. Instead of a binary system and instead of a collision we now

system and instead of a collision we now have a central core and accretion disc

have a central core and accretion disc and that common envelope. According to

and that common envelope. According to that model, this could only happen if

that model, this could only happen if the smaller star was just the right size

the smaller star was just the right size entering the common envelope of a

entering the common envelope of a sunlike star. Here, the smaller star had

sunlike star. Here, the smaller star had to be approximately 15% the mass of the

to be approximately 15% the mass of the sun. And within just a few orbits, that

sun. And within just a few orbits, that smaller star would start to be tidily

smaller star would start to be tidily disrupted. basically in some sense being

disrupted. basically in some sense being completely destroyed inside the larger

completely destroyed inside the larger object, but destroyed in such a way that

object, but destroyed in such a way that it now left behind an accretion disc

it now left behind an accretion disc that was now left behind orbiting the

that was now left behind orbiting the core and that was still inside of that

core and that was still inside of that common envelope. But eventually the

common envelope. But eventually the envelope disappeared yet the accretion

envelope disappeared yet the accretion disc was left behind, but it was no

disc was left behind, but it was no longer as massive and contained just

longer as massive and contained just enough mass to produce that one

enough mass to produce that one Jupiter-like planet which eventually

Jupiter-like planet which eventually formed in the orbit that we see right

formed in the orbit that we see right now. And so in that sense, what we're

now. And so in that sense, what we're seeing is basically a second generation

seeing is basically a second generation planet, but in this case also produced

planet, but in this case also produced entirely out of another star, a star

entirely out of another star, a star destroyed by title disruption and the

destroyed by title disruption and the star that was inside the common

star that was inside the common envelope, which basically suggests that

envelope, which basically suggests that this planet was literally produced

this planet was literally produced inside another star. And if correct,

inside another star. And if correct, this would be really unusual, very

this would be really unusual, very peculiar, but would also explain why

peculiar, but would also explain why this particular planet and its spectrum

this particular planet and its spectrum right now seems to be kind of bizarre.

right now seems to be kind of bizarre. As mentioned before, this planet seems

As mentioned before, this planet seems to be kind of hazy, does not seem to

to be kind of hazy, does not seem to contain a lot of spectra that are very

contain a lot of spectra that are very easily visible, and overall appears to

easily visible, and overall appears to be different from anything else. And I

be different from anything else. And I guess more importantly, once again, it

guess more importantly, once again, it is in the official habitable zone around

is in the official habitable zone around this bizarre white dwarf. Although, I

this bizarre white dwarf. Although, I guess technically it's a yellow dwarf

guess technically it's a yellow dwarf because it's actually much colder and

because it's actually much colder and does appear yellow from a distance. But

does appear yellow from a distance. But more excitingly, because this white

more excitingly, because this white dwarf is going to maintain this

dwarf is going to maintain this temperature for a very long time,

temperature for a very long time, technically this planet is going to be

technically this planet is going to be in this habitable zone in very constant

in this habitable zone in very constant conditions for possibly several billion

conditions for possibly several billion years. And so here, discovering any kind

years. And so here, discovering any kind of a habitable moon, if it is possible,

of a habitable moon, if it is possible, would actually be super exciting. But

would actually be super exciting. But right now, we don't even know much about

right now, we don't even know much about this planet as no additional

this planet as no additional observations have been conducted yet. As

observations have been conducted yet. As a matter of fact, analyzing its spectrum

a matter of fact, analyzing its spectrum can prove to us that it actually did

can prove to us that it actually did come from a star formed as a result of a

come from a star formed as a result of a tidal disruption. So measuring elemental

tidal disruption. So measuring elemental composition of this planet and this

composition of this planet and this white dwarf would definitely be the next

white dwarf would definitely be the next important step. But obviously this is

important step. But obviously this is just a hypothesis and right now nobody's

just a hypothesis and right now nobody's really certain how this planet was

really certain how this planet was formed, why it seems to be in this

formed, why it seems to be in this unusual location or unusual orbit around

unusual location or unusual orbit around this white dwarf. And there are

this white dwarf. And there are obviously still a lot of unanswered

obviously still a lot of unanswered questions about what's going on on his

questions about what's going on on his surface. But hopefully in some of the

surface. But hopefully in some of the future observations from other

future observations from other telescopes, scientists will get

telescopes, scientists will get additional data to be able to answer

additional data to be able to answer some of this. Right now, it's still a

some of this. Right now, it's still a big mystery, but it's definitely looking

big mystery, but it's definitely looking more and more likely like this is some

more and more likely like this is some kind of a never-before-seen event, such

kind of a never-before-seen event, such as a title disruption of a separate star

as a title disruption of a separate star swallowed by its own partner.

In one of the most recent press releases, NASA and ISA released a study

releases, NASA and ISA released a study and a few images in regards to one of

and a few images in regards to one of the strangest planets out there in terms

the strangest planets out there in terms of orbits. A planet orbiting two stars

of orbits. A planet orbiting two stars in the way you see right here,

in the way you see right here, perpendicularly. You can read a little

perpendicularly. You can read a little bit more about this in one of the links

bit more about this in one of the links in the description. And though by

in the description. And though by itself, this type of an orbit and this

itself, this type of an orbit and this discovery are obviously just a little

discovery are obviously just a little bit unusual, they're not impossible. As

bit unusual, they're not impossible. As a matter of fact, similar circuminary

a matter of fact, similar circuminary planets with even similar polar orbits

planets with even similar polar orbits have technically been discussed before

have technically been discussed before and they can easily be explained using

and they can easily be explained using modern physics. But today, we're going

modern physics. But today, we're going to discuss a slightly different

to discuss a slightly different discovery that actually started as a

discovery that actually started as a mystery over two decades ago. And that

mystery over two decades ago. And that particular planet is extremely difficult

particular planet is extremely difficult to explain. Although once again, not the

to explain. Although once again, not the planet itself, just its orbit. Today,

planet itself, just its orbit. Today, we're going to discuss a star system

we're going to discuss a star system known as New Octanis. a system that

known as New Octanis. a system that officially became somewhat intriguing

officially became somewhat intriguing sometimes between the late 90s and some

sometimes between the late 90s and some of the first investigations in 2004. But

of the first investigations in 2004. But ever since the original observations,

ever since the original observations, there's actually been a bit of a mystery

there's actually been a bit of a mystery because a lot of things here just did

because a lot of things here just did not make sense. As in if there was a

not make sense. As in if there was a planet, it made no sense how it was able

planet, it made no sense how it was able to orbit around a star. And so in this

to orbit around a star. And so in this video, let's discuss some of these new

video, let's discuss some of these new discoveries and the most recent paper

discoveries and the most recent paper finally confirming the existence of this

finally confirming the existence of this bizarre planet and of course discuss why

bizarre planet and of course discuss why this should not exist and how this is

this should not exist and how this is currently being explained. But first, a

currently being explained. But first, a little bit more about the star and what

little bit more about the star and what researchers detected here many years

researchers detected here many years ago. And this was a study by David Ram,

ago. And this was a study by David Ram, an optometrist who back in 2004 finally

an optometrist who back in 2004 finally completed his PhD in astronomy. And so

completed his PhD in astronomy. And so basically, just like so many of us, he

basically, just like so many of us, he switched his career after many, many

switched his career after many, many years. And almost right away, he

years. And almost right away, he discovered a very bizarre mystery around

discovered a very bizarre mystery around the star. A very subtle form of some

the star. A very subtle form of some kind of a stellar variability that

kind of a stellar variability that potentially suggested a planet. But the

potentially suggested a planet. But the thing is, this was already known to be a

thing is, this was already known to be a closed binary. And so here we have two

closed binary. And so here we have two separate stars, a brighter key type star

separate stars, a brighter key type star approximately 1.6 six masses of the sun,

approximately 1.6 six masses of the sun, but about five times as large, orbiting

but about five times as large, orbiting around a much smaller star that seems to

around a much smaller star that seems to be a white dwarf, 6 masses of the sun,

be a white dwarf, 6 masses of the sun, and orbiting at a distance of about 2.6

and orbiting at a distance of about 2.6 astronomical units. And so here, a

astronomical units. And so here, a single orbit takes almost 3 years, which

single orbit takes almost 3 years, which by itself is obviously not unusual. But

by itself is obviously not unusual. But as researchers observe this star more

as researchers observe this star more and more, they started to detect

and more, they started to detect somewhat subtle variability, as if

somewhat subtle variability, as if something else was in orbit, basically

something else was in orbit, basically right between these two stars. but in

right between these two stars. but in this case orbiting one of the stars but

this case orbiting one of the stars but much farther away than expected. And

much farther away than expected. And here this was discovered by using the

here this was discovered by using the method known as radial velocity.

method known as radial velocity. Essentially observing the red shift and

Essentially observing the red shift and blue shift and trying to find various

blue shift and trying to find various periodicities suggesting something is in

periodicities suggesting something is in orbit. But because this was so subtle

orbit. But because this was so subtle and because this was using much older

and because this was using much older telescopes and also because this orbit

telescopes and also because this orbit would be very unusual as in it would be

would be very unusual as in it would be unstable simply because it's right

unstable simply because it's right between these two stars. One of the

between these two stars. One of the first propositions for this bizarre

first propositions for this bizarre Doppler effect was basically some kind

Doppler effect was basically some kind of a stellar activity. Or maybe these

of a stellar activity. Or maybe these periodic variations were just the result

periodic variations were just the result of some kind of a flare or some other

of some kind of a flare or some other magnetic effects coming from the larger

magnetic effects coming from the larger star. And that's because this type of an

star. And that's because this type of an orbital arrangement would just be

orbital arrangement would just be completely impossible for longer than

completely impossible for longer than just a few years. If this planet was

just a few years. If this planet was really orbiting between two stars, it

really orbiting between two stars, it would have already been kicked out a

would have already been kicked out a long time ago. But over the last 20

long time ago. But over the last 20 years, through continuing this research

years, through continuing this research and by using additional telescopes such

and by using additional telescopes such as TESS and even Gaia, scientists

as TESS and even Gaia, scientists discovered even more and more evidence

discovered even more and more evidence for the existence of this unusual planet

for the existence of this unusual planet or at least for the existence of

or at least for the existence of something gravitational tugging at one

something gravitational tugging at one of the stars and producing these transit

of the stars and producing these transit variations. And so here most researchers

variations. And so here most researchers focused on one of two potential

focused on one of two potential explanations. Is there some kind of a

explanations. Is there some kind of a new unknown phenomenon when it comes to

new unknown phenomenon when it comes to stellar activity and stellar variability

stellar activity and stellar variability which basically masqueraded as a planet?

which basically masqueraded as a planet? And if so, this was a huge discovery

And if so, this was a huge discovery because it meant that many other planets

because it meant that many other planets are maybe also not real. Or maybe this

are maybe also not real. Or maybe this was a planet. But if so, orbiting in

was a planet. But if so, orbiting in some really strange way and for reasons

some really strange way and for reasons still unexplained. And almost right

still unexplained. And almost right away, the first explanation was that

away, the first explanation was that this arrangement seems to work if this

this arrangement seems to work if this planet is orbiting in the opposite

planet is orbiting in the opposite direction. If this is basically a

direction. If this is basically a retrograde orbit, it would look

retrograde orbit, it would look something like this. And so it turns out

something like this. And so it turns out that if it is orbiting in the opposite

that if it is orbiting in the opposite direction, suddenly things become a bit

direction, suddenly things become a bit more stable. And suddenly this planet

more stable. And suddenly this planet seems to be possible after all. And so

seems to be possible after all. And so with additional observations using

with additional observations using various other telescopes including

various other telescopes including Hipparos and Rosat, researchers found

Hipparos and Rosat, researchers found more and more clues that there seems to

more and more clues that there seems to be a planet after all. And the only

be a planet after all. And the only explanation is that it's orbiting in the

explanation is that it's orbiting in the opposite direction. But despite the fact

opposite direction. But despite the fact that these new studies explained how

that these new studies explained how this planet was able to maintain its

this planet was able to maintain its orbit, they didn't actually explain why

orbit, they didn't actually explain why it exists and how it was created. In

it exists and how it was created. In other words, here the idea behind the

other words, here the idea behind the planetary formation did not make sense.

planetary formation did not make sense. Mostly because when planets are formed,

Mostly because when planets are formed, they're supposed to be formed orbiting

they're supposed to be formed orbiting in the same direction as the rest of the

in the same direction as the rest of the star system just because they're formed

star system just because they're formed from the protolanetary disc. And well,

from the protolanetary disc. And well, this mystery has been bugging

this mystery has been bugging researchers for essentially 20 years.

researchers for essentially 20 years. For many years, there have been

For many years, there have been different propositions and different

different propositions and different explanations. But time and time again,

explanations. But time and time again, something was discovered that just did

something was discovered that just did not make sense. And so, this very

not make sense. And so, this very strange star 70 light years away from

strange star 70 light years away from planet Earth was creating a major

planet Earth was creating a major problem for astronomy when it comes to

problem for astronomy when it comes to orbital mechanics. But I guess the first

orbital mechanics. But I guess the first question to ask here is, okay, well, how

question to ask here is, okay, well, how unlikely is this retrograde orbit? And

unlikely is this retrograde orbit? And do we actually have anything similar in

do we actually have anything similar in the solar system, at least when it comes

the solar system, at least when it comes to, for example, moons or small objects?

to, for example, moons or small objects? And the answer is yes. Here in the solar

And the answer is yes. Here in the solar system, we do have quite a few

system, we do have quite a few asteroids, including the one you see

asteroids, including the one you see right here, that seem to orbit in the

right here, that seem to orbit in the opposite direction. As of 2025,

opposite direction. As of 2025, approximately 100 such asteroids are

approximately 100 such asteroids are known to us. You can find the list for

known to us. You can find the list for some of them in the description below.

some of them in the description below. And usually this is a result of

And usually this is a result of interaction with planets like Jupiter

interaction with planets like Jupiter that change the orbit of the asteroid so

that change the orbit of the asteroid so much that it eventually becomes

much that it eventually becomes retrograde. Intriguingly, in comparison,

retrograde. Intriguingly, in comparison, there are over 2,000 different comets

there are over 2,000 different comets known to have similar orbits as well. As

known to have similar orbits as well. As a matter of fact, it's believed that

a matter of fact, it's believed that some of these asteroids might have been

some of these asteroids might have been comets in the past. But a much better

comets in the past. But a much better example is the moon Triton, the moon

example is the moon Triton, the moon orbiting Neptune. Here, this is the only

orbiting Neptune. Here, this is the only known moon to us that also orbits in the

known moon to us that also orbits in the opposite direction. And today this is

opposite direction. And today this is explained as this moon actually not

explained as this moon actually not being the moon to begin with. It very

being the moon to begin with. It very likely was a dwarf planet captured by

likely was a dwarf planet captured by Neptune billions of years ago and at

Neptune billions of years ago and at some point is going to crash into

some point is going to crash into Neptune because of tidal interactions. I

Neptune because of tidal interactions. I think there are some older videos on the

think there are some older videos on the channel somewhere in the description

channel somewhere in the description discussing this a little bit more. And

discussing this a little bit more. And so maybe this planet experienced

so maybe this planet experienced something similar to Triton. Maybe it

something similar to Triton. Maybe it was somehow captured in the current

was somehow captured in the current orbit from somewhere outside. Or to be

orbit from somewhere outside. Or to be more specific, it's extremely likely to

more specific, it's extremely likely to have been captured from a much wider

have been captured from a much wider orbit when it might have been orbiting

orbit when it might have been orbiting two stars instead of one. Here for this

two stars instead of one. Here for this capture to occur, the planet would have

capture to occur, the planet would have to change its orbit for many, many

to change its orbit for many, many years, going through a kind of a figure

years, going through a kind of a figure 8 pathway around both stars until it

8 pathway around both stars until it finally assumes this orbit. In other

finally assumes this orbit. In other words, this explanation was maybe just a

words, this explanation was maybe just a little bit complicated as well. And so

little bit complicated as well. And so this orbit hopping explanation was also

this orbit hopping explanation was also not widely accepted. But because of some

not widely accepted. But because of some of the recent discoveries from other

of the recent discoveries from other star systems, scientists potentially

star systems, scientists potentially start to discover certain clues. For

start to discover certain clues. For example, systems like this WASP 17b turn

example, systems like this WASP 17b turn out to also have planets orbiting in a

out to also have planets orbiting in a somewhat retrograde fashion and planets

somewhat retrograde fashion and planets that were potentially formed from some

that were potentially formed from some kind of a primordial disc back in the

kind of a primordial disc back in the days. There were at least two such

days. There were at least two such planets discovered in the last 10 years.

planets discovered in the last 10 years. But much more importantly, researchers

But much more importantly, researchers also discovered a protoar or a BB star

also discovered a protoar or a BB star that contain an accretion disc where

that contain an accretion disc where some parts were actually orbiting in the

some parts were actually orbiting in the opposite direction, implying that the

opposite direction, implying that the formation of planets orbiting in the

formation of planets orbiting in the opposite direction might happen in

opposite direction might happen in certain discs. And so this

certain discs. And so this counterrotating accretion disc actually

counterrotating accretion disc actually became one of the best explanations. But

became one of the best explanations. But the question is where did the disc even

the question is where did the disc even come from? Well, it could not have been

come from? Well, it could not have been there from the start. It had to be a

there from the start. It had to be a disc that formed afterwards when one of

disc that formed afterwards when one of these stars became a white dwarf. And so

these stars became a white dwarf. And so here we actually have one of the biggest

here we actually have one of the biggest hints. The way this planet orbits right

hints. The way this planet orbits right between these two stars is actually in

between these two stars is actually in the region where both stars very likely

the region where both stars very likely orbited around one another before the

orbited around one another before the second star became a white dwarf. In

second star became a white dwarf. In other words, before the smaller star

other words, before the smaller star evolved into a white dwarf and when it

evolved into a white dwarf and when it was still much larger, it was very

was still much larger, it was very likely orbiting much closer. which means

likely orbiting much closer. which means that the current location for the planet

that the current location for the planet would have been impossible and that also

would have been impossible and that also implies that the planet very likely did

implies that the planet very likely did not exist. But based on many

not exist. But based on many observations from various wide works, we

observations from various wide works, we also know that quite a few of them

also know that quite a few of them eventually form their own discs. Discs

eventually form their own discs. Discs that sometime seem to produce second

that sometime seem to produce second generation planets with quite a few of

generation planets with quite a few of these planets discovered in the past and

these planets discovered in the past and quite a few of them discussed in the

quite a few of them discussed in the last few years. Actually, one of the

last few years. Actually, one of the recent discoveries even suggests one of

recent discoveries even suggests one of these planets could have been inside the

these planets could have been inside the habitable zone sometimes in the past,

habitable zone sometimes in the past, which is essentially the final

which is essentially the final resolution to this two decade old

resolution to this two decade old mystery that was recently explored and

mystery that was recently explored and published in a study you see right here.

published in a study you see right here. And so, after two decades and lots and

And so, after two decades and lots and lots of observations, over 1500 to be

lots of observations, over 1500 to be exact, researchers seem to have finally

exact, researchers seem to have finally explained what must have happened here.

explained what must have happened here. And so first of all, this planet is

And so first of all, this planet is definitely real and was recently

definitely real and was recently confirmed by the European Southern

confirmed by the European Southern Observatory Telescope. And this planet

Observatory Telescope. And this planet seems to have either come from the

seems to have either come from the outside much farther away from both

outside much farther away from both stars where it orbited before or more

stars where it orbited before or more likely was formed from the leftovers

likely was formed from the leftovers left behind by the white dwarf from that

left behind by the white dwarf from that second generation disc that seems to

second generation disc that seems to form around many white dwarf systems.

form around many white dwarf systems. which still makes this a very unusual

which still makes this a very unusual and very bizarre system, but also a

and very bizarre system, but also a pretty exciting system because

pretty exciting system because technically the way this planet orbits,

technically the way this planet orbits, depending on the type of a planet this

depending on the type of a planet this is, it might have some really unique

is, it might have some really unique conditions on the surface, especially

conditions on the surface, especially because it once in a while approaches

because it once in a while approaches the bigger star where things become

the bigger star where things become relatively warm. But since it's most

relatively warm. But since it's most likely some kind of a gas giant based on

likely some kind of a gas giant based on its mass and since we know very little

its mass and since we know very little about it based on these limited

about it based on these limited observations, it will probably take a

observations, it will probably take a lot more observations and a lot more

lot more observations and a lot more analysis to really find out what's going

analysis to really find out what's going on on the surface and to find out what

on on the surface and to find out what kind of a planet this is. Right now, its

kind of a planet this is. Right now, its mass is estimated at 2.4 Jupiter masses.

mass is estimated at 2.4 Jupiter masses. So, it's extremely likely to be a hot

So, it's extremely likely to be a hot gas giant. But we'll definitely come

gas giant. But we'll definitely come back and discuss this more if there are

back and discuss this more if there are some additional discoveries and

some additional discoveries and additional explanations. Until then,

additional explanations. Until then, well, I guess it's great to know that

well, I guess it's great to know that this unusual ancient mystery is finally

this unusual ancient mystery is finally solved and this bizarre orbit has

solved and this bizarre orbit has potentially been finally explained.

Hello, wonderful person. This is Anton and in this video we're going to discuss

and in this video we're going to discuss some of the recent discoveries from a

some of the recent discoveries from a somewhat unusual distant exoplanet where

somewhat unusual distant exoplanet where for the first time ever researchers were

for the first time ever researchers were able to observe the entire atmosphere in

able to observe the entire atmosphere in three dimensions allowing scientists to

three dimensions allowing scientists to discover what's actually hiding here and

discover what's actually hiding here and helping them finally understand what

helping them finally understand what seems to be happening around this

seems to be happening around this planet. And because this is a somewhat

planet. And because this is a somewhat groundbreaking discovery when it comes

groundbreaking discovery when it comes to astronomical observations, mostly

to astronomical observations, mostly because this is the first time ever such

because this is the first time ever such an observation has been conducted, we

an observation has been conducted, we obviously have to talk about this in

obviously have to talk about this in more detail and discuss exactly what the

more detail and discuss exactly what the science has discovered and how this was

science has discovered and how this was achieved. But to start, let's talk about

achieved. But to start, let's talk about the planet first and the star system

the planet first and the star system where it's located. And while by itself,

where it's located. And while by itself, this is not a new discovery. This planet

this is not a new discovery. This planet in the star system was officially

in the star system was officially described approximately 10 years ago,

described approximately 10 years ago, mostly because this was just another

mostly because this was just another discovery of what's known as a hot

discovery of what's known as a hot Jupiter. This star system is known as

Jupiter. This star system is known as WASP 121 with a planet now referred to

WASP 121 with a planet now referred to as Tylos. It's one of those planets that

as Tylos. It's one of those planets that eventually acquired a proper name. And

eventually acquired a proper name. And Tylos or Wasp 121b is an extremely hot

Tylos or Wasp 121b is an extremely hot gas giant orbiting super close to the

gas giant orbiting super close to the star. Here, a single orbit takes just 30

star. Here, a single orbit takes just 30 hours with the temperature on this

hours with the temperature on this planet being in thousands of degrees.

planet being in thousands of degrees. But even though this is 900 light years

But even though this is 900 light years away from us, since this planet is so

away from us, since this planet is so close to the star and since it passes in

close to the star and since it passes in front of a star every 30 hours, it

front of a star every 30 hours, it essentially makes it a perfect target to

essentially makes it a perfect target to study planetary atmospheres. And back in

study planetary atmospheres. And back in the days, or basically 10 years ago, his

the days, or basically 10 years ago, his discovery presented us with a perfect

discovery presented us with a perfect opportunity to try to find out what

opportunity to try to find out what elements these planets seem to contain

elements these planets seem to contain in the atmosphere and if they were in

in the atmosphere and if they were in any way similar to Jupiter and Saturn.

any way similar to Jupiter and Saturn. Short answer, uh, not really, because

Short answer, uh, not really, because almost right away researchers discovered

almost right away researchers discovered a lot of unusual stuff here. Now, first

a lot of unusual stuff here. Now, first of all, there were signs of really

of all, there were signs of really powerful winds, but also chemical

powerful winds, but also chemical elements that we didn't really expect at

elements that we didn't really expect at first, and specifically heavy metals.

first, and specifically heavy metals. elements like iron and titanium were

elements like iron and titanium were discovered almost right away. But

discovered almost right away. But because these observations at first were

because these observations at first were not very advanced, there was actually a

not very advanced, there was actually a bit of an argument in regards to what

bit of an argument in regards to what sort of metals this planet seem to

sort of metals this planet seem to contain and what exactly was being

contain and what exactly was being discovered. And so for practically a

discovered. And so for practically a decade, it was basically a kind of a

decade, it was basically a kind of a back and forth in trying to identify the

back and forth in trying to identify the exact elements. But one thing was

exact elements. But one thing was certain. This was the first exoplanet

certain. This was the first exoplanet discovered to contain water. Not like

discovered to contain water. Not like liquid water, but hot water vapor. This

liquid water, but hot water vapor. This was most likely in the planetary

was most likely in the planetary stratosphere. And because this planet

stratosphere. And because this planet was a little bit more massive and a

was a little bit more massive and a little bit larger than Jupiter,

little bit larger than Jupiter, specifically 1.16 masses of Jupiter and

specifically 1.16 masses of Jupiter and 1.75 times its size here, it allowed us

1.75 times its size here, it allowed us to see pretty much everything very

to see pretty much everything very clearly, but also presented scientists

clearly, but also presented scientists with a perfect opportunity to compare

with a perfect opportunity to compare this to gas giants in the solar system.

this to gas giants in the solar system. And the obvious first difference was the

And the obvious first difference was the temperature. 2500 Celsius, 45,00.

temperature. 2500 Celsius, 45,00. This wasn't just a hot Jupiter. It was a

This wasn't just a hot Jupiter. It was a super hot Jupiter with some of the first

super hot Jupiter with some of the first observations of stratosphere revealing

observations of stratosphere revealing things like chromium, venadium,

things like chromium, venadium, magnesium, calcium, and of course iron

magnesium, calcium, and of course iron and nickel, but also surprisingly

and nickel, but also surprisingly ionized sodium atoms. And here these

ionized sodium atoms. And here these unusual sodium detections were somewhat

unusual sodium detections were somewhat similar to what we kind of find around

similar to what we kind of find around Jupiter. When we see a Taurus created by

Jupiter. When we see a Taurus created by Io orbiting Jupiter as Io loses a lot of

Io orbiting Jupiter as Io loses a lot of sodium as a result of vulcanism with

sodium as a result of vulcanism with some of the previous studies suggesting

some of the previous studies suggesting that something similar was happening

that something similar was happening here as well. The sodium here was

here as well. The sodium here was possibly forming some kind of a gas

possibly forming some kind of a gas taurus possibly created by some kind of

taurus possibly created by some kind of an exomoon with IO like emissions but

an exomoon with IO like emissions but that exomoon was never officially

that exomoon was never officially confirmed. Although we did talk about

confirmed. Although we did talk about this in one of the previous videos in

this in one of the previous videos in the description, but the additional

the description, but the additional observations using chemical analysis

observations using chemical analysis confirmed that the atmosphere seems to

confirmed that the atmosphere seems to be a little bit out of balance as in

be a little bit out of balance as in it's actually escaping. And this was

it's actually escaping. And this was most likely because the planet was so

most likely because the planet was so close to the star and it was also

close to the star and it was also significantly larger than Jupiter which

significantly larger than Jupiter which suggested that it was very likely in

suggested that it was very likely in what's known as the ro loop of the

what's known as the ro loop of the parent star or in other words the

parent star or in other words the atmosphere of this planet was

atmosphere of this planet was overflowing as the result of

overflowing as the result of gravitational interaction between the

gravitational interaction between the planet and the star and it was very

planet and the star and it was very likely the elements from this

likely the elements from this atmospheric loss that were being

atmospheric loss that were being constantly detected by various

constantly detected by various observations. Likewise, surprisingly,

observations. Likewise, surprisingly, this planet was discovered to be very

this planet was discovered to be very likely blue in color, which actually

likely blue in color, which actually suggested one really important thing.

suggested one really important thing. This was a direct indication of weather

This was a direct indication of weather patterns. In other words, just like

patterns. In other words, just like Jupiter and just like Saturn, there were

Jupiter and just like Saturn, there were definitely different storms and

definitely different storms and different atmospheric activity that

different atmospheric activity that researchers now were hoping to confirm.

researchers now were hoping to confirm. But intriguingly, some of the more

But intriguingly, some of the more recent studies from 2022 and 2023

recent studies from 2022 and 2023 actually had somewhat mixed results when

actually had somewhat mixed results when it came to titanium. Some studies were

it came to titanium. Some studies were detecting titanium, some studies were

detecting titanium, some studies were not seeing anything, and some studies

not seeing anything, and some studies were seeing titanium oxide instead with

were seeing titanium oxide instead with something similar detected by other

something similar detected by other studies, especially when it comes to

studies, especially when it comes to these heavier metals. And so something

these heavier metals. And so something really intriguing was going on here and

really intriguing was going on here and that something was now discovered by

that something was now discovered by these three-dimensional observations

these three-dimensional observations because now for the first time ever,

because now for the first time ever, scientists were able to use four

scientists were able to use four different instruments from the same

different instruments from the same telescope. Here we're talking about the

telescope. Here we're talking about the very large telescope using the Espresso

very large telescope using the Espresso Instrument, part of the European

Instrument, part of the European Southern Observatory to essentially

Southern Observatory to essentially confirm that this planet had multiple

confirm that this planet had multiple layers and was really the different

layers and was really the different layers that we kept seeing previously.

layers that we kept seeing previously. And so this unusual planet Tyos seems to

And so this unusual planet Tyos seems to be even more extreme than previously

be even more extreme than previously believed. And so in order to discover

believed. And so in order to discover all of this, researchers conducted an

all of this, researchers conducted an observation of a transit with each of

observation of a transit with each of the telescopes focusing on a slightly

the telescopes focusing on a slightly different wavelength. And then by

different wavelength. And then by combining four separate observations

combining four separate observations into one single image, they essentially

into one single image, they essentially created a three-dimensional

created a three-dimensional representation of this planet's upper

representation of this planet's upper atmosphere, which revealed something

atmosphere, which revealed something like this. We have hydrogen on top,

like this. We have hydrogen on top, sodium in the middle, iron on the

sodium in the middle, iron on the bottom. And so here the observations

bottom. And so here the observations revealed three separate layers with

revealed three separate layers with three separate wind speeds, all

three separate wind speeds, all containing different elements. And this

containing different elements. And this was basically visible as very different

was basically visible as very different elements with slightly different speeds.

elements with slightly different speeds. And since the top layer is hydrogen, it

And since the top layer is hydrogen, it does suggest that this is a gas giant

does suggest that this is a gas giant not so different from Jupiter and

not so different from Jupiter and Saturn. But the layers underneath are

Saturn. But the layers underneath are very different. Here they discovered two

very different. Here they discovered two additional speeds of two additional

additional speeds of two additional layers with the middle layer containing

layers with the middle layer containing that sodium. So basically there seems to

that sodium. So basically there seems to be no moon here after all. The sodium

be no moon here after all. The sodium seems to be coming from the planet and

seems to be coming from the planet and from its upper atmosphere. And we have

from its upper atmosphere. And we have iron underneath. This was basically the

iron underneath. This was basically the deepest of the layers. But more

deepest of the layers. But more importantly, they also finally revealed

importantly, they also finally revealed that titanium once again, which

that titanium once again, which basically suggests that a lot of these

basically suggests that a lot of these metals, a lot of these heavier elements

metals, a lot of these heavier elements seem to represent some of these deepest

seem to represent some of these deepest levels and seem to be visible sometimes,

levels and seem to be visible sometimes, but not all of the time, which explains

but not all of the time, which explains why they're sometimes invisible.

why they're sometimes invisible. Moreover, they also discovered a very

Moreover, they also discovered a very bizarre jetream that seems to spin the

bizarre jetream that seems to spin the material around the equator of this

material around the equator of this planet, moving at super fast velocities.

planet, moving at super fast velocities. Here they refer to this as a equatorial

Here they refer to this as a equatorial super rotational jetream. And what makes

super rotational jetream. And what makes this jetream so unusual is the speed. It

this jetream so unusual is the speed. It seems to increase from about 14 km/s in

seems to increase from about 14 km/s in the morning section up to about 27 km/s

the morning section up to about 27 km/s in the evening section. Now because this

in the evening section. Now because this planet is tidy locked, it basically

planet is tidy locked, it basically always faces the same way toward the

always faces the same way toward the star. So the morning section here is

star. So the morning section here is always in the same region. But as this

always in the same region. But as this jet stream travels between the morning

jet stream travels between the morning and the evening, it seems to increase in

and the evening, it seems to increase in speeds so much that by the time it

speeds so much that by the time it reaches the opposite side of the planet,

reaches the opposite side of the planet, things move at almost 30 km/s. That's

things move at almost 30 km/s. That's way faster than anything we've seen on

way faster than anything we've seen on any planet, implying that the

any planet, implying that the atmospheric conditions on this planet

atmospheric conditions on this planet are really, really extreme. I mean, this

are really, really extreme. I mean, this jet seems to gain approximately 14 km/s

jet seems to gain approximately 14 km/s in speed as it travels from one side to

in speed as it travels from one side to the other. And that's just completely

the other. And that's just completely bizarre and difficult to explain. And

bizarre and difficult to explain. And this also seems to produce a lot of

this also seems to produce a lot of violent churning in the upper regions of

violent churning in the upper regions of this planet which very likely results in

this planet which very likely results in this planet losing a lot of atmosphere.

this planet losing a lot of atmosphere. But everything here seems to be the

But everything here seems to be the result of the proximity to the star

result of the proximity to the star because of the super hot temperatures on

because of the super hot temperatures on one side and slightly colder

one side and slightly colder temperatures on the other side. We

temperatures on the other side. We basically get these ridiculous speeds

basically get these ridiculous speeds between the hotter and the colder sides.

between the hotter and the colder sides. But what was surprising here is that it

But what was surprising here is that it also seems to have layers with

also seems to have layers with researchers even comparing this to an

researchers even comparing this to an onion. Not because it makes you cry,

onion. Not because it makes you cry, which I'm sure it would if you actually

which I'm sure it would if you actually lived here, but really because it has

lived here, but really because it has these unusual elemental layers with

these unusual elemental layers with various elements moving at different

various elements moving at different speeds and visible at different

speeds and visible at different altitudes with titanium and some of the

altitudes with titanium and some of the heavier elements present and detected in

heavier elements present and detected in the much lower levels. So essentially, a

the much lower levels. So essentially, a lot of these heavier elements seem to be

lot of these heavier elements seem to be hidden by the upper atmosphere. But

hidden by the upper atmosphere. But essentially, this is the first time ever

essentially, this is the first time ever we've seen anything like this anywhere.

we've seen anything like this anywhere. This is the most unusual and the most

This is the most unusual and the most unexpected observation of any planet

unexpected observation of any planet outside of the solar system. The strange

outside of the solar system. The strange three-dimensional structure of a very

three-dimensional structure of a very hot Jupiter with layers of atmosphere

hot Jupiter with layers of atmosphere moving at different speeds and an

moving at different speeds and an extremely fastmoving jet right at the

extremely fastmoving jet right at the equator. But because this is just the

equator. But because this is just the first such observation and because now

first such observation and because now we have the technique to detect this

we have the technique to detect this from other planets, the next step would

from other planets, the next step would be to observe other planets just to see

be to observe other planets just to see if there's anything different there or

if there's anything different there or if this is actually some kind of a

if this is actually some kind of a unique feature to a lot of these hot

unique feature to a lot of these hot Jupiters. And so I'm actually excited to

Jupiters. And so I'm actually excited to find out what they discover in some of

find out what they discover in some of the future studies because for all we

the future studies because for all we know maybe this is how we can now define

know maybe this is how we can now define hot Jupiters. They're essentially kind

hot Jupiters. They're essentially kind of like hot onion planets. They contain

of like hot onion planets. They contain different layers with different

different layers with different elements. Or at least this one is.

elements. Or at least this one is. Hopefully in the next few months we'll

Hopefully in the next few months we'll find out what the other planets are like

find out what the other planets are like from very similar observations.

Hello wonderful person. This is Anton and today we're going to discuss

and today we're going to discuss Trappist one system once again focusing

Trappist one system once again focusing on some of the most recent discoveries

on some of the most recent discoveries and some of the most recent studies

and some of the most recent studies which essentially are all trying to

which essentially are all trying to answer the same question. Out of these

answer the same question. Out of these seven terrestrial planets, can any of

seven terrestrial planets, can any of them potentially host atmosphere and

them potentially host atmosphere and liquid water? And can any of them

liquid water? And can any of them potentially host life? But as you might

potentially host life? But as you might have learned from some of the previous

have learned from some of the previous videos from the past 2 days, based on a

videos from the past 2 days, based on a lot of recent observations, including

lot of recent observations, including the James Web Space Telescope

the James Web Space Telescope observations, one of the main

observations, one of the main conclusions so far has been that there

conclusions so far has been that there is a very high chance that a lot of

is a very high chance that a lot of these planets are potentially entirely

these planets are potentially entirely barren. This essentially could be some

barren. This essentially could be some kind of a collection of really hot dry

kind of a collection of really hot dry rocks basically containing nothing on

rocks basically containing nothing on their surface. Or at least these were

their surface. Or at least these were some of the preliminary discoveries

some of the preliminary discoveries based on the observations from the

based on the observations from the Trappist 1b and Trappist 1 C. And

Trappist 1b and Trappist 1 C. And because stars like Trappist 1, which are

because stars like Trappist 1, which are of course known as the Mtype stars or

of course known as the Mtype stars or red dwarfs, essentially make up

red dwarfs, essentially make up something like 75% of all stars in our

something like 75% of all stars in our galaxy compared to just 8% of G-type

galaxy compared to just 8% of G-type stars, which are similar to our sun. If

stars, which are similar to our sun. If somehow this is true for all of these

somehow this is true for all of these red dwarf systems, this would have a

red dwarf systems, this would have a really big implication for the

really big implication for the possibility of extraterrestrial life.

possibility of extraterrestrial life. But here there's also a really important

But here there's also a really important side note. So far, detecting anything

side note. So far, detecting anything around planets in these star systems

around planets in these star systems have actually been kind of challenging

have actually been kind of challenging and specifically detecting any kind of

and specifically detecting any kind of an atmosphere. And that's because red

an atmosphere. And that's because red dwarfs actually complicate a lot of the

dwarfs actually complicate a lot of the analysis when it comes to the planetary

analysis when it comes to the planetary spectrum. In many cases, because of the

spectrum. In many cases, because of the amount of star spots, they can actually

amount of star spots, they can actually be interpreted as something coming from

be interpreted as something coming from the planet and not from the star. With

the planet and not from the star. With many of these initial observations

many of these initial observations potentially being contaminated,

potentially being contaminated, nevertheless, learning about this

nevertheless, learning about this unusual star system approximately 40

unusual star system approximately 40 light years away from us is of course

light years away from us is of course very crucial if we actually want to

very crucial if we actually want to learn more about terrestrial planets out

learn more about terrestrial planets out there and if one day we want to discover

there and if one day we want to discover some kind of a extraterrestrial

some kind of a extraterrestrial intelligence or even just some kind of a

intelligence or even just some kind of a simple life. And this is actually our

simple life. And this is actually our first topic. Just a few months ago,

first topic. Just a few months ago, researchers did actually take a look at

researchers did actually take a look at the star system by using a radio

the star system by using a radio telescope. And here there was obviously

telescope. And here there was obviously just one goal. Detecting some kind of an

just one goal. Detecting some kind of an alien technology or some kind of an

alien technology or some kind of an alien communication by observing the

alien communication by observing the star system for approximately 28 hours.

star system for approximately 28 hours. But in this case, they did use an

But in this case, they did use an extremely specific technique. a

extremely specific technique. a technique known as planet planet

technique known as planet planet occultation which happens when one of

occultation which happens when one of the planets moves in front of the other

the planets moves in front of the other planet and essentially presents us with

planet and essentially presents us with a chance to potentially eaves drop on

a chance to potentially eaves drop on any radio signals. And in this case

any radio signals. And in this case after these observations they actually

after these observations they actually did discover over 2200 potential signals

did discover over 2200 potential signals way more than predicted. But upon

way more than predicted. But upon thorough analysis none of these signals

thorough analysis none of these signals turned out to be artificial in origin.

turned out to be artificial in origin. Pretty much all of them had some kind of

Pretty much all of them had some kind of a natural explanation. And so here for

a natural explanation. And so here for planets B and C, the two closest planets

planets B and C, the two closest planets to the star, we can almost certainly say

to the star, we can almost certainly say that no one on these planets is trying

that no one on these planets is trying to communicate using radio signals. But

to communicate using radio signals. But even though these planets seem to not

even though these planets seem to not have any extraterrestrial communication

have any extraterrestrial communication based on some of the recent studies,

based on some of the recent studies, they do potentially have a chance to

they do potentially have a chance to have atmospheres. And this is based on

have atmospheres. And this is based on at least two separate studies that have

at least two separate studies that have reanalyzed some of the data from the

reanalyzed some of the data from the James Web coming to slightly different

James Web coming to slightly different conclusions from initial analysis. And

conclusions from initial analysis. And so for example for the closest planet

so for example for the closest planet Trappist 1b something really exciting

Trappist 1b something really exciting was actually discovered by analyzing

was actually discovered by analyzing different frequencies of infrared light.

different frequencies of infrared light. Now first of all based on the distance

Now first of all based on the distance from the star we know this planet is

from the star we know this planet is going to be really hot at least as hot

going to be really hot at least as hot as Mercury possibly as hot as Venus. But

as Mercury possibly as hot as Venus. But the initial studies from approximately a

the initial studies from approximately a year ago, which you can learn about in

year ago, which you can learn about in some of the videos in the description,

some of the videos in the description, came to a conclusion that there doesn't

came to a conclusion that there doesn't seem to be anything on the surface

seem to be anything on the surface either, as in no atmosphere and no

either, as in no atmosphere and no possibility of any kind of water. And

possibility of any kind of water. And this was discovered by doing a really

this was discovered by doing a really intriguing analysis when we actually

intriguing analysis when we actually observed the star and the planet by

observed the star and the planet by seeing different sides of the planet as

seeing different sides of the planet as it orbits the star. And so here during

it orbits the star. And so here during the orbit different regions of the

the orbit different regions of the surface are going to be emitting

surface are going to be emitting different amounts of thermal infrared

different amounts of thermal infrared light. And in this case if there is any

light. And in this case if there is any atmosphere we are going to be seeing

atmosphere we are going to be seeing additional emissions in certain

additional emissions in certain frequencies even from the dark side of

frequencies even from the dark side of the planet. For example if there is CO2

the planet. For example if there is CO2 here it's going to be emitting certain

here it's going to be emitting certain frequencies of light that should be

frequencies of light that should be detectable to the James web. And so in

detectable to the James web. And so in the study we discussed last year based

the study we discussed last year based on the infrared observations in 15

on the infrared observations in 15 microns the overall conclusion was that

microns the overall conclusion was that there was no CO2 and the planet was most

there was no CO2 and the planet was most likely completely barren. But in this

likely completely barren. But in this new study also Dro and her team

new study also Dro and her team reanalyzeed the data by also adding

reanalyzeed the data by also adding another wavelength 12.8 micron and turns

another wavelength 12.8 micron and turns out that here the actual observations

out that here the actual observations were just a little bit different.

were just a little bit different. Instead of having a very strong and a

Instead of having a very strong and a very stable 15 micron signature, the

very stable 15 micron signature, the 12.8 micron observations could only be

12.8 micron observations could only be explained as one of the two potential

explained as one of the two potential scenarios. Either this was a planet with

scenarios. Either this was a planet with a very very young surface less than

a very very young surface less than 1,000 years old and essentially a result

1,000 years old and essentially a result of extreme vulcanism, the so-called

of extreme vulcanism, the so-called magmatic bare rock, or this planet was

magmatic bare rock, or this planet was filled with hazy carbon dioxide rich

filled with hazy carbon dioxide rich atmosphere extremely similar to Venus.

atmosphere extremely similar to Venus. But it could not be a barren rock like

But it could not be a barren rock like previously assumed which would actually

previously assumed which would actually produce different observations. And

produce different observations. And obviously it could not be an earthlike

obviously it could not be an earthlike planet. And that's actually a really

planet. And that's actually a really exciting discovery because by using this

exciting discovery because by using this new technique and new modeling,

new technique and new modeling, researchers actually discovered that the

researchers actually discovered that the planet B might be a lot more exciting

planet B might be a lot more exciting than we initially thought. with a 50%

than we initially thought. with a 50% chance of having atmosphere or 50%

chance of having atmosphere or 50% chance of being volcanically active with

chance of being volcanically active with a process known as magmatic resurfacing.

a process known as magmatic resurfacing. Rejuvenating the surface every thousand

Rejuvenating the surface every thousand years, which would also imply geological

years, which would also imply geological activity. And that by itself would be

activity. And that by itself would be super exciting. But if it does have

super exciting. But if it does have atmosphere, it potentially has something

atmosphere, it potentially has something extremely similar to what we actually

extremely similar to what we actually observe on Titan. Here's actually how

observe on Titan. Here's actually how Titan, Venus, and Trappist 1B generally

Titan, Venus, and Trappist 1B generally compared to one another. But in this

compared to one another. But in this case, because this planet is extremely

case, because this planet is extremely close to the star, the atmospheric

close to the star, the atmospheric chemistry would be entirely different.

chemistry would be entirely different. Basically making this a really bizarre

Basically making this a really bizarre planet we currently cannot even imagine.

planet we currently cannot even imagine. Likewise, a somewhat similar discovery

Likewise, a somewhat similar discovery was also made about planet C, the second

was also made about planet C, the second planet from the star. A year ago, this

planet from the star. A year ago, this was at first assumed to be also like an

was at first assumed to be also like an atmosphere. But a new analysis by Andrew

atmosphere. But a new analysis by Andrew Linkski and his team, once again using

Linkski and his team, once again using very similar observations, focusing on

very similar observations, focusing on 12 and 15 microns, also proposed a

12 and 15 microns, also proposed a potential atmosphere that's just a

potential atmosphere that's just a little bit different from anything we

little bit different from anything we imagined. And so even though this planet

imagined. And so even though this planet probably doesn't have a CO2 atmosphere,

probably doesn't have a CO2 atmosphere, it might still actually have a really

it might still actually have a really thick oxygen atmosphere, possibly as

thick oxygen atmosphere, possibly as thick as 10 Earth atmospheres in terms

thick as 10 Earth atmospheres in terms of pressure. or it can even be what's

of pressure. or it can even be what's known as a steam atmosphere where a type

known as a steam atmosphere where a type of a runaway greenhouse effect is

of a runaway greenhouse effect is basically driving liquid water into the

basically driving liquid water into the atmosphere, turning this into a kind of

atmosphere, turning this into a kind of a steam world. We've actually discussed

a steam world. We've actually discussed these planets in one of the previous

these planets in one of the previous videos in the description. And so now,

videos in the description. And so now, planet C also has a chance of having a

planet C also has a chance of having a really bizarre atmosphere on its

really bizarre atmosphere on its surface, just not the atmosphere that

surface, just not the atmosphere that was previously assumed and not the ones

was previously assumed and not the ones we're used to right here in the solar

we're used to right here in the solar system. with several additional studies

system. with several additional studies such as this one by Joshua Chrysansen

such as this one by Joshua Chrysansen Totten and his team even proposing that

Totten and his team even proposing that other planets do actually have a really

other planets do actually have a really high chance to not just have atmospheres

high chance to not just have atmospheres but also liquid water and specifically

but also liquid water and specifically as a result of a secondary atmospheric

as a result of a secondary atmospheric formation that would very likely take a

formation that would very likely take a few hundred million years but would

few hundred million years but would basically result in hydrogen reacting

basically result in hydrogen reacting with oxygen and iron and producing

with oxygen and iron and producing water, heavier gases and a lot of

water, heavier gases and a lot of important compounds in very large

important compounds in very large amounts on the surface. Now in this

amounts on the surface. Now in this case, this is just a model and a

case, this is just a model and a potential explanation. There is no

potential explanation. There is no physical evidence. But based on this

physical evidence. But based on this model, there is now new hope. A hope for

model, there is now new hope. A hope for these planets to maybe contain something

these planets to maybe contain something interesting. And according to this

interesting. And according to this model, planet Trappist 1E, the one in

model, planet Trappist 1E, the one in the habitable zone, has an extremely

the habitable zone, has an extremely high chance to have atmosphere and thus

high chance to have atmosphere and thus liquid water. And not just some liquid

liquid water. And not just some liquid water. Here we're talking about a huge

water. Here we're talking about a huge ocean. So definitely a really exciting

ocean. So definitely a really exciting proposition. And one of the last studies

proposition. And one of the last studies takes this even a little bit further.

takes this even a little bit further. Here, Aphon Zamoto and his team wanted

Here, Aphon Zamoto and his team wanted to actually find out how likely is

to actually find out how likely is anything to survive on these planets,

anything to survive on these planets, assuming that that something is exposed

assuming that that something is exposed to super flares from a typical red dwarf

to super flares from a typical red dwarf and are basically living in these

and are basically living in these extremely hostile conditions. And the

extremely hostile conditions. And the focus of the study was on something we

focus of the study was on something we know really well, as perilous niger, a

know really well, as perilous niger, a type of a black mold that usually grows

type of a black mold that usually grows in soil that's actually known for

in soil that's actually known for producing a lot of melanin. that

producing a lot of melanin. that compound that basically gives us 10 and

compound that basically gives us 10 and the smoke tends to produce these really

the smoke tends to produce these really bizarre shapes where a large number of

bizarre shapes where a large number of spores basically end up releasing peptid

spores basically end up releasing peptid melanin into the surrounding medium. In

melanin into the surrounding medium. In other words, they tend to produce the

other words, they tend to produce the environment enriched in melanin not just

environment enriched in melanin not just inside the cells but even outside of the

inside the cells but even outside of the cells. It's one of the most prolific

cells. It's one of the most prolific producers of melanin allowing it to

producers of melanin allowing it to survive extremely high levels of UV

survive extremely high levels of UV radiation. And so in this case,

radiation. And so in this case, researchers wanted to basically simulate

researchers wanted to basically simulate how likely is this mold to survive

how likely is this mold to survive conditions around a starlike trappist

conditions around a starlike trappist one. In this case, this was done by

one. In this case, this was done by simulating the environment and allowing

simulating the environment and allowing these spores to grow in various celling

these spores to grow in various celling solutions. And even when simulating

solutions. And even when simulating radiation based on a super flare in a

radiation based on a super flare in a typical red dwarf, here the overall

typical red dwarf, here the overall conclusion was that the spores would

conclusion was that the spores would survive and would even thrive in certain

survive and would even thrive in certain conditions, although not if directly

conditions, although not if directly exposed on the surface. Here they would

exposed on the surface. Here they would have to be either inside water or

have to be either inside water or underneath millimeters of soil. But more

underneath millimeters of soil. But more importantly, the more melanin they

importantly, the more melanin they produced, the more likely they survived,

produced, the more likely they survived, implying that technically life could

implying that technically life could exist here and technically could live

exist here and technically could live inside these oceans if they exist. But

inside these oceans if they exist. But that's once again just a theoretical

that's once again just a theoretical proposition and a theoretical analysis.

proposition and a theoretical analysis. Obviously, we're not going to know if

Obviously, we're not going to know if there is any life here for a very, very

there is any life here for a very, very long time. But despite all of these

long time. But despite all of these somewhat positive and somewhat

somewhat positive and somewhat optimistic studies, there is still one

optimistic studies, there is still one major problem with these red war dwarfs.

major problem with these red war dwarfs. And it's not the fact that they have so

And it's not the fact that they have so many flares or produce so much

many flares or produce so much radiation. It's also the fact that when

radiation. It's also the fact that when these stars are much younger, or

these stars are much younger, or basically when Mtypes are just born and

basically when Mtypes are just born and start to develop, they actually undergo

start to develop, they actually undergo an extremely hot stage in the early

an extremely hot stage in the early development that in theory could produce

development that in theory could produce very hot conditions on the surface of

very hot conditions on the surface of all of these planets, which would last

all of these planets, which would last for hundreds of millions of years. And

for hundreds of millions of years. And in theory, this would evaporate

in theory, this would evaporate everything, turning all of these planets

everything, turning all of these planets into just molten crust. And so

into just molten crust. And so basically, as of 2025, we still have

basically, as of 2025, we still have absolutely no idea what's happening here

absolutely no idea what's happening here and whether any of these planets have

and whether any of these planets have anything on their surface or if they can

anything on their surface or if they can ever host habitable conditions.

Hello wonderful person. This is Anton and today we're going to discuss some of

and today we're going to discuss some of the recent updates about I guess one of

the recent updates about I guess one of the most exciting exoplanets discovered

the most exciting exoplanets discovered in the last couple of years. The

in the last couple of years. The exoplanet referred to as K218b

exoplanet referred to as K218b and exciting because of the observations

and exciting because of the observations from the gen web that potentially

from the gen web that potentially revealed some of the first bizarre bio

revealed some of the first bizarre bio signatures coming from an exoplanet

signatures coming from an exoplanet possibly suggesting something alive on

possibly suggesting something alive on the surface or maybe suggesting some

the surface or maybe suggesting some bizarre chemistry. But ever since then,

bizarre chemistry. But ever since then, in the last year and a half or so,

in the last year and a half or so, there's been a lot of additional

there's been a lot of additional observations and additional discoveries.

observations and additional discoveries. And so, I wanted to do a bit of a

And so, I wanted to do a bit of a follow-up on what's happening with this

follow-up on what's happening with this exoplanet and what most researchers

exoplanet and what most researchers believe now. But I guess first a super

believe now. But I guess first a super brief review. First of all, this is

brief review. First of all, this is called K218b

called K218b because this was part of the second

because this was part of the second mission by the NASA's Kepler telescope

mission by the NASA's Kepler telescope that conducted several observations

that conducted several observations around 2015. And during this time, even

around 2015. And during this time, even though it discovered a lot of

though it discovered a lot of exoplanets, one of them kind of stood

exoplanets, one of them kind of stood out and stood out because first of all,

out and stood out because first of all, it was in the habitable zone of the star

it was in the habitable zone of the star system and because its overall size

system and because its overall size suggested a potential terrestrial

suggested a potential terrestrial planet. But the additional observations

planet. But the additional observations revealed that this was very likely

revealed that this was very likely either a super Earth or a mini Neptune.

either a super Earth or a mini Neptune. So basically here at a distance of 111

So basically here at a distance of 111 light-years away from Earth, we had an

light-years away from Earth, we had an object with approximately 8.6 six masses

object with approximately 8.6 six masses of planet Earth and at least 2.5 times

of planet Earth and at least 2.5 times larger. But because the orbit here was

larger. But because the orbit here was 33 days, this was definitely in the

33 days, this was definitely in the middle of the habitable zone of the star

middle of the habitable zone of the star system with the average temperature

system with the average temperature potentially being slightly less than on

potentially being slightly less than on planet Earth. Assuming this planet had

planet Earth. Assuming this planet had no atmosphere, it would be about - 8° C,

no atmosphere, it would be about - 8° C, but because of the atmosphere, it would

but because of the atmosphere, it would be obviously much higher. But it was

be obviously much higher. But it was also discovered that this planet very

also discovered that this planet very likely has a much lower density than

likely has a much lower density than planet Earth, but much higher than

planet Earth, but much higher than Neptune. It was actually about 2.6 67 g

Neptune. It was actually about 2.6 67 g per cm cube which was actually right

per cm cube which was actually right between Neptune and planet Earth. And

between Neptune and planet Earth. And here this suggested some kind of a

here this suggested some kind of a terrestrial planet very likely

terrestrial planet very likely surrounded by a thick atmosphere and

surrounded by a thick atmosphere and possibly atmosphere not so different

possibly atmosphere not so different from an actual gas giant. And actually

from an actual gas giant. And actually this made this planet super exciting

this made this planet super exciting with many additional investigations

with many additional investigations following for years after that. And the

following for years after that. And the first one was obviously by the Hubble

first one was obviously by the Hubble Space Telescope. here. Initially, Hubble

Space Telescope. here. Initially, Hubble seemed to reveal water vapor, which was

seemed to reveal water vapor, which was already super exciting with some of the

already super exciting with some of the first observations from the James Web

first observations from the James Web revealing carbon dioxide and methane.

revealing carbon dioxide and methane. And this would make this a really

And this would make this a really intriguing world with potentially

intriguing world with potentially enriched atmosphere, but also

enriched atmosphere, but also potentially an ocean on the surface. And

potentially an ocean on the surface. And this made this planet one of the first

this made this planet one of the first members of the hypothetical highen

members of the hypothetical highen planet group. A type of terrestrial

planet group. A type of terrestrial exoplanets surrounded by a very thick

exoplanets surrounded by a very thick hydrogen atmosphere, but also containing

hydrogen atmosphere, but also containing liquid water ocean on the surface very

liquid water ocean on the surface very likely enriched in hydrogen and also

likely enriched in hydrogen and also very likely somewhat hot. You can learn

very likely somewhat hot. You can learn more about this concept in one of the

more about this concept in one of the previous videos in description. But

previous videos in description. But apart from water, methane, and carbon

apart from water, methane, and carbon dioxide, another study in December of

dioxide, another study in December of 2023 revealed something else super

2023 revealed something else super exciting. In this study, researchers

exciting. In this study, researchers revealed carbon bearing molecules, but

revealed carbon bearing molecules, but specifically a molecule referred to as

specifically a molecule referred to as DMS, dimethyl sulfide, what is basically

DMS, dimethyl sulfide, what is basically going viral because in some sense here,

going viral because in some sense here, based on what we know about planet

based on what we know about planet Earth, DMS seems to be mostly made by

Earth, DMS seems to be mostly made by life, specifically ocean life, for

life, specifically ocean life, for actually somewhat unusual reasons that

actually somewhat unusual reasons that once again you can learn about in one of

once again you can learn about in one of the previous videos in the description.

the previous videos in the description. And so a lot of astronomers started to

And so a lot of astronomers started to wonder if maybe this DMS detection could

wonder if maybe this DMS detection could actually be signs of life, possibly

actually be signs of life, possibly first ever by signature coming from a

first ever by signature coming from a distant planet. And since on Earth this

distant planet. And since on Earth this is mostly produced by phytolanton, being

is mostly produced by phytolanton, being able to see it in the atmosphere of a

able to see it in the atmosphere of a different planet suggested that

different planet suggested that something maybe similar is going on

something maybe similar is going on there as well. And so mixed with the

there as well. And so mixed with the water vapor and the detection of carbon

water vapor and the detection of carbon dioxide, this was super exciting and

dioxide, this was super exciting and exciting because normally when it comes

exciting because normally when it comes to bio signatures, we actually do want

to bio signatures, we actually do want to find some kind of a mixture. So

to find some kind of a mixture. So basically just finding oxygen or just

basically just finding oxygen or just finding DMS would not really mean much.

finding DMS would not really mean much. But discovering things like oxygen,

But discovering things like oxygen, methane, and for example, nitrous oxides

methane, and for example, nitrous oxides would be a pretty big deal because it

would be a pretty big deal because it would suggest this is very likely due to

would suggest this is very likely due to life. In this case, finding carbon

life. In this case, finding carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and DMS,

dioxide, water vapor, methane, and DMS, though not a definitive sign of life,

though not a definitive sign of life, was actually super exciting, but

was actually super exciting, but obviously not a telltal sign of life.

obviously not a telltal sign of life. And the actual signatures and detections

And the actual signatures and detections were not actually that strong either. In

were not actually that strong either. In other words, these were just initial

other words, these were just initial signs and not a definitive sign of

signs and not a definitive sign of something in the atmosphere of this

something in the atmosphere of this planet. And here it's important to

planet. And here it's important to discuss a few additional discoveries and

discuss a few additional discoveries and a few additional cases before we

a few additional cases before we basically come to any conclusions. And

basically come to any conclusions. And let's I guess start with Titan, the moon

let's I guess start with Titan, the moon of Saturn. Prior to the Cassini mission,

of Saturn. Prior to the Cassini mission, a lot of initial investigations of Titan

a lot of initial investigations of Titan also kept discovering bizarre molecules.

also kept discovering bizarre molecules. I mean we already knew it has methane

I mean we already knew it has methane but here researchers also kept

but here researchers also kept discovering CO2 carbon monoxide and a

discovering CO2 carbon monoxide and a few other carbon molecules in many cases

few other carbon molecules in many cases in very different proportions from

in very different proportions from what's expected from natural geology or

what's expected from natural geology or essentially here the atmospheric ratios

essentially here the atmospheric ratios of various gases didn't make sense and

of various gases didn't make sense and so years ago there were actually several

so years ago there were actually several papers making very similar propositions

papers making very similar propositions for potential bio signatures and maybe

for potential bio signatures and maybe life on Titan based on these

life on Titan based on these observations and though obviously life

observations and though obviously life on Titan is still technically possible.

on Titan is still technically possible. This was not the detection. And that's

This was not the detection. And that's because once we saw Enceladus, the other

because once we saw Enceladus, the other moon of Saturn, things became way more

moon of Saturn, things became way more clear. Enceladus, as you probably know,

clear. Enceladus, as you probably know, has these massive geysers. And these

has these massive geysers. And these geysers, or technically these cry

geysers, or technically these cry volcanoes, play an enormous role in the

volcanoes, play an enormous role in the entire Saturnian system. They're

entire Saturnian system. They're actually responsible for one of the

actually responsible for one of the rings of Saturn, but they're also

rings of Saturn, but they're also responsible for enriching some of its

responsible for enriching some of its neighbors. And so many of these plumes

neighbors. And so many of these plumes that shoot out water and a lot of other

that shoot out water and a lot of other organic molecules basically end up

organic molecules basically end up enriching Titan with a lot of its carbon

enriching Titan with a lot of its carbon monoxide. And so this chemical imbalance

monoxide. And so this chemical imbalance seems to be the result of the

seems to be the result of the cryovcanism on Enceladus. It does not

cryovcanism on Enceladus. It does not seem to do anything with life. And

seem to do anything with life. And something somewhat similar was actually

something somewhat similar was actually proposed here as well by a different

proposed here as well by a different study. Now, first of all, based on some

study. Now, first of all, based on some of the older studies, in this case, this

of the older studies, in this case, this is one from 1975, we already knew that

is one from 1975, we already knew that it's possible to create things like DMS

it's possible to create things like DMS in completely natural conditions without

in completely natural conditions without life. In this study, this was actually

life. In this study, this was actually created using hydrogen sulfide, methane,

created using hydrogen sulfide, methane, and electricity, and absolutely no life

and electricity, and absolutely no life was necessary. But a much more important

was necessary. But a much more important discovery came from November of 2024.

discovery came from November of 2024. Here, a study by Norah Honey revealed

Here, a study by Norah Honey revealed that apparently dimethyl sulfite was

that apparently dimethyl sulfite was also detected in comets. In other words,

also detected in comets. In other words, it's not just created by marine

it's not just created by marine organisms and there are actual natural

organisms and there are actual natural abiotic sources in outer space, which

abiotic sources in outer space, which means that DMS is definitely not a good

means that DMS is definitely not a good bio signature to begin with. And since

bio signature to begin with. And since comets usually contain a lot of pristine

comets usually contain a lot of pristine organic molecules, it means that DMS can

organic molecules, it means that DMS can technically be created entirely without

technically be created entirely without life. Here, we don't actually think life

life. Here, we don't actually think life was responsible for the formation of DMS

was responsible for the formation of DMS on the comets. In this case, this was

on the comets. In this case, this was based on the observations from the

based on the observations from the famous comet 67P to room of Giraenco,

famous comet 67P to room of Giraenco, which is actually a super important

which is actually a super important discovery. Since comets are so good at

discovery. Since comets are so good at enriching a lot of different planets

enriching a lot of different planets with a lot of different compounds and

with a lot of different compounds and potentially even delivering a lot of

potentially even delivering a lot of water to the surface of our own planet,

water to the surface of our own planet, it would not be unusual to discover DMS

it would not be unusual to discover DMS in some other star system somewhere out

in some other star system somewhere out there, possibly deliver it in the same

there, possibly deliver it in the same way. So here, DMS does not require life

way. So here, DMS does not require life at all. Likewise, some other studies

at all. Likewise, some other studies tried to explain these bizarre chemical

tried to explain these bizarre chemical signatures just by the fact that this is

signatures just by the fact that this is a bizarre planet as in because this is

a bizarre planet as in because this is technically what's known as a highan

technically what's known as a highan world mixed with a lot of other stuff

world mixed with a lot of other stuff including hydrogen that can no longer

including hydrogen that can no longer separate and creates a very strange

separate and creates a very strange mixture that occasionally releases

mixture that occasionally releases certain compounds. And so this very

certain compounds. And so this very strange hydrogen water-based homogeneous

strange hydrogen water-based homogeneous liquid possibly just produces different

liquid possibly just produces different chemistry we cannot imagine yet. mostly

chemistry we cannot imagine yet. mostly because the actual experiments of this

because the actual experiments of this liquid have never been conducted on

liquid have never been conducted on Earth just because it can only exist in

Earth just because it can only exist in some really extreme conditions. But a

some really extreme conditions. But a much bigger problem comes from something

much bigger problem comes from something entirely different and specifically from

entirely different and specifically from the way we actually discover all of this

the way we actually discover all of this and from the way this light is analyzed

and from the way this light is analyzed and how we discover signs of these

and how we discover signs of these molecules. As you might already know,

molecules. As you might already know, this is how it's actually done.

this is how it's actually done. Researchers basically look at the

Researchers basically look at the starlight passing through the atmosphere

starlight passing through the atmosphere of the planet as it moves right in front

of the planet as it moves right in front of the star. During this passage, some

of the star. During this passage, some of the light from the star basically

of the light from the star basically creates certain absorption lines which

creates certain absorption lines which can then be interpreted as some kind of

can then be interpreted as some kind of a molecule blocking the light. This then

a molecule blocking the light. This then results in this absorption spectrum you

results in this absorption spectrum you see right here. But there's actually a

see right here. But there's actually a problem here. A lot of this is

problem here. A lot of this is technically guess work. light traveling

technically guess work. light traveling through these molecules and the

through these molecules and the absorption it produces can technically

absorption it produces can technically be done by a lot of different stuff in

be done by a lot of different stuff in different conditions. Or just to

different conditions. Or just to rephrase this, the same molecule can

rephrase this, the same molecule can technically create a relatively similar

technically create a relatively similar absorption spectrum. And so in most

absorption spectrum. And so in most cases when scientists look at this, they

cases when scientists look at this, they actually have to make an educated guess.

actually have to make an educated guess. For example, based on the presence of

For example, based on the presence of something like methane, they might

something like methane, they might assume there might be some other carbon

assume there might be some other carbon based molecules and thus assume that

based molecules and thus assume that something here is for example carbon

something here is for example carbon dioxide or the metal sulfide. But in

dioxide or the metal sulfide. But in reality, this data can have multiple

reality, this data can have multiple interpretations. And so far, this has

interpretations. And so far, this has been the main criticism about the

been the main criticism about the original paper. A lot of different

original paper. A lot of different scientists that use similar data from

scientists that use similar data from the James Web Space Telescope decided to

the James Web Space Telescope decided to reanalyze it and actually ended up with

reanalyze it and actually ended up with different results. And one of the

different results. And one of the biggest such papers was just released, a

biggest such papers was just released, a comprehensive reanalysis of K218B's

comprehensive reanalysis of K218B's transmission spectrum. This is by Steven

transmission spectrum. This is by Steven Schmidt and the international team you

Schmidt and the international team you see right here. And here this was

see right here. And here this was basically a kind of a summary of all of

basically a kind of a summary of all of the different papers and all of the

the different papers and all of the different techniques used to analyze

different techniques used to analyze this data that mostly came to a very

this data that mostly came to a very similar conclusion with the first

similar conclusion with the first conclusion being that there is indeed

conclusion being that there is indeed methane and quite a lot of it. But based

methane and quite a lot of it. But based on the URA analysis and the use of

on the URA analysis and the use of slightly different statistical method,

slightly different statistical method, researchers found no CO2, no DMS. In

researchers found no CO2, no DMS. In other words, there does not seem to be

other words, there does not seem to be carbon dioxide here. And there is

carbon dioxide here. And there is definitely no signs of dime sulfides

definitely no signs of dime sulfides with the researchers concluding that

with the researchers concluding that this planet is very likely some kind of

this planet is very likely some kind of an oxygen poor, meaning Neptune, and

an oxygen poor, meaning Neptune, and just has really thick atmosphere, very

just has really thick atmosphere, very similar to Neptune, containing methane

similar to Neptune, containing methane and a lot of other gases. But obviously

and a lot of other gases. But obviously because of higher density, it also does

because of higher density, it also does seem to contain a relatively large

seem to contain a relatively large terrestrial core. And this is

terrestrial core. And this is technically based on several studies

technically based on several studies from a group of different scientists

from a group of different scientists that use different models to reanalyze

that use different models to reanalyze this data and basically found no

this data and basically found no statistical evidence for anything like

statistical evidence for anything like the MS. So essentially here by using

the MS. So essentially here by using different methods and specifically a

different methods and specifically a much more thorough mathematical

much more thorough mathematical approach, a lot of these carbon

approach, a lot of these carbon molecules seem to completely disappear.

molecules seem to completely disappear. And because in this case, mini neptunes

And because in this case, mini neptunes or sub neptions are actually some of the

or sub neptions are actually some of the most common planets we've discovered so

most common planets we've discovered so far. And they seem to be present in

far. And they seem to be present in something like 1/4 of all star systems

something like 1/4 of all star systems discovered so far. It would not be

discovered so far. It would not be unusual for this planet to be somewhat

unusual for this planet to be somewhat similar. And so the results from the

similar. And so the results from the study basically suggests that this is

study basically suggests that this is very likely some kind of a subnune, also

very likely some kind of a subnune, also known as a gas dwarf. But we know that

known as a gas dwarf. But we know that some of the coldest subnons technically

some of the coldest subnons technically can host liquid water oceans. And this

can host liquid water oceans. And this is what we refer to as highen planets.

is what we refer to as highen planets. So basically, there's still a slight

So basically, there's still a slight chance that this is an exciting world

chance that this is an exciting world and might even have a chance for life.

and might even have a chance for life. But a lot of this would be complete

But a lot of this would be complete guesswork and there's no evidence for

guesswork and there's no evidence for anything yet.

Hello wonderful person. This is Anton and today we're going to discuss a

and today we're going to discuss a somewhat intriguing discovery of a

somewhat intriguing discovery of a completely new type of a planet we've

completely new type of a planet we've never known existed. Although

never known existed. Although technically these types of planets very

technically these types of planets very likely exist everywhere, we just had no

likely exist everywhere, we just had no idea these planets are possible until

idea these planets are possible until recent observations. And by itself, this

recent observations. And by itself, this discovery should not come as a surprise

discovery should not come as a surprise because in the last few years,

because in the last few years, especially because of observations from

especially because of observations from the James Web Space Telescope,

the James Web Space Telescope, astronomers have already confirmed

astronomers have already confirmed several major new types of planets, some

several major new types of planets, some with very exotic properties we actually

with very exotic properties we actually didn't even think would be possible. And

didn't even think would be possible. And so let's talk about this new discovery

so let's talk about this new discovery and the study behind this and find out

and the study behind this and find out what this planet is like. A planet that

what this planet is like. A planet that potentially looks something like this.

potentially looks something like this. This is Giza 1214b, but it also has a

This is Giza 1214b, but it also has a proper name, Aniposha. A name it

proper name, Aniposha. A name it received a couple of years ago because

received a couple of years ago because originally this planet was officially

originally this planet was officially confirmed back in 2009. And even back

confirmed back in 2009. And even back then it was believed to be super

then it was believed to be super exciting. And so yeah, this is not a new

exciting. And so yeah, this is not a new discovery of a planet. This is a

discovery of a planet. This is a discovery of a new type of a planet

discovery of a new type of a planet because turns out that this is not

because turns out that this is not exactly what we thought. And in this

exactly what we thought. And in this case, this new discovery basically

case, this new discovery basically provide us with a little bit more

provide us with a little bit more evidence and a little bit more

evidence and a little bit more information about how these extreme

information about how these extreme planets form and how certain star

planets form and how certain star systems seem to evolve differently from

systems seem to evolve differently from the sun. But I guess here first, let's

the sun. But I guess here first, let's talk about some of the recent

talk about some of the recent discoveries of other planetary types.

discoveries of other planetary types. Because in just the last 5 years or so,

Because in just the last 5 years or so, there's actually been quite a few

there's actually been quite a few studies defining new types of planets.

studies defining new types of planets. usually based on their mass, their

usually based on their mass, their orbit, or their composition. Although in

orbit, or their composition. Although in some cases by other classifications,

some cases by other classifications, such as, for example, the location

such as, for example, the location around the galaxy, but essentially as

around the galaxy, but essentially as soon as space telescopes became

soon as space telescopes became operational and were able to capture

operational and were able to capture planets and analyze them, we almost

planets and analyze them, we almost instantly started to discover bizarre

instantly started to discover bizarre planets. Planets that nobody believed or

planets. Planets that nobody believed or nobody could even imagine would exist

nobody could even imagine would exist somewhere out there. Because

somewhere out there. Because approximately two decades ago in the

approximately two decades ago in the early 2000s it was mostly assumed that

early 2000s it was mostly assumed that most planets are going to be kind of

most planets are going to be kind of similar to what we have in the solar

similar to what we have in the solar system. But here almost right away

system. But here almost right away scientists discovered super Jupiters,

scientists discovered super Jupiters, super Neptunes, mini neptunes and super

super Neptunes, mini neptunes and super Earths. These were actually some of the

Earths. These were actually some of the first discoveries from the Kepler

first discoveries from the Kepler telescope and they actually seem to

telescope and they actually seem to represent the majority of planets

represent the majority of planets discovered so far which was really

discovered so far which was really bizarre. It basically meant that planets

bizarre. It basically meant that planets in the solar system are actually kind of

in the solar system are actually kind of rare. And so by mid2010s it was

rare. And so by mid2010s it was established that the majority of planets

established that the majority of planets out there seem to be either super Earths

out there seem to be either super Earths or mini neptunes. Basically planets a

or mini neptunes. Basically planets a little bit smaller than Neptune but much

little bit smaller than Neptune but much much bigger than planet Earth. Although

much bigger than planet Earth. Although not exactly like Neptune and not exactly

not exactly like Neptune and not exactly like Earth at all. And so in total over

like Earth at all. And so in total over half of all planets discovered seem to

half of all planets discovered seem to fall into this category with additional

fall into this category with additional observations especially focusing on

observations especially focusing on orbits of these planets also revealing

orbits of these planets also revealing additional types of planets based on

additional types of planets based on their orbit as well. And while a huge

their orbit as well. And while a huge number of planets turn out to be hot

number of planets turn out to be hot Jupiters basically Jupiter-l like

Jupiters basically Jupiter-l like planets extremely close to the parent

planets extremely close to the parent star. These turn out to be so common

star. These turn out to be so common that was basically impossible to avoid

that was basically impossible to avoid them. But apart from hot Jupiters,

them. But apart from hot Jupiters, researchers also discovered hot Neptunes

researchers also discovered hot Neptunes which potentially serve as some kind of

which potentially serve as some kind of a precursor for super Earth or for

a precursor for super Earth or for similar smaller planets. Likewise,

similar smaller planets. Likewise, approximately a decade ago, circuminary

approximately a decade ago, circuminary planets were confirmed as well. This is

planets were confirmed as well. This is basically a planet orbiting two stars at

basically a planet orbiting two stars at the same time. All of these discovered

the same time. All of these discovered in just the last decade or so. Lastly,

in just the last decade or so. Lastly, some of the most exciting discoveries

some of the most exciting discoveries when it comes to new types of planets

when it comes to new types of planets were also based on their composition.

were also based on their composition. For example, extremely recently,

For example, extremely recently, researchers finally confirmed Kontonian

researchers finally confirmed Kontonian planets. Planets that basically used to

planets. Planets that basically used to be very likely gas giants or possibly

be very likely gas giants or possibly Neptune likes, but eventually evaporated

Neptune likes, but eventually evaporated all of their atmosphere, leaving behind

all of their atmosphere, leaving behind a terrestrial core. These planets were

a terrestrial core. These planets were hypothesized for a very long time, but

hypothesized for a very long time, but they were officially confirmed not so

they were officially confirmed not so long ago, and a lot of videos in the

long ago, and a lot of videos in the description should explain this in more

description should explain this in more detail. Then in the last couple of years

detail. Then in the last couple of years or so, scientists have also confirmed

or so, scientists have also confirmed two very unusual types of super Earth

two very unusual types of super Earth planets that basically have very strange

planets that basically have very strange composition that was somewhat difficult

composition that was somewhat difficult to explain. One of these planet types is

to explain. One of these planet types is known as the highan world. Basically, a

known as the highan world. Basically, a bizarre super hot planet with

bizarre super hot planet with potentially superc critical water on the

potentially superc critical water on the surface that though contains oceans and

surface that though contains oceans and potentially very deep oceans might

potentially very deep oceans might actually be too hot and too extreme for

actually be too hot and too extreme for life to survive. Likewise, just a few

life to survive. Likewise, just a few months ago, there was also a

months ago, there was also a confirmation for what's known as a steam

confirmation for what's known as a steam world. A somewhat similar concept, but

world. A somewhat similar concept, but with a planet that basically has steam

with a planet that basically has steam atmosphere and very likely oceans that

atmosphere and very likely oceans that are also kind of extreme. Once again,

are also kind of extreme. Once again, the videos in the description describe

the videos in the description describe these planets a little bit more. But one

these planets a little bit more. But one of the more mysterious types of planets

of the more mysterious types of planets was known as the poofy planet with some

was known as the poofy planet with some of the bigger examples known as super

of the bigger examples known as super poofs. In a natural, in terms of mass,

poofs. In a natural, in terms of mass, these were very similar to Jupiter and

these were very similar to Jupiter and sometimes Saturn, but their size would

sometimes Saturn, but their size would be dramatically larger. They were

be dramatically larger. They were basically kind of like expanded or poofy

basically kind of like expanded or poofy Jupiters, which is why they started to

Jupiters, which is why they started to be called poofy planets. And their

be called poofy planets. And their expanded atmosphere basically didn't

expanded atmosphere basically didn't really make a lot of sense. It was not

really make a lot of sense. It was not clear why they had such a low density

clear why they had such a low density and why they were inflated to such a

and why they were inflated to such a large degree, especially because their

large degree, especially because their inflated atmosphere didn't really make

inflated atmosphere didn't really make much sense. Here's, for example, one of

much sense. Here's, for example, one of the first such discoveries, Tra 4B. And

the first such discoveries, Tra 4B. And I guess what's even more surprising is

I guess what's even more surprising is that none of these unusual planets, many

that none of these unusual planets, many of which have been discovered in other

of which have been discovered in other star systems, seem to have ever existed

star systems, seem to have ever existed here in the solar system. And exactly

here in the solar system. And exactly why was not clear. And so, because these

why was not clear. And so, because these planets were so different from anything

planets were so different from anything we have, it was obviously difficult to

we have, it was obviously difficult to guess how they were formed or even what

guess how they were formed or even what they're made out of or what's in their

they're made out of or what's in their atmosphere. But as I mentioned, one of

atmosphere. But as I mentioned, one of the most common types of planets is

the most common types of planets is basically either a super Earth or a mini

basically either a super Earth or a mini Neptune. And even today, it's not

Neptune. And even today, it's not entirely clear if this is actually two

entirely clear if this is actually two types of planets or if it's just a much

types of planets or if it's just a much larger category of the same type of a

larger category of the same type of a planet that seems to be both larger and

planet that seems to be both larger and more massive than planet Earth, but much

more massive than planet Earth, but much smaller and much less massive than

smaller and much less massive than Neptune. And so for many years now,

Neptune. And so for many years now, researchers have basically debated what

researchers have basically debated what sort of a composition we're going to

sort of a composition we're going to find on these planets and what kind of

find on these planets and what kind of an atmosphere they would have as well.

an atmosphere they would have as well. For example, is this basically some kind

For example, is this basically some kind of an earthlike planet with a very

of an earthlike planet with a very expanded hydrogen-rich atmosphere and

expanded hydrogen-rich atmosphere and thus high pressure and potentially high

thus high pressure and potentially high temperature? Or would this be something

temperature? Or would this be something very similar to Neptune containing a lot

very similar to Neptune containing a lot of icy components including water-rich

of icy components including water-rich atmosphere and potentially a lot of haze

atmosphere and potentially a lot of haze and a lot of organic compounds both on

and a lot of organic compounds both on the surface and inside the atmosphere.

the surface and inside the atmosphere. And so obviously there were quite a lot

And so obviously there were quite a lot of models and quite a lot of

of models and quite a lot of simulations, but no actual evidence yet.

simulations, but no actual evidence yet. And that's because atmospheric

And that's because atmospheric spectroscopy which is required to

spectroscopy which is required to determine all of this was still in its

determine all of this was still in its infancy. But in the last few years

infancy. But in the last few years techniques in atmospheric spectroscopy

techniques in atmospheric spectroscopy suddenly became advanced enough to help

suddenly became advanced enough to help us see what's inside. And this is

us see what's inside. And this is basically both because of James Space

basically both because of James Space Telescope but also because of the very

Telescope but also because of the very large telescope part of the European

large telescope part of the European Southern Observatory which has a bunch

Southern Observatory which has a bunch of instruments that allow us to measure

of instruments that allow us to measure planetary spectroscopy directly from

planetary spectroscopy directly from planet Earth. And so in a couple of new

planet Earth. And so in a couple of new studies, Kumasa Ono and Everett Schlawin

studies, Kumasa Ono and Everett Schlawin along with their teams conducted a

along with their teams conducted a relatively detailed observation of the

relatively detailed observation of the planet known as Giza 1214b in order to

planet known as Giza 1214b in order to determine what this particular super

determine what this particular super Earth contained on its surface and if it

Earth contained on its surface and if it was basically some kind of a water

was basically some kind of a water world, hazy Neptune-like world, or some

world, hazy Neptune-like world, or some kind of a very large terrestrial planet.

kind of a very large terrestrial planet. And here once again all of this was done

And here once again all of this was done in a very simple way by observing the

in a very simple way by observing the light from the star as it passes through

light from the star as it passes through the atmosphere of the planet which we

the atmosphere of the planet which we can kind of simulate right here using

can kind of simulate right here using space engine. It becomes possible to

space engine. It becomes possible to actually see spectroscopy of various

actually see spectroscopy of various elements in the atmospheric layer

elements in the atmospheric layer allowing researchers to determine what

allowing researchers to determine what the atmosphere contains and what it's

the atmosphere contains and what it's like on the inside. And so here by using

like on the inside. And so here by using James Face Telescope they focused on one

James Face Telescope they focused on one of the easiest planets to observe that's

of the easiest planets to observe that's approximately 48 light years away from

approximately 48 light years away from the sun. And previously, this planet was

the sun. And previously, this planet was potentially believed to be some kind of

potentially believed to be some kind of an ocean world or basically some kind of

an ocean world or basically some kind of a water world with possibly very thick,

a water world with possibly very thick, very large clouds that was actually

very large clouds that was actually officially discovered back in 2013

officially discovered back in 2013 during some of the first observations.

during some of the first observations. But here it was not entirely clear what

But here it was not entirely clear what kind of clouds these would be. And more

kind of clouds these would be. And more importantly, if this planet could

importantly, if this planet could actually contain water after all and

actually contain water after all and basically be some kind of a really

basically be some kind of a really massive water world would maybe once

massive water world would maybe once again super critical water. And so

again super critical water. And so because this object is relatively close

because this object is relatively close to the sun and because it transits in

to the sun and because it transits in front of the star here, this was a

front of the star here, this was a perfect target for the James Web. And

perfect target for the James Web. And one of the first discoveries in terms of

one of the first discoveries in terms of spectroscopy was actually carbon dioxide

spectroscopy was actually carbon dioxide with potentially also signs of methane.

with potentially also signs of methane. So basically by observing this in 2.8 8

So basically by observing this in 2.8 8 to 5.1 micron. Researchers discovered

to 5.1 micron. Researchers discovered definitive signs of CO2, methane, and

definitive signs of CO2, methane, and basically atmosphere that's high in

basically atmosphere that's high in metallicity compared to some assumptions

metallicity compared to some assumptions that maybe it was actually hydrogen. So

that maybe it was actually hydrogen. So essentially, James Webb confirmed that

essentially, James Webb confirmed that this was not a hydrogen planet and did

this was not a hydrogen planet and did contain a lot of carbon-based molecules.

contain a lot of carbon-based molecules. And then by using modeling and

And then by using modeling and simulations, they were able to recreate

simulations, they were able to recreate at least one example that seemed to fit

at least one example that seemed to fit the observations pretty well. And so

the observations pretty well. And so here the theoretical models seems to

here the theoretical models seems to predict that this is actually an

predict that this is actually an extremely rich in carbon dioxide planet

extremely rich in carbon dioxide planet with very hazy, very thick atmosphere,

with very hazy, very thick atmosphere, somewhat similar to Venus. As a matter

somewhat similar to Venus. As a matter of fact, it might be as dense as Venus

of fact, it might be as dense as Venus itself with extremely high pressures on

itself with extremely high pressures on the surface and basically haziness that

the surface and basically haziness that prevents anyone from seeing the surface

prevents anyone from seeing the surface from the outside. But because there was

from the outside. But because there was also a detection of methane, in some

also a detection of methane, in some sense, this planet might also resemble

sense, this planet might also resemble Titan just a little bit. Although

Titan just a little bit. Although technically both Titan and Venus do

technically both Titan and Venus do actually kind of look alike. But in

actually kind of look alike. But in essence, what this means is that we now

essence, what this means is that we now have a new type of a planet. It's

have a new type of a planet. It's basically now called super Venus. A

basically now called super Venus. A carbon dominated atmosphere containing

carbon dominated atmosphere containing very hazy, very thick clouds that

very hazy, very thick clouds that instead of being rich in hydrogen or

instead of being rich in hydrogen or water vapor seems to be basically

water vapor seems to be basically enriched in carbon dioxide and methane

enriched in carbon dioxide and methane through obviously processes we don't

through obviously processes we don't really understand yet. And obviously if

really understand yet. And obviously if this planet is as thick as Venus, it

this planet is as thick as Venus, it possibly also contains very extreme

possibly also contains very extreme conditions on the surface, but maybe

conditions on the surface, but maybe even contains enough pressure and

even contains enough pressure and temperature to basically turn carbon

temperature to basically turn carbon dioxide liquid. And that's because in

dioxide liquid. And that's because in certain pressures and certain

certain pressures and certain temperatures, carbon dioxide becomes

temperatures, carbon dioxide becomes liquid and even becomes super fluid,

liquid and even becomes super fluid, allowing it to do a lot of bizarre

allowing it to do a lot of bizarre things. And so basically here we might

things. And so basically here we might even have some kind of a liquid cycle

even have some kind of a liquid cycle and possibly even oceans but not oceans

and possibly even oceans but not oceans of water, not even oceans of methane

of water, not even oceans of methane like on Titan. Instead oceans of carbon

like on Titan. Instead oceans of carbon dioxide, which is why this is indeed a

dioxide, which is why this is indeed a new type of a planet, a super Venus,

new type of a planet, a super Venus, kind of like a mixture between Titan and

kind of like a mixture between Titan and Venus, but much more extreme. Although

Venus, but much more extreme. Although technically this planet could also

technically this planet could also contain other stuff as well. There might

contain other stuff as well. There might still be some hydrogen, maybe some water

still be some hydrogen, maybe some water vapor, and possibly even helium. So

vapor, and possibly even helium. So future observations will probably tell

future observations will probably tell us a little bit more.

Hello wonderful person. This is Anton and in this video we're going to be

and in this video we're going to be discussing another unusual exoplanets

discussing another unusual exoplanets discovered in some of the recent data.

discovered in some of the recent data. But this time it's once again one of

But this time it's once again one of these impossible planets that are

these impossible planets that are technically not supposed to exist

technically not supposed to exist because of the way we think planets are

because of the way we think planets are usually formed. and specifically because

usually formed. and specifically because this planet is just way too big compared

this planet is just way too big compared to this star. Yet, based on the

to this star. Yet, based on the observations, it's definitely there and

observations, it's definitely there and it's actually quite extreme. And so,

it's actually quite extreme. And so, let's discuss why this is so

let's discuss why this is so interesting, what we know about these

interesting, what we know about these planets so far and what all of this

planets so far and what all of this means. But first, let's start with a

means. But first, let's start with a brief overview when it comes to

brief overview when it comes to exoplanets discovered so far. And while

exoplanets discovered so far. And while out of thousands and thousands of

out of thousands and thousands of confirmed exoplanets discovered in the

confirmed exoplanets discovered in the Milky Way, surprisingly only 10% of them

Milky Way, surprisingly only 10% of them seem to be orbiting red dwarfs, also

seem to be orbiting red dwarfs, also known as Mtype stars. Yet, when you look

known as Mtype stars. Yet, when you look at the galaxy as a whole, Mtype stars

at the galaxy as a whole, Mtype stars represent the majority of stars. Mtype

represent the majority of stars. Mtype stars are 80% of all stars. And so for

stars are 80% of all stars. And so for some bizarre reason, there's a bit of a

some bizarre reason, there's a bit of a discrepancy between the number of

discrepancy between the number of planets we find around them compared to

planets we find around them compared to what's expected and compared to what's

what's expected and compared to what's predicted. But according to modern

predicted. But according to modern theories, we actually expect mostly

theories, we actually expect mostly terrestrial planets orbiting these Mtype

terrestrial planets orbiting these Mtype stars. As a matter of fact, the majority

stars. As a matter of fact, the majority of terrestrial planets should be

of terrestrial planets should be orbiting red dwarfs and not other stars.

orbiting red dwarfs and not other stars. And so far, this prediction has been

And so far, this prediction has been more or less correct. For example, the

more or less correct. For example, the famous Trappist one system contains

famous Trappist one system contains seven such planets with quite a lot of

seven such planets with quite a lot of other terrestrial planets predominantly

other terrestrial planets predominantly discovered around Mtype stars. And

discovered around Mtype stars. And that's of course the result of modern

that's of course the result of modern predictions when it comes to star

predictions when it comes to star formation. Pretty much all of the

formation. Pretty much all of the planetary systems we've seen so far are

planetary systems we've seen so far are expected to form from the protolanetary

expected to form from the protolanetary disc. And normally this disc evolves and

disc. And normally this disc evolves and even collapses in a very similar fashion

even collapses in a very similar fashion eventually resulting in somewhat similar

eventually resulting in somewhat similar planets depending on the initial mass of

planets depending on the initial mass of the disc. And so a massive disc with a

the disc. And so a massive disc with a massive star is going to produce really

massive star is going to produce really massive planets. Likewise, a smaller

massive planets. Likewise, a smaller disc is going to produce something

disc is going to produce something smaller and is extremely unlikely to

smaller and is extremely unlikely to produce a massive planet. And so studies

produce a massive planet. And so studies like this from 2023 essentially

like this from 2023 essentially suggested that gas giants in red dwarf

suggested that gas giants in red dwarf systems seem to be practically

systems seem to be practically impossible with maybe only about 1.5% of

impossible with maybe only about 1.5% of all red dwarfs containing some kind of a

all red dwarfs containing some kind of a relatively giant planet. But the

relatively giant planet. But the presence of any gas giant around a red

presence of any gas giant around a red dwarf kind of suggests that the standard

dwarf kind of suggests that the standard model of planetary formation may not be

model of planetary formation may not be entirely correct because it doesn't

entirely correct because it doesn't really explain how such planets could

really explain how such planets could form. But based on some other theories

form. But based on some other theories and some other predictions, we also know

and some other predictions, we also know that one of the main reasons Earth is

that one of the main reasons Earth is the way it is and one of the main

the way it is and one of the main reasons life potentially even formed on

reasons life potentially even formed on Earth is possibly because of Jupiter.

Earth is possibly because of Jupiter. Jupiter possibly set the stage for Earth

Jupiter possibly set the stage for Earth to become habitable causing the planet

to become habitable causing the planet to form in a certain way to have certain

to form in a certain way to have certain size, certain composition, and even

size, certain composition, and even acquire water. There should be some

acquire water. There should be some older videos in the description that

older videos in the description that discuss this in more detail. And so

discuss this in more detail. And so since red dwarfs are unlikely to have

since red dwarfs are unlikely to have these planets, it may also suggest that

these planets, it may also suggest that rocky planets around red dwarfs would

rocky planets around red dwarfs would unlikely to evolve into earthlike

unlikely to evolve into earthlike planets hospitable to extraterrestrial

planets hospitable to extraterrestrial life. Or at least that's basically the

life. Or at least that's basically the hypothesis behind all of this. But

hypothesis behind all of this. But surprisingly, in the last few years,

surprisingly, in the last few years, this hypothesis may have been proven

this hypothesis may have been proven incorrect several times. And that's

incorrect several times. And that's because over the years, at least a few

because over the years, at least a few planets have been discovered around

planets have been discovered around redwarfs that seem to be just a little

redwarfs that seem to be just a little bit too large. So for example, here's a

bit too large. So for example, here's a comparison between sun and earth. And

comparison between sun and earth. And here's a comparison between planet known

here's a comparison between planet known as LHS 3154b and the red dwarf it's

as LHS 3154b and the red dwarf it's orbiting. Here the size of the planet

orbiting. Here the size of the planet doesn't actually make sense because the

doesn't actually make sense because the star is really small. Or here's actually

star is really small. Or here's actually one of the most extreme cases. Giza

one of the most extreme cases. Giza 3512b.

3512b. Here the mass ratio between the planet

Here the mass ratio between the planet and the star is approximately 270. Or

and the star is approximately 270. Or basically the star is 270 times more

basically the star is 270 times more massive than this planet. But if you

massive than this planet. But if you compare this to the sun and Jupiter, the

compare this to the sun and Jupiter, the ratio is closer to 1,50. And so it's not

ratio is closer to 1,50. And so it's not entirely clear how such red dwarfs can

entirely clear how such red dwarfs can produce enormous debris discs allowing

produce enormous debris discs allowing such massive planets to form, which is a

such massive planets to form, which is a kind of a planetary formation anomaly.

kind of a planetary formation anomaly. Here's another example. Giza 581 seems

Here's another example. Giza 581 seems to also contain a few planets with at

to also contain a few planets with at least one of them having a mass similar

least one of them having a mass similar to Neptune. And here the total mass of

to Neptune. And here the total mass of planets does not make as much sense

planets does not make as much sense because the star is really small with

because the star is really small with the star known as Giza 876 potentially

the star known as Giza 876 potentially being one of the more extreme examples

being one of the more extreme examples and even one of the more intriguing

and even one of the more intriguing examples because here we have four

examples because here we have four planets with at least two relatively

planets with at least two relatively close to the habitable zone. But one of

close to the habitable zone. But one of these planets being approximately 2.3

these planets being approximately 2.3 times mass of Jupiter. Way way more

times mass of Jupiter. Way way more massive than expected because the star,

massive than expected because the star, as you can see from this comparison, is

as you can see from this comparison, is much smaller than the sun. And so over

much smaller than the sun. And so over the years, a few of these planets

the years, a few of these planets started to create this bizarre anomaly

started to create this bizarre anomaly that even today does not have a very

that even today does not have a very good explanation. And now we officially

good explanation. And now we officially get another planet, but this time even

get another planet, but this time even more exciting than before. This is known

more exciting than before. This is known as toy 6894b,

as toy 6894b, a planet that seems to be 86% the radius

a planet that seems to be 86% the radius of Jupiter. Once again, orbiting a red

of Jupiter. Once again, orbiting a red dwarf that's only 20% the mass of the

dwarf that's only 20% the mass of the sun. And this is actually the smallest

sun. And this is actually the smallest star we've ever seen to contain any gas

star we've ever seen to contain any gas giant. As a matter of fact, this planet

giant. As a matter of fact, this planet is so large and the star is so small

is so large and the star is so small that when this planet was discovered, it

that when this planet was discovered, it actually produced an enormous dip or an

actually produced an enormous dip or an enormous shadow around the star, making

enormous shadow around the star, making the star dim by approximately 17%. And

the star dim by approximately 17%. And that's because this planet was

that's because this planet was discovered by using the transit method.

discovered by using the transit method. But this transit was absolutely not

But this transit was absolutely not expected. Researchers have actually

expected. Researchers have actually never seen such a large dip anywhere,

never seen such a large dip anywhere, which would essentially suggest that the

which would essentially suggest that the star is roughly around 320,000 km across

star is roughly around 320,000 km across and the planet is 120,000 km. So

and the planet is 120,000 km. So approximately third of the size, but we

approximately third of the size, but we still didn't know its mass until

still didn't know its mass until recently. And so in this study, Edward

recently. And so in this study, Edward Bryant and the team you see right here

Bryant and the team you see right here discovered as much as possible about

discovered as much as possible about this planet by also using the European

this planet by also using the European Southern Observatories very large

Southern Observatories very large telescope in order to figure out its

telescope in order to figure out its total mass. Here, this is using what's

total mass. Here, this is using what's known as the transit velocity method

known as the transit velocity method using the Espresso instrument, which

using the Espresso instrument, which allowed researchers to establish the

allowed researchers to establish the periodical red shift and blue shift

periodical red shift and blue shift changes as a planet orbits the star. And

changes as a planet orbits the star. And turns out that it's not that massive.

turns out that it's not that massive. It's approximately half the mass of

It's approximately half the mass of Saturn or 17% of Jupiter. But because

Saturn or 17% of Jupiter. But because it's so large, it implies that this

it's so large, it implies that this planet is very puffy and very extended,

planet is very puffy and very extended, which also makes this a perfect

which also makes this a perfect candidate for atmospheric studies.

candidate for atmospheric studies. Because it becomes such a large object

Because it becomes such a large object when passing in front of the star. It

when passing in front of the star. It means that the atmospheric composition

means that the atmospheric composition of this planet can be easily captured

of this planet can be easily captured and analyzed by most of the telescopes

and analyzed by most of the telescopes we usually use for this including the

we usually use for this including the James Web. And some of the preliminary

James Web. And some of the preliminary observations suggested that this planet

observations suggested that this planet seems to be dominated by methane. But

seems to be dominated by methane. But there's also potential signs of ammonia

there's also potential signs of ammonia which technically would be the first

which technically would be the first time we've ever seen ammonia on any

time we've ever seen ammonia on any exoplanet. But obviously there's still a

exoplanet. But obviously there's still a major mystery. Nobody has any idea how

major mystery. Nobody has any idea how such a tiny star can form such a massive

such a tiny star can form such a massive large planet. And that's because based

large planet. And that's because based on a lot of observations of various baby

on a lot of observations of various baby planets and various growing star

planets and various growing star systems, we generally have certain

systems, we generally have certain expectations about what should be

expectations about what should be produced around what type of a star. And

produced around what type of a star. And while the smallest stars are expected to

while the smallest stars are expected to have the smallest planets, yet here we

have the smallest planets, yet here we seem to have a giant. That makes no

seem to have a giant. That makes no sense. Which once again suggests there

sense. Which once again suggests there seems to be some kind of an anomaly. Or

seems to be some kind of an anomaly. Or maybe we just lack general understanding

maybe we just lack general understanding and general knowledge when it comes to

and general knowledge when it comes to planetary formation. But so far, out of

planetary formation. But so far, out of 91,000 low mass stars observed by the

91,000 low mass stars observed by the test telescope, this seems to be the

test telescope, this seems to be the most anomalous example of a really small

most anomalous example of a really small star with a very, very large planet, a

star with a very, very large planet, a planet of a known origin. But luckily,

planet of a known origin. But luckily, in the next few months, we're most

in the next few months, we're most likely going to have observations from

likely going to have observations from the James Web Space Telescope that will

the James Web Space Telescope that will allow us to see the atmosphere and

allow us to see the atmosphere and potentially even the distribution of

potentially even the distribution of material inside the atmosphere, offering

material inside the atmosphere, offering a few clues about the formation of the

a few clues about the formation of the planet just based on what we find

planet just based on what we find inside. And so, for all we know, maybe

inside. And so, for all we know, maybe this used to be several planets that

this used to be several planets that combined into one. And this whole

combined into one. And this whole puffiness comes from the fact that this

puffiness comes from the fact that this is just a really hot object that

is just a really hot object that expanded over time following the

expanded over time following the collision. But even then, this still

collision. But even then, this still doesn't make sense because the total

doesn't make sense because the total mass of the protolanetary disc would

mass of the protolanetary disc would still be a little bit too massive for

still be a little bit too massive for such a small star.

Hello person, this is Anton and today we're going to discuss some of the

we're going to discuss some of the recent updates and actually somewhat

recent updates and actually somewhat exciting updates in regards to one of

exciting updates in regards to one of the closest stars to the solar system.

the closest stars to the solar system. the star you see illustrated right here,

the star you see illustrated right here, known as the Barnard star and a star

known as the Barnard star and a star that we actually discussed not so long

that we actually discussed not so long ago, approximately 5 months ago

ago, approximately 5 months ago actually, because scientists finally

actually, because scientists finally discovered and confirmed at least one

discovered and confirmed at least one exoplanet in its orbit. But in this new

exoplanet in its orbit. But in this new study, researchers now officially

study, researchers now officially confirmed three more, essentially making

confirmed three more, essentially making Barnard star one of the most exciting

Barnard star one of the most exciting star systems close to us and essentially

star systems close to us and essentially the closest multilanetary system

the closest multilanetary system officially confirmed. But because the

officially confirmed. But because the star system here is kind of interesting

star system here is kind of interesting and somewhat unusual, it's worth

and somewhat unusual, it's worth exploring these discoveries once again

exploring these discoveries once again in a little bit more detail. And I guess

in a little bit more detail. And I guess here a super brief summary of that

here a super brief summary of that previous video that should also be in

previous video that should also be in the description below just so that you

the description below just so that you understand why this discovery is kind of

understand why this discovery is kind of exciting. In essence, Barnard star

exciting. In essence, Barnard star that's only about 5.96 light years away

that's only about 5.96 light years away from planet Earth represents one of the

from planet Earth represents one of the most studied red dwarfs in the entire

most studied red dwarfs in the entire galaxy. mostly because it's so close to

galaxy. mostly because it's so close to us and because by distance this is the

us and because by distance this is the fourth closest star to the solar system.

fourth closest star to the solar system. The three other stars are Alpha Centtory

The three other stars are Alpha Centtory A, Alpha Centtory B and Proxima

A, Alpha Centtory B and Proxima Centtory. And though Proxima Centtory is

Centtory. And though Proxima Centtory is the closest red dwarf and Proxima

the closest red dwarf and Proxima Centtory seems to contain two of its own

Centtory seems to contain two of its own exoplanets discovered not so long ago.

exoplanets discovered not so long ago. Once again, videos in the description

Once again, videos in the description talk about those planets as well.

talk about those planets as well. Barnard star is just a little bit

Barnard star is just a little bit different and a little bit more unusual

different and a little bit more unusual for at least a few reasons. First of

for at least a few reasons. First of all, one of the main reasons it was even

all, one of the main reasons it was even discovered is actually because it's

discovered is actually because it's moving so fast across the night skies.

moving so fast across the night skies. It basically has the fastest proper

It basically has the fastest proper motion of any known star here. It's

motion of any known star here. It's close to about 110 km/s. And this is

close to about 110 km/s. And this is exactly how it was originally discovered

exactly how it was originally discovered by Edward Emerson Barnard back in 1916,

by Edward Emerson Barnard back in 1916, which is why the star is named after him

which is why the star is named after him as well. But the fast motion is not as

as well. But the fast motion is not as exciting as the age of the star because

exciting as the age of the star because strangely enough, this also appears to

strangely enough, this also appears to be an ancient star. It's believed to be

be an ancient star. It's believed to be at least 7 billion years old, but could

at least 7 billion years old, but could possibly be up to about 12 billion years

possibly be up to about 12 billion years old and has even been suggested to be

old and has even been suggested to be one of the oldest stars in the entire

one of the oldest stars in the entire galaxy, which is why researchers really

galaxy, which is why researchers really wanted to find something around it, a

wanted to find something around it, a planet, any kind of a planet. Mostly

planet, any kind of a planet. Mostly because it was also believed to be very

because it was also believed to be very low in metallicity. Some of the initial

low in metallicity. Some of the initial observations suggested that its

observations suggested that its metallicity is about 10% of the sun or

metallicity is about 10% of the sun or in other words it contains only 10% of

in other words it contains only 10% of non-hydrogen and non-h helium compared

non-hydrogen and non-h helium compared to the solar system. And so many

to the solar system. And so many different models suggested that maybe it

different models suggested that maybe it just does not have enough material to

just does not have enough material to form any planets and possibly only

form any planets and possibly only contains a bunch of smaller objects such

contains a bunch of smaller objects such as for example dwarf planets and

as for example dwarf planets and asteroids. And for many, many decades,

asteroids. And for many, many decades, researchers tried to find any planets

researchers tried to find any planets here. And though some planets were

here. And though some planets were initially suggested to exist, they

initially suggested to exist, they eventually all turned out to be nothing.

eventually all turned out to be nothing. There were no gas giants here, no super

There were no gas giants here, no super Earths, nothing large, nothing exciting.

Earths, nothing large, nothing exciting. Here's actually where this star is

Here's actually where this star is located compared to some of the other

located compared to some of the other objects such as the Alpha Centtory

objects such as the Alpha Centtory Proxima Century systems and the brown

Proxima Century systems and the brown dwarfs known as the Lman 16. But one of

dwarfs known as the Lman 16. But one of the reasons researchers knew this as an

the reasons researchers knew this as an ancient star is because of the way it

ancient star is because of the way it was spinning around. Its rotation was

was spinning around. Its rotation was extremely slow, taking something like

extremely slow, taking something like 140 to 150 days, which basically implied

140 to 150 days, which basically implied that it's super old as well. Mostly

that it's super old as well. Mostly because we know that as stars get older,

because we know that as stars get older, they usually start spinning slower and

they usually start spinning slower and slower. And to researchers, this meant

slower. And to researchers, this meant that if there are any planets here,

that if there are any planets here, especially in the habitable zone, maybe

especially in the habitable zone, maybe this would be a perfect star system for

this would be a perfect star system for basically a long-term habitable system.

basically a long-term habitable system. mostly because it was always believed

mostly because it was always believed that as these red dwarfs get older, they

that as these red dwarfs get older, they become extremely mild and eventually

become extremely mild and eventually become perfect star systems. And all of

become perfect star systems. And all of this was proven to be completely

this was proven to be completely incorrect in 1998. Because in 1998, for

incorrect in 1998. Because in 1998, for the first time ever, astronomers

the first time ever, astronomers observed a massive stellar flare coming

observed a massive stellar flare coming from this star. And it was so powerful

from this star. And it was so powerful that it actually increased the

that it actually increased the temperature of the star by at least

temperature of the star by at least 4,000 Kelvin, essentially doubling the

4,000 Kelvin, essentially doubling the temperature for a brief moment. And this

temperature for a brief moment. And this was such a powerful event that this

was such a powerful event that this essentially changed everything. To

essentially changed everything. To scientists, this implied that any planet

scientists, this implied that any planet in the vicinity of the star would very

in the vicinity of the star would very likely be completely stripped of

likely be completely stripped of everything because these solar flares

everything because these solar flares turned out to be a lot more common

turned out to be a lot more common because very similar flares were once

because very similar flares were once again detected in 2019, although this

again detected in 2019, although this time mostly visible in the X-rays. And

time mostly visible in the X-rays. And so Barner star turned out to be a flare

so Barner star turned out to be a flare star. A star capable of producing

star. A star capable of producing massive eruptions and a star that would

massive eruptions and a star that would produce so many powerful plasma ejection

produce so many powerful plasma ejection events that any atmosphere or any liquid

events that any atmosphere or any liquid water would unlikely to exist in the

water would unlikely to exist in the habitable zone. Here scientists even

habitable zone. Here scientists even calculated the approximate atmospheric

calculated the approximate atmospheric loss for a typical planet. Discovering

loss for a typical planet. Discovering that approximately 90 Earth atmospheres

that approximately 90 Earth atmospheres would be stripped of any planet every

would be stripped of any planet every billion years. But they still wanted to

billion years. But they still wanted to find some kind of a planet just to see

find some kind of a planet just to see if they can even exist in these hostile

if they can even exist in these hostile conditions. And especially because some

conditions. And especially because some of the more recent calculations even

of the more recent calculations even suggested that maybe the stars

suggested that maybe the stars metallicity was actually a little bit

metallicity was actually a little bit higher, possibly 75% of the sun and not

higher, possibly 75% of the sun and not 10, which would imply it could possibly

10, which would imply it could possibly host smaller terrestrial planets. And so

host smaller terrestrial planets. And so the search continued and as we've

the search continued and as we've discussed in that previous video, for

discussed in that previous video, for the first time ever, researchers finally

the first time ever, researchers finally discovered the first ever exoplanet

discovered the first ever exoplanet discovered around a typical population 2

discovered around a typical population 2 red dwarf star, a planet known as

red dwarf star, a planet known as Barnard B. This was officially confirmed

Barnard B. This was officially confirmed in August of 2024 by using a

in August of 2024 by using a spectrograph known as Espresso on top of

spectrograph known as Espresso on top of the very large telescope and was found

the very large telescope and was found to be approximately 37 masses of planet

to be approximately 37 masses of planet Earth with a orbit of 3.15 days. And so

Earth with a orbit of 3.15 days. And so even though it was orbiting very close

even though it was orbiting very close to the star, it was nevertheless there.

to the star, it was nevertheless there. Here the temperature would be at least

Here the temperature would be at least 165 C, 330 F, assuming there is no

165 C, 330 F, assuming there is no atmosphere. If there's any atmosphere,

atmosphere. If there's any atmosphere, the temperatures would be much higher.

the temperatures would be much higher. And this was super exciting because it

And this was super exciting because it basically suggested that planets around

basically suggested that planets around these red dwarfs, despite low

these red dwarfs, despite low metallicity, are definitely possible,

metallicity, are definitely possible, but obviously not massive planets here.

but obviously not massive planets here. This was just a little bit larger than

This was just a little bit larger than Mars, but even smaller than Venus. But

Mars, but even smaller than Venus. But the thing is we didn't really know much

the thing is we didn't really know much about this planet because it was

about this planet because it was discovered this way. This is a radial

discovered this way. This is a radial velocity method where researchers

velocity method where researchers essentially observe the star and try to

essentially observe the star and try to find tiny wobbles mostly based on the

find tiny wobbles mostly based on the red shifts and the blue shifts of the

red shifts and the blue shifts of the stars color. By observing the star long

stars color. By observing the star long enough to see periodic changes and

enough to see periodic changes and though years ago this would be

though years ago this would be impossible because the technology just

impossible because the technology just didn't exist yet. Some of these new

didn't exist yet. Some of these new instruments like espresso allow us to

instruments like espresso allow us to measure extremely tiny deviations, thus

measure extremely tiny deviations, thus allowing researchers to discover these

allowing researchers to discover these super small planets. But in the study,

super small planets. But in the study, they also mentioned that there might be

they also mentioned that there might be three more candidates. It wasn't clear

three more candidates. It wasn't clear exactly where they are or if they even

exactly where they are or if they even existed. But there was a bit of a hint

existed. But there was a bit of a hint and the candidates would also be

and the candidates would also be potentially rocky planets because in

potentially rocky planets because in this case, this is also believed to be a

this case, this is also believed to be a rocky planet since it's the only way we

rocky planet since it's the only way we can explain such a close proximity to

can explain such a close proximity to the star and such a low mass. In terms

the star and such a low mass. In terms of size, it's believed to be about 75%

of size, it's believed to be about 75% of the size of planet Earth. But these

of the size of planet Earth. But these first observations did not reveal much

first observations did not reveal much else. And more importantly, no transits

else. And more importantly, no transits have been found. Observations by the

have been found. Observations by the test telescope discovered no shadows,

test telescope discovered no shadows, which meant that the overall

which meant that the overall calculations would be very limited. And

calculations would be very limited. And that's until now because a completely

that's until now because a completely separate team using a completely

separate team using a completely different instrument decided to do

different instrument decided to do something very similar but also decided

something very similar but also decided to basically ignore previous data and

to basically ignore previous data and see if they can actually either confirm

see if they can actually either confirm this or possibly disprove this. And here

this or possibly disprove this. And here they use something very different.

they use something very different. Maroon X instrument attached to the

Maroon X instrument attached to the Gemini telescope in Hawaii and the

Gemini telescope in Hawaii and the instrument that's specifically designed

instrument that's specifically designed to look for various planets. But once

to look for various planets. But once again it works in a very similar way.

again it works in a very similar way. Instead of looking for the shadow, it

Instead of looking for the shadow, it looks for tiny deviations in the orbit

looks for tiny deviations in the orbit by looking at the red shifts and the

by looking at the red shifts and the blue shifts. And so here once again, it

blue shifts. And so here once again, it discovered a bit of a wobble. Now,

discovered a bit of a wobble. Now, because the star is actually pretty

because the star is actually pretty massive, and these planets are not that

massive, and these planets are not that massive, the wobble was very small. You

massive, the wobble was very small. You can actually see it in this graph right

can actually see it in this graph right here. And basically here, each of these

here. And basically here, each of these planets would change the stars velocity

planets would change the stars velocity by approximately 20 to 45 cm/s.

by approximately 20 to 45 cm/s. Or in other words, because the planet in

Or in other words, because the planet in this case is pulling on the star, the

this case is pulling on the star, the star would move just a little bit this

star would move just a little bit this way than the other way with the overall

way than the other way with the overall change of velocity only being in

change of velocity only being in centimeters/s.

centimeters/s. That's how ridiculously accurate this

That's how ridiculously accurate this instrument is. And that's because the

instrument is. And that's because the mass of each planet creates its own

mass of each planet creates its own gravitational pool that then influences

gravitational pool that then influences the star. But when all of the

the star. But when all of the observations were combined, scientists

observations were combined, scientists discovered definitive signs of certain

discovered definitive signs of certain patterns, implying that something was

patterns, implying that something was pulling on the star in a very certain

pulling on the star in a very certain way and that something had to be four

way and that something had to be four separate planets, but each of them very

separate planets, but each of them very small, possibly about 20 to 30 mass of

small, possibly about 20 to 30 mass of planet Earth. So essentially planets a

planet Earth. So essentially planets a little bit more massive than Mercury and

little bit more massive than Mercury and Mars, but less than half the mass of

Mars, but less than half the mass of Venus. And each of them surprisingly

Venus. And each of them surprisingly very close to the star. The closest one

very close to the star. The closest one was orbiting every 2.3 days, the

was orbiting every 2.3 days, the farthest one every 6.7 days. So, none of

farthest one every 6.7 days. So, none of these planets were even in the habitable

these planets were even in the habitable zone. Although, planet E in this case,

zone. Although, planet E in this case, because it's much smaller and much less

because it's much smaller and much less massive, is actually kind of exciting.

massive, is actually kind of exciting. It does have a slight chance to

It does have a slight chance to potentially be just cold enough and just

potentially be just cold enough and just small enough to maybe have something

small enough to maybe have something exciting on the surface. And so after 3

exciting on the surface. And so after 3 years of observations, specifically

years of observations, specifically during 112 different days, there was

during 112 different days, there was enough evidence to confirm all four

enough evidence to confirm all four planets, four rocky planets around one

planets, four rocky planets around one of the closest star systems near us. And

of the closest star systems near us. And because this discovery was made

because this discovery was made completely separately from the previous

completely separately from the previous discovery using different methods and

discovery using different methods and different telescopes here, this actually

different telescopes here, this actually gives us a lot of hope that this is

gives us a lot of hope that this is indeed what's there. But once again,

indeed what's there. But once again, because currently it's almost impossible

because currently it's almost impossible to see these planets directly or to

to see these planets directly or to analyze their shadows. Unfortunately,

analyze their shadows. Unfortunately, there's not much else we're going to

there's not much else we're going to know about them for quite some time.

know about them for quite some time. Just measuring their mass is

Just measuring their mass is unfortunately not enough. And not being

unfortunately not enough. And not being able to observe their shadow as they

able to observe their shadow as they pass in front of a star implies we're

pass in front of a star implies we're not going to be able to study their

not going to be able to study their atmospheres or even study their surface

atmospheres or even study their surface or at least until something else comes

or at least until something else comes out or some new discoveries are made.

out or some new discoveries are made. But here, this new study also does a few

But here, this new study also does a few more things. First of all, they also

more things. First of all, they also confirm that there seem to be no planets

confirm that there seem to be no planets in the habitable zone. Specifically, no

in the habitable zone. Specifically, no planet larger than 57% of the mass of

planet larger than 57% of the mass of planet Earth. There might be something

planet Earth. There might be something smaller, but nothing has been seen so

smaller, but nothing has been seen so far. And so, it's quite certain that

far. And so, it's quite certain that Barner star doesn't seem to have any

Barner star doesn't seem to have any larger planets in its orbit. Likewise,

larger planets in its orbit. Likewise, it's actually really surprising that the

it's actually really surprising that the smallest planet was even discovered

smallest planet was even discovered because currently the smallest and the

because currently the smallest and the farthest planet that's only about 19%

farthest planet that's only about 19% the mass of planet Earth is actually the

the mass of planet Earth is actually the least massive exoplanet ever discovered

least massive exoplanet ever discovered using radial velocity method. And its

using radial velocity method. And its pull on the star is so tiny that it only

pull on the star is so tiny that it only causes the change of velocity of about

causes the change of velocity of about 22 cmters per second. Just a few years

22 cmters per second. Just a few years ago, it would be impossible to see it

ago, it would be impossible to see it using any telescope. But both studies

using any telescope. But both studies suggest that all four planets seem to be

suggest that all four planets seem to be definitely there and surprisingly they

definitely there and surprisingly they seem to be kind of small. But because

seem to be kind of small. But because once again this is an ancient star

once again this is an ancient star system and because its metallicity is

system and because its metallicity is lower than the sun, this is also

lower than the sun, this is also exciting because it confirms that these

exciting because it confirms that these population 2 stars which were very

population 2 stars which were very likely created a long time ago seem to

likely created a long time ago seem to also be able to form terrestrial

also be able to form terrestrial planets. In other words, confirming that

planets. In other words, confirming that terrestrial planets could have

terrestrial planets could have technically existed extremely early in

technically existed extremely early in the universe because it's quite possible

the universe because it's quite possible that these planets formed as far back as

that these planets formed as far back as 12 billion years ago. We don't really

12 billion years ago. We don't really know their exact age yet, but chances

know their exact age yet, but chances are because the star is once again so

are because the star is once again so exciting. We're going to know much more

exciting. We're going to know much more about it in the next few years.

Hi, wonderful person. This is Anton and today we're going to discuss some of the

today we're going to discuss some of the recent updates in regards to these

recent updates in regards to these bizarre worlds referred to as hean

bizarre worlds referred to as hean worlds. Mostly because recently there

worlds. Mostly because recently there was a story that went viral in regards

was a story that went viral in regards to the potential discovery of life on

to the potential discovery of life on one of these distant exoplanets. And

one of these distant exoplanets. And here we're of course talking about the

here we're of course talking about the K218B claim that was basically mentioned

K218B claim that was basically mentioned by every major media source. You can

by every major media source. You can learn more about this in one of the

learn more about this in one of the videos in the description. But in a

videos in the description. But in a nutshell, despite the claims from

nutshell, despite the claims from Cambridge University and the way that

Cambridge University and the way that media presented this right now, the

media presented this right now, the enthusiasm for discovering life on this

enthusiasm for discovering life on this exoplanet is basically a little bit too

exoplanet is basically a little bit too much. We'll actually talk about this

much. We'll actually talk about this next week because there have been some

next week because there have been some other updates. But here even the famous

other updates. But here even the famous Sarah Seager who was actually graduate

Sarah Seager who was actually graduate adviser for Nikumadu Sudan that

adviser for Nikumadu Sudan that published the paper behind this claim

published the paper behind this claim basically stated that in this case

basically stated that in this case enthusiasm is outpacing evidence or in

enthusiasm is outpacing evidence or in other words there's obviously a lot of

other words there's obviously a lot of exuberance and a lot of excitement but

exuberance and a lot of excitement but the evidence is just not there because

the evidence is just not there because in this case this is probably just one

in this case this is probably just one of the possible interpretations of the

of the possible interpretations of the data collected from the James web space

data collected from the James web space telescope and so because of this I

telescope and so because of this I wanted to discuss a relevant claim

wanted to discuss a relevant claim coming from nuclear Sudan when he

coming from nuclear Sudan when he actually proposed the idea behind highen

actually proposed the idea behind highen worlds. Basically these really bizarre

worlds. Basically these really bizarre planets larger than Earth but smaller

planets larger than Earth but smaller than Neptune that would contain an

than Neptune that would contain an extremely thick hydrogen atmosphere but

extremely thick hydrogen atmosphere but also an enormous global ocean. Here he

also an enormous global ocean. Here he presented them as these enormous ocean

presented them as these enormous ocean worlds that he also believed might exist

worlds that he also believed might exist everywhere just because of how common

everywhere just because of how common Neptunans are in general. And so in 2021

Neptunans are in general. And so in 2021 he coined the term hyen or hyen planets

he coined the term hyen or hyen planets basically hydrogen ocean planets with

basically hydrogen ocean planets with the one he examined the most being

the one he examined the most being K218b.

K218b. And so according to his proposition or I

And so according to his proposition or I guess according to this narrative here

guess according to this narrative here our galaxy might be actually filled with

our galaxy might be actually filled with these really bizarre extremely large

these really bizarre extremely large ocean worlds containing enormous oceans

ocean worlds containing enormous oceans but also containing conditions that

but also containing conditions that could be hospitable to life. At least

could be hospitable to life. At least some types of life such as microbial

some types of life such as microbial life. And at least one of these highian

life. And at least one of these highian worlds, K218B, he now claimed contain

worlds, K218B, he now claimed contain life after all. This was basically that

life after all. This was basically that claimed detection of DMS or the metal

claimed detection of DMS or the metal sulfite. And yeah, once again, check out

sulfite. And yeah, once again, check out the videos and stories in the

the videos and stories in the description if you'd like to find out

description if you'd like to find out the details. But K218B was just one of

the details. But K218B was just one of several candidates proposed to be

several candidates proposed to be somewhat similar. As a matter of fact,

somewhat similar. As a matter of fact, there are at least three more. Toy 732C,

there are at least three more. Toy 732C, where toy stands for test object of

where toy stands for test object of interest. also toy 1468C and the most

interest. also toy 1468C and the most exciting one toy 2070D. And back in

exciting one toy 2070D. And back in 2024, Madus Sudan himself proposed that

2024, Madus Sudan himself proposed that toy 27D was very likely also a highen

toy 27D was very likely also a highen planet. Another large ocean world would

planet. Another large ocean world would possibly also conditions supporting

possibly also conditions supporting life. That was the claim from the paper

life. That was the claim from the paper he wrote in 2024. And because these

he wrote in 2024. And because these planets were just as exciting as K218b,

planets were just as exciting as K218b, a lot of researchers wanted to take a

a lot of researchers wanted to take a look at these planets with the James Web

look at these planets with the James Web in order to see what's going on on the

in order to see what's going on on the surface and in the atmosphere and to

surface and in the atmosphere and to most importantly see if they can also

most importantly see if they can also find additional signs of potential life

find additional signs of potential life such as maybe DMS again, I guess. And

such as maybe DMS again, I guess. And here toD was actually even more

here toD was actually even more exciting. It was around a relatively

exciting. It was around a relatively quiet star and it also contained three

quiet star and it also contained three subnap planets with maybe even all three

subnap planets with maybe even all three being kind of similar and maybe even

being kind of similar and maybe even being these ocean worlds. But it was

being these ocean worlds. But it was only C and D that were the most likely

only C and D that were the most likely candidates to be these high seian

candidates to be these high seian worlds. 270D was the strongest

worlds. 270D was the strongest candidate. This was a planet 4.2 2 Earth

candidate. This was a planet 4.2 2 Earth masses and approximately 2.1 Earth radi

masses and approximately 2.1 Earth radi and was orbiting a red dwarf star every

and was orbiting a red dwarf star every 11 days which was actually close enough

11 days which was actually close enough to have really really solid atmospheric

to have really really solid atmospheric observations. And while the initial

observations. And while the initial insights suggested once again

insights suggested once again hydrogen-rich atmosphere and maybe

hydrogen-rich atmosphere and maybe evidence of water in the atmosphere as

evidence of water in the atmosphere as well which of course meant that we have

well which of course meant that we have to take a look at this planet again and

to take a look at this planet again and this is what was recently done after

this is what was recently done after years and years of speculations. This

years and years of speculations. This was recently reported by Christopher

was recently reported by Christopher Glime and the team right here in a study

Glime and the team right here in a study deciphering subnaption atmospheres

deciphering subnaption atmospheres insights into geochemical models on toy

insights into geochemical models on toy 270D. An extremely thorough analysis of

270D. An extremely thorough analysis of the atmospheric composition that focuses

the atmospheric composition that focuses on comparing various models to what was

on comparing various models to what was actually seen and even focusing on the

actually seen and even focusing on the exact amount of stuff detected and

exact amount of stuff detected and explain why certain things were actually

explain why certain things were actually missing. And this whole analysis is

missing. And this whole analysis is based on what's known as thermmochemical

based on what's known as thermmochemical equilibrium. basically inferring

equilibrium. basically inferring conditions for how certain chemicals can

conditions for how certain chemicals can form and what pressures and temperatures

form and what pressures and temperatures are required to create these specific

are required to create these specific concentrations. And while these new

concentrations. And while these new observations first of all reveal that

observations first of all reveal that this planet is strongly enriched in both

this planet is strongly enriched in both carbon and oxygen gas in comparison to

carbon and oxygen gas in comparison to hydrogen, but its nitrogen is extremely

hydrogen, but its nitrogen is extremely depleted and possibly even missing. And

depleted and possibly even missing. And this was actually a mystery for quite a

this was actually a mystery for quite a while now because compared to previous

while now because compared to previous assumptions about these finest and

assumptions about these finest and compared to what we see around Neptune

compared to what we see around Neptune and Uranus here it was actually believed

and Uranus here it was actually believed that it's going to have a lot of

that it's going to have a lot of ammonia. Ammonia contains nitrogen and

ammonia. Ammonia contains nitrogen and ammonia is expected to be present in

ammonia is expected to be present in Neptune-like planets. But for some

Neptune-like planets. But for some reason, warm sub nptruns or even hot sub

reason, warm sub nptruns or even hot sub neptions seem to lack it with previous

neptions seem to lack it with previous models suggesting that there should be a

models suggesting that there should be a lot of it because of really hot

lot of it because of really hot atmospheres extremely rich in hydrogen

atmospheres extremely rich in hydrogen gas and especially if there's some kind

gas and especially if there's some kind of a global ocean as previously claimed

of a global ocean as previously claimed and as suggested by studies in regards

and as suggested by studies in regards to these being high sea in worlds. But

to these being high sea in worlds. But the exceptional modeling and the

the exceptional modeling and the explanation in this paper basically

explanation in this paper basically presents us with something entirely

presents us with something entirely different. And good news, it might be a

different. And good news, it might be a rocky planet. Bad news, it's an extreme

rocky planet. Bad news, it's an extreme rocky planet. A giant rocky planet

rocky planet. A giant rocky planet covered in extremely thick hot

covered in extremely thick hot atmosphere that seems to contain a magma

atmosphere that seems to contain a magma ocean. And so, yeah, this is maybe a

ocean. And so, yeah, this is maybe a lava planet. And it's really because of

lava planet. And it's really because of this lava that scientists can now

this lava that scientists can now explain why it doesn't seem to have

explain why it doesn't seem to have ammonia. Because here ammonia is

ammonia. Because here ammonia is depleted through a combination of

depleted through a combination of planetary processes and basically turns

planetary processes and basically turns into nitrogen gas at high temperatures

into nitrogen gas at high temperatures while then combining with a superheated

while then combining with a superheated magma ocean on the surface of the

magma ocean on the surface of the planet. And while the thing is the

planet. And while the thing is the observations from the James web seem to

observations from the James web seem to actually match this model directly. But

actually match this model directly. But naturally this planet would be way too

naturally this planet would be way too hot for the actual ocean to exist. And

hot for the actual ocean to exist. And instead it seems to contain a very

instead it seems to contain a very unusual gas equilibrium in its

unusual gas equilibrium in its atmosphere. specifically carbon dioxide

atmosphere. specifically carbon dioxide methane equilibrium that seems to occur

methane equilibrium that seems to occur at very specific temperatures between

at very specific temperatures between 900 to,00 Kelvin and at pressures of 1

900 to,00 Kelvin and at pressures of 1 to 10 atmospheres. In this image, it's

to 10 atmospheres. In this image, it's seen as this hot gas at chemical

seen as this hot gas at chemical equilibrium which essentially creates

equilibrium which essentially creates this very hot and very unusual

this very hot and very unusual atmosphere where there's not a lot of

atmosphere where there's not a lot of chemistry and instead the atmosphere

chemistry and instead the atmosphere achieves an equilibrium where most gases

achieves an equilibrium where most gases seem to remain in the same amount. And

seem to remain in the same amount. And the additional observations from the

the additional observations from the genes web also confirm that some of

genes web also confirm that some of these gases can only exist at super high

these gases can only exist at super high temperatures. So basically 900 to,00

temperatures. So basically 900 to,00 Kelvin otherwise these gases should not

Kelvin otherwise these gases should not be possible. But surprisingly the

be possible. But surprisingly the atmosphere is still enriched in water

atmosphere is still enriched in water vapor in comparison to carbon dioxide.

vapor in comparison to carbon dioxide. Here this is explained by a process

Here this is explained by a process known as water gas shift reaction with

known as water gas shift reaction with pretty much every gas detected by the

pretty much every gas detected by the James Web explained in the same way. And

James Web explained in the same way. And so in a nutshell, this giant rocky

so in a nutshell, this giant rocky planet covered by extremely hot thick

planet covered by extremely hot thick atmosphere seem to explain these planets

atmosphere seem to explain these planets much much better than the highen planet

much much better than the highen planet hypothesis which is also one of the

hypothesis which is also one of the conclusions in the paper. Here the

conclusions in the paper. Here the results imply that the highen hypothesis

results imply that the highen hypothesis is currently unnecessary. And though

is currently unnecessary. And though they don't disagree they might exist,

they don't disagree they might exist, the main conclusion in this paper is

the main conclusion in this paper is that K218B and toy 27D are not high

that K218B and toy 27D are not high worlds. They're more like high magma

worlds. They're more like high magma worlds or I guess high lava worlds. Oh,

worlds or I guess high lava worlds. Oh, hey, I like that. High lava. Basically,

hey, I like that. High lava. Basically, hydrogen lava worlds. Very, very hot

hydrogen lava worlds. Very, very hot rocky worlds with a magma ocean covered

rocky worlds with a magma ocean covered by extremely thick hot gas. And here,

by extremely thick hot gas. And here, even the upper atmospheric conditions

even the upper atmospheric conditions seem to be kind of hot. 400 Kelvin is

seem to be kind of hot. 400 Kelvin is above the boiling temperature of water

above the boiling temperature of water and is about 120 Celsius or 260 F. But

and is about 120 Celsius or 260 F. But because this planet is so close to us,

because this planet is so close to us, this is still one of the most exciting

this is still one of the most exciting such objects because it allows us to

such objects because it allows us to understand exactly what these types of

understand exactly what these types of planets are and of course helps us

planets are and of course helps us understand if life can maybe exist here.

understand if life can maybe exist here. Right now it doesn't really look so

Right now it doesn't really look so because this is more of an extreme

because this is more of an extreme version of Venus. But because these

version of Venus. But because these subnapons are so common and so different

subnapons are so common and so different for all we know maybe somewhere out

for all we know maybe somewhere out there there might be a highen planet

there there might be a highen planet after all just not one of these. And

after all just not one of these. And though some guess could be habitable, we

though some guess could be habitable, we have no evidence of this yet. And we

have no evidence of this yet. And we have no evidence that any of this exists

have no evidence that any of this exists either.

Based on decades and decades of research and a lot of observations across the

and a lot of observations across the universe, even to date, Earth is still

universe, even to date, Earth is still the only known planet to us that

the only known planet to us that definitely contains life. And that's

definitely contains life. And that's despite the fact that thousands and

despite the fact that thousands and thousands of different exoplanets have

thousands of different exoplanets have already been confirmed. But despite

already been confirmed. But despite these large numbers, it's really only

these large numbers, it's really only the handful of exoplanets scientists are

the handful of exoplanets scientists are currently trying to investigate because

currently trying to investigate because of a relatively high potential for

of a relatively high potential for extraterrestrial life to maybe exist

extraterrestrial life to maybe exist there. And well, in this video, we're

there. And well, in this video, we're going to discuss a relatively recent and

going to discuss a relatively recent and somewhat intriguing discovery that was

somewhat intriguing discovery that was done by using a very unique method when

done by using a very unique method when looking for exoplanets. But even more

looking for exoplanets. But even more interestingly, when scientists

interestingly, when scientists discovered this planet, they realized it

discovered this planet, they realized it was actually in the habitable zone of a

was actually in the habitable zone of a star extremely similar to our sun. And

star extremely similar to our sun. And so, let's talk about this recent study

so, let's talk about this recent study and these recent discoveries. But first,

and these recent discoveries. But first, let's actually start with some of the

let's actually start with some of the previous discoveries just to help you

previous discoveries just to help you understand how all of this is

understand how all of this is surprisingly extremely rare. Although,

surprisingly extremely rare. Although, first, a quick clarification here. We're

first, a quick clarification here. We're only talking about planets located in

only talking about planets located in habitable zones of various stars. And

habitable zones of various stars. And that's because based on the example of

that's because based on the example of planet Earth, we know life can

planet Earth, we know life can definitely exist. If a planet is at a

definitely exist. If a planet is at a certain distance away from the star and

certain distance away from the star and so depending on the star, this zone is

so depending on the star, this zone is going to be in very different locations.

going to be in very different locations. And so until we actually find life

And so until we actually find life somewhere out there, for example, maybe

somewhere out there, for example, maybe on some other planet like Venus or Mars

on some other planet like Venus or Mars or maybe even on one of the moons of

or maybe even on one of the moons of Jupiter, we're still going to have to

Jupiter, we're still going to have to rely on this habitable zone because this

rely on this habitable zone because this is the only certainty we have. This

is the only certainty we have. This seems to be the only location in a star

seems to be the only location in a star system where liquid water can exist and

system where liquid water can exist and conditions can be perfect for life to

conditions can be perfect for life to evolve. And well, based on what we've

evolve. And well, based on what we've discovered so far from other star

discovered so far from other star systems and based on what we know about

systems and based on what we know about our own galaxy today, it's believed that

our own galaxy today, it's believed that at least 40 billion Earthlike habitable

at least 40 billion Earthlike habitable planets or at least Earth-sized planets

planets or at least Earth-sized planets could possibly exist somewhere in the

could possibly exist somewhere in the Milky Way. basically orbiting in these

Milky Way. basically orbiting in these habitable zones around sunlike and red

habitable zones around sunlike and red dwarf stars. Except that in some of the

dwarf stars. Except that in some of the recent studies, scientists also realized

recent studies, scientists also realized that maybe red dwarf stars, which are

that maybe red dwarf stars, which are the most common types of stars in a

the most common types of stars in a galaxy, could be just a little bit too

galaxy, could be just a little bit too active and possibly too dangerous for

active and possibly too dangerous for any life to survive. And so, if we

any life to survive. And so, if we ignore red dwarfs and if we only focus

ignore red dwarfs and if we only focus on sunlike stars, at least 11 billion

on sunlike stars, at least 11 billion such planets should be hiding in the

such planets should be hiding in the Milky Way. But as I mentioned,

Milky Way. But as I mentioned, surprisingly, only a handful of these

surprisingly, only a handful of these planets have so far been confirmed in

planets have so far been confirmed in the vicinity of the solar system. And

the vicinity of the solar system. And so, out of several dozen habitable

so, out of several dozen habitable exoplanets discovered to date, only a

exoplanets discovered to date, only a very, very small number seems to orbit

very, very small number seems to orbit sunlike stars. And there are so few of

sunlike stars. And there are so few of them that it's only going to take me a

them that it's only going to take me a couple of minutes to basically cover all

couple of minutes to basically cover all of them. Here's the illustration for the

of them. Here's the illustration for the first one, Kepler 452b. previously

first one, Kepler 452b. previously referred to as the Earth's cousin in

referred to as the Earth's cousin in some of the initial press releases and

some of the initial press releases and in this case cousin because it's

in this case cousin because it's actually much more massive than Earth at

actually much more massive than Earth at least five masses of planet Earth but

least five masses of planet Earth but orbiting at a similar distance away from

orbiting at a similar distance away from the star and back then representing only

the star and back then representing only the second planet discovered around a

the second planet discovered around a G-type star located in the habitable

G-type star located in the habitable zone. Although this was back in 2015,

zone. Although this was back in 2015, since then a few more planets have been

since then a few more planets have been discovered. But the problem is that this

discovered. But the problem is that this planet is also really far over 1,800

planet is also really far over 1,800 light-years away from us. So studying

light-years away from us. So studying this would be very challenging. And so

this would be very challenging. And so in contrast, we have this Tao Sai F.

in contrast, we have this Tao Sai F. Another super Earth orbiting is sunlike

Another super Earth orbiting is sunlike star, but much much closer to us, only

star, but much much closer to us, only 12 light years away around a famous star

12 light years away around a famous star known as Tawoi. You can actually learn

known as Tawoi. You can actually learn about the star in one of the videos in

about the star in one of the videos in the description because it is a very

the description because it is a very exciting star system and seems to hide

exciting star system and seems to hide quite a lot of mysteries. And so at four

quite a lot of mysteries. And so at four Earth masses and potentially slightly

Earth masses and potentially slightly colder than planet Earth, this planet is

colder than planet Earth, this planet is pretty exciting. Then number three is HD

pretty exciting. Then number three is HD 20794D.

20794D. This is a little bit farther at 20

This is a little bit farther at 20 lighty years away, but surprisingly is

lighty years away, but surprisingly is also a super Earth at least six times

also a super Earth at least six times more massive than planet Earth. And this

more massive than planet Earth. And this one is also unique because it only

one is also unique because it only passes through the habitable zone once

passes through the habitable zone once in a while and seems to contain a

in a while and seems to contain a somewhat eccentric orbit. The star

somewhat eccentric orbit. The star system also contains a few other

system also contains a few other planets. And so here there are quite a

planets. And so here there are quite a lot of mysteries as well. And then we

lot of mysteries as well. And then we have Kepler 22b representing the

have Kepler 22b representing the smallest spider discovered in the

smallest spider discovered in the habitable zone at only 2.3 sizes of

habitable zone at only 2.3 sizes of planet Earth. But it's also 630 lighty

planet Earth. But it's also 630 lighty years away from us and potentially a

years away from us and potentially a little bit hotter. This was actually

little bit hotter. This was actually assumed to be maybe Venuslike and not

assumed to be maybe Venuslike and not Earthlike. We also have some other

Earthlike. We also have some other candidates like Kepler 1606b, another

candidates like Kepler 1606b, another super Earth orbiting two stars, but

super Earth orbiting two stars, but these haven't been confirmed yet, so we

these haven't been confirmed yet, so we don't really know if they exist. But in

don't really know if they exist. But in a nutshell, that's pretty much it. We

a nutshell, that's pretty much it. We essentially only have these five

essentially only have these five exoplanets orbiting in the habitable

exoplanets orbiting in the habitable zone of G-type stars, stars similar to

zone of G-type stars, stars similar to our sun. And so finding a new planet is

our sun. And so finding a new planet is obviously super exciting. And that's

obviously super exciting. And that's essentially what happened here, except

essentially what happened here, except that this time it was discovered using a

that this time it was discovered using a really intriguing method. A method

really intriguing method. A method referred to as TTV, transit timing

referred to as TTV, transit timing variations. And here this is somewhat

variations. And here this is somewhat tricky. We're essentially looking at

tricky. We're essentially looking at very, very slight variations in orbit,

very, very slight variations in orbit, which can usually happen because of one

which can usually happen because of one of two things. either some kind of a

of two things. either some kind of a second planet in the orbit of the star

second planet in the orbit of the star that changes the orbital parameters just

that changes the orbital parameters just a little bit every time the planet

a little bit every time the planet passes in front of the star or possibly

passes in front of the star or possibly some kind of an exomoon that's pulling

some kind of an exomoon that's pulling on the planet as its shadow passes in

on the planet as its shadow passes in front of a star and as the shadow is

front of a star and as the shadow is being measured. And while obviously in

being measured. And while obviously in the past the transit method was how we

the past the transit method was how we discovered most exoplanets but in some

discovered most exoplanets but in some extremely rare examples it was actually

extremely rare examples it was actually possible to discover other exoplanets by

possible to discover other exoplanets by looking at these very minute transit

looking at these very minute transit variations. And in this case this is a

variations. And in this case this is a method that can help us discover planets

method that can help us discover planets that don't actually create a shadow in

that don't actually create a shadow in front of the star and that seem to have

front of the star and that seem to have a slightly more inclined orbit. And the

a slightly more inclined orbit. And the first time this method was used to find

first time this method was used to find planets was back in 2012. This was used

planets was back in 2012. This was used to discover planets in the Kepler 9

to discover planets in the Kepler 9 system. And because this method can be

system. And because this method can be pretty accurate, it can also be used to

pretty accurate, it can also be used to indirectly measure the mass of the

indirectly measure the mass of the exoplanet, which is actually how the

exoplanet, which is actually how the planets in the Trappist one system had

planets in the Trappist one system had their masses measured over time. Here,

their masses measured over time. Here, this was done by measuring the transit

this was done by measuring the transit variations. and by then using modeling

variations. and by then using modeling in order to determine the overall mass

in order to determine the overall mass for each of these planets. But this time

for each of these planets. But this time researchers were actually able to apply

researchers were actually able to apply this to a slightly different star

this to a slightly different star system. A star system similar to our sun

system. A star system similar to our sun and a type of a system that usually does

and a type of a system that usually does not have a lot of these transits simply

not have a lot of these transits simply because in most cases these planets

because in most cases these planets orbit really far away. And so because of

orbit really far away. And so because of this major geometric constraint due to

this major geometric constraint due to the orbital parameters, it's usually

the orbital parameters, it's usually very difficult to find planets around

very difficult to find planets around G-type stars, which is actually one of

G-type stars, which is actually one of the main reasons why so far no planet

the main reasons why so far no planet has been officially confirmed around the

has been officially confirmed around the nearby Alpha Centuri. Alpha Centuri

nearby Alpha Centuri. Alpha Centuri contains a sunlike star and a K-type

contains a sunlike star and a K-type star. Both of them are pretty exciting,

star. Both of them are pretty exciting, but so far none of them seem to contain

but so far none of them seem to contain anything. And that's because usually in

anything. And that's because usually in G-type systems or in sunlike systems,

G-type systems or in sunlike systems, transits are just too shallow and

transits are just too shallow and short-lived. And so it's very difficult

short-lived. And so it's very difficult to see them. But we knew that there was

to see them. But we knew that there was at least one planet here detected by

at least one planet here detected by Kepler back in 2016. And this was a

Kepler back in 2016. And this was a planet extremely similar to Saturn in

planet extremely similar to Saturn in mass and potentially composition except

mass and potentially composition except that it was orbiting much closer. It

that it was orbiting much closer. It took approximately 40 days. So this is

took approximately 40 days. So this is basically a kind of a hot Saturn. And so

basically a kind of a hot Saturn. And so in this case, by analyzing the transit

in this case, by analyzing the transit variation signals from the Kepler 725b,

variation signals from the Kepler 725b, the researchers from the Chinese Academy

the researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences definitively confirm another

of Sciences definitively confirm another exciting planet. And here the accurate

exciting planet. And here the accurate observations from the Eunan

observations from the Eunan Observatories allowed them to

Observatories allowed them to definitively determine the mass and the

definitively determine the mass and the location of this planet. The mass once

location of this planet. The mass once again makes it a super Earth. This seems

again makes it a super Earth. This seems to be approximately 10 masses of planet

to be approximately 10 masses of planet Earth, making this one of the larger

Earth, making this one of the larger planets discovered in the habitable

planets discovered in the habitable zone. But its orbit is approximately 28

zone. But its orbit is approximately 28 days, putting it in a very similar

days, putting it in a very similar position to Venus. And so here it's

position to Venus. And so here it's potentially also a little bit on the hot

potentially also a little bit on the hot side, receiving at least 1.4 times more

side, receiving at least 1.4 times more radiation than planet Earth. But it is

radiation than planet Earth. But it is nevertheless a really exciting planet

nevertheless a really exciting planet because this is basically planet number

because this is basically planet number six orbiting a sunlike star in the

six orbiting a sunlike star in the habitable zone. But even more

habitable zone. But even more importantly, by using this method, we

importantly, by using this method, we can now start discovering additional

can now start discovering additional planets. Because this definitively

planets. Because this definitively demonstrates that by using the transit

demonstrates that by using the transit variation techniques, it seems to be

variation techniques, it seems to be quite possible to discover low mass

quite possible to discover low mass planets even orbiting in habitable zones

planets even orbiting in habitable zones of sunlike stars. And even at these

of sunlike stars. And even at these ridiculous distances of almost 8,000

ridiculous distances of almost 8,000 lighty years away from us, which would

lighty years away from us, which would be otherwise impossible using any other

be otherwise impossible using any other method, mostly because these planets

method, mostly because these planets don't really show any other signs and

don't really show any other signs and are far enough from the star that they

are far enough from the star that they barely produce any shadow or even any

barely produce any shadow or even any pull on the star itself. And so here,

pull on the star itself. And so here, even the famous radial velocity method

even the famous radial velocity method would be extremely challenging to use,

would be extremely challenging to use, especially because a lot of these stars

especially because a lot of these stars are really massive and a lot of these

are really massive and a lot of these planets are not. But if you look at this

planets are not. But if you look at this from a different perspective, this is

from a different perspective, this is only the sixth planet out of potential

only the sixth planet out of potential 11 billion out there. And so we're

11 billion out there. And so we're definitely just getting started.

Hello wonderful person. This is Anton and today we're going to discuss a

and today we're going to discuss a discovery of yet another somewhat

discovery of yet another somewhat strange exoplanet. an exoplanet that

strange exoplanet. an exoplanet that once again seems to be evaporating as a

once again seems to be evaporating as a result of its star, but in this case is

result of its star, but in this case is producing some of the most extreme

producing some of the most extreme emissions and some of the most extreme

emissions and some of the most extreme evaporation we have ever seen anywhere.

evaporation we have ever seen anywhere. In other words, this planet seems to be

In other words, this planet seems to be losing so much mass all at once that the

losing so much mass all at once that the scientists now believe it's going to be

scientists now believe it's going to be gone in approximately 2 million years.

gone in approximately 2 million years. With this now being one of the most

With this now being one of the most exciting discoveries when it comes to

exciting discoveries when it comes to disintegrating planets and a planet

disintegrating planets and a planet that's soon going to be examined by the

that's soon going to be examined by the James Web in order to actually see what

James Web in order to actually see what it's made out of. And so let's discuss

it's made out of. And so let's discuss this in a little bit more detail. But I

this in a little bit more detail. But I guess let's start with the obvious.

guess let's start with the obvious. Approximately 5 years ago, such a

Approximately 5 years ago, such a discovery would be absolutely

discovery would be absolutely mind-blowing. But in just the last few

mind-blowing. But in just the last few years, researchers actually discovered

years, researchers actually discovered quite a lot of similar examples of

quite a lot of similar examples of basically planets orbiting the star

basically planets orbiting the star super close to the point where they

super close to the point where they start evaporating their atmospheres or

start evaporating their atmospheres or like in this case actually their

like in this case actually their surface. And of the first such planets

surface. And of the first such planets discovered were all gas giants with one

discovered were all gas giants with one of the recent planets we discussed a few

of the recent planets we discussed a few months ago basically being a gas giant

months ago basically being a gas giant that produces an enormous helium tail.

that produces an enormous helium tail. In some of the more rare cases,

In some of the more rare cases, scientists have also discovered

scientists have also discovered terrestrial planets that already lost

terrestrial planets that already lost their atmosphere and are now just

their atmosphere and are now just boiling and evaporating as a result of

boiling and evaporating as a result of the distance to the star. For example,

the distance to the star. For example, this discovery was a gas giant known as

this discovery was a gas giant known as WASP 69b. But the evaporation in this

WASP 69b. But the evaporation in this case was not very fast. It was only

case was not very fast. It was only shrinking by approximately one mass of

shrinking by approximately one mass of Earth every billion years. And so this

Earth every billion years. And so this planet is probably going to survive for

planet is probably going to survive for quite a long time. Likewise, there's

quite a long time. Likewise, there's another example known as hat P32b, which

another example known as hat P32b, which is basically a hot Jupiter. Another case

is basically a hot Jupiter. Another case of a gas giant extremely close to the

of a gas giant extremely close to the parent star that's very slowly

parent star that's very slowly evaporating its atmosphere and

evaporating its atmosphere and specifically helium forming these really

specifically helium forming these really massive tails. But here once again, this

massive tails. But here once again, this is a really slow process. It might take

is a really slow process. It might take up to 40 billion years. And so when it

up to 40 billion years. And so when it comes to gas giants, these planets,

comes to gas giants, these planets, despite the evaporation, still have

despite the evaporation, still have quite a long time to go. And in many

quite a long time to go. And in many cases, they might even outlive the

cases, they might even outlive the actual star. But out of approximately

actual star. But out of approximately 10,000 different stars examined by the

10,000 different stars examined by the Cabler telescope, so far only three seem

Cabler telescope, so far only three seem to contain terrestrial planets that seem

to contain terrestrial planets that seem to show signs of very slow evaporation.

to show signs of very slow evaporation. Basically here, instead of losing the

Basically here, instead of losing the atmosphere, they're creating a kind of a

atmosphere, they're creating a kind of a dust tail that's causing the planet to

dust tail that's causing the planet to lose its crust and of course its mantle

lose its crust and of course its mantle and will eventually very likely destroy

and will eventually very likely destroy it completely. And extremely recently,

it completely. And extremely recently, we've discussed one such example where

we've discussed one such example where the scientists finally confirmed an

the scientists finally confirmed an actual destroyed planet that seemed to

actual destroyed planet that seemed to have turned into a ring and caused the

have turned into a ring and caused the star to expand as you see right here.

star to expand as you see right here. And it was officially confirmed in a

And it was officially confirmed in a study only a few weeks back. You can

study only a few weeks back. You can find that video in the description. But

find that video in the description. But compared to that destroyed planet, the

compared to that destroyed planet, the previously discovered terrestrial

previously discovered terrestrial planets that are being shredded apart

planets that are being shredded apart all actually have quite a long time to

all actually have quite a long time to go. One of the first known examples,

go. One of the first known examples, Kepler 1520b, might actually survive for

Kepler 1520b, might actually survive for at least another 400 million years with

at least another 400 million years with the other planet Koi 2700b very likely

the other planet Koi 2700b very likely surviving much longer, several billion

surviving much longer, several billion years. And the third example, K222b

years. And the third example, K222b may be disappearing in about 21 million

may be disappearing in about 21 million years in the future. But now scientists

years in the future. But now scientists seem to have discovered one of the most

seem to have discovered one of the most exciting such planets because not only

exciting such planets because not only is it one of the closest, it also seems

is it one of the closest, it also seems to produce the most evaporation and is

to produce the most evaporation and is also producing the biggest tail visible

also producing the biggest tail visible from planet Earth. But before we talk

from planet Earth. But before we talk about the planet, let me briefly mention

about the planet, let me briefly mention how scientists even know this is

how scientists even know this is happening and how these observations are

happening and how these observations are done. Just like with a lot of other

done. Just like with a lot of other exoplanetary detections, this is the

exoplanetary detections, this is the result of the transit observations.

result of the transit observations. basically looking at the planet as it

basically looking at the planet as it passes in front of the star. And

passes in front of the star. And normally in any star system containing

normally in any star system containing different planets, we'll actually see an

different planets, we'll actually see an extremely similar dip that usually

extremely similar dip that usually depends on the size of the planet and

depends on the size of the planet and sometimes depends on the angle of

sometimes depends on the angle of passage as well. But when it comes to

passage as well. But when it comes to these evaporating planets, something

these evaporating planets, something else usually happens when this dip

else usually happens when this dip occurs. They basically very often look

occurs. They basically very often look like fangs. Instead of being more or

like fangs. Instead of being more or less equal on both sides, these dips

less equal on both sides, these dips usually have a somewhat long tail that

usually have a somewhat long tail that can actually take several hours to

can actually take several hours to complete, which in this case indicates

complete, which in this case indicates that there's something else in the orbit

that there's something else in the orbit of the planet and that something is also

of the planet and that something is also blocking the star. And in this case,

blocking the star. And in this case, these residual observations were not

these residual observations were not always the same either. They actually

always the same either. They actually fluctuated with every single orbit,

fluctuated with every single orbit, which could only be explained if there

which could only be explained if there was basically something coming from the

was basically something coming from the planet and it was always different with

planet and it was always different with every single passage. An evaporating

every single passage. An evaporating planet could definitely explain this.

planet could definitely explain this. But because the actual orbit of the

But because the actual orbit of the planet is approximately 30 hours long,

planet is approximately 30 hours long, yet this trail usually lasted for 15

yet this trail usually lasted for 15 hours, it implied that this trailing

hours, it implied that this trailing tail was at least half the orbit long, 9

tail was at least half the orbit long, 9 million km or about 6 million miles. And

million km or about 6 million miles. And since it was producing a relatively

since it was producing a relatively large shadow in front of the star, this

large shadow in front of the star, this also implied a relatively high

also implied a relatively high evaporation rate and most likely a

evaporation rate and most likely a somewhat low in mass planet, much less

somewhat low in mass planet, much less massive than planet Earth because

massive than planet Earth because planets like Earth even at these

planets like Earth even at these temperatures should still be able to

temperatures should still be able to hold on to their material without

hold on to their material without evaporating too much. And so by using 3D

evaporating too much. And so by using 3D simulations, researchers established

simulations, researchers established that this is very likely a Mercury-like

that this is very likely a Mercury-like planet or basically an object that's

planet or basically an object that's about four to five times more massive

about four to five times more massive than our moon that seems to orbit the

than our moon that seems to orbit the star every 30 hours and seems to lose

star every 30 hours and seems to lose Mount Everest amount of material with

Mount Everest amount of material with every single orbit. This is the highest

every single orbit. This is the highest evaporation rate we've seen so far from

evaporation rate we've seen so far from any planet. And so assuming that the

any planet. And so assuming that the mass here is correct, it's actually

mass here is correct, it's actually going to disappear anywhere from 1 to

going to disappear anywhere from 1 to maybe 2 million years in the future with

maybe 2 million years in the future with the planet most likely eventually

the planet most likely eventually forming some kind of a ring around the

forming some kind of a ring around the star, but very likely avoiding the

star, but very likely avoiding the collision with the star just because all

collision with the star just because all of this will happen pretty quickly. And

of this will happen pretty quickly. And so here the resulting event is going to

so here the resulting event is going to be very different from what the

be very different from what the scientists observed during the collision

scientists observed during the collision of a planet a few years back. And so in

of a planet a few years back. And so in the end, this is just going to create a

the end, this is just going to create a kind of a ring star until all of this

kind of a ring star until all of this material is blown away. But here the

material is blown away. But here the biggest question right now is of course

biggest question right now is of course what's exactly in this material because

what's exactly in this material because we know that this is definitely not Isis

we know that this is definitely not Isis and not even gases as these gases and

and not even gases as these gases and ices would usually evaporate super

ices would usually evaporate super quickly. So wherever this is it seems to

quickly. So wherever this is it seems to stay in the orbit even though it's so

stay in the orbit even though it's so close to the star which is actually

close to the star which is actually where the James Web is going to help us

where the James Web is going to help us in the next few months. Scientists have

in the next few months. Scientists have not observed the star and the planet

not observed the star and the planet with the James Web yet. But once it's

with the James Web yet. But once it's done, they're hoping to discover what

done, they're hoping to discover what this planet is made out of. And

this planet is made out of. And something very similar was already done

something very similar was already done for this other planet known as K222b,

for this other planet known as K222b, the other disintegrating terrestrial

the other disintegrating terrestrial planet. Here, this is also a really

planet. Here, this is also a really small planet, possibly the mass of Mars

small planet, possibly the mass of Mars or Mercury. And the observations from

or Mercury. And the observations from the James Web in April of 2024 was able

the James Web in April of 2024 was able to reveal magnesium silicut minerals

to reveal magnesium silicut minerals that's somewhat similar but a little bit

that's somewhat similar but a little bit different from what we find in the

different from what we find in the mantle of earth. But intriguingly here

mantle of earth. But intriguingly here ironrich minerals or ironrich deposits

ironrich minerals or ironrich deposits were not discovered. But there was an

were not discovered. But there was an unusual discovery of some kind of a gas

unusual discovery of some kind of a gas maybe CO2 or maybe nitrogen oxide. You

maybe CO2 or maybe nitrogen oxide. You can learn more about this in one of the

can learn more about this in one of the studies in the description. But

studies in the description. But basically here this was an initial

basically here this was an initial attempt at trying to discover a

attempt at trying to discover a decomposition of disintegrating

decomposition of disintegrating exoplanets. But unfortunately the signal

exoplanets. But unfortunately the signal was just not strong enough. In

was just not strong enough. In comparison the signal from this planet

comparison the signal from this planet is very strong. And so here is quite

is very strong. And so here is quite likely researchers will know exactly

likely researchers will know exactly what it's made out of and what seems to

what it's made out of and what seems to be inside this tail. Right now it's

be inside this tail. Right now it's assumed to be something similar.

assumed to be something similar. possibly some kind of a magnesium based

possibly some kind of a magnesium based magma with quite a lot of silicon inside

magma with quite a lot of silicon inside that's boiling into outer space and is

that's boiling into outer space and is being removed by the radiation from the

being removed by the radiation from the star. And because this is only 140

star. And because this is only 140 lighty years away from us, the

lighty years away from us, the observations here are going to be super

observations here are going to be super accurate. And so right now the biggest

accurate. And so right now the biggest question is of course so what minerals

question is of course so what minerals are we going to find here? Are they

are we going to find here? Are they going to be similar to what we find on

going to be similar to what we find on Earth or are they going to be entirely

Earth or are they going to be entirely different and completely alien? Because

different and completely alien? Because for all we know, unlike Earth, which is

for all we know, unlike Earth, which is technically an oxygen planet, this could

technically an oxygen planet, this could be a carbon planet containing entirely

be a carbon planet containing entirely different stuff. And so in terms of

different stuff. And so in terms of actual discoveries, that's unfortunately

actual discoveries, that's unfortunately all we know for now. There are going to

all we know for now. There are going to be more discoveries in the future, but

be more discoveries in the future, but there are obviously way more questions

there are obviously way more questions than answers. For example, one question

than answers. For example, one question that's somewhat difficult to answer

that's somewhat difficult to answer right now is of course, what kind of a

right now is of course, what kind of a planet was this in the past since it's

planet was this in the past since it's evaporating so quickly and since it's

evaporating so quickly and since it's already lost such a huge mass and also

already lost such a huge mass and also since it basically has like 1 billion

since it basically has like 1 billion years to go, we can only assume that

years to go, we can only assume that it's been doing this for a very long

it's been doing this for a very long time. And this is also a pretty old

time. And this is also a pretty old star. This star is actually older than 5

star. This star is actually older than 5 billion years old. And so if this planet

billion years old. And so if this planet existed in this region since the

existed in this region since the beginning, it must have been super

beginning, it must have been super massive before. As a matter of fact, it

massive before. As a matter of fact, it might have been one of these hot

might have been one of these hot Jupiters. And so, could this be a

Jupiters. And so, could this be a typical hot Jupiter that evaporated very

typical hot Jupiter that evaporated very slowly over billions of years? Or is

slowly over billions of years? Or is this something entirely different that

this something entirely different that accidentally migrated closer to the star

accidentally migrated closer to the star in the more recent times? And if so,

in the more recent times? And if so, what exactly happened? And how did it

what exactly happened? And how did it actually end up here?

Hello, wonderful person. This is Anton and today we're going to discuss one of

and today we're going to discuss one of the more interesting discoveries coming

the more interesting discoveries coming from two distant planets out there. And

from two distant planets out there. And it's actually a discovery of something

it's actually a discovery of something entirely new, but something that we

entirely new, but something that we always wanted to find. A discovery of

always wanted to find. A discovery of planetary leftovers and specifically a

planetary leftovers and specifically a planet orbiting so close to the star

planet orbiting so close to the star that it fell apart, disintegrated, and

that it fell apart, disintegrated, and left behind a bunch of pieces for us to

left behind a bunch of pieces for us to observe. But in this case, it's not even

observe. But in this case, it's not even one planet from one star system. This

one planet from one star system. This time researchers were able to analyze

time researchers were able to analyze two separate planets in two separate

two separate planets in two separate star systems using two different

star systems using two different telescopes discovering something really

telescopes discovering something really intriguing in the process. And so let's

intriguing in the process. And so let's talk about these two studies and these

talk about these two studies and these discoveries in more detail. Starting

discoveries in more detail. Starting with the studies themselves. First a

with the studies themselves. First a study by Nick Tusay and his team

study by Nick Tusay and his team focusing on a planet discovered by the

focusing on a planet discovered by the Kepler telescope back in the days. A

Kepler telescope back in the days. A planet discovered to be in very tight

planet discovered to be in very tight orbit that a lot of scientists believed

orbit that a lot of scientists believed was probably falling apart. And then a

was probably falling apart. And then a study by Mark Han and his team focusing

study by Mark Han and his team focusing on a completely new planet. The planet

on a completely new planet. The planet whose name you see right here that was

whose name you see right here that was actually discovered by the test

actually discovered by the test telescope whose purpose is to find new

telescope whose purpose is to find new planets. But here is something was

planets. But here is something was really weird. The observation curves

really weird. The observation curves from this planet were so unique and so

from this planet were so unique and so bizarre that we don't even see the

bizarre that we don't even see the planet itself but instead we see its

planet itself but instead we see its leftovers. And so I guess let's start

leftovers. And so I guess let's start with this planet first because it is

with this planet first because it is slightly more exciting. Now test

slightly more exciting. Now test telescope which is basically a follow-up

telescope which is basically a follow-up to the Kepler telescope is extremely

to the Kepler telescope is extremely good at identifying transiting planets

good at identifying transiting planets or in essence it's really good at doing

or in essence it's really good at doing this and it's been doing this for

this and it's been doing this for several years now. Obviously it's

several years now. Obviously it's already discovered thousands of planets

already discovered thousands of planets but in the majority of cases the

but in the majority of cases the observations were relatively similar. We

observations were relatively similar. We basically get this very very small dip

basically get this very very small dip in brightness coming from the star that

in brightness coming from the star that usually has a very similar shape

usually has a very similar shape indicating a planet passing in front of

indicating a planet passing in front of a star. And so relatively recently, it

a star. And so relatively recently, it once again reported on a new discovery,

once again reported on a new discovery, but the transen curve was very unique.

but the transen curve was very unique. Now, here's actually an example from the

Now, here's actually an example from the Kepler telescope of what this curve can

Kepler telescope of what this curve can usually tell us about the planet. For

usually tell us about the planet. For example, a super super small terrestrial

example, a super super small terrestrial planet is only going to leave us with a

planet is only going to leave us with a very very small dip and it's going to be

very very small dip and it's going to be practically impossible to detect.

practically impossible to detect. Likewise, a planet passing the star only

Likewise, a planet passing the star only on the edge of the star is also going to

on the edge of the star is also going to produce a relatively sharp almost like a

produce a relatively sharp almost like a Vshape that's though visible has to be

Vshape that's though visible has to be conferred many times. But then depending

conferred many times. But then depending on the size and the location of the

on the size and the location of the passage, we normally get different types

passage, we normally get different types of U shapes. In contrast, here's what

of U shapes. In contrast, here's what the scientists saw here. And this was

the scientists saw here. And this was really, really strange because it was a

really, really strange because it was a shape that's never really been seen

shape that's never really been seen before and was never even predicted. And

before and was never even predicted. And so once the analysis of the shape was

so once the analysis of the shape was conducted, researchers realized what

conducted, researchers realized what they were looking at. So first of all,

they were looking at. So first of all, because only approximately 1% of

because only approximately 1% of starlight is blocked here, it implied

starlight is blocked here, it implied that this was a really small planet,

that this was a really small planet, kind of like what you see right here,

kind of like what you see right here, very likely a terrestrial world. And

very likely a terrestrial world. And because it was happening every 30.5

because it was happening every 30.5 hours, it was orbiting very close to the

hours, it was orbiting very close to the star. But here with every transit

star. But here with every transit because the return to full brightness

because the return to full brightness only happened very slowly. It basically

only happened very slowly. It basically suggested that as the planet passed

suggested that as the planet passed around the star it left a lot of stuff

around the star it left a lot of stuff behind. Stuff that would actually block

behind. Stuff that would actually block the star as well. Essentially forming a

the star as well. Essentially forming a kind of a ring around it. And that of

kind of a ring around it. And that of course suggested that this planet seems

course suggested that this planet seems to be shedding a lot of material

to be shedding a lot of material producing some kind of a comet tail and

producing some kind of a comet tail and is basically forming something very

is basically forming something very similar we usually see around Saturn.

similar we usually see around Saturn. For example, the Saturn's E-ring. This

For example, the Saturn's E-ring. This is Enceladus forming something very

is Enceladus forming something very similar. And so, because this was a

similar. And so, because this was a terrestrial planet so close to the star,

terrestrial planet so close to the star, the temperatures here were probably

the temperatures here were probably pretty insane. Very likely over 2,000

pretty insane. Very likely over 2,000 Celsius. And that's hot enough to start

Celsius. And that's hot enough to start evaporating rock, which is most likely

evaporating rock, which is most likely what's happening here as well. The

what's happening here as well. The observations confirm the existence of a

observations confirm the existence of a relatively long comet tail, very likely

relatively long comet tail, very likely caused by a planet that's being

caused by a planet that's being evaporated. And because this is only 140

evaporated. And because this is only 140 lighty years away from us and because

lighty years away from us and because this was just discovered, it means that

this was just discovered, it means that additional observations will very likely

additional observations will very likely uncover some really exciting details.

uncover some really exciting details. Right now, unfortunately, this is all we

Right now, unfortunately, this is all we see. But even here, with further

see. But even here, with further calculations, scientists discover that

calculations, scientists discover that it seems to contain two different tails.

it seems to contain two different tails. The trailing tail and the leading tail.

The trailing tail and the leading tail. Now, the longer trailing tail seems to

Now, the longer trailing tail seems to extend for at least 9 million km behind

extend for at least 9 million km behind the planet and very likely covers at

the planet and very likely covers at least half of its orbit, whereas the

least half of its orbit, whereas the smaller leading tail is possibly just

smaller leading tail is possibly just over 1 million km in length. And this is

over 1 million km in length. And this is super similar to what we usually see

super similar to what we usually see around comets as well. But the formation

around comets as well. But the formation mechanism is obviously quite different.

mechanism is obviously quite different. But then by simulating all of this, the

But then by simulating all of this, the scientists behind the study worked out

scientists behind the study worked out the overall composition of these tails.

the overall composition of these tails. In the process discovering that the

In the process discovering that the leading tail, the longer tail, very

leading tail, the longer tail, very likely contains sandlike particles or

likely contains sandlike particles or basically larger particles that also

basically larger particles that also possibly contains a lot less density.

possibly contains a lot less density. Whereas the leading tail seems to

Whereas the leading tail seems to contain much smaller stuff, basically

contain much smaller stuff, basically size of sooth or even smaller that seem

size of sooth or even smaller that seem to accumulate around the planet and then

to accumulate around the planet and then extend a little bit ahead of it. And

extend a little bit ahead of it. And this allowed them to also calculate the

this allowed them to also calculate the average mass loss and even figure out

average mass loss and even figure out how long this planet is going to

how long this planet is going to survive. And here the mass loss is quite

survive. And here the mass loss is quite extreme. This tiny planet seems to lose

extreme. This tiny planet seems to lose one lunar mass every million years,

one lunar mass every million years, which is actually quite a lot. And

which is actually quite a lot. And because this transit doesn't even show

because this transit doesn't even show us the planet, it means that this planet

us the planet, it means that this planet is already pretty small, possibly size

is already pretty small, possibly size of Mars or even Mercury. And if this

of Mars or even Mercury. And if this planet is that small, it means that it's

planet is that small, it means that it's going to lose all of its mass within the

going to lose all of its mass within the next 2 million years. So basically here

next 2 million years. So basically here we're finding a planet that's already

we're finding a planet that's already almost completely destroyed. Naturally,

almost completely destroyed. Naturally, this is also the first such planet ever

this is also the first such planet ever discovered and the first planet with

discovered and the first planet with such an enormous tail. But most

such an enormous tail. But most importantly, the first confirmed

importantly, the first confirmed terrestrial planet. Unfortunately

terrestrial planet. Unfortunately though, the observations with the James

though, the observations with the James Web have not been conducted yet. So we

Web have not been conducted yet. So we don't really know what's inside the

don't really know what's inside the dust. But future observations, very

dust. But future observations, very likely sometimes in 2025, are going to

likely sometimes in 2025, are going to tell us exactly what's inside this

tell us exactly what's inside this planet and what it was basically made

planet and what it was basically made out of. Right now though, it's assumed

out of. Right now though, it's assumed to be very similar stuff to a typical

to be very similar stuff to a typical terrestrial planet. Silicates, some

terrestrial planet. Silicates, some metals, and possibly either a lot of

metals, and possibly either a lot of carbon if this is a carbon planet or

carbon if this is a carbon planet or oxygen if it's a planet similar to

oxygen if it's a planet similar to planet Earth. But James Web was actually

planet Earth. But James Web was actually used to discover something very similar

used to discover something very similar around a different planet that we

around a different planet that we already knew is falling apart from a few

already knew is falling apart from a few years back. So this is that second

years back. So this is that second study. And here K222 seems to contain a

study. And here K222 seems to contain a much larger planet, but also orbiting in

much larger planet, but also orbiting in a very tight orbit that was also

a very tight orbit that was also confirmed to do something similar, but

confirmed to do something similar, but where we now have very detailed

where we now have very detailed observations from the James Web. Here,

observations from the James Web. Here, this planet orbits every 9 hours and

this planet orbits every 9 hours and seems to have a temperature of 2100

seems to have a temperature of 2100 Kelvin. And that's hot enough to even

Kelvin. And that's hot enough to even vaporize iron. And initially, scientists

vaporize iron. And initially, scientists did expect to see some kind of a mental

did expect to see some kind of a mental composition, possibly silicates and

composition, possibly silicates and metals, or maybe even discover some kind

metals, or maybe even discover some kind of a bare iron core. But unfortunately

of a bare iron core. But unfortunately the observation in this case was not

the observation in this case was not really perfect which made the

really perfect which made the interpretation a little bit more

interpretation a little bit more difficult and that's because during

difficult and that's because during these observations the planetary tail

these observations the planetary tail was extremely dense and did not return

was extremely dense and did not return very good data. Nevertheless, they still

very good data. Nevertheless, they still found certain things that were

found certain things that were definitely there. Here this is visible

definitely there. Here this is visible as 4.5 and 5.1 microns of infrared

as 4.5 and 5.1 microns of infrared radiation and that's carbon dioxide and

radiation and that's carbon dioxide and nitric oxide stuff that we usually

nitric oxide stuff that we usually associate with things like icy objects

associate with things like icy objects and comets and not something that we

and comets and not something that we expected from a mantle or from a

expected from a mantle or from a terrestrial object. And that's actually

terrestrial object. And that's actually a little bit bizarre or maybe not

a little bit bizarre or maybe not bizarre at all depending on what exactly

bizarre at all depending on what exactly this planet was because here it's quite

this planet was because here it's quite possible that this planet was actually

possible that this planet was actually some kind of a really large icy object

some kind of a really large icy object that migrated from somewhere entirely

that migrated from somewhere entirely different and is now just falling apart

different and is now just falling apart and being shredded apart because it

and being shredded apart because it cannot exist so close to the star. So

cannot exist so close to the star. So essentially here, this might have been

essentially here, this might have been some kind of an ice giant or maybe even

some kind of an ice giant or maybe even just a smaller ice planet, similar to

just a smaller ice planet, similar to some kind of a Neptune or mini Neptune

some kind of a Neptune or mini Neptune that contained a lot of stuff that comes

that contained a lot of stuff that comes usually made from with this discovery

usually made from with this discovery also suggesting that we might find

also suggesting that we might find something very similar around the

something very similar around the previously discussed planet 2 for one

previously discussed planet 2 for one reason. There's a very important

reason. There's a very important similarity between these two star

similarity between these two star systems. They're both binary stars. And

systems. They're both binary stars. And so the orbital dynamics between these

so the orbital dynamics between these two stars, extremely likely, is the

two stars, extremely likely, is the reason why these planets spiraled inward

reason why these planets spiraled inward and ended up orbiting one of the

and ended up orbiting one of the objects. In binary systems, getting a

objects. In binary systems, getting a permanent orbit around a star is

permanent orbit around a star is extremely challenging, which is why most

extremely challenging, which is why most binary stars discovered so far don't

binary stars discovered so far don't actually contain that many planets. Most

actually contain that many planets. Most of them very likely got destroyed in a

of them very likely got destroyed in a very similar way. And the presence of

very similar way. And the presence of ice around this planet suggests that it

ice around this planet suggests that it very likely formed on the outskirts and

very likely formed on the outskirts and its orbit eventually got disturbed

its orbit eventually got disturbed enough that it moved closer and closer

enough that it moved closer and closer until it started to evaporate. And

until it started to evaporate. And something similar might have happened

something similar might have happened around the newly discovered BD05 star

around the newly discovered BD05 star system, implying that this is probably

system, implying that this is probably an extremely common phenomenon. Here the

an extremely common phenomenon. Here the scientists refer to this as hurling

scientists refer to this as hurling snowballs at each other. And that also

snowballs at each other. And that also suggests that we might discover even

suggests that we might discover even more of these unusual planets or

more of these unusual planets or disintegrating planets in a lot of other

disintegrating planets in a lot of other binary systems as well. As a matter of

binary systems as well. As a matter of fact, one of the explanations for why

fact, one of the explanations for why the nearest star system to us, Alpha

the nearest star system to us, Alpha Centtory, doesn't have any planets maybe

Centtory, doesn't have any planets maybe right here as well or right here. It's

right here as well or right here. It's basically the result of binary system

basically the result of binary system interactions that eventually result in

interactions that eventually result in all planets being absorbed into one of

all planets being absorbed into one of the star partners. And sometimes in the

the star partners. And sometimes in the future, we might even find leftovers of

future, we might even find leftovers of these planets either on the surface of

these planets either on the surface of one of these stars or possibly some kind

one of these stars or possibly some kind of a leftover such as an asteroid belt

of a leftover such as an asteroid belt resembling a ring. Either way, these are

resembling a ring. Either way, these are really exciting discoveries and really

really exciting discoveries and really exciting observations. And since only

exciting observations. And since only four such planets have been discovered

four such planets have been discovered so far, ever since we started looking

so far, ever since we started looking for planets, this is actually a pretty

for planets, this is actually a pretty big deal. But we now have James Web. And

big deal. But we now have James Web. And so in the next few months, we'll

so in the next few months, we'll probably find out what the smaller

probably find out what the smaller planet in this case was probably made

planet in this case was probably made from and if it had a very similar story.

from and if it had a very similar story. Ice giant coming close, falling apart,

Ice giant coming close, falling apart, and basically disappearing.

Hello, wonderful person. This is Anton, and today we're going to discuss a

and today we're going to discuss a discovery that was actually made back in

discovery that was actually made back in 2019,

2019, but it basically took 5 years to

but it basically took 5 years to officially confirm. A discovery coming

officially confirm. A discovery coming from a star system approximately 635

from a star system approximately 635 light-years away from planet Earth. And

light-years away from planet Earth. And a discovery that demonstrates the

a discovery that demonstrates the incredible technology we now possess to

incredible technology we now possess to see objects really, really far away. And

see objects really, really far away. And as you can probably tell from the title,

as you can probably tell from the title, it's essentially a discovery of an

it's essentially a discovery of an extremely distant moon. a moon around an

extremely distant moon. a moon around an object you see right here known as Wasp

object you see right here known as Wasp 49b, a distant Saturn-like planet that

49b, a distant Saturn-like planet that seems to possess a volcanic moon

seems to possess a volcanic moon potentially very similar to Jupiter's

potentially very similar to Jupiter's Io. A moon very likely covered in a lot

Io. A moon very likely covered in a lot of different volcanoes, but a moon that

of different volcanoes, but a moon that finds itself in extremely unusual, very

finds itself in extremely unusual, very hostile conditions, and whose existence

hostile conditions, and whose existence is maybe not very easy to explain. And

is maybe not very easy to explain. And so let's talk about this discovery in a

so let's talk about this discovery in a little bit more detail and more

little bit more detail and more importantly discuss how all of this was

importantly discuss how all of this was even confirmed. But first let's briefly

even confirmed. But first let's briefly discuss exomoons and what we know about

discuss exomoons and what we know about them so far. Now naturally based on the

them so far. Now naturally based on the observations from the solar system we

observations from the solar system we kind of expect a lot of exomoons out

kind of expect a lot of exomoons out there. For example, as of today over 300

there. For example, as of today over 300 moons have been already confirmed in the

moons have been already confirmed in the solar system with almost every planet

solar system with almost every planet out there possessing a moon. And because

out there possessing a moon. And because moons tend to form naturally even around

moons tend to form naturally even around asteroids, it's fair to assume that we

asteroids, it's fair to assume that we should be finding a lot of these, very

should be finding a lot of these, very likely around most exoplanets we've

likely around most exoplanets we've discovered so far. But the problem is

discovered so far. But the problem is that unlike finding planets, finding

that unlike finding planets, finding moons is exceptionally challenging. Not

moons is exceptionally challenging. Not only do they basically produce almost no

only do they basically produce almost no shadow when passing in front of a star,

shadow when passing in front of a star, they also don't produce much wobble,

they also don't produce much wobble, mostly because their masses are expected

mostly because their masses are expected to be very low. And so as a result,

to be very low. And so as a result, discovering exomoons have actually been

discovering exomoons have actually been a bit of a challenge. In the last decade

a bit of a challenge. In the last decade or so, there have only been a few

or so, there have only been a few candidates and nothing officially

candidates and nothing officially confirmed just yet. For example, one of

confirmed just yet. For example, one of the more popular ways to try to find

the more popular ways to try to find these objects is by using various

these objects is by using various transit methods. One example is what's

transit methods. One example is what's known as transit variation method or

known as transit variation method or transit timing variation. It's

transit timing variation. It's essentially when you look at the star

essentially when you look at the star and you see these transits of a planet,

and you see these transits of a planet, but every transit happens at slightly

but every transit happens at slightly different times as if something was

different times as if something was shifting the planet just a little bit.

shifting the planet just a little bit. And this is actually how some of the

And this is actually how some of the exomoons have been potentially

exomoons have been potentially discovered before. But the problem here

discovered before. But the problem here is that these transit variations can

is that these transit variations can also come from neighboring planets that

also come from neighboring planets that could be hiding in the star system. And

could be hiding in the star system. And so as a result, nothing official has

so as a result, nothing official has been confirmed yet using any of these

been confirmed yet using any of these observational methods we normally use

observational methods we normally use for planets. Okay, maybe not entirely

for planets. Okay, maybe not entirely true. There's actually one example based

true. There's actually one example based on gravitational microl lensing method

on gravitational microl lensing method that did witness one object,

that did witness one object, specifically a rogue planet that

specifically a rogue planet that potentially had a moon. But because this

potentially had a moon. But because this is technically a rogue planet, the moon

is technically a rogue planet, the moon around this object is a little bit

around this object is a little bit different in a sense that it's not

different in a sense that it's not really an exoplanet because it's just

really an exoplanet because it's just not orbiting any star. But there's

not orbiting any star. But there's definitely at least one example.

definitely at least one example. Although in every single case with every

Although in every single case with every single detection, there are usually

single detection, there are usually alternative explanations that usually

alternative explanations that usually make just as much sense. And so as a

make just as much sense. And so as a result, as of mid 2024, there have not

result, as of mid 2024, there have not been an official confirmation of any

been an official confirmation of any exomoon out there. And that's maybe

exomoon out there. And that's maybe until I guess now. Here we get a very

until I guess now. Here we get a very unexpected discovery based on the

unexpected discovery based on the observation of gas emissions and

observation of gas emissions and specifically emissions coming from this

specifically emissions coming from this hypothetical moon. And so here, by

hypothetical moon. And so here, by observing this for a very long time,

observing this for a very long time, it's actually been almost 7 years now,

it's actually been almost 7 years now, scientists discovered that this unusual

scientists discovered that this unusual object and specifically this planet

object and specifically this planet known as WASP 49b seems to contain a

known as WASP 49b seems to contain a really large gas of sodium in orbit

really large gas of sodium in orbit around this planet. Now, this is, as you

around this planet. Now, this is, as you can see, a relatively hot planet because

can see, a relatively hot planet because it's really close to the parent star. As

it's really close to the parent star. As a matter of fact, a single orbit here

a matter of fact, a single orbit here takes just over 2.8 days. But as far

takes just over 2.8 days. But as far back as 2019, when I actually made the

back as 2019, when I actually made the first video about this, scientists were

first video about this, scientists were able to see this unusual cloud around

able to see this unusual cloud around the planet, suggesting something was

the planet, suggesting something was orbiting it and suggesting that

orbiting it and suggesting that something was spewing out a lot of

something was spewing out a lot of sodium. Now, because in this case, this

sodium. Now, because in this case, this is a gas giant similar to Saturn, and

is a gas giant similar to Saturn, and also because it's orbiting a G-type star

also because it's orbiting a G-type star similar to our sun. First of all, this

similar to our sun. First of all, this was actually a really exciting star

was actually a really exciting star system because it was kind of sunlike.

system because it was kind of sunlike. But second of all, since these objects

But second of all, since these objects are mostly made out of hydrogen and

are mostly made out of hydrogen and helium, there was no mechanism to

helium, there was no mechanism to explain how so much sodium could be

explain how so much sodium could be produced around the planet. And while we

produced around the planet. And while we know quite a lot about these sodium

know quite a lot about these sodium emissions from the solar system, here's

emissions from the solar system, here's actually a really intriguing image by

actually a really intriguing image by Dr. Sebastian Wolmer that shows us the

Dr. Sebastian Wolmer that shows us the emissions from Mercury. It actually

emissions from Mercury. It actually makes Mercury appear as some kind of a

makes Mercury appear as some kind of a comet, but in reality, this is sodium

comet, but in reality, this is sodium escaping the surface of Mercury visible

escaping the surface of Mercury visible from far away. and similar shells exist

from far away. and similar shells exist around other planets, but naturally

around other planets, but naturally they're not always sodium. But for a

they're not always sodium. But for a typical gas giant to have something

typical gas giant to have something similar, there's just no way to explain

similar, there's just no way to explain this. We don't actually know of any

this. We don't actually know of any mechanism that would suddenly release

mechanism that would suddenly release sodium from a planet like Saturn or

sodium from a planet like Saturn or Jupiter. And because nothing similar has

Jupiter. And because nothing similar has been discovered around other similar

been discovered around other similar objects, this was obviously a very

objects, this was obviously a very unique discovery. But because this is

unique discovery. But because this is science, we still had to have more

science, we still had to have more evidence as right now this was just a

evidence as right now this was just a hypothesis. Maybe because this planet

hypothesis. Maybe because this planet was so close to the star, there was some

was so close to the star, there was some kind of a mechanism that allowed for

kind of a mechanism that allowed for this to happen. And technically, it

this to happen. And technically, it wasn't even just sodium. It was also

wasn't even just sodium. It was also additional metals, including magnesium

additional metals, including magnesium and iron, which did suggest something

and iron, which did suggest something unusual happening here. And a lot of

unusual happening here. And a lot of these initial observations started to

these initial observations started to also confirm that none of this was

also confirm that none of this was gravitationally bound to the planet and

gravitationally bound to the planet and was potentially escaping into the outer

was potentially escaping into the outer star system. But there was one example

star system. But there was one example we could use from right here in the

we could use from right here in the solar system as well. We know for a fact

solar system as well. We know for a fact that Io releases something very similar

that Io releases something very similar but in much smaller amounts. And we know

but in much smaller amounts. And we know that Io does produce a sodium tail

that Io does produce a sodium tail visible from very far away which even

visible from very far away which even creates certain effects in Jupiter's

creates certain effects in Jupiter's magnetosphere. So for example in these

magnetosphere. So for example in these observations by NASA you can definitely

observations by NASA you can definitely see the sodium ring produced by Io

see the sodium ring produced by Io around Jupiter. And when it comes to

around Jupiter. And when it comes to Jupiter these clouds can expand so much

Jupiter these clouds can expand so much they're even thousand times greater than

they're even thousand times greater than the planetary radius. And so a similar

the planetary radius. And so a similar mechanism was expected here as well

mechanism was expected here as well because for some reason something was

because for some reason something was producing 100,000 kg of sodium every

producing 100,000 kg of sodium every single second. And if this was from a

single second. And if this was from a planet or a star, there was really no

planet or a star, there was really no way to explain it. But like I mentioned,

way to explain it. But like I mentioned, it took 5 years to confirm this. And the

it took 5 years to confirm this. And the best evidence came from observing how

best evidence came from observing how this gas moves. For example, here in the

this gas moves. For example, here in the first observation, he discovered that

first observation, he discovered that this gas clearly increased in size as if

this gas clearly increased in size as if something was producing more gas at

something was producing more gas at certain points because maybe of some

certain points because maybe of some kind of a major emission. A volcano in

kind of a major emission. A volcano in this case would definitely explain it.

this case would definitely explain it. But much more importantly, this seems to

But much more importantly, this seems to have happened some distance away from

have happened some distance away from the planet. So basically, it would be

the planet. So basically, it would be very difficult to explain this if it was

very difficult to explain this if it was not a moon. But a much stronger evidence

not a moon. But a much stronger evidence came from the observations of the

came from the observations of the velocity of the gas as it orbited the

velocity of the gas as it orbited the star here. Sometimes it appeared to be

star here. Sometimes it appeared to be moving a little bit faster than the

moving a little bit faster than the planet in a way that it appeared to be

planet in a way that it appeared to be orbiting the planet at a distance. So

orbiting the planet at a distance. So almost exactly the same to what we see

almost exactly the same to what we see around Jupiter. And so even though the

around Jupiter. And so even though the planetary atmosphere was moving in one

planetary atmosphere was moving in one direction, this gas was actually moving

direction, this gas was actually moving in the opposite direction. And if it

in the opposite direction. And if it came from the planet, it would make

came from the planet, it would make absolutely no sense. which essentially

absolutely no sense. which essentially provided enough evidence for this to be

provided enough evidence for this to be a volcanic moon around a distant

a volcanic moon around a distant Saturn-like object, but an extreme moon

Saturn-like object, but an extreme moon that we've never seen before and cannot

that we've never seen before and cannot even imagine. Here, a single orbit only

even imagine. Here, a single orbit only took approximately 8 hours. And that's

took approximately 8 hours. And that's on top of the planet orbiting the star

on top of the planet orbiting the star every 2.8 days. Intriguingly, having

every 2.8 days. Intriguingly, having this orbit means that this moon is

this orbit means that this moon is almost at the edge where it should not

almost at the edge where it should not be a moon anymore and should technically

be a moon anymore and should technically become rings. For example, for Saturn,

become rings. For example, for Saturn, the D-ring orbits every 5 hours. The C-

the D-ring orbits every 5 hours. The C- ring every 7 hours and the B- ring every

ring every 7 hours and the B- ring every 8 to 10 hours. So, by having a moon so

8 to 10 hours. So, by having a moon so extremely close to this planet presents

extremely close to this planet presents us with a bit of a mystery on how

us with a bit of a mystery on how exactly can it exist and what exactly is

exactly can it exist and what exactly is this moon made out of. Obviously, if its

this moon made out of. Obviously, if its density is really high, it's going to be

density is really high, it's going to be able to survive much closer to the

able to survive much closer to the planet. But at the moment, nobody knows.

planet. But at the moment, nobody knows. And so in this case, for all we know,

And so in this case, for all we know, this is actually some kind of a almost

this is actually some kind of a almost like a terrestrial planet size moon with

like a terrestrial planet size moon with relatively high density, but extreme

relatively high density, but extreme conditions on the surface. And since

conditions on the surface. And since it's losing so much mass every second

it's losing so much mass every second due to the squeezing from the planet's

due to the squeezing from the planet's gravity and the effects from the star,

gravity and the effects from the star, at some point it's most likely going to

at some point it's most likely going to completely disintegrate and might

completely disintegrate and might actually become a ring system after all.

actually become a ring system after all. And so right now, this is actually one

And so right now, this is actually one of the more intriguing discoveries, not

of the more intriguing discoveries, not only when it comes to exomoons, but just

only when it comes to exomoons, but just actual discoveries in astronomy. A

actual discoveries in astronomy. A mysterious moon that's kind of difficult

mysterious moon that's kind of difficult to explain and that seems to produce

to explain and that seems to produce very similar effects to what Io does

very similar effects to what Io does around Jupiter. But at least for now,

around Jupiter. But at least for now, that's all we know.

Hello info person. This is Anton and today we're going to discuss a somewhat

today we're going to discuss a somewhat intriguing study in regards to white

intriguing study in regards to white dwarfs. And specifically a study that

dwarfs. And specifically a study that actually discovers evidence that some of

actually discovers evidence that some of the most exciting habitable exoplanets

the most exciting habitable exoplanets might actually exist around white dwarfs

might actually exist around white dwarfs and not other types of stars. And

and not other types of stars. And there's maybe even a chance that at

there's maybe even a chance that at least one of these planets has already

least one of these planets has already been discovered. And so let's discuss

been discovered. And so let's discuss this in a little bit more detail. But

this in a little bit more detail. But obviously let's discuss white dwarfs

obviously let's discuss white dwarfs first and what we know about them so

first and what we know about them so far. Now naturally most of the stars in

far. Now naturally most of the stars in a galaxy at some point are going to

a galaxy at some point are going to become white dwarfs. That's basically

become white dwarfs. That's basically what's going to become to our sun and

what's going to become to our sun and approximately 97% of all stars that are

approximately 97% of all stars that are out there right now. So basically

out there right now. So basically hundreds of billions of years in the

hundreds of billions of years in the future when there's no more star

future when there's no more star formation, the majority of stars in the

formation, the majority of stars in the Milky Way are most likely going to be

Milky Way are most likely going to be white dwarfs. And here we're talking

white dwarfs. And here we're talking about hundreds of billions of them in

about hundreds of billions of them in the entire galaxy. But naturally, as the

the entire galaxy. But naturally, as the stars evolve into becoming a white

stars evolve into becoming a white dwarf, and as stars like our sun go

dwarf, and as stars like our sun go through their red giant stage, they

through their red giant stage, they destabilize the entire star system, but

destabilize the entire star system, but also very likely destroy some of the

also very likely destroy some of the planets while forcing other planets to

planets while forcing other planets to relocate somewhere else. For example, in

relocate somewhere else. For example, in the solar system today, we believe that

the solar system today, we believe that Mercury and Venus are most likely going

Mercury and Venus are most likely going to be destroyed completely. Earth may

to be destroyed completely. Earth may survive, but it's not clear. And planets

survive, but it's not clear. And planets like Mars, Jupiter, Neptune, and Uranus

like Mars, Jupiter, Neptune, and Uranus are extremely likely to relocate and

are extremely likely to relocate and potentially come closer to the star. And

potentially come closer to the star. And many of these planets will probably

many of these planets will probably collide. Many of them will probably be

collide. Many of them will probably be shredded apart with some of them forming

shredded apart with some of them forming various rings around the white dwarf.

various rings around the white dwarf. But some of them also very likely

But some of them also very likely leaving remnants. And in the last decade

leaving remnants. And in the last decade or so, there's been a lot of research

or so, there's been a lot of research about this and a lot of evidence for the

about this and a lot of evidence for the existence of various objects around

existence of various objects around white dwarfs. And the most common type

white dwarfs. And the most common type of the phenomenon is referred to as the

of the phenomenon is referred to as the polluted white dwarf. And that's

polluted white dwarf. And that's basically the detection of various

basically the detection of various elements on the surface of the white

elements on the surface of the white dwarf that very likely came from various

dwarf that very likely came from various planets, suggesting that the white dwarf

planets, suggesting that the white dwarf consumed quite a lot of these objects.

consumed quite a lot of these objects. Right now, anywhere from 25 to even 50%

Right now, anywhere from 25 to even 50% of all white dwarfs seem to show

of all white dwarfs seem to show different metals on their surface.

different metals on their surface. Basically, pieces from various planets.

Basically, pieces from various planets. But of all the discoveries, and here

But of all the discoveries, and here we're talking about thousands of white

we're talking about thousands of white dwarfs, only a handful of planetary mass

dwarfs, only a handful of planetary mass objects have so far been confirmed,

objects have so far been confirmed, mostly because they're much more

mostly because they're much more difficult to detect and much more

difficult to detect and much more difficult to find. But there's also been

difficult to find. But there's also been some really exciting discoveries that

some really exciting discoveries that clearly show us that a lot of activity

clearly show us that a lot of activity happens around white dwarfs with many

happens around white dwarfs with many white dwarfs potentially actively

white dwarfs potentially actively destroying planets, actively consuming

destroying planets, actively consuming them, or possibly building them up. For

them, or possibly building them up. For example, this object seems to have

example, this object seems to have experienced some kind of a catastrophe

experienced some kind of a catastrophe around 2010. It also very likely

around 2010. It also very likely contains different clouds and even

contains different clouds and even various comets. And there's even been

various comets. And there's even been signs of asteroids in the system.

signs of asteroids in the system. Likewise, another object you see right

Likewise, another object you see right here seems to have experienced a regular

here seems to have experienced a regular dips and a lot of chaotic activity

dips and a lot of chaotic activity suggesting something was in orbit or

suggesting something was in orbit or something was disintegrating in orbit

something was disintegrating in orbit and eventually disappeared. and WD 1145

and eventually disappeared. and WD 1145 + 017 was also really surprising because

+ 017 was also really surprising because of its unusual dips in transits, but

of its unusual dips in transits, but then these transits suddenly

then these transits suddenly disappeared. So here there was something

disappeared. So here there was something really large orbiting it and it either

really large orbiting it and it either relocated somewhere else or potentially

relocated somewhere else or potentially got destroyed. And so here we have quite

got destroyed. And so here we have quite a lot of evidence that a lot of white

a lot of evidence that a lot of white dwarfs still have quite a lot of

dwarfs still have quite a lot of planetary activity around them and very

planetary activity around them and very likely still have an ability to even

likely still have an ability to even form planets possibly from a lot of

form planets possibly from a lot of these remnants. As a matter of fact,

these remnants. As a matter of fact, even the James Web Space Telescope was

even the James Web Space Telescope was recently able to discover at least two

recently able to discover at least two white dwarfs that seem to contain

white dwarfs that seem to contain relatively large planets at a slightly

relatively large planets at a slightly farther away distance. Although here the

farther away distance. Although here the planets were slightly farther away, at a

planets were slightly farther away, at a similar distance to where Neptune is in

similar distance to where Neptune is in the solar system, but the evidence from

the solar system, but the evidence from all this is pretty much the same.

all this is pretty much the same. There's still a chance for some white

There's still a chance for some white dwarfs to potentially host a planet that

dwarfs to potentially host a planet that can actually migrate into the region

can actually migrate into the region where the white dwarf can create

where the white dwarf can create habitable conditions. And in the last

habitable conditions. And in the last decade, quite a few studies try to focus

decade, quite a few studies try to focus on this and try to find out if it's even

on this and try to find out if it's even possible. Here's at least one study you

possible. Here's at least one study you can find in the description that

can find in the description that investigates the idea of having

investigates the idea of having habitable zones around white dwarfs,

habitable zones around white dwarfs, discovering that for an average white

discovering that for an average white dwarf, very similar to what our sun is

dwarf, very similar to what our sun is going to become. Not only do these zones

going to become. Not only do these zones exist at approximately 012 astronomical

exist at approximately 012 astronomical units, but they also remain completely

units, but they also remain completely unchanged for at least 7 billion years,

unchanged for at least 7 billion years, implying that in many cases, many of

implying that in many cases, many of these white dwarfs can actually have

these white dwarfs can actually have very stable habitable conditions in

very stable habitable conditions in certain regions, or at least implying

certain regions, or at least implying that even white dwarfs could have

that even white dwarfs could have planets with thick atmospheres and

planets with thick atmospheres and water- richch environments. And so for

water- richch environments. And so for the past 10 years or so, there's

the past 10 years or so, there's actually been quite a lot of attention

actually been quite a lot of attention on this topic, focusing on potential

on this topic, focusing on potential habitable exoplanets around white

habitable exoplanets around white dwarfs, except that maybe there was one

dwarfs, except that maybe there was one small issue. A typical white dwarf also

small issue. A typical white dwarf also cools down over time. Okay, here we have

cools down over time. Okay, here we have to briefly discuss how white dwarfs

to briefly discuss how white dwarfs generate energy and why they're still

generate energy and why they're still hot. Inside the white dwarf, there is no

hot. Inside the white dwarf, there is no more nuclear reactions, but they can

more nuclear reactions, but they can still create quite a lot of energy from

still create quite a lot of energy from residual heat. And in many cases, their

residual heat. And in many cases, their temperatures can be pretty high. As a

temperatures can be pretty high. As a matter of fact, some white dwarfs can be

matter of fact, some white dwarfs can be over 100,000 Kelvin in temperature. And

over 100,000 Kelvin in temperature. And so, because they're usually extremely

so, because they're usually extremely dense and contain a lot of mass in a

dense and contain a lot of mass in a relatively small volume of space, they

relatively small volume of space, they can also contain a lot of this residual

can also contain a lot of this residual heat. As a matter of fact, most of them

heat. As a matter of fact, most of them will be cooling down for almost a

will be cooling down for almost a trillion years. But as they cool down,

trillion years. But as they cool down, obviously, their habitable zone also

obviously, their habitable zone also shifts just a little bit. And so for

shifts just a little bit. And so for many of these white dwarfs as they cool

many of these white dwarfs as they cool down, some planets that might have been

down, some planets that might have been in the habitable zone before after a few

in the habitable zone before after a few billion years will now be a little bit

billion years will now be a little bit too cold. But turns out that there's

too cold. But turns out that there's actually a special case of white dwarfs

actually a special case of white dwarfs where this doesn't seem to happen as

where this doesn't seem to happen as much. And it's this special case that

much. And it's this special case that was explored very recently in a study

was explored very recently in a study you can find in the description. And

you can find in the description. And here this refers to an extremely

here this refers to an extremely specific type of stars only identified

specific type of stars only identified like 5 years ago referred to as Q branch

like 5 years ago referred to as Q branch stars. This was actually discovered by

stars. This was actually discovered by the Gaia telescope completely by

the Gaia telescope completely by accident. But here these are white

accident. But here these are white dwarfs that are usually a little bit

dwarfs that are usually a little bit more massive than the sun, but strangely

more massive than the sun, but strangely enough seem to pause their cooling for

enough seem to pause their cooling for at least 8 billion years. In other

at least 8 billion years. In other words, instead of continuously cooling

words, instead of continuously cooling down and thus moving their habitable

down and thus moving their habitable zone, these white dwarfs tend to do

zone, these white dwarfs tend to do something like this. They seem to

something like this. They seem to maintain conditions and seem to not

maintain conditions and seem to not change much for a very, very long time.

change much for a very, very long time. And it took a few years to finally

And it took a few years to finally explain why and what exactly is

explain why and what exactly is happening here. Now, this only happens

happening here. Now, this only happens in about 6% of all of the white dwarfs,

in about 6% of all of the white dwarfs, but it seems to be a result of what's

but it seems to be a result of what's known as distillation. And specifically

known as distillation. And specifically based on things like neon 22. This is a

based on things like neon 22. This is a very neutron-rich isotope that sometimes

very neutron-rich isotope that sometimes can be found in some white dwarfs. And

can be found in some white dwarfs. And so, in extremely high temperatures, we

so, in extremely high temperatures, we get a formation of crystals that then

get a formation of crystals that then actually rises to the top. Sort of like

actually rises to the top. Sort of like water ice rising to the top inside

water ice rising to the top inside liquid water. And these boolean crystals

liquid water. And these boolean crystals then push down the neon 22 atoms,

then push down the neon 22 atoms, sometimes forcing them out of the

sometimes forcing them out of the crystals and making them move to the

crystals and making them move to the bottom of the white dwarf through the

bottom of the white dwarf through the process of distillation. But because

process of distillation. But because this reshuffles the interior of the

this reshuffles the interior of the white dwarf, this also releases a huge

white dwarf, this also releases a huge amount of gravitational energy. And

amount of gravitational energy. And because this is a relatively slow

because this is a relatively slow process taking billions of years, it

process taking billions of years, it essentially ends up producing relatively

essentially ends up producing relatively constant heat that makes these whitews

constant heat that makes these whitews very stable for billions of years.

very stable for billions of years. Although here for this to work, this

Although here for this to work, this white dwarf has to have at least 2.5% of

white dwarf has to have at least 2.5% of neon22 by mass, which as I mentioned

neon22 by mass, which as I mentioned before seems to happen in at least 6% of

before seems to happen in at least 6% of all white dwarfs, which by itself

all white dwarfs, which by itself actually gives us quite a lot of hope.

actually gives us quite a lot of hope. Even though 6% is not a lot because we

Even though 6% is not a lot because we expect most of the stars to be white

expect most of the stars to be white dwarfs in the future, that still means

dwarfs in the future, that still means we're going to have billions of stars

we're going to have billions of stars that will very likely have a high chance

that will very likely have a high chance to have these long-term habitable

to have these long-term habitable conditions with at least some of them

conditions with at least some of them maybe hosting planets in this region.

maybe hosting planets in this region. And in some cases, these white dwarfs

And in some cases, these white dwarfs are expected to maintain these

are expected to maintain these conditions for at least 10 billion

conditions for at least 10 billion years. That's over twice as long as what

years. That's over twice as long as what Earth got in the solar system. Thus,

Earth got in the solar system. Thus, giving these objects a very high chance

giving these objects a very high chance to potentially host life or at least

to potentially host life or at least have prominent habitable conditions on

have prominent habitable conditions on the surface. In this case, because these

the surface. In this case, because these white dwarfs are a little bit more

white dwarfs are a little bit more massive, these planets will have to

massive, these planets will have to orbit at approximately 0.03 AU away from

orbit at approximately 0.03 AU away from the star or about 3% of Earth's distance

the star or about 3% of Earth's distance from the sun, which currently is

from the sun, which currently is actually thought to be possible. As a

actually thought to be possible. As a matter of fact, this white dwarf

matter of fact, this white dwarf surprised everyone a couple of years ago

surprised everyone a couple of years ago when something unusual was discovered

when something unusual was discovered passing in front of this object every 25

passing in front of this object every 25 hours. Now, here this could be something

hours. Now, here this could be something moonsized in terms of size, possibly an

moonsized in terms of size, possibly an exoplanet. And right now it's not

exoplanet. And right now it's not entirely clear what it is, but if

entirely clear what it is, but if confirmed, this would be the first

confirmed, this would be the first exoplanet discovered in the habitable

exoplanet discovered in the habitable zone of a white dwarf. Although here,

zone of a white dwarf. Although here, this white dwarf is not one of these

this white dwarf is not one of these neon types. So the habitable conditions

neon types. So the habitable conditions here are a little bit different.

Hello person. This is Anton, and today we're going to discuss a somewhat

we're going to discuss a somewhat surprising discovery of an extremely

surprising discovery of an extremely young planet. actually the youngest

young planet. actually the youngest planet we've ever seen and discovered

planet we've ever seen and discovered completely by accident because it was

completely by accident because it was basically peeking through some of the

basically peeking through some of the dust that usually covers early stars.

dust that usually covers early stars. And though by itself this is already an

And though by itself this is already an exciting discovery, it also explains a

exciting discovery, it also explains a lot of things about planetary formation

lot of things about planetary formation and presents us with some new

and presents us with some new explanations. And so let's discuss this

explanations. And so let's discuss this in a little bit more detail. And let's

in a little bit more detail. And let's start with some of the previous

start with some of the previous assumptions about the idea of how

assumptions about the idea of how planets form. And here we know that

planets form. And here we know that everything starts with a protolanetary

everything starts with a protolanetary disc. In the last few decades,

disc. In the last few decades, researchers have seen a lot of different

researchers have seen a lot of different examples from a lot of different

examples from a lot of different telescopes such as the ones you see

telescopes such as the ones you see right here from ALMA. And they all

right here from ALMA. And they all present us with a relatively similar

present us with a relatively similar story. The story of gas collapsing into

story. The story of gas collapsing into a ring-like object, which then flattens,

a ring-like object, which then flattens, forms an over density in the middle that

forms an over density in the middle that eventually becomes a star, but also

eventually becomes a star, but also forms different types of planets, many

forms different types of planets, many of which have been discovered in a lot

of which have been discovered in a lot of these discs. But in most cases, any

of these discs. But in most cases, any planetary objects inside these very

planetary objects inside these very early discs are either brown dwarfs or

early discs are either brown dwarfs or still developing and undeveloped planets

still developing and undeveloped planets that are essentially just blobs of gas

that are essentially just blobs of gas that one day will collapse and become

that one day will collapse and become planets very similar to Jupiter. And by

planets very similar to Jupiter. And by observing different star forming regions

observing different star forming regions such as the famous Orion Nebula,

such as the famous Orion Nebula, researchers have pretty much discovered

researchers have pretty much discovered every major intermediary stage. From the

every major intermediary stage. From the early stages of the collapse of the gas

early stages of the collapse of the gas to the stage when these discs start to

to the stage when these discs start to develop to basically already develop

develop to basically already develop discs, there are slowly losing all of

discs, there are slowly losing all of this extra material becoming more and

this extra material becoming more and more transparent. But when it comes to

more transparent. But when it comes to planetary formation, researchers have

planetary formation, researchers have always believed that it should take at

always believed that it should take at least 10 million years or maybe even

least 10 million years or maybe even longer than 10 million years depending

longer than 10 million years depending on the explanation and the theory behind

on the explanation and the theory behind planetary formation. In other words,

planetary formation. In other words, depending on the explanation involving

depending on the explanation involving star formation and involving planetary

star formation and involving planetary formation, different research papers

formation, different research papers explain this in slightly different ways.

explain this in slightly different ways. But one of the first breakthroughs when

But one of the first breakthroughs when it comes to planetary formation was

it comes to planetary formation was discovered in 2014. This was an object

discovered in 2014. This was an object known as K233b,

known as K233b, an extremely young super Neptune or

an extremely young super Neptune or basically a planet more massive than

basically a planet more massive than Neptune, less massive than Saturn that

Neptune, less massive than Saturn that was orbiting a very young star, three

was orbiting a very young star, three main sequence star known as K233.

main sequence star known as K233. This planet was confirmed in 2016 and it

This planet was confirmed in 2016 and it was actually discovered by the Kepler

was actually discovered by the Kepler telescope during its second light

telescope during its second light mission, which is why it's known as K2.

mission, which is why it's known as K2. And so at a distance of just over 150

And so at a distance of just over 150 lighty years, this was a super exciting

lighty years, this was a super exciting object because it was only 9.3 million

object because it was only 9.3 million years old. Basically confirming that

years old. Basically confirming that planets can form within about 9 million

planets can form within about 9 million years because in this case this was seen

years because in this case this was seen to be a fully formed planet. No longer a

to be a fully formed planet. No longer a protolanet and no longer just a blob of

protolanet and no longer just a blob of gas, but a protolanet that still

gas, but a protolanet that still contained an early atmosphere that was

contained an early atmosphere that was basically slowly evaporating. And so one

basically slowly evaporating. And so one of the main reasons this discovery was

of the main reasons this discovery was so important is really because this

so important is really because this planet was kind of bizarre. It was

planet was kind of bizarre. It was extremely close to the parent star but

extremely close to the parent star but was also extremely young. Here a single

was also extremely young. Here a single orbit was only 5 1/2 days and this

orbit was only 5 1/2 days and this planet was receiving 125 times more

planet was receiving 125 times more sunlight compared to Earth. And here

sunlight compared to Earth. And here even the atmospheric analysis suggested

even the atmospheric analysis suggested an already developed atmosphere

an already developed atmosphere including carbon monoxide and even

including carbon monoxide and even organic compounds. And so by discovering

organic compounds. And so by discovering this very young planet, several theories

this very young planet, several theories of planetary migration could be

of planetary migration could be automatically ruled out, mostly because

automatically ruled out, mostly because it just took too long for this planet to

it just took too long for this planet to migrate from farther away with a much

migrate from farther away with a much more plausible planetary formation

more plausible planetary formation scenario basically involving a little

scenario basically involving a little bit of travel or possibly no travel

bit of travel or possibly no travel whatsoever, implying that this planet

whatsoever, implying that this planet somehow formed very close to the star.

somehow formed very close to the star. And this naturally provides a few clues

And this naturally provides a few clues about this solar system and how various

about this solar system and how various planets formed here as well. It also

planets formed here as well. It also suggests that similar planets could have

suggests that similar planets could have existed here and then eventually

existed here and then eventually disappeared with time. Once again,

disappeared with time. Once again, because this is such a young system and

because this is such a young system and because this planet is so close to the

because this planet is so close to the star, there is actually a chance that at

star, there is actually a chance that at some point it might get swallowed. And

some point it might get swallowed. And for many, many years, this was the

for many, many years, this was the youngest and I guess one of the more

youngest and I guess one of the more unusual planets known to us. And that's

unusual planets known to us. And that's of course until now. The new study by

of course until now. The new study by Madison Barber and her team confirms a

Madison Barber and her team confirms a discovery of a 3 million-year-old planet

discovery of a 3 million-year-old planet with a name Tidy 1b. Tidy is actually an

with a name Tidy 1b. Tidy is actually an acronym for test investigation

acronym for test investigation demographics of young exoplanets project

demographics of young exoplanets project with this being the first planet

with this being the first planet confirmed by the project. But here this

confirmed by the project. But here this was discovered completely by accident

was discovered completely by accident and mostly because of a strange quirk

and mostly because of a strange quirk inside the disc. Here this disc is also

inside the disc. Here this disc is also just 3 million years old. And just like

just 3 million years old. And just like with other discs, normally it would be

with other discs, normally it would be practically impossible to see anything

practically impossible to see anything inside. But here by complete accident

inside. But here by complete accident this planet is slightly misaligned with

this planet is slightly misaligned with the disc making it escape the disc once

the disc making it escape the disc once in a while. And so even though in most

in a while. And so even though in most cases these planets would be completely

cases these planets would be completely hidden by the dust here because of the

hidden by the dust here because of the slight tilt which by the way is one of

slight tilt which by the way is one of the mysteries here as well because

the mysteries here as well because nobody knows why this tilt exists.

nobody knows why this tilt exists. Scientists behind this paper were able

Scientists behind this paper were able to observe minute periodic dips in

to observe minute periodic dips in brightness every 8.8 days. basically

brightness every 8.8 days. basically suggesting that this is another compact

suggesting that this is another compact orbit planet that seems to orbit very

orbit planet that seems to orbit very close to the star and also seems to be

close to the star and also seems to be some kind of a super earth or a subnune

some kind of a super earth or a subnune very similar to K33b. Actually a type of

very similar to K33b. Actually a type of a planet completely missing from the

a planet completely missing from the solar system but a type of a planet that

solar system but a type of a planet that seems to exist in many star systems out

seems to exist in many star systems out there. These are technically some of the

there. These are technically some of the most common planets discovered to date.

most common planets discovered to date. And because it usually takes at least 5

And because it usually takes at least 5 million years for these discs to

million years for these discs to dissipate, discovering something in a 3

dissipate, discovering something in a 3 million-year-old disc is obviously super

million-year-old disc is obviously super exciting. If it wasn't for that bizarre

exciting. If it wasn't for that bizarre tilt, it would never be found. And well,

tilt, it would never be found. And well, so far based on the analysis, we know

so far based on the analysis, we know that this planet is relatively large,

that this planet is relatively large, possibly 10 times bigger than planet

possibly 10 times bigger than planet Earth. So essentially, this is once

Earth. So essentially, this is once again some kind of a Neptune-like

again some kind of a Neptune-like object. But intriguingly, unlike K233b,

object. But intriguingly, unlike K233b, here it still seems to have primordial

here it still seems to have primordial atmosphere, including a hydrogen

atmosphere, including a hydrogen envelope that will eventually disappear,

envelope that will eventually disappear, dramatically decreasing the mass and

dramatically decreasing the mass and transforming this planet into something

transforming this planet into something entirely different. As a matter of fact,

entirely different. As a matter of fact, possibly something similar to the planet

possibly something similar to the planet I showed you previously, with one

I showed you previously, with one implication here being that in just 6

implication here being that in just 6 million years, the enriched hydrogen

million years, the enriched hydrogen envelope will completely dissipate,

envelope will completely dissipate, transforming the planet into something a

transforming the planet into something a little bit more solid. Although in this

little bit more solid. Although in this case just because of the distance to the

case just because of the distance to the star. But once again because it's so

star. But once again because it's so high in mass and because it contains so

high in mass and because it contains so many volatile compounds it possibly

many volatile compounds it possibly formed somewhere farther away and

formed somewhere farther away and possibly migrated here eventually coming

possibly migrated here eventually coming closer to the star which is maybe why

closer to the star which is maybe why its orbit is so tilted. There might have

its orbit is so tilted. There might have been an interaction with another object

been an interaction with another object or maybe even a collision that

or maybe even a collision that dramatically reduced its orbit. And here

dramatically reduced its orbit. And here the migration explanation is currently

the migration explanation is currently preferred just because of the mass of

preferred just because of the mass of this planet. We've never seen so much

this planet. We've never seen so much mass present in any early star system so

mass present in any early star system so close to the star. Although just to

close to the star. Although just to clarify, in this case, the mass is just

clarify, in this case, the mass is just assumed. We only know its size because

assumed. We only know its size because it was discovered using the transit

it was discovered using the transit method, which is of course the method

method, which is of course the method involving observing the shadow of the

involving observing the shadow of the planet as it passes in front of the

planet as it passes in front of the star. And so for all we know, it's a lot

star. And so for all we know, it's a lot less massive, thus presenting a new

less massive, thus presenting a new mystery because its density would be

mystery because its density would be super low as well. But the size here

super low as well. But the size here seems to be very similar to Jupiter,

seems to be very similar to Jupiter, which does suggest a massive object. And

which does suggest a massive object. And because it's so large and also because

because it's so large and also because it's located in an easily observable

it's located in an easily observable environment, this is now a perfect

environment, this is now a perfect target for the James Web. Because it's

target for the James Web. Because it's so large and because of its low mass,

so large and because of its low mass, observations with the James Web Space

observations with the James Web Space Telescope are going to reveal a huge

Telescope are going to reveal a huge amount of data, especially because this

amount of data, especially because this is pretty close to us. It's located in a

is pretty close to us. It's located in a famous molecular cloud known as the

famous molecular cloud known as the Taurus, one of the closest star forming

Taurus, one of the closest star forming regions approximately 500 light-years

regions approximately 500 light-years away from us. And so in some of the

away from us. And so in some of the future studies by analyzing this planet

future studies by analyzing this planet and by discovering how exactly it

and by discovering how exactly it formed, we might actually finally have

formed, we might actually finally have some definitive answers about planetary

some definitive answers about planetary information in general and thus explain

information in general and thus explain how planets in the solar system formed

how planets in the solar system formed as well. And I guess more specifically

as well. And I guess more specifically why they're so different from everything

why they're so different from everything else we've discovered in other star

else we've discovered in other star systems. As we've discussed before, for

systems. As we've discussed before, for some reason, there has not been a single

some reason, there has not been a single discovery out there out of thousands and

discovery out there out of thousands and thousands of different star systems that

thousands of different star systems that seem to have very similar structure to

seem to have very similar structure to the solar system where there are

the solar system where there are basically four terrestrial planets, two

basically four terrestrial planets, two gas giants and two ice giants, or really

gas giants and two ice giants, or really anything with a similar arrangement. We

anything with a similar arrangement. We either find star systems with a lot of

either find star systems with a lot of gas giants or a lot of terrestrial

gas giants or a lot of terrestrial planets or usually something in between.

planets or usually something in between. Super Earth, meaning Neptunes, but never

Super Earth, meaning Neptunes, but never something similar to the solar system.

something similar to the solar system. And so at the moment this has no

And so at the moment this has no explanation. But by discovering these

explanation. But by discovering these very bizarre objects like TID1, we might

very bizarre objects like TID1, we might finally have some answers in the next

finally have some answers in the next few years. And so until then and until

few years. And so until then and until future discoveries, check out some of

future discoveries, check out some of the previous videos on similar topics in

the previous videos on similar topics in the description. Thank you for watching.

the description. Thank you for watching. Subscribe. Share this with someone who

Subscribe. Share this with someone who loves learn about space and sciences.

loves learn about space and sciences. Come back tomorrow to learn something

Come back tomorrow to learn something else. Support this channel on Patreon by

else. Support this channel on Patreon by joining channel membership or by buying

joining channel membership or by buying the wonderful person t-shirt you can

the wonderful person t-shirt you can find in the description. Stay wonderful.

find in the description. Stay wonderful. I'll see you tomorrow. And as always,

I'll see you tomorrow. And as always, bye-bye.

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Major Discoveries About Nearby Exoplanets - 3 Hour Video Compilation