0:00 all right this is the American yach
0:03 chapter 25 the Cold War so the cold war
0:07 is the global event that follows World
0:10 War II so recall last chapter World War
0:13 II uh that started conventionally in
0:17 1939 when Hitler invaded Poland and
0:20 ended in
0:21 1945 immediately as World War II ends
0:25 the world is sent into this other
0:28 conflict we refer to it as the C war and
0:31 in terms of the dates although you could
0:34 make an argument that a lot of the
0:36 features of the Cold War existed prior
0:38 to World War II we typically say that it
0:41 started in 1945 so that as soon as World
0:43 War II ended the Cold War began and this
0:46 lasted until
0:48 1989 so one important thing to keep in
0:51 mind as we make our way through future
0:54 chapters is that the cold war is going
0:56 to be going on in the background for
0:59 almost the rest this textbook so um you
1:02 know do keep that in mind and
1:04 understanding some of the key components
1:05 in this chapter will help us understand
1:08 future chapters we're introducing this
1:10 chapter with an image here of a testing
1:15 of a nuclear weapon in Nevada in 1962
1:19 and this points to uh an important
1:22 feature of the Cold War and that
1:24 something that we call the arms race and
1:26 the arms race was a competition by the
1:29 United States and the Soviet Union to
1:31 develop the latest and greatest in terms
1:34 of weapon technology and we can connect
1:38 that back to the ending of World War II
1:40 uh the atomic weapons that were used on
1:43 Japan to force their surrender the idea
1:45 is that um you know nations want to
1:47 continue building bigger batter more
1:49 destructive Weaponry so why don't we go
1:52 ahead and just Define the Cold War here
1:54 in terms of uh a definition and then we
1:57 can uh we can progress from there so as
1:59 far as the cold war is concerned we're
2:01 going to Define this as the
2:07 global uh
2:11 political and
2:18 ideological
2:26 struggle between
2:28 capitalists
2:33 and
2:37 communist
2:40 countries so an important feature of the
2:43 Cold War is this term ideological so
2:47 when you see the term ideological think
2:50 idea and that is to say the cold war is
2:53 much more a battle over ideas than it is
2:56 about let's say territory or resource
2:59 ources although those things definitely
3:01 do have a role here and the two ideas
3:05 that are represented here are the ideas
3:07 of capitalism on the one hand and
3:10 communism on the uh on the other now
3:13 these are mostly in terms of like uh you
3:16 know economic
3:17 modalities um but they end up being
3:20 proxies for a lot of other things during
3:22 this conflict now even though this is an
3:24 ideological struggle and and and
3:26 actually there's a a phrase here that
3:28 will help us better understand
3:30 what exactly the cold war is about and
3:32 they said this in fact at the time and
3:34 that was to quote
3:37 unquote win the hearts and
3:43 Minds so the idea is that for each side
3:46 the capitalist and communist Nations is
3:49 to convince the world that their
3:52 economic system that their political
3:53 system is superior now in terms of the
3:58 major drivers or motivators of the Cold
4:01 War it's going to be the the superpower
4:03 Nations and this term superpower is
4:06 something that we use in the post World
4:08 War II period to describe two Nations
4:11 specifically the superpowers we'll say
4:17 these are the
4:21 two
4:26 Nations which
4:28 emerged
4:33 from World War
4:36 II a
4:40 leading the
4:43 world in
4:46 wealth
4:50 power and
4:54 influence you know the case in terms of
4:57 you know geopolitics prior to World War
4:59 I and during World War II itself is that
5:02 you had world powers you know you had
5:03 countries like Japan and Germany and
5:06 Britain and France and the United States
5:07 and Soviet Union and you know it wasn't
5:10 really clear which nation was superior
5:14 to the others and this had been the case
5:17 for quite some time but after World War
5:19 II because of the way that J Japan Was
5:22 Defeated because of the way that Germany
5:23 was defeated uh France was occupied
5:27 Nations like uh Britain you even though
5:30 they did emerge on the Victorious side
5:31 the British had fought in World War II
5:34 longer than any of the other Victorious
5:36 powers and so they were forced to give
5:38 up their empire so after the war was
5:40 over there's really only two Nations
5:42 that stand above everyone else in terms
5:45 of wealth power and influence and we
5:46 don't just call them world powers we
5:49 call them superpowers because there's
5:51 really nobody else close and it's the
5:54 superpowers that lead uh this cold war
5:58 um one is the United
6:00 States and the United States represents
6:04 and will fight and influence for the
6:06 ideas of
6:08 capitalism and
6:11 democracy the other one is the Soviet
6:14 [Music]
6:16 Union which is for
6:19 communism and if you're a little bit
6:21 confused about okay what's capitalism
6:23 and what's communism they're different
6:25 economic models you know capitalism uh
6:28 Champions individual ownership um
6:31 communism is State ownership uh you
6:34 might think about this in terms of a
6:36 very simple uh example of something like
6:38 private property right in the United
6:40 States individuals own their own land uh
6:43 in a communist system the resources are
6:46 not or you know property is not owned by
6:48 individuals but it's owned by the state
6:50 right communally that's the idea um and
6:53 in terms of the Soviet political system
6:56 it's mostly one party rule you know the
6:58 Communist Party
7:00 uh you know they have elections within
7:01 their own party but uh they're
7:03 interested in advancing the ideology of
7:06 uh of Communism so when we think about
7:08 the Cold War conventionally you know in
7:10 a broader sense yes it is a struggle
7:13 between the capitalists and communist
7:15 countries but a lot of times we say look
7:18 the cold war is really the United States
7:20 versus the Soviet Union capitalism
7:23 versus communism you know that's a
7:25 little bit more simplified of a uh of an
7:27 explanation now an important thing to
7:30 understand about the development of the
7:31 Cold War is that these two Nations the
7:33 United States and the Soviet unions had
7:36 actually been allies during World War II
7:39 you know you had the US and the Soviets
7:43 but we saw that during World War II even
7:45 though the Americans and the Soviets got
7:47 along because they had a common enemy in
7:50 Germany right you know that old adage
7:53 the enemy of my enemy is my friend
7:57 having a a mutual enemy in Germany made
7:59 this Alliance possible but as Germany
8:02 was being defeated you know even before
8:05 their official surrender as the German
8:07 threat was being put away this
8:09 cooperation between the Americans and
8:11 the Soviets began to disintegrate and
8:13 you saw this happening a little bit
8:15 during some of those post-war
8:17 conferences where the Americans and the
8:19 Soviets were trying to decide what are
8:21 we going to do after the war and
8:23 eventually they couldn't figure anything
8:25 out the best example was the case of
8:28 Japan
8:30 remember that um during World War II an
8:33 agreement that was made between the
8:34 Soviets and the Americans was that the
8:36 Americans had agreed to attack Germany
8:39 if the Soviets agreed to attack Japan
8:42 well by the time the war unfolded the
8:45 Americans went at Japan alone without
8:48 Soviet uh assistance they didn't want it
8:50 and uh and they didn't need it so the
8:53 Cold War and this animosity that
8:54 develops between the Soviets and the
8:56 Americans it's it's it's sort of uh you
8:58 know step by by stamp and event by event
9:01 the relationship deteriorates by the
9:03 ending of World War II the American
9:06 ambassador to the Soviet Union George
9:09 Kennan sends a Long Telegram back to the
9:12 United States outlining the current
9:16 diplomatic situation between the Soviets
9:18 and the Americans so The Long Telegram
9:21 will say this is a
9:28 communication uh
9:31 from the uh we'll say
9:34 the
9:36 Soviet
9:39 Ambassador I guess technically the
9:42 proper I mean he technically wasn't the
9:44 Ambassador I guess but still um from the
9:46 US
9:47 [Music]
9:51 ambassador to the Soviet Union that
9:54 proper way to put
9:58 it oops
10:03 and what he said in that Long Telegram
10:05 George Canon was that
10:11 cooperation is not
10:15 possible and this outlined the approach
10:18 that the United States would take
10:20 diplomatically with the Soviet Union
10:22 seeking other ways to deal with
10:24 Communism and to deal with the Soviets
10:26 Dena cooperation we have a quote here
10:29 from Kennan in The Long Telegram he says
10:31 quote World communism is like a
10:33 malignant parasite which feeds only on
10:36 disease tissue Russian nationalism in
10:40 the new guise of international Marxism
10:43 is more dangerous and Insidious than
10:45 ever before George Kenan The Long
10:47 Telegram
10:49 1946 this uh divide between the Soviets
10:53 and American worlds was further
10:57 solidified when Winston Churchill uh
10:59 former prime minister in Great Britain
11:02 and who was uh Britain's leader during
11:04 World War II came to the United States
11:06 and more or less airm this division
11:08 between uh capitalism and communist uh
11:11 capitalism and communism gave a speech
11:14 called the Iron Curtain and in this
11:16 speech Churchill said that the
11:21 Eastern European
11:23 block or we'll just say Eastern European
11:28 nations they
11:33 under Soviet
11:41 influence had
11:43 been cut
11:48 off from the
11:52 rest of the
11:56 world right an iron curtain has
11:58 descended over Eastern Europe and that
12:00 was characteristic of the fact that as
12:03 World War II ended when Soviet and
12:05 American armies marched towards Germany
12:08 the countries of Eastern Europe were
12:10 liberated by the Soviet Union so after
12:12 the war was over because the Soviets had
12:14 liberated those Nations they had the
12:16 boots on the ground so they were able to
12:19 reconstruct those governments in a way
12:21 that they saw fit and similarly for the
12:23 Nations that the United States and Great
12:25 Britain and other allies had liberated
12:27 they got to control or influence what
12:29 type of governments they constructed and
12:31 so the dividing lines between where
12:33 Soviet and American troops had met
12:35 during World War II that became this
12:37 great division um not just in Europe but
12:40 around the world and you know going uh
12:42 you know forward in the Cold War you
12:44 know typically when the term West is
12:49 used we mean the capitalist Nations and
12:52 when the terms East are used we mean
12:55 communist Nations right so east west
12:59 um Soviet Union United States communism
13:02 capitalism all of these things become
13:04 you know synonyms right you can fill in
13:06 one uh one for the other um as far as
13:10 this conflict goes again an important
13:12 thing to keep in mind I would say is
13:14 that you know looking at it at a macro
13:17 level um this quote here does come in
13:21 very handy the idea is to win the hearts
13:23 and minds of people around the world and
13:27 one of the reasons why we call it a
13:29 quote unquote Cold War it's because the
13:31 idea is that
13:33 cold means that no
13:37 direct
13:43 fighting occurred
13:45 [Music]
13:47 between the US and Soviet
13:52 Union were a quote unquote Hot War now
13:55 they don't have anything called the you
13:57 know the the hot War but you know if a
13:59 war were quote unquote hot that would be
14:02 things like you know
14:04 bombs guns you know etc etc so a a
14:09 unique feature again it's called a war
14:11 which might be a little bit
14:13 misleading um but this war is much more
14:16 a war of ideas now there will be
14:20 conflicts and we will cover them in uh
14:22 in this chapter and in future chapters
14:24 but those conflicts are called proxy
14:26 wars and a proxy wars a war that is not
14:30 directly between the United States and
14:32 the Soviet Union but the United States
14:34 and the Soviet Union will be able to
14:35 fight each other indirectly so again
14:37 it's cold because there's no direct
14:39 fighting between the United States and
14:41 the Soviet Union as opposed to a you
14:43 know Hot War um now as far as the Cold
14:45 War goes there's pretty much three
14:48 phases of it or we can track you know
14:50 sort of three phases uh the first Cold
14:53 War this is from you know the 1940s as
14:55 World War II is coming to a conclusion
14:58 up until the 19
14:59 1960s then we enter into the period
15:02 known as Deton Deton is a period
15:07 say of
15:10 relaxed
15:13 tension and this is mostly the 1970s so
15:17 in the 1970s the competition between the
15:19 Americans and the Soviets tends to die
15:22 down a little bit um there's a little
15:24 bit more cooperation going on in this
15:27 period um than in earlier periods um but
15:30 the cold war picks back up again in the
15:32 quote unquote second Cold War and this
15:35 is from 1979 to
15:38 1989 so once again you know as we make
15:41 our way through the next couple of
15:43 chapters um this conflict will be going
15:47 on in the background from the 1940s all
15:50 the way until
15:51 1980 section two political economic and
15:55 Military
15:57 Dimension so like we mentioned earlier
15:59 at some of the post-war conferences
16:01 specifically Yalta and potam uh these
16:04 were conferences of the Allied powers
16:07 during World War II so
16:12 conferences uh with United States
16:18 Britain and Soviet
16:21 Union and early on in the war most of
16:24 these conferences were dedicated to
16:26 coordinating the war effort you know how
16:28 are we us three nations how are we going
16:30 to defeat the Germans how are we going
16:32 to defeat uh the Japanese well these
16:34 later conferences Yalta and potam they
16:37 were much more about what was going to
16:39 happen uh after the war was over you
16:41 know how are we going to rebuild once we
16:43 win because by that time victory was a
16:45 little bit more clear for the Allied
16:47 side how can we reconstruct the post-war
16:50 world and uh they were really mired by
16:57 non-cooperation
17:03 between the US and Soviet Union you know
17:06 Britain's going to have to take a back
17:08 seat uh a little bit here in the cold
17:10 war and some examples that we find of
17:14 non-cooperation is one well we'll just
17:17 list these things here a
17:20 divided
17:23 Germany so there was no consensus in
17:25 terms of what to do with Germany after
17:27 the war was over so instead what the
17:30 Allied Powers agreed upon was to divide
17:32 Germany in four different parts now at
17:35 this time they had hoped that this was
17:36 only going to be
17:39 temporary that perhaps you know they
17:42 might not be able to find a solution
17:43 right here right now but maybe in the
17:45 future they can figure something out
17:47 this agreement to divide Germany into
17:50 four parts this ends up being a
17:52 permanent condition right for Germany
17:54 and part of it was because they couldn't
17:56 find anything uh cooperating with
17:59 uh another reason is that Roosevelt
18:03 died in 1945 just right before Germany
18:07 surrendered and his successor Harry
18:15 Truman was more well say har Truman was
18:18 uh Truman
18:21 was we'll say anti-communist might be a
18:24 good way of uh putting it no he was not
18:27 as interested in cooperating with the
18:30 Soviet Union as Roosevelt was and you
18:33 know there was a certain degree of
18:35 familiarity between Roosevelt and Stalin
18:37 for example the two had been meeting
18:39 they had an opportunity to build a
18:40 relationship with each other and you
18:42 know when Truman came in you know he
18:44 wasn't as familiar with the process of
18:46 diplomacy and and uh wasn't really
18:48 looking to cooperate maybe as much and
18:50 the third thing is that the United
18:53 States by this point had an atomic bomb
18:57 and so from the perspective of the
18:58 United states with the atomic weapon
19:00 there was certainly a sentiment or a
19:02 feeling that we don't need any help or
19:06 cooperation in fact you saw that in how
19:08 the war unfolded in Japan um you know
19:11 the United States defeated Japan without
19:13 Soviet assistance with the use of this
19:16 Atomic weapon so those are just three
19:18 examples of the type of non-cooperation
19:21 that started to emerge in some of these
19:23 post-war uh meetings um this
19:26 non-cooperation only continues right as
19:28 as the Cold War progresses on another
19:31 great example of this is the Breton
19:33 Woods conference the Breton Woods
19:34 conference this was a conference say
19:41 conference to
19:47 establish the
19:49 [Music]
19:51 postwar
19:54 onomy right what would the economy look
19:56 like after the war was over because
19:58 foras deadly and destructive that the
20:00 war was uh there was an entire side of
20:03 uh you know the economy that needed also
20:04 to be uh considered and what this
20:07 essentially did was to
20:11 create say an
20:17 international primarily
20:22 capitalists
20:23 system and a lot of nations were
20:26 represented at the bretonwood conference
20:29 United States would take uh somewhat of
20:31 a leading role there in reestablishing
20:34 or rebuilding the post-war Global
20:37 Financial system and the Soviet Union
20:40 who attended it uh they rejected
20:43 it rejected it know they did not want to
20:46 be part of this new international order
20:50 uh you know on the side of the the
20:52 economic so we can see the political
20:54 disagreements and the economic
20:56 disagreements um you know happening
20:57 immediately after the war was was over
21:00 now as far as the relationship between
21:02 the United States and the Soviet Union
21:04 goes there was essentially three choices
21:07 that the United States could take or not
21:09 three choices but there was a range of
21:12 actions the United States could have
21:14 taken in response to Communism on the
21:17 one hand the most aggressive action
21:19 would have been something like World War
21:20 III you know was the tension and
21:22 non-cooperation between the Soviets and
21:25 the Americans so intense that perhaps
21:27 World War I was required or desired well
21:31 considering that World War II was so
21:33 deadly and so destructive neither side
21:36 really had an appetite for another War
21:38 so as much as the Soviets and the
21:40 Americans dislike each other neither
21:42 side was really wanting another conflict
21:45 there was also the ability to Simply do
21:48 nothing and that is to allow communism
21:51 to influence and spread around the world
21:54 while the United States returns back to
21:56 a period of isolationism
21:59 and if we recall from World War I that's
22:01 exactly the uh uh position that the
22:04 United States had taken that taken an
22:10 isolationist uh position well after
22:12 World War II uh many Americans you know
22:15 those especially in in leadership
22:17 positions don't think it's the wisest
22:20 idea to just Retreat from the world uh
22:23 especially considering some of the
22:25 lessons that were learned from World War
22:26 II uh you know some would point out that
22:28 it was because of American isolationism
22:31 that you know Fascism and other radical
22:33 uh regime spread so doing nothing is
22:36 rejected and what the Americans
22:37 eventually settle on is a strategy that
22:40 is somewhere in the middle and that is
22:42 containment and uh here in this uh you
22:45 know section here these two policies of
22:48 containment and the Truman Doctrine
22:51 these end up being very important
22:54 guiding principles as far as the cold
22:56 war is concerned both of these will more
22:59 or less be followed by the United States
23:01 from 1945 to 1989 so um you know get
23:06 these policies down now and it helps
23:09 explain American action in the world
23:11 again for the next 40 years or so so
23:14 containment this is the
23:16 policy say the US
23:22 policy of
23:27 preventing
23:30 the spread of
23:31 [Music]
23:36 Communism and this was inspired by The
23:39 Long Telegram and George
23:41 Kennan inspired by
23:45 Kennan again it's not World War III it's
23:48 not doing nothing essentially what the
23:49 United States is saying is that
23:52 currently where communism exists that's
23:54 okay that's acceptable but if communism
23:58 is to spread to another area that's
24:01 going to call for United States action
24:03 and that's pretty much the the position
24:04 that the US will uh will approach
24:07 according to George Kennan in 19 uh 1947
24:10 the Soviet Union quote should be sorry
24:12 the United States quote should regard
24:15 the Soviet Union as a rival and not a
24:17 partner and that is very much the
24:19 relationship now another guiding
24:21 principle besides containment is the
24:23 Truman Doctrine which is named for the
24:26 uh the president Harry Truman who came
24:28 in into office after Roosevelt passed
24:30 away in 1945 in fact it was Truman who
24:33 was president during the ending of World
24:35 War II and it was Truman who decided to
24:36 use the atomic weapons Truman is also
24:39 someone that believes in containment and
24:41 wants the United States to take a much
24:43 more proactive approach but he is
24:46 concerned about some of the isolationist
24:48 sentiment that is happening now the
24:51 Truman Doctrine there's two ways of
24:53 looking at it one is a literal way and
24:57 in terms terms of what the Truman
24:59 Doctrine was literally was that this was
25:02 a
25:05 speech
25:07 given by
25:08 [Music]
25:11 Truman to
25:16 Congress to get
25:19 Aid get pretty much mean money right get
25:23 money to
25:26 prevent communism
25:31 specifically in the countries of
25:34 Greece and
25:37 Turkey so uh you know with um the defeat
25:40 of
25:41 Nazism the question of well what
25:43 government is going to succeed in places
25:45 like Greece and Turkey these were
25:47 Nations that the British had
25:49 historically had a lot of influence over
25:51 but the British after World War II are
25:54 are forced to give up their empire so
25:55 the British are retreating from the
25:57 world and the question is well what is
26:00 going to fill that vacuum and the
26:02 Americans and Truman specifically fear
26:05 that in Greece and Turkey that communism
26:07 might take hold so he's trying to get
26:09 Congress to say look we need to reject
26:12 isolationism we need to put money
26:14 towards uh Greece and Turkey and prevent
26:17 communism there now in the short term
26:19 Truman is successful he gets money from
26:22 Congress uh communism is defeated in
26:24 Greece and Turkey and Greece and Turkey
26:26 become two uh important
26:28 uh allies in the broader Cold War but in
26:31 Truman's speech he he outlines a vision
26:35 for American action in the world and it
26:39 really becomes a guiding principle for
26:41 American foreign policy um going forward
26:44 um in this speech and we have a little
26:46 bit of a quote here from Truman in his
26:48 uh
26:50 Doctrine he says qu or first of all it
26:52 says it falls on the United States to
26:54 quote support free people's resisting
26:57 attempt tempted sub subjugation by
27:01 outside pressures so this dichotomy
27:04 between free and
27:06 subjugated uh the Truman Doctrine in
27:09 some sense Paints the
27:15 world in quote unquote black and
27:20 white and what black and white mean are
27:23 you know free which means
27:27 capitalists
27:29 and
27:33 subjugated which means
27:34 [Music]
27:36 communist and what that means for the
27:38 United States is that um as far as the
27:42 uh the world goes there's really just
27:45 two sides you know you're either uh
27:49 either free or either
27:53 subjugated uh it's either free or
27:56 subjugated and that's very much the
27:58 Outlook that the United States has you
28:00 know it's you know free and subjugated
28:03 are you know kind of coded terms for
28:05 capitalist and Communists but as far as
28:08 the American perspective goes towards
28:09 the rest of the world there's just two
28:11 sides right you're either with us or
28:13 against us and the Truman Doctrine
28:15 doesn't leave a lot of room for
28:17 countries to for example be neutral or
28:20 stay out of it um not according to the
28:22 United States and it also
28:26 commits the US
28:30 us to Global I mean maybe not so much
28:35 Global at this time I mean that's yeah
28:37 we we'll keep Global in here it's it's
28:38 somewhat
28:40 inferred uh
28:44 intervention in other words the Truman
28:46 Doctrine
28:48 rejects
28:53 isolationism so this idea that there's
28:55 only two sides right capitalist and
28:57 communist no room in between the idea
29:00 that the United States is committing
29:02 itself to other countries around the
29:04 world that it's rejecting isolationism
29:07 all these things are again these are the
29:09 guiding principles that motivate US
29:11 foreign policy for the next 40 years so
29:13 containment Truman Doctrine and their uh
29:16 and their significance now one of the
29:18 first areas that we find these policies
29:21 in action is in Europe and in Europe
29:25 following World War II Not only was
29:27 world to the deadliest conflict killing
29:29 80 million people but it was severely
29:33 disrupting in terms of like damaging
29:35 infrastructure you know roads Bridges uh
29:38 you know telephone wires you know
29:41 everything has been destroyed there's
29:42 homelessness and so one of the great
29:45 fears for the United States was that
29:47 communism would spread in Europe and the
29:49 reason why communism would spread in
29:50 Europe was because the economic
29:52 situation was so poor that people would
29:56 elect communist repres representatives
29:58 and this was somewhat the case during uh
30:00 the Great Depression you know when
30:02 they're bad Economic Times people are
30:04 willing to embrace more radical ideas
30:07 and so for fear we'll say the martiall
30:10 plan for
30:16 fear that
30:22 communism say may
30:24 be they
30:26 voted voted in so this is not a fear of
30:30 communist takeover from the outside this
30:32 is a fear that the ideas of Communism
30:34 will appeal to war torn
30:36 countries the
30:40 US provided and this is what the
30:42 Marshall Plan
30:43 is uh what is it $13
30:54 billion for
30:56 European
31:00 the
31:05 reconstruction after World War
31:08 II so essentially the best way to
31:11 prevent communism is to just dump a
31:13 bunch of money on war torn Europe and
31:17 the Marshall Plan ends up being a very
31:19 successful plan you know those Nations
31:21 that get um United States Aid uh they
31:25 end up rebuilding their economies rather
31:27 quickly I think you know some textbook
31:30 call it the economic Miracle the
31:31 rebuilding from 1945 to 1950 and strong
31:35 stable capitalist economies end up being
31:38 a pretty good deterrent against the
31:40 ideas of Communism so not only does
31:43 Europe properly rebuild after the war is
31:45 over but for the countries that received
31:48 martial Aid dollars um you know they
31:51 became allies for the United States for
31:52 a very long time and were not enticed by
31:55 the ideas of of Communism here we have a
31:57 quot qu from General George Marshall for
31:59 who the Marshall Plan is named after
32:01 says quote United States should do
32:03 whatever it is able to do to assist in
32:05 the return of normal economic health to
32:09 the world without which there can be no
32:12 peace so major economic plan economic
32:15 aid rebuild Europe Stave off communism
32:18 uh that was the idea now the Marshall
32:20 Plan interestingly enough was designed
32:23 to go to All European countries however
32:27 the Nations that were under Soviet
32:29 control that had installed Communist
32:32 governments the quote unquote satellite
32:34 States these are the we're going to call
32:37 them the quote unquote independent
32:39 because
32:41 technically these are nations that are
32:46 independent nations of Eastern
32:52 Europe these were the ones that were
32:54 liberated by the Soviet Union so now
32:56 that the war is over their policies and
32:58 governments are going to be dictated by
33:00 the Soviet Union this is the independent
33:02 nations of Eastern Europe
33:06 under
33:08 Soviet
33:12 control with
33:16 Communist
33:20 governments right this is what uh we
33:23 might also describe if we use the uh
33:26 previous term the Iron Curtain Nations
33:30 right when Winston Churchill said that
33:32 an iron curtain had descended over
33:34 Europe he was talking about these
33:36 satellite states which again technically
33:38 they're independent but in reality um
33:40 the Soviet Union really dicks gets to
33:43 dictate what goes on uh as this foreign
33:46 minister from uh I guess at the time
33:49 would have been Czechoslovakia the Czech
33:50 foreign minister said quote we went to
33:52 Moscow Moscow is the capital of the
33:54 Soviet Union we went to Moscow as the
33:57 foreign minister of an independent and
34:00 sovereign state but returned as a Lackey
34:03 of the Soviet government as like a stoe
34:05 or a fool of the Soviet government so
34:07 this foreign minister is very much
34:10 reflecting the idea that um you know
34:12 these nations truly are independent now
34:14 Stalin who was the uh leader of the
34:17 Soviet Union
34:21 again Stalin is the Soviet
34:25 leader Stalin saw the Marshall Plan Aid
34:29 as somewhat of a a trojan horse right he
34:32 didn't trust that the aid was going uh
34:35 to Europe just out of the you know
34:37 Goodwill of the Americans which it
34:38 wasn't it had political motives so what
34:40 he did for the satellite States He
34:42 forced them to reject
34:44 it rejected the Marshall
34:49 Plan and um you know this will create
34:53 and ends up creating a a pretty
34:55 significant divide between the Western
34:58 and Eastern uh European nations as far
35:00 as their economies are concerned not
35:02 just the fact that the West accepted
35:04 Marshall Plan Aid in the East didn't
35:06 that contributes to it but it's the way
35:09 in which the two economies are oriented
35:11 under uh the respective U you know
35:14 superpowers right superpowers now up
35:16 until this point the tension between the
35:20 United States and the Soviet Union has
35:23 has grown more non-cooperative you know
35:26 diplomacy Has Broken down but it hasn't
35:28 turned outright violent and certainly
35:32 considering that World War II just ended
35:34 neither side really wanted conflict
35:37 again but pretty soon uh this uh tension
35:41 that was building up between the Soviets
35:44 and the United States would have the
35:47 potential for violence not that it would
35:48 break out in violence but both sides
35:50 would realize that a war might be
35:52 possible and all of this occurred over
35:55 the city of Berlin now weall that
36:00 Berlin is the German
36:05 capital and the German Capital as a
36:08 result of you know not being able to
36:10 really figure out an agreement was
36:15 divided into four
36:19 zones along with Germany which was
36:21 divided into four zones so it's a little
36:23 bit weird in terms of uh you know how it
36:26 looks but let's uh do our best to uh
36:29 draw Germany here I have no you know no
36:31 idea how Germany is shaped it's shaped
36:32 something like this um but uh the way
36:36 that Germany had been divided after the
36:38 war was that Soviets got a big chunk in
36:40 the East that's where the Red Army had
36:43 invaded and the Americans and the
36:46 British and the French they would divide
36:48 up the rest of Germany so you had you
36:50 know American Zone French Zone and a
36:52 British Zone and then you had a Soviet
36:53 zone the city of Berlin which was the
36:56 capital
36:58 was located in the Soviet zone right but
37:02 this city was also divided into four
37:04 different pieces so uh you had in Berlin
37:08 what we might describe right if this is
37:10 you know all the Soviet zone and we'll
37:12 you put it red for the Soviet Union you
37:15 had this little tiny
37:17 island of Berlin that served somewhat
37:22 like uh you know quote unquote an
37:26 island of
37:31 capitalism in a
37:34 sea of
37:38 Communism all right so is the second I
37:40 mean it looks really small but we're
37:41 talking about like three million people
37:43 of a capital city but this this section
37:45 of American occupied and American
37:47 controlled territory surrounded by uh
37:50 Eastern Germany which eventually became
37:52 uh called and it was this little speck
37:56 uh of Berlin that uh you had a again a
37:59 pretty significant situation unfold
38:02 which almost led the Americans and the
38:04 Soviets into war and we call this the
38:06 Berlin blockade or the Berlin airlift so
38:09 essentially what happened was that the
38:10 Americans the British and the French
38:12 because they all you know represented
38:15 the capitalist Democratic side of the
38:16 Cold War they decided essentially to use
38:19 a uniform currency uh in the western
38:23 part of Germany in some sense combining
38:26 their sections together
38:28 so we might say in
38:33 response do the
38:35 US
38:38 British and
38:41 French we'll call it quote unquote a
38:45 combined
38:49 currency
38:51 Stalin
38:56 blockaded
39:05 I'll say blockaded we'll just say
39:06 American
39:11 Berlin so you can imagine right from
39:14 this again very poorly drawn map here
39:16 that in this you know quote unquote
39:18 island of capitalism there would have
39:20 been roads and trains and all sorts of
39:22 other things leading into the city well
39:24 Stalin effectively blockaded that entire
39:27 section and what Stalin was counting on
39:29 was that the Americans and the British
39:31 would just give up right this this
39:32 section here that it wasn't essentially
39:34 worth fighting over and in some sense he
39:37 was right because the Americans were not
39:39 interested in fighting over it right
39:41 this wasn't reason enough to call uh you
39:44 know to to declare World War II but the
39:48 Americans were also not willing just to
39:50 stand by and do nothing and that was
39:52 rather than let the people in Western
39:54 Berlin be starved out of you know food
39:57 and resources and other things the
40:00 Americans the British and the French and
40:01 other allies would airlift supplies to
40:04 the people of Western Berlin effectively
40:07 making the blockade uh um uh obsolete
40:10 right effectively making it so that it
40:12 had no effect so the Berlin blockade
40:14 Stalin's blockading of Western Berlin
40:17 was responded with the Berlin airlift
40:20 this is the US
40:24 response to the blockade
40:31 it
40:32 lasted and and and to you know clear it
40:35 up it's uh blockade we'll just say uh
40:41 airlifted
40:45 supplies to West
40:52 Berlin for 11 months this went on and
40:57 again you can imagine you know things
40:58 had gotten pretty tense because yes uh
41:01 you know the Soviets were counting on
41:03 the fact that the United States was not
41:04 willing to wage war over a blockade but
41:08 you know when Nations start blockading
41:09 each other there you know there have
41:12 been lesser offenses that have led to
41:14 war between two Nations and when the
41:17 Americans started airlifting supplies
41:18 into Berlin you know it might have just
41:21 taken one Rogue Soviet officer to start
41:24 shooting at American airplanes that
41:26 could have caused World War too so a
41:28 very tense situation It ultimately did
41:31 not lead to a direct War but it led to a
41:34 sense that a war could be possible right
41:36 maybe in the future um eventually though
41:39 as Americans continued to airlift in
41:41 supplies and showed no uh willing this
41:43 to uh to back down or to stop the
41:46 Soviets or
41:48 Stalin removed the
41:51 blockade and this was considered a
41:55 tremendous American you know Victory I
41:58 mean at least in terms of just the
42:00 Optics of it that the th was forced to
42:03 relent and the United States would
42:05 retain control of Western Berlin for the
42:08 duration of uh of the Cold War
42:10 eventually they would
42:12 build a wall oops eventually they would
42:16 build a wall around this island here and
42:20 that wall that they built around that
42:21 that was that would be known as the
42:24 Berlin
42:25 wall and uh what result Ed from this and
42:28 you know if this wasn't already clear
42:29 from before was that this temporary
42:31 division in Berlin and this temporary
42:33 division of Germany became permanent so
42:36 uh Germany became divided the western
42:39 part of
42:40 Germany so essentially the British the
42:43 Americans and
42:45 um uh the French all
42:48 combined their uh section into West
42:54 Germany the Soviets
42:57 Eastern
42:59 Germany and uh that pretty much remained
43:02 the case all the way until 1989 right
43:04 Germany would provided here so uh let's
43:07 just your textbook mentions the actual
43:10 names of these nations so
43:13 let's go ahead and outline them
43:18 so West this was called the
43:25 federal repu of Germany
43:35 the
43:37 East it's called the
43:44 German
43:47 Democratic
43:51 Republic and
43:56 Germany
43:57 was
44:04 permanently be
44:10 divided until 1989 right so this
44:13 temporary division turned permanent and
44:17 uh Germany became uh kind of a Berlin
44:20 especially right Berlin became a a
44:23 microcosm of the Cold War East West
44:26 divide literally a wall eventually being
44:28 built between the two sides and um when
44:31 we say that the Cold War ended in 1989
44:33 it's actually because the Berlin Wall is
44:35 destroyed and and you know because the
44:37 Wall came to symbolize the Cold War its
44:39 destruction symbolized the uh but you
44:42 can see the American British and
44:45 Canadian effort to airlift all the
44:47 supplies um you know I believe that like
44:50 uh an airplane landed every 90 seconds
44:54 or something like that so um it was um
44:58 you know a very big um project that was
45:01 undertaken by the United States to
45:03 preserve Western Berlin on the side of
45:06 um capitalism and democracy now in
45:09 response to the Berlin blockade and the
45:11 Berlin airlift this increased tension
45:13 this sort of ramping up of potential
45:15 outbreak for War uh left both sides
45:18 seeking military alliances and that's
45:20 exactly what they did in 1949 the United
45:24 States and Allied Nations created the
45:25 military Alliance known as NATO the
45:28 North Atlantic Treaty Organization this
45:30 was a military
45:37 Alliance uh milit
45:43 Alliance of the
45:49 Us and
45:54 other capitalist democracies
46:00 and in response the Soviet Union formed
46:02 the Warsaw pack was the same thing the
46:06 military
46:10 Alliance of the Soviets anything but the
46:14 opposite
46:16 side and
46:20 other
46:25 communists and uh NATO North Atlantic
46:28 Treaty Organization this was you know
46:30 primarily a defensive um agreement and
46:35 the idea was and this was the
46:38 slogan an
46:41 attack on
46:43 one an
46:46 attack on
46:47 all and so the United States was
46:50 committing itself to the defense of
46:51 other nations which traditionally and
46:54 historically the United States really
46:56 hadn't done that you know the US had
46:58 been part of wars and conflicts but they
47:00 had always joined those conflicts more
47:02 or less on their own terms but now the
47:05 United States is committing itself to
47:06 the defense of other capitalist
47:08 democracies and kind of in the same way
47:12 that World War I um you know the one of
47:15 the contributing factors to that war was
47:17 the alliance Network we have a little
47:20 bit of a recreation of an alliance
47:22 Network and so it means that potentially
47:25 right potentially a smaller conflict
47:28 might boil over into much bigger bigger
47:31 conflict right and so U you know in some
47:33 sense we might assess that the world is
47:36 maybe uh maybe more dangerous now for
47:38 the most part the United States was
47:41 primarily concerned about communism in
47:44 Europe right you know the episode over
47:46 Berlin the example when it came to the
47:49 Marshall Plan um you know the Soviet
47:52 Union in a sense was in Europe or at
47:55 least Soviet soldiers were in Europe but
47:58 in 1949 the United States would
48:01 realize uh that the cold war is actually
48:03 much more Global than what they
48:04 anticipated and their attention is going
48:06 to be ripped away from Europe to the
48:08 rest of the world specifically in Asia
48:11 because in 1949 a very important
48:12 development takes place and that is the
48:14 founding of the People's Republic of
48:17 China this is uh we'll say the
48:24 communist regime
48:29 in
48:31 China and it came to
48:38 Power by
48:44 defeating uh Chen Kai
48:47 Shack you remember from last
48:52 section
48:55 and and and
48:57 the
49:01 Chinese
49:08 nationalists in the Chinese Civil
49:14 War and this was a big blow to the
49:18 United States you know if the United
49:20 States policy is to contain Communism
49:23 then allowing communism to take over the
49:25 biggest country in the world world has
49:27 got to be you know about as as big of a
49:30 failure as one could uh as one could
49:32 imagine and you know the United States
49:35 really felt like it's uh you know it
49:37 failed in this it wasn't paying enough
49:39 attention to Asia it was too focused on
49:42 Europe too focused on Berlin and while
49:44 the Americans were too focused there Mao
49:46 zong who is the
49:48 leader the leader of the Chinese
49:55 communists
50:01 uh managed to take control of the
50:03 country uh Chen Kai and the nationalists
50:05 who were you know they were seen as uh
50:09 you know the side that the United States
50:11 had supported they were forced to
50:14 evacuate to the island of Taiwan and
50:18 when the peoples of Republic of China
50:20 when you know when they came to power
50:21 the US
50:24 refused to recognize
50:27 China as the uh as the legitimate
50:30 government but it became clear now that
50:32 with Chinese success or with MAO success
50:35 and the Communist Party taking over in
50:37 China that Joseph Stalin you know the
50:39 major adversary of the Cold War now had
50:43 a very important Ally in Mao Zong and um
50:47 you know and communist China so what was
50:49 the United States response to this well
50:52 the response was that you know we here
50:53 in the United States we dropped the ball
50:56 we should have been more Vigilant in
50:58 preventing communism around the world
51:00 and we need to escalate our involvement
51:04 and expand our involvement around the
51:06 world now this was already you know we
51:09 might say that this idea was already
51:10 implicit in the Truman Doctrine when
51:12 Truman said that there are free and
51:14 subjugated people and wherever there are
51:15 free people fighting subjugation we're
51:17 going to help you but this was made even
51:19 more clear with a uh a National Defense
51:22 memo known as NSC 68 this is a
51:29 national National Defense
51:38 memo uh in
51:43 response to communist
51:50 China and essentially it said that the
51:53 United States was going to be more
51:54 aggressive in pursu
51:57 um you know anti-communist efforts uh
51:59 around the world we just say uh
52:07 increased uh we'll say us say
52:10 [Music]
52:12 militarism and
52:19 commitment uh increase us militarism and
52:22 commitment to fighting
52:24 [Music]
52:25 communism
52:32 globally so after um you know after that
52:35 you find that the United States is much
52:37 more involved in places like Asia and
52:39 it's fact partially because of the
52:42 success of Communists in China that we
52:44 have essentially the first quote unquote
52:47 Hot War of uh of the Cold War and that
52:49 is the Korean War which started in 1950
52:52 ended in 1953 and is sometimes referred
52:55 to as the forgotten War so you might say
52:58 about the Korean War this is the
53:01 first quote unquote Hot
53:04 War meaning that um this is a war that
53:09 would have actual fighting and bombing
53:11 and killing and all the other things
53:12 that we associate with war but it's a
53:15 war that is like pretty much all other
53:17 wars during the Cold War and it's not
53:19 direct so it's not directly between the
53:21 United States and the and the Soviets
53:23 but we'll see that the Soviets and the
53:25 Americans they're able to fight each
53:27 other indirectly right this is a proxy
53:30 war so there's a couple of things that
53:32 are going on in uh in Korea So
53:35 Korea as a country had been a Japanese
53:40 colony and had been a colony in fact
53:43 even prior to World War II but when the
53:45 Japanese were defeated the question was
53:47 well what's going to happen with Korea
53:49 because Japan can't hold on to it
53:50 anymore right they lost the war and so
53:53 what ends up happening is that it ends
53:55 up being divided by by the powers right
53:57 the superpowers the Americans and uh and
54:00 the Soviets the northern part of
54:03 Korea is controlled by the Soviets and
54:07 the southern part of Korea ends up being
54:10 controlled by the Americans so somewhat
54:13 of a similar circumstance that happened
54:15 in Germany but now here happening on the
54:17 other side of the world now in some
54:21 sense both North and South sought a
54:25 United Country
54:27 and so there is uh you know when we look
54:29 at these various proxy wars there's
54:31 layers to it right there's there's a lot
54:33 of different layers when it comes to
54:35 motivations and reasons and the case of
54:38 Korea is uh is the same so there were
54:41 Korean nationalists that wanted um you
54:43 know to unify the Korean Peninsula but
54:46 then you had this you know Cold War
54:48 layer on top of it between communism and
54:51 uh and capitalism so calls for unified
54:54 Korea calls for unified you know
54:57 communist or capitalist Korea eventually
54:59 resulted in North
55:04 Korea
55:08 invasion of South
55:14 Korea in 1950 right and this started the
55:17 crean
55:22 war so initially this is a war that
55:25 involves North Korea versus South Korea
55:28 I mean in some sense it's just Korea um
55:31 you know this division between North and
55:32 South didn't exist uh when it was a a
55:35 Japanese Colony or not in the same way
55:37 that it did after World War II now the
55:40 United States is worried that by the
55:42 north invading the South which they are
55:44 having military success they are
55:46 emboldened by the communist in China the
55:49 the Communist in China were successful
55:50 in their War so they think they can be
55:52 successful in their War however the
55:54 United States uses a new international
55:57 tool to um further their own goals and
56:01 that is the United Nations and this is
56:03 maybe a you might say a clever use of
56:07 the UN by the United States because
56:10 recall that the United Nations as an
56:12 organization this is a you know a a
56:15 we'll say a
56:21 international
56:25 government
56:28 to maintain peace you know this was
56:31 created following World War II as the
56:34 successor to the League of Nations
56:36 because the League of Nations failed to
56:38 prevent World War II the United Nations
56:41 was created so that another War wouldn't
56:43 break out well the United States goes to
56:47 the United Nations and says look North
56:49 Korea's
56:51 invasion of South Korea uh how is this
56:55 any different different than Hitler's
56:58 invasion of Poland how is this different
56:59 than Japan's invasion of China and so
57:02 the United Nations successfully gets the
57:04 United Nations to intervene again their
57:06 goal is to maintain peace but they see
57:10 um North Korea's Invasion as a threat to
57:13 World Peace the United States sees this
57:16 as a way to further their policy of
57:18 containment right to prevent communism
57:20 from spreading to uh you know to South
57:22 uh South Korea so we might say that the
57:25 UN
57:29 forces
57:31 led by US
57:37 general Douglas
57:39 MacArthur about Arthur down
57:48 here
57:54 oops uh Douglas MTH arur
58:02 intervene on the
58:04 [Music]
58:08 side of South
58:10 Korea so technically right technically
58:14 the Korean war is not an American war
58:16 right it's a un intervention the reality
58:19 is is that again this un intervention
58:22 was very much to the great benefit of
58:25 the United States and um most of those
58:28 who were fighting including the person
58:30 in charge of it all were either American
58:34 or Korean right to to put it frankly um
58:37 Douglas MacArthur has a lot of success
58:40 with the UN intervention and soon South
58:42 Korea is now pushing back North Korea in
58:46 fact so much so that not only do they
58:49 contain the Communist threat right they
58:51 reestablished the border between North
58:53 and South but MacArthur and and uh UN
58:57 forces end up pushing so far north that
59:00 they begin encroaching on the Chinese
59:03 border which provokes China to enter
59:06 into the conflict so we might say uh
59:14 MacArthur's
59:20 advancement
59:25 provokes
59:27 Chinese
59:32 entry into the
59:35 war right into the war so uh you know
59:39 once again we have North
59:42 Korea and South
59:45 Korea and that's how initially the war
59:48 started but you know the
59:50 US joins in on one
59:52 side
59:54 China join in on the another and you
59:58 know by the time the war is unfolding
60:00 it's much much bigger and of course in
60:03 the background you know the Soviets are
60:06 sending their port uh support to the
60:08 other side so us and Chinese troops do
60:11 fight directly in this conflict but
60:12 again there's no direct conflict between
60:14 the United States and the and the Soviet
60:16 so again this is what we mean by proxy
60:18 war fighting indirectly now during the
60:21 course of the war there's a big
60:22 disagreement on the American side
60:24 exactly how to conduct this and this is
60:26 between the sitting US president Harry
60:28 Truman and the war hero uh Douglas
60:31 MacArthur uh MacArthur
60:35 was you know he was probably one of the
60:37 most popular figures in the United
60:39 States at the time uh war hero say
60:44 because his
60:47 um
60:52 leadership in defeating Japan you know I
60:54 don't think
60:56 I don't know I don't know if the last
60:58 chapter actually mentioned MacArthur by
61:00 name but you know he was the General
61:02 that led American forces over Japan the
61:05 island hopping strategy and you know
61:07 Americans you know seeing Japan as you
61:10 know the the bigger threat or or you
61:12 know the because of Pearl Harbor the
61:15 main adversary in World War II uh there
61:17 was probably nobody more popular than
61:19 MacArthur in uh in the United States
61:21 Truman was not a very popular president
61:24 at this time in fact and so
61:26 this um you know this rivalry between
61:28 Truman and MacArthur ended up boiling
61:31 over into the American public and turned
61:33 out to be a pretty a pretty big
61:36 controversy so what was the disagreement
61:39 all about between Macarthur this you
61:41 know beloved effective famous General
61:45 and Truman who was you know former vice
61:48 president not um you know not very
61:50 popular at the time well
61:54 MacArthur
61:59 wanted
62:03 essentially to expand the
62:11 war and use nuclear
62:21 weapons Truman
62:23 refused Truman wanted a much uh limited
62:27 War so for example MacArthur wanted to
62:30 invade China uh Truman said no MacArthur
62:34 wanted nuclear weapons Truman said no
62:36 MacArthur then went public and
62:39 criticized Truman and um you know that
62:42 was you know one step too far so what
62:46 eventually resulted from this conflict
62:48 was that
62:49 Truman
62:51 fired MacArthur from his
62:54 position
62:57 and um you know by that point most of
63:00 the fighting uh in the Korean War had uh
63:03 had subsided you know the early years
63:05 1950 were was some of the
63:08 um most intense fighting and the two
63:11 sides eventually agreed to an Armistice
63:13 this was in
63:15 1953 and the Armistice more or less uh
63:18 left we'll just say an ENT
63:24 fighting
63:34 left
63:36 Korea
63:41 permanently
63:43 provided uh to
63:46 um what it remains today uh the north
63:49 remains a communist state the South
63:51 remains a capitalist State one of the
63:53 reasons why the Armistice was signed or
63:56 you know just a kind of important note
63:59 here that Joseph Stalin died in
64:03 1953 and uh you know when Stalin died in
64:05 53 there was some sort of ambiguity or
64:08 question about what the you know future
64:10 of the Soviet Union would be at the time
64:11 and his death allowed for an Armistice
64:14 to um you know to be signed and so when
64:17 we think about the long-term
64:19 consequences of the Cold War Korea is
64:22 probably the best example because that's
64:24 a divide that was created from the cold
64:26 war and continues to uh to exist today
64:29 um but that conflict the Korean war that
64:32 is again what we call the uh the
64:34 Forgotten War uh we tend to overlook
64:37 that but in the early 1950s 195 1953 um
64:41 you know there was a war that waged on
64:43 in Korea the conflict of The Cold War
64:46 that is probably much more familiar or
64:49 we might say the conflict that defines
64:51 the Cold War in the United States is the
64:54 conflict in Vietnam
64:56 and in the
64:57 1950s we start to see the beginnings of
65:01 the Vietnam War it's not underway yet
65:03 but we see the origins of it now Vietnam
65:06 has somewhat of a similar story to Korea
65:09 and the way in which um you know the the
65:11 ending of World War II and the cold war
65:13 ends up shaping the future of the
65:15 country so initially Vietnam it's a a
65:18 country in Asia if you're not familiar
65:20 kind of by China um it had started off
65:23 as a French colony so all the way back
65:26 when we talked about
65:31 imperialism um you know we said that the
65:33 United States had created a colony in in
65:35 places like the Philippines well uh the
65:37 French had created a French colony in uh
65:39 in Vietnam during World War II though in
65:42 1940 France was defeated by Germany and
65:46 their defeat meant that they would lose
65:47 their colonies and so Germany Ally
65:52 Japan they took over the colony from 194
65:55 to 1945 so Vietnam went from a French
65:58 Colony then to a Japanese Colony well
66:02 Japan they lost the war and so the
66:05 question was from 1945 onwards what was
66:09 the future of uh of Vietnam going to be
66:13 right and and again Japan has to to give
66:16 it up well one of the leading
66:18 nationalist figures hoi Min hoochi Min
66:21 will call him a
66:24 leading
66:27 nationalists but also as we'll find
66:31 communist
66:33 leader and you know there is some
66:37 question or debate about this you know
66:40 was hoim Min a nationalist was he a
66:43 communist was he both was he one at one
66:45 time one at the other um because uh they
66:48 they could be antithetical in uh in some
66:51 situation but hoim mini is the leading
66:54 nationalist uh leader in
66:59 Vietnam he
67:03 issued the
67:12 Vietnamese
67:16 Declaration of
67:22 Independence uh
67:24 wanting
67:27 a
67:31 free and
67:37 independent
67:40 Vietnam and what's interesting about his
67:43 declaration right the one that he gave
67:46 for Vietnam wishing to be free it was
67:53 similar to the US
67:59 declaration and in fact
68:04 both us and
68:18 hoien
68:21 B
68:24 Japan in World War II so this is one of
68:27 the more interesting aspects or
68:29 interesting features about the Vietnam
68:31 war is that there was a time between
68:33 1940 and
68:34 1945 that the United States and hoi Min
68:38 had a common enemy right hoi Min wanting
68:41 Vietnam to be free from outside rule
68:43 this time it's the the Japanese the
68:44 United States also fighting against the
68:45 Japanese so he had modeled a declaration
68:48 of independence that was somewhat
68:49 similar to um the American Declaration
68:52 of Independence and I think hoochi Min
68:54 really hoped that America would support
68:57 the idea of an independent Vietnam well
69:00 hoien and others in the Vietnam the
69:02 Vietnam this is just the we'll call this
69:03 the uh
69:09 Vietnamese
69:14 nationalist
69:17 organization the hoi men is the
69:20 Nationalist leader the Viet men are the
69:23 Nationalist organization unfortunately
69:25 for hoien and the Vietnamese this uh
69:28 appeal for Independence and this idea of
69:31 trying to maybe persuade the Americans
69:33 to support Independence um this did not
69:36 come to fruition because in fact the
69:39 French who had controlled the colony
69:41 prior to Japanese Occupation they wanted
69:44 to reconquer Vietnam the
69:49 France
69:53 tempted to
69:58 reconquer Vietnam and you know they had
70:01 their
70:02 regions um why after World War
70:07 II so even though hoim Min might have
70:10 been appealing to the United States
70:12 France was a much much more important
70:16 Ally in this conflict and so essentially
70:19 a conflict emerged where on one side
70:22 there was the
70:24 vietman right again people like hoochi
70:26 Min who wanted Vietnam to be
70:30 independent and there was the French who
70:32 were trying to reconquer well because
70:34 France was such a good Ally and such a
70:36 strong and important Ally in uh Europe
70:39 the United States decided to give their
70:41 support to France well knowing what we
70:44 know about proxy wars in the Cold War if
70:47 one side is getting support from France
70:50 the other side's going to get support
70:52 from the Soviet Union and that's exactly
70:54 what happened and so this little
70:57 component of this conflict the American
71:01 assistance to French uh French
71:03 reconquest of Vietnam this is the
71:05 origins or the roots of the Vietnam War
71:09 right so we might just say
71:11 the
71:14 origins of the Vietnam
71:18 War not yet right Americans aren't
71:21 directly involved yet but um in some
71:24 sense we're you know dipping our toes in
71:26 the water of what will be a a future
71:29 conflict um now unfortunately for France
71:32 so this lasts from 1946 to
71:35 1954 their reconquest is thwarted by the
71:38 Vietnamese at dbn Fu this is a
71:45 battle French
71:52 lose
71:54 forcing
71:57 their
72:01 withdrawal so effectively France is no
72:03 longer in the conflict and so on the
72:06 side supporting capitalism and democracy
72:08 you know the United States uh kind of
72:11 gets stuck with the bill in uh in some
72:13 sense and so what this means is that you
72:16 know
72:17 once the French
72:19 withdraw well what's going to be the
72:21 future of uh of Vietnam section three
72:25 the arms buildup Space Race and
72:27 technological advancement as far as the
72:30 cold war is concerned technology
72:32 actually played quite a big role um most
72:37 clearly uh on the military front know
72:40 weapons technology would turn out to be
72:42 very important but as we'll see there
72:44 are other ways in which technology could
72:45 be used to further the interests of both
72:48 the Americans and the Soviets that
72:49 weren't maybe necessarily related to
72:53 like weapons or or military
72:55 um because technology was important and
72:57 because you know information was
72:59 important both the Soviets and the
73:01 Americans engaged in Espionage that is
73:03 to say that
73:05 US and Soviet
73:12 Union use
73:16 spies to
73:20 obtain
73:24 information
73:25 and
73:28 technology and very early on during the
73:31 Cold War there was no technology perhaps
73:34 more important than the atomic bomb that
73:36 was held by the United States now
73:39 unfortunately for the US and fortunately
73:41 for the Soviet Union in
73:43 1949 the
73:46 Soviets
73:52 successfully tested
73:57 and atomic
73:59 bomb and you know this was something
74:02 that the Americans had enjoyed ever
74:04 since the ending of World War II you
74:06 know the United States could rely that
74:08 we had the atomic bomb nobody else did
74:11 so in that sense we didn't have to rely
74:13 on anyone else or we didn't really need
74:15 cooperation when the Soviets tested
74:17 their own weapon that was uh a serious
74:19 wakeup call as far as the United States
74:21 is concerned and if you combine this
74:23 with what happened in China in 1949 when
74:26 Ma Zong and the Communist successfully
74:28 took over 1949 ends up not being a Very
74:31 Good Year in fact uh you know up until
74:33 1949 the United States had a lot of
74:36 success a lot of success with the
74:38 Marshall Plan a lot of success with the
74:40 uh Berlin blockade and Berlin airlift
74:42 but um 1949 is when the Soviets in a lot
74:46 of ways uh you know strike back and so
74:49 as soon as the Soviets um you know
74:51 successfully tested their own weapon
74:53 then was really on the United States to
74:55 develop an even bigger weapon and this
74:57 is where weapon technology and you know
74:59 the types of bombs created by both the
75:01 Soviets and the Americans just become
75:03 bigger and bigger and bigger and bigger
75:06 um we refer to this as the arms race or
75:09 the nuclear arms race and you know this
75:12 is we might say the
75:18 competition
75:22 between US and Soviet
75:29 Union to
75:34 develop more
75:38 weapons and bigger
75:43 weapons and those
75:45 technological advancements came um
75:50 scientists figured out how to make a
75:52 bigger bomb uh called a hyd ydrogen
75:55 weapon or hydrogen bomb a
75:58 hydrogen and the United States developed
76:01 one in
76:02 1952 and the Soviet Union developed one
76:06 in 1953 so as far as Weapons technology
76:09 was concerned seemed as if the Soviet
76:11 Union was uh catching up very quickly
76:14 and this arms race was not just in terms
76:17 of the size of the weapon or how big the
76:20 bomb was it was also in terms of which
76:23 side had more weapons so you know for
76:27 example uh you know it was the case that
76:30 if the United States possessed 10 Atomic
76:32 weapons then the goal for the Soviet
76:34 Union would be to build 20 and then
76:37 because the Soviets had 20 well now the
76:39 United States needed more so they needed
76:41 40 well you end up having this arms race
76:45 where each side continues to build up
76:48 more and more and more weapons and you
76:51 essentially get to a point where both
76:54 SIDS have the capacity to do incredible
76:57 damage uh you know if a war were to uh
76:59 were to break out now the arms race or
77:03 you know the the buildup of the military
77:05 that really characterizes the Cold War a
77:07 lot of it happened under the presidency
77:09 of Dwight D Eisenhower he serves from
77:12 1952 to
77:14 1960 and we'll say
77:20 president uh
77:23 during the arms
77:26 race um Dwight D Eisenhower had been uh
77:30 you know commander of Allied Forces
77:33 during D-Day he was a war hero he was
77:36 responsible for for Allied victory over
77:38 the the Nazis in in Europe so uh
77:41 Eisenhower ends up being a pretty
77:43 well-liked uh president overall U one
77:46 thing about Eisenhower was that he is
77:48 committed to much of the same policies
77:52 that preceded him with with Truman so we
77:55 might just say
77:58 committed to earlier policies like
78:04 containment and the Truman
78:08 Doctrine um he does put his own uh
78:11 signature we might say on Cold War
78:14 policy it's typically Eisenhower that we
78:16 associate the most with massive
78:19 retaliation this is we'll call it
78:23 Eisenhower's
78:27 policy and it certainly reflects uh the
78:31 you know the buildup going on between
78:33 the US in terms of their weapons and
78:36 this policy more or less dided that a
78:38 Soviet
78:44 attack on the
78:50 US would be
78:53 met
78:57 with quote unquote massive
79:00 retal this was a a
79:04 warning to the Soviets um that the
79:07 United States was prepared to unleash in
79:09 its its entire Arsenal if it came to uh
79:13 you know if it came to a conflict um
79:15 this pattern of continuously building up
79:18 more and more and more and more weapons
79:21 between you know both sides um we
79:25 eventually reached the point between the
79:26 Americans and the Soviets where mutually
79:28 assured destruction or mad was reached
79:32 we might say about mutually assured
79:33 destruction that the arms
79:38 race
79:43 created there so
79:45 [Music]
79:48 many
79:51 weapons that any War
80:01 between US and Soviet
80:09 Union would
80:14 result in mutual
80:22 destruction and uh that became became a
80:25 very scary reality for a lot of the Cold
80:28 War that both the Americans and the
80:30 Soviets had built up such an Arsenal in
80:32 terms of weapons that if a war were to
80:34 break out neither side would be able to
80:37 uh to survive interestingly enough
80:39 mutually assured destruction did in some
80:41 way serve somewhat as a
80:44 deterrent right you could probably make
80:45 an argument about whether mutually
80:47 assured destruction made the world a
80:49 safer or more dangerous place because uh
80:52 now when when both sides had the
80:53 capacity to to um you know assure the
80:56 destruction of the other it might make
80:58 them think twice about starting a war or
81:01 would uh would make war such a uh such a
81:05 a costly uh uh Enterprise that it might
81:09 deter either side from from that and
81:11 might make them forc to like see more
81:13 peaceful uh options um this was only
81:17 made even uh more real by newer
81:21 Technologies to deliver weapons now back
81:24 at the ending of World War II um the
81:27 atomic bombs that were used in Japan
81:29 those were delivered by airplanes uh
81:32 things like hydrogen bombs are way
81:33 bigger than what was used uh in Japan so
81:36 the technology really has has uh taken
81:39 off but what also changed was the way to
81:41 deliver these weapons and both the
81:43 Soviets and the Americans de developed
81:45 what were known as ICBM as this stood
81:47 for
81:49 inter
81:53 Continental
81:56 ballistic
82:00 missiles and these could
82:06 deliver say
82:13 nuclear weapons
82:16 over long
82:21 distances um so you wouldn't need to
82:23 have a command airplane to drop a bomb
82:27 like they did in Japan you could just
82:28 shoot a missile that missile could be
82:30 armed or or you know could be armed with
82:32 a nuclear weapon and it could go more or
82:34 less across the world um some of this
82:36 technology was we'll say h
82:42 technology was
82:47 aided by Nazi
82:52 scientists um the Nazis had been
82:54 developing rocket technology during the
82:55 end of World War II they had um shot
82:58 some over to Great Britain and so some
83:00 of the information that was used by Nazi
83:02 scientists was uh eventually
83:04 Incorporated in in the United States uh
83:06 to further develop this uh this
83:08 technology but outside of advancements
83:12 to military technology maybe one of the
83:14 more distinctive features of the Cold
83:18 War is the space race and the Space Race
83:22 becomes in some ways kind of it own mini
83:25 little Battleground as far as the cold
83:28 war is uh is concerned so recall in
83:31 terms of the overall objective we use
83:34 this quote before the hearts and
83:38 Minds because at the end of the day the
83:41 cold war is about ideology and that is
83:45 who can do a better job of convincing
83:47 the world that their system is superior
83:51 and one thing that the Space Race could
83:54 do was that um it was in some sense a uh
84:04 technological
84:10 competition uh to
84:13 see
84:15 which
84:20 ideology was
84:23 Superior
84:25 you know if the Soviets could make
84:28 tremendous advancements in space
84:30 technology you know if they were the
84:32 ones who could build a world that looked
84:34 like the Jetson then people around the
84:36 world would say yeah you know the
84:37 Soviets have the right model and if the
84:39 Americans could do it then people would
84:41 be convinced that yeah maybe capitalism
84:43 and democracy that that is the right
84:44 model so this competition over space uh
84:49 was used in a way to try and convince
84:52 the rest of the world that one system
84:54 had a better uh uh one side or one
84:56 country had a better system than the
84:58 than the other um T typically we point
85:00 to the launching of sputnic one as the
85:04 beginning of the Space Race this is the
85:07 first
85:10 satellite launched into
85:15 space into
85:19 space and this was launched by the
85:22 Soviet
85:23 Union
85:25 uh at the time when Sputnik was launched
85:27 it really scared Americans because there
85:30 was a feeling that we here in the United
85:32 States were getting left behind and the
85:34 Soviets were advancing so much in terms
85:35 of their technology they had launched
85:37 this satellite into space a lot of
85:39 people were even afraid that that might
85:41 might be something like a weapon even uh
85:43 but in response the United States began
85:45 to pour a lot of resources and a lot of
85:47 time into their own space technology to
85:49 show the world that essentially we could
85:52 beat the Soviets as far as space
85:53 exploration was concerned um in response
85:56 the United States founded NASA the
86:02 National
86:08 Aeronautics and
86:11 Space
86:17 Administration and you know the
86:20 goal was to
86:23 beat
86:28 Soviet technology
86:30 specifically in space right in
86:34 space so with that both you know the
86:36 Americans they eventually lost launched
86:38 their own satellite into uh into space
86:42 but you know the Soviets uh you know
86:44 they were you know really some of the
86:46 early Victors uh in in the face R uh in
86:48 the Space Race uh the
86:53 Soviets hit the moon
86:55 first right so they got the first
86:57 satellite uh they hit the moon they
87:00 launched the
87:03 first dog in
87:07 space first person in
87:13 space and so that provoked the US which
87:17 you know had lost couple of these things
87:20 but was very quickly on the heels of the
87:23 Soviets as far as technology goes so uh
87:26 Yuri gagaran he was the he was a what
87:29 they called a cosmonaut Soviet astronaut
87:32 uh this was the
87:35 first man in
87:39 space and he was from the Soviet
87:44 Union three weeks later Alan Shepard
87:47 came the first
87:51 American in
87:53 space
87:55 um this prompted at the time in
88:00 1960 president
88:07 kenned
88:12 promised the
88:14 first man on the
88:17 moon so for you know the
88:21 1950s typically we would say that the
88:24 Space Race Was Won by the Soviets in the
88:27 50s right they had had all these
88:29 achievements but uh President Kennedy
88:31 when he was elected in 1960 he made it a
88:33 goal that uh we the United States we
88:35 would eventually win the Space Race by
88:38 promising to land a man on the Moon by
88:40 the time the decade was over section
88:42 four the Cold War Red Scare mcarthism
88:45 and liberal anti-communism so this
88:48 section focuses a little bit more on
88:51 what the impact of the Cold War was at
88:53 home
88:54 and what we find is that Americans were
88:57 very concerned uh afraid even of the
89:01 threat that the Soviet Union posed and
89:04 often times we might even say that the
89:06 Cold War sent Americans into a panic we
89:09 we use this term Red Scare to describe
89:13 we'll call this
89:18 American
89:21 fears of communism
89:27 uh
89:29 during the 1950s and the 1950s even
89:32 though the Cold War lasts all the way
89:34 until 1989 typically the 1950s are the
89:37 the height of the Red Scare now
89:40 sometimes you might also see this appear
89:42 as the second Red Scare because there
89:44 was actually a an earlier Red Scare and
89:47 if you're curious
89:49 red that is the color of the Soviet
89:55 flag so sometimes you might even just
89:58 use the term red as a Fillin for
90:01 Communists um but there's actually an
90:04 earlier uh Red Scare the first one and
90:08 this one was in the
90:10 1920s
90:13 after World War I and that was when the
90:17 Soviet Union first came to power so
90:20 sometimes you do see this Red Scare
90:22 differentiated between this one
90:24 I think your textbook tries to
90:26 differentiate the two by calling this
90:27 the Cold War Red Scare uh so that way we
90:30 know we're talking about the one taking
90:31 place in the 1950s and there is no
90:35 single person that best represents the
90:37 Red Scare than Joseph McCarthy Joseph
90:39 McCarthy is the
90:42 personification of the Red Scare and
90:44 we'll say about Joseph McCarthy who is a
90:49 senator from
90:52 Wisconsin
90:55 and he
90:58 took
91:04 advantage of the
91:11 fears of
91:14 Communism he very famously
91:19 claimed to
91:22 have
91:24 a list of
91:28 oops list of
91:34 2005 communist
91:39 spies Communists in the US
91:43 government and when he came out with
91:45 this accusation saying look I have a
91:47 list of 205 Communists that are actively
91:50 sabotaging the country um he was never
91:53 able to to substantiate those claims he
91:55 never actually provided the evidence but
91:56 Americans were so afraid that they
92:00 essentially went along with it and
92:02 Joseph McCarthy managed to build a
92:04 career off of this um other ways in
92:07 which the United States sought to root
92:09 out any sort of communist influence at
92:11 home was through organizations such as
92:13 hak Hua uh HUAC this sounds for the
92:19 house an
92:22 American
92:28 activities activities or activity
92:31 Activities
92:34 Committee and what's interesting is that
92:36 the H Act was actually established
92:39 during World War II where unamerican
92:42 activities in World War II would have
92:44 been associated with Japan and Germany
92:47 but it lasted into the Cold War era and
92:49 became a major mechanism for
92:52 investigating communist ISM at home
92:55 we'll just say about it
92:58 held
93:03 hearings
93:05 about
93:09 communism at
93:11 home and there were several other laws
93:14 that were passed in order to deal with
93:17 potentially the threat of Communism at
93:19 home one good example is the McCaron act
93:22 which required
93:27 uh communist
93:38 organizations to register with the
93:50 government you know there were a lot
93:52 more things like you know loyalty
93:57 Oaths um you know there were you know
94:00 Americans were clearly shaken uh and
94:02 affected by the uh by the Cold War um
94:06 sometimes the Cold War and the Red Scare
94:08 get compared to something like a Witch
94:11 Hunt the idea is that sort of a frenzy
94:15 is whipped up that the potential
94:18 Boogeyman out there is not really there
94:21 but one you know yes it's true American
94:23 did get definitely a little bit out of
94:25 hand with uh you know the accusations of
94:27 people being communists and whatnot
94:28 certainly but one thing to keep in mind
94:30 is that you know with the Soviet Union
94:33 and the United States um they were
94:36 dealing with potentially very
94:38 destructive Weaponry in something like
94:40 Atomic we um that the Soviets and the
94:43 Americans did actually spy on one
94:45 another so in in some ways yes it was
94:47 like a Witch Hunt looking for something
94:49 that's not there but not quite exactly
94:52 because Espionage did EX
94:54 and nuclear weapons did exist and in
94:56 hindsight we can look backwards and say
94:58 yeah well none of those weapons were
95:00 used so what was everyone so panicked
95:03 about but at that time uh you know they
95:05 didn't entirely know that um an example
95:09 where the Red Scare really had a uh a
95:12 significant out outcome was in the case
95:14 of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg this was a
95:20 couple
95:22 used
95:24 of spying
95:31 oops for the Soviet
95:37 Union and they were eventually found
95:40 guilty of
95:42 it now the husband Julius Rosenberg he
95:46 did have access to information top
95:49 secret information by working with the
95:50 military it's less clear exactly how
95:53 involved his wife was um at the time
95:56 though the evidence wasn't all that
95:58 strong but because the the fear was
96:00 there and the Panic was there it led to
96:03 them being found guilty uh and they were
96:07 both
96:13 executed in
96:16 1953 one of the more high-profile cases
96:19 of Espionage involved that of aler his
96:22 this was the highest
96:26 US government
96:35 official the
96:38 accused of being a Soviet
96:46 spy um essentially you had a another uh
96:50 person who was spying who had defected
96:53 excuse me a Soviet spy who had defected
96:56 to the United States and he named aler
96:59 his as someone who had sold the uh the
97:02 Soviet Union Secrets um but by the time
97:05 that aler hit was brought to to court to
97:09 uh to face his charges the statute of
97:11 limitations had expired so he couldn't
97:13 be charged with certain crimes and
97:15 eventually the only charge that he was
97:18 uh hit with was perjury which is like I
97:20 think just lying or something along
97:21 those lines but um you know he was a
97:24 very high ranking official and the
97:26 accusations against him did seem
97:28 credible so in the cases of Julius and
97:30 Ethel Rosenberg and the cases of aler
97:32 his Americans had specific people to
97:35 point to to say look yes Espionage is
97:37 taking place and maybe just maybe we
97:40 should believe McCarthy when uh you know
97:42 when he makes those various accusations
97:44 now there were other members of Congress
97:47 and other politicians who did take
97:48 advantage of this one was Richard Nixon
97:51 and Richard Nixon before he became vice
97:53 president before he became president he
97:55 really
97:56 built a political
98:02 career say
98:05 going after people like his but more or
98:09 less
98:12 suspected
98:14 Communists at home when he started to
98:18 rise through the ranks as a politician
98:21 Richard Nixon uh did not quite to the
98:23 level of uh McCarthy in terms of maybe
98:27 his accusations but certainly in terms
98:29 of uh popularity so all of this right
98:33 you know everything from the who act to
98:35 the Loyalty o to registering Communists
98:37 with the government the cases of Julius
98:40 and Ethel Rosenberg his etc etc this all
98:43 gave McCarthy much more leverage in his
98:46 accusations and it made it more and more
98:48 difficult for others to challenge him in
98:50 fact McCarthy's accusations and
98:51 McCarthy's actions were so Infamous that
98:54 he gets his own term McCarthyism which
98:57 in some sense McCarthyism we have a a
98:59 definition here but it's in some sense
99:02 it could be you know
99:09 accusations based on little
99:13 to no evidence right it's it's you know
99:17 the practice of just making wild
99:18 accusations about stuff with actually
99:20 without any any evidence to prove it
99:24 and it gets a lot of momentum because
99:26 people are just too afraid to speak out
99:30 I mean if you were to be one to
99:31 challenge McCarthy McCarthy might turn
99:34 towards you and turn the mob towards you
99:36 and say look maybe you're a communist
99:38 and then that would put you on the
99:39 outside looking in uh we have a
99:41 definition of McCarthyism here in
99:43 1950 um in terms of of uh what it meant
99:48 quote the means by which a handful of
99:51 men disguise this Hunters of subversion
99:55 cynically subvert the instruments of
99:57 Justice in order to help their own
99:59 political Fortune so um in was this
100:03 Freda kirwe um I think she would say
100:06 that you know McCarthy knew what he was
100:08 doing right he knew he was lying and was
100:10 doing that politically to advance his
100:13 own political uh political career now
100:16 what was the status of Communism in the
100:19 United States was there a threat um was
100:22 there a lot of support was there a lot
100:24 of sympathy well you could go all the
100:26 way back to you know World War I and
100:29 maybe even before to find some of the
100:31 earlier uh organizations communist
100:33 organizations in the United States the
100:36 cpusa was the Communist
100:41 Party
100:43 USA and it was founded during the first
100:47 redcare in 1921 and so uh communist
100:50 organizations had existed in the United
100:52 States even before the Cold War was
100:54 officially
100:55 underway but cpusa was and this was true
100:59 more or less I would say of of communist
101:02 organizations very limited in terms of
101:05 popularity right limited popularity so
101:09 uh it existed prior to the Cold War but
101:11 only around 80,000 members the textbook
101:14 say uh States in terms of who actually
101:16 belong to it um during the Great
101:19 Depression though communism became a
101:22 little bit more popular you know because
101:24 the perceived failure of capitalism uh
101:27 it made people in the United States you
101:28 know think and and and think more
101:30 favorably of Communism and so during the
101:33 1930s the popular front was formed and
101:36 this was an
101:39 effort to in some ways you know maybe
101:43 blend is not the right word but we'll
101:46 use blend effort to blend
101:50 communism and American values
101:56 um maybe to
101:59 make communism
102:03 mainstream you know to have it be much
102:06 less of a
102:08 radical cringe idea and bring it a
102:12 little bit more into the mainstream and
102:13 again from the 1930s the popular front
102:16 did become uh somewhat successful but it
102:20 did
102:22 collapse
102:23 in 1939 we might just say I'll just put
102:27 popular
102:32 during Great
102:35 Depression so communism as an ideology
102:38 never really you know projected itself
102:42 into mainstream American politics and in
102:44 fact even during the Cold War all sides
102:47 of the political aisle were hostile to
102:50 Communism including those on the liberal
102:52 side and the textbook gives a good
102:54 example here of an organization that was
102:57 what we might describe as a
102:59 anti-communist liberal organization and
103:01 that is Americans for Democratic action
103:03 or Ada this was we'll call a
103:08 liberal maybe even and
103:15 Progressive anti-communism
103:18 anti-communist
103:22 organization so uh one of the things
103:24 that this section uh wants to do or
103:27 wants to uh you know communicate is to
103:30 say that or to make the point that
103:32 anti-communism
103:38 was
103:41 bipartisan and bipartisan or
103:43 partisanship means political party so
103:46 both the
103:48 Republicans and
103:50 Democrats were against uh
103:53 go ahead
103:56 and rewrite
103:59 that
104:03 Republicans and
104:07 Democrats um and so what that meant was
104:09 that if you were accused of being a
104:10 communist there was there really wasn't
104:12 a lot of people out there who were
104:14 willing to sacrifice their reputation to
104:18 uh you know speak on on on your
104:20 behalf um the pursuit of Communists in
104:23 the United States was from the
104:25 Republicans it was from the Democrats it
104:27 was from liberals it was from
104:28 conservatives it was from you know the
104:31 apparatus that was established to fight
104:33 the Cold War like the CIA but it was
104:35 also internal Jay Edgar Hoover who was
104:37 the
104:41 director of the FBI and the FBI is
104:44 generally concerned with crime in the
104:47 United States he directed a lot of his
104:50 effort towards battling communist and so
104:53 we might say director of the FBI uh
104:58 sought to
105:02 battle communism all right so to use the
105:05 FBI to root out any potential uh any
105:08 potential
105:09 influences now of the people who were
105:12 accused or of the institutions that were
105:15 accused of Communism probably the big
105:18 three I would say one was the government
105:21 and of course Joseph McCarthy was very
105:23 vocal about um you know exposing
105:25 communist spies in the government uh
105:27 another one was
105:30 universities in fact a lot of University
105:32 professors were accused of spreading
105:34 communist rhetoric and often times
105:36 universities came under the purview of
105:39 cold Warriors looking to root out
105:40 Communists or even the FBI and
105:42 interestingly enough we might not
105:44 imagine this but also Hollywood the film
105:47 industry because if this is a war for
105:49 the hearts and minds of people around
105:51 the world Hollywood might be the most
105:53 powerful institution because of their
105:55 ability to make movies and TV shows that
105:59 could send messages around the world and
106:01 so of some of the institutions that were
106:03 investigated by organizations like the
106:05 hak the house on American Activities
106:07 Committee um they would bring uh forward
106:11 members of Hollywood including people
106:12 like Walt Disney and Ronald Reagan who
106:15 at the time was an actor but later on
106:17 would become president of the United
106:18 States now when 10 of these individuals
106:22 refuse us to answer the questions that
106:24 were put forward by the hak the most
106:26 famous of them being quote are you now
106:29 or have you ever been a member of the
106:32 Communist party which was typical for a
106:34 hak investigation when 10 of these
106:36 individuals said I'm not going to tell
106:38 you because I have the right to uh uh I
106:41 have the right against
106:43 self-incrimination I don't have to say
106:44 it it's my uh my right as American
106:46 citizen they were blacklisted these 10
106:49 people became known as the Hollywood 10
106:51 so these were 10 people
106:56 we'll say who
106:59 invoked their American
107:09 rights when
107:16 questioned about being
107:19 communist and these hearings of
107:21 Hollywood actors
107:24 um they were very popular I mean just
107:27 think about any celebrity trial right
107:28 people wanted to see celebrities being
107:30 questioned and so became almost an
107:32 entire spectacle within within itself
107:35 but when these 10 people said look
107:37 that's none of your business essentially
107:39 um they were what we call
107:41 blacklisted and whether or not you were
107:44 somebody in the government or somebody
107:46 in a university or somebody in Hollywood
107:48 if you got accused of Communism that
107:51 could ruin your career and black it just
107:53 means that nobody was willing to hire
107:55 you because they didn't want to uh they
107:56 didn't potentially want to run the risk
107:59 of being labeled uh communist or or
108:03 anti-American now the anti-communist
108:06 frenzy did reach a pinnacle um but not
108:11 before um you know altering I would say
108:14 American culture in in a pretty
108:15 significant way um and one way that the
108:18 Red Scare had its influence was the way
108:21 in which it tied in with religion uh
108:24 very much the way in which Americans
108:27 viewed uh communism capitalism and
108:29 religion was that you know the
108:32 Soviets they were considered atheists
108:36 right or you know as it says Godless
108:39 that communism was Godless and in some
108:43 sense in order for the United States to
108:45 contrast itself with the Soviet Union um
108:50 that meant that the you know to be
108:51 American was to be a theist or to be for
108:55 god um and you know there's some basis
108:59 in this you know Carl Marx very famously
109:01 said religion is the opiate of the
109:04 people um that uh the Soviets or
109:07 communism seeks to unite all workers
109:10 together regardless of religion and so
109:12 in that way religion is just like an
109:14 obstacle to be getting you know gotten
109:15 rid of before we reach the egalitarian
109:19 uh you know Utopia um so Americans
109:21 implemented this right in their culture
109:24 and um you know one uh uh one way that
109:28 we can uh point to her or an evidence
109:30 that we can point to is that in was it
109:37 1954 under
109:41 God was
109:44 added to the Pledge of Allegiance and
109:47 that was originally not on there and in
109:51 1956
109:53 In God We
109:58 Trust uh
110:02 became the US
110:05 motto and this was an effort by the
110:07 United States to portray itself as you
110:10 know if you're on the side of capitalism
110:11 if you're on the side of democracy
110:12 you're on the side of God and the
110:14 Soviets are uh essentially the uh you
110:16 know essentially the Godless now
110:18 eventually though Joseph McCarthy would
110:21 um the the public become privy to uh to
110:24 McCarthy's action so all of this allowed
110:27 for McCarthy to make more outlandish
110:30 accusations right each time that people
110:32 believed him he just accused the next
110:34 hireup of being communist that was
110:37 until McCarthy took on the US Army which
110:40 ended up being his uh being his
110:42 downfall um we'll say
110:47 McCarthy
110:51 used the US
110:56 Army of
111:06 being
111:11 infiltrated by
111:15 Communists and when he did that the
111:18 United States Congress opened up
111:21 hearings and gave McCarthy a chance to
111:24 prove it on live TV we'll say
111:31 hearings were
111:36 held for
111:40 McCarthy to
111:44 prove his
111:46 accusations and when he was put you know
111:49 in front of Congress and when he was put
111:50 in front of the entire public
111:56 McCarthy was exposed as a
112:01 fraud completely discredited him as a
112:05 politician completely discredit his
112:07 ideas in some ways you might say that
112:10 Americans after exposing McCarthy not
112:13 entirely but you know snapped out of uh
112:16 you know the Red Scare in in some sense
112:19 section five
112:21 decolonization and the global reach of
112:23 the American Century so the Cold War
112:27 coincides with another very important
112:30 Global event and that is
112:32 decolonization which in short is the end
112:37 of
112:41 imperialism um we talked uh a little bit
112:44 uh in an earlier chapter about
112:45 imperialism how the industrial nations
112:48 of the world conquered the entire Globe
112:52 um that comes to an end after World War
112:55 II right World War II is the ending of
112:57 the imperialistic world order the
112:59 British give up their empire the French
113:01 lose their empire and what we have is
113:04 after
113:10 1945 80 Nations or 80
113:15 countries gain
113:19 independence and if we want to use use
113:22 an American example um I don't know if
113:25 it's mentioned anywhere but in
113:29 1946 the Philippines became an
113:32 independent country so there's even an
113:34 American example of uh giving up or
113:37 losing their colonies in this case the
113:39 Philippines so with 80 new countries
113:42 around the world this created in some
113:45 sense kind of like a battle ground for
113:47 American and Soviet influence because
113:49 the question was what way uh what
113:52 ideology communism or capitalism would
113:55 these nations Embrace we sometimes use
113:58 this term the third world to describe
114:01 these countries so these are mostly
114:03 newly independent
114:11 nations and for the time being they are
114:16 neither we's say
114:19 communist or
114:21 capitalist
114:23 and these nations essentially become a
114:30 Battleground for
114:32 US and Soviet
114:36 influence so you know what's interesting
114:39 about the cold war is that this is a
114:42 chapter or period in American history
114:44 where you really have to know a lot more
114:45 about world history right we get
114:47 introduced you know covering American
114:49 history up until this point we're going
114:50 to introduce a lot of new parts of the
114:51 world and a lot of new countries here
114:53 and that is reflective of the fact that
114:55 the Cold War really is uh really is
114:57 global and the fact that imperialism
114:59 ended it left a vacuum right for
115:01 American uh expansion to uh reach in
115:04 those areas um so we already know um
115:07 some of the defining uh principles of
115:10 American diplomacy like containment like
115:13 the Truman Doctrine but we'll add one
115:15 more thing here that your textbook
115:16 mentions uh this gen uh kind of just
115:18 gives us a little bit more understanding
115:20 why the United States was so aggressive
115:22 we might say in uh in the world um that
115:25 is domino theory so domino theory is the
115:30 theory that if one
115:38 nation Falls to
115:45 Communism all
115:49 surrounding
115:51 Nations
115:52 will fall to
115:54 Communism like a uh series of dominoes
115:58 so you know this belief that the
116:00 Americans had just made it so that
116:03 American intervention was more important
116:06 right that we can't simply sit back and
116:07 allow one country to fall because when
116:10 one country Falls that's one problem but
116:12 then all the countries around them are
116:13 now susceptible and that could be three
116:15 problems and three problems turn into
116:17 nine problems so it just gives us a
116:19 little bit more of a of an understanding
116:21 why there's such
116:23 um a reaction to intervene as soon as
116:25 possible now as the United States is
116:28 projecting its influence further and
116:30 further across the world as the arms
116:32 race is underway the Soviets and the
116:34 Americans are building bigger and bigger
116:36 and bigger militaries bigger and bigger
116:37 and Bigg bigger arsenals some Americans
116:40 are becoming concerned about this um
116:43 militarization and in fact the American
116:46 that is most closely associated with the
116:49 uh critique of this arms buildup
116:52 is in fact Dwight D Eisenhower himself
116:56 who in
116:57 1961 gives a speech warning Americans
116:59 about what's called the
117:01 military-industrial complex and we can
117:03 go ahead and just Define the
117:04 military-industrial complex as the US
117:12 military um pretty much and it's
117:17 supporting
117:19 Industries right so we don't just mean
117:22 when we say military-industrial complex
117:24 it's not just you know the Air Force and
117:26 the Army and the Navy it's but it's all
117:28 of the all the corporations and
117:30 businesses that produce stuff for the
117:33 military it's all the research and
117:35 Science and Technology the scientists
117:37 the funding um the space programs right
117:40 in some ways so um because the United
117:43 States had dedicated so many resources
117:45 to the Cold War and to its own military
117:48 there were some Americans Eisenhower
117:50 included that feared
117:55 the
117:58 growth could
118:04 threaten us Liberties right that the
118:07 military could become so influential
118:11 that it could have a detrimental effect
118:13 on American citizens and Eisenhower when
118:14 he left office in 1961 gave a speech
118:17 called the military-industrial complex
118:18 speech um there's a little quote from
118:21 here it says the military-industrial
118:23 complex's influence is quote economic
118:26 political and even spiritual felt in
118:29 every city state house and every Office
118:32 of the federal government and Eisenhower
118:35 being a war hero from World War II
118:37 americaas Americans were much more
118:38 likely to take his uh you know his
118:41 advice now with that being said uh as
118:45 we'll discover in the next couple of
118:47 chapters here the uh military buildup
118:49 continues to move forward it's something
118:51 that doesn't uh slow down into the 1970s
118:54 but at least people like Eisenhower were
118:56 aware of maybe some of the consequences
118:58 that such a military buildup would have
119:02 so the United States would continue to
119:04 fight the Cold War in uh again in these
119:07 third world Nations or in the third
119:09 world via proxy wars we identified proxy
119:12 wars before but these are uh
119:20 conflicts where Americans
119:25 and
119:27 Soviets fight each
119:35 other indirectly right indirectly and
119:39 that is the uh key point the Soviets and
119:42 the Americans are never fighting each
119:43 other directly in these conflicts but
119:45 they're going through other nations and
119:46 we already learned about two of them one
119:49 was in Korea and the other one was in in
119:52 Vietnam and there are plenty of other
119:54 examples to include in fact so so many
119:57 examples that you can't really include
119:59 uh you know all of them in this uh in
120:02 this section so proxy wars definitely
120:04 are a a feature um once again this term
120:07 hearts in Minds uh you know I've
120:09 mentioned it several times so far but it
120:12 uh it goes to show you just the scope of
120:14 the war so for example in this
120:16 competition over hearts and Minds one of
120:18 the ways in which the Americans sought
120:20 to promote the American way of Life by
120:22 was advertising things like consumer
120:25 goods we might just say about hearts and
120:28 Minds that the Cold
120:33 War uh maybe was
120:38 also f with
120:41 culture you know in fact one of the uh
120:44 one of the most effective tools that the
120:47 United States had in the Cold War was
120:49 promoting the American way of life
120:51 American consumption you know it's I
120:54 think we get into this next chapter but
120:56 you know it was buying a car buying a TV
120:59 blue jeans rock and roll music Coca-Cola
121:01 that you know promoting this American
121:04 lifestyle of heavy heavy heavy
121:05 consumption there are a lot of people
121:07 that wanted that material standard of
121:08 living and you could have something like
121:10 an advertisement Exposition be held in
121:12 another country and that was in some
121:15 roundabout way you know advertising and
121:18 selling Coca-Cola was in some way
121:20 fighting the Cold War right in sort of
121:22 this uh this cultural sense but there
121:25 was also one feature when it came to the
121:26 cold war that Americans had to overcome
121:29 and we're going to talk more about this
121:30 in relation to civil rights and that was
121:32 the hypocrisy that was the hypocrisy
121:35 between
121:37 freedom and
121:40 liberty versus things like racial
121:47 discrimination and Jim Crow you know on
121:51 the one hand how could the United States
121:53 be promoting Liberty you know Truman
121:56 talked about free peoples around the
121:57 world yet have a system of Jim Crow in
122:01 the South that systematically
122:03 disenfranchises African-Americans and so
122:05 Americans would have to resolve this
122:08 hypocrisy maybe you know maybe finally
122:10 right maybe once and for all um and in
122:13 fact the Soviet Union was keenly aware
122:15 of this in fact some of the most
122:17 effective
122:19 anti-American propaganda that the Soviet
122:21 used or Soviet Union used was to point
122:24 out the type of discriminatory and
122:27 racial policies that the United States
122:29 played back are used back at home so
122:32 it's uh it's no accident I would say
122:36 that the Civil Rights Movement happens
122:39 at a time when Americans are also
122:42 actively promoting this image of freedom
122:45 and liberty at home and to solve one of
122:48 those problems thus becomes a means to
122:51 solve the other
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