Hang tight while we fetch the video data and transcripts. This only takes a moment.
Connecting to YouTube player…
Fetching transcript data…
We’ll display the transcript, summary, and all view options as soon as everything loads.
Next steps
Loading transcript tools…
What Lies Beyond The Edge Of The Observable Universe? | Space Documentary 2024 | Actual Space | YouTubeToText
YouTube Transcript: What Lies Beyond The Edge Of The Observable Universe? | Space Documentary 2024
Skip watching entire videos - get the full transcript, search for keywords, and copy with one click.
Share:
Video Transcript
13.8 billion years
ago what we know as our universe
began with the hot big
bang the universe was extremely hot and
dense yet it was also expanding and
cooling it was made up of matter
antimatter and
radiation the volume of our observable
universe has grown to 46 billion light
years in radius by now and the limit of
what we can measure corresponds to the
light that is currently reaching our
eyes even while that distance is huge
it's not infinitely large it's merely
the limits of what we can
observe what lies beyond that what about
the unobservable
universe is it possible to determine
whether the universe we live in is
limited or infinite that is whether
there is an end to what we refer to as
the
universe or whether it is infinite
beyond our measurements and
knowledge in this documentary we embark
on a journey beyond the known delving
into Realms of theoretical physics
mindbending Concepts and the mysteries
of what might exist beyond our Cosmic
doorstep
to answer the question of what's outside
the universe we first need to understand
exactly what we mean by
Universe have you ever wondered how vast
the universe is when gazing up at the
night
sky what if I told you that it is so big
that we are unable to see it all
the observable universe is the region
that is visible to
us we are positioned exactly in the
center of what appears to be a massive
Cosmic
bubble let's dive into the fascinating
world of the observable universe and see
just how big it
is if you were to step outside right now
you'd only be able to see so far
horizontally your vision would
eventually reach the horizon Beyond
which you would be unable to see much
you're aware however that life exists
Beyond the
Horizon there is more on this planet
than what you can
see furthermore as you look
360° around you it appears as though you
are at the center of the world even
though you know that isn't actually the
case that is how it appears from any
point on
Earth in in the same manner our view of
the universe is limited to what is
visible to us on Earth and it is
probably infinite in
size we can see only as far as our
Cosmic light
Horizon because we are unable to see the
entire universe it may appear to us that
we are the center of the universe but
this is only an
illusion light which travels at a fast
but finite speed has simply not reached
us from more distant parts of the entire
universe the entire universe and the
observable universe are therefore very
different from one another all that we
have seen or been able to see up to this
point is the observable universe on the
other hand everything that exists has
existed or will exist is referred to as
the entire
universe more specifically the
observable universe is the region of
space visible to us from Earth the term
observable in this context does not mean
that there is anything to be detected
nor does it apply to the ability of
modern technology to detect light or
other information from an object it
refers to the physical boundary defined
by the speed of light there is no signal
that can move faster than light because
the signals could not have reached us
yet
there is a maximum distance known as the
particle Horizon Beyond which nothing
can be
observed
astrophysicists sometimes make a
distinction between the visible and
observable
universes the former includes signals
since the end of the inflationary Epoch
while the latter includes only signals
emitted since
recombination but how distances in space
are
measured astronomers use different
techniques to measure Cosmic
distances basic trigonometry similar to
what you studied in high school math
class can be used for measuring things
that are quite close such those in our
solar system and even in our small
neighborhood of the Milky Way within 100
light
years with the help of The Parallax
method the distance of far away objects
can be measured or estimated
when you look at your finger through
your left eye while closing the right
eye and then look at your finger through
your right eye while closing the left
eye you would notice that the position
of your finger seems to change with
respect to the point on the
wall this is called
Parallax by measuring this small change
and knowing the distance between your
eyes you can calculate the distance to
your finger that's trigonometry
[Music]
when it comes to measuring distances to
other stars there are no two eyes that
could do the trick instead the orbit of
Earth around the Sun provides the
Baseline for these
calculations simply if you take a Stars
position once a year at one point in the
sky and then again 6 months later you
will have a relative position of the
nearby object in relation to the far
more distant stars in the sky thanks to
the Pythagorean theorem you can
determine the distance if you know the
size of Earth's orbit and the angle of
light in those two
measurements nevertheless a star's shift
decreases with distance making it
difficult to measure this angle and
requiring the use of some more advanced
method for
measurement once trigonometry is no
longer a useful technique astronomers
look for seied stars which are extremely
bright and common
Stars these specific stars were first
identified in
1794 and have an ability to pulse
becoming dimmer and brighter in
predictable
Cycles surprisingly the longer a seide
takes to pulse the brighter the star is
in
reality similarly the shorter the
pulsation duration the dimmer the
seied what's more these pulsations are
directly related to their abs absolute
Luminosity which occurs within well-
defined and predictable time periods
ranging from 1 to 100
days just like if you saw candle right
in front of you and another very far
away the one closer to you would appear
much
brighter and hence the true brightness
of those Stars can be determined and
consequently their Distance by measuring
nearby seides and comparing the length
of their pulsation period to those of
those seides that are farther
away sephi variables can be seen and
measured to a distance of about 20
million light years compared to a
maximum distance of about 65 light years
for earth-based Parallax measurements
and just over 3 26 light years for the
esa's hiparco
mission they can serve as standard
distance markers constituting yet
another crucial step on the mic distance
ladder even though 20 million light
years sounds like an enormous distance
the cosmos is 1,000 times bigger thus we
need to add another step to the
ladder this is when Supernova especially
those from specific binary star systems
come in rather handy one star in these
two star systems dies and turns into a
white dwarf while the other star
continues to
exist after that the white dwarf starts
to consume the surviving star and gets
bigger until it has roughly 1.4 times
the mass of the Sun at that moment there
is a massive explosion that releases
more energy than entire galaxies and is
visible over half of the observable
universe we refer to this as a type 1A
Supernova a astronomers can determine
the absolute brightness of the explosion
and consequently the approximate Cosmic
distance to those distant galaxies
because we know how much mass is
exploding at even greater distances into
the tens of billions of light years the
Hubble constant comes into play named
after Edwin Hubble this is the unit of
measurement for the expansion of the
universe this is where the hold
starts to get a little
complicated the universe has been
getting bigger since the Big Bang
kickstarted the growth some
[Music]
13.82% suggests that there is something
there causing the growth to slow down
this might be dark matter which is
invisible to Conventional
instruments however if the growth
increases it is possible that dark
energy is driving the expansion at a
quicker rate astronomer harlo shapley's
observation in 1929 suggested that
galaxies appear to be moving away from
the Milky
Way Hubble found that the farther these
galaxies are from Earth the faster they
appear to be moving although the
phenomena was formerly thought to be
galaxies moving apart astronomers Now
understand that what is really being
seen is the universe
expanding you would observe the same
occurrence happening at the same speed
everywhere in the
universe as better and more sensitive
telescopes have been used to conduct the
measurements Hubble's original
calculations have been finded over the
years according to observations made
recently by several telescopes the
universe is expanding at different rates
depending on where you
look the plank telescope measures the
expansion of the more distant background
Universe which is expanding at a
slightly slower rate of 41.6 m/s or 67
km/s per MEAP Parc compared to the
Hubble Space Telescope and Gia space
telescopes which measure the expansion
of the nearby Universe at 45.6
m/s 73.5 km/s per megap
Parc it may be hard to imagine but the
universe is not only expanding at an
ever increasing rate in all directions
at the same time but the space between
objects in the universe is also
expanding everything is moving away from
everything else and it is moving faster
and faster all the
time this interobject expansion and
acceleration is related to dark energy
which is beyond the topic of this
discussion therefore the further away
you look the faster the galaxies are
moving away from us galaxies that are
very far away can be measured for
Distance by measuring their red shift
which tells us how quickly they are
moving away from
us astronomers use red shifts to measure
the expansion of the universe and
consequently the distance to the oldest
and most distant objects in our
universe but what is a red
shift it is often compared to the
high-pitch sound of an approaching
ambulance siren that becomes lower as it
passes by and eventually goes away from
you
the reason behind the change in an
ambulance's sound is the phenomenon
known as the Doppler
effect it's an excellent comparison
because waves which are affected by
their motion through space and Air carry
both sound and
light sound travels through the air at a
maximum speed of 750 mph or 1,200
kmph the sound waves in front of an
ambulance get compressed as it rushes
forward and blares its siren the sound
waves behind the ambulance meanwhile
begin to
spread this means the frequency of the
sound waves is higher ahead of the
ambulance means more sound waves will
strike a listener's ear over a set
amount of time and lower behind it means
fewer sound waves will strike a
listener's ear over a set amount of
time pitch shifts are interpreted by our
brains as variations in the frequency of
sound
waves similar to sound light is a wave
that moves at a fixed speed of
186,000 m/s or 300,000
km/s or around 1 billion km/
hour thus light follows the same rules
as
sound galaxies are as We Know moving
away from us similar to how an inflated
balloon would cause a wave created on
its fabric to be stretched the wave
length of light is stretched when
galaxies move away from us through the
use of a prism or a comparable telescope
suitable instrument like defraction
gratings we can see an array of
absorption lines from elements like
sodium hydrogen and so on all those
absorption lines however experience a
Doppler shift and go toward the red
portion of the spectrum if that Galaxy
is speeding away from
us we refer to this as a red shift the
opposite occurs for Galaxies that are
moving toward us they are blue
shifted astronomers usually only use the
phrase red shift to make things simpler
if a blue shift is occurring they simply
place a negative sign in front of it
a Galaxy's red shift increases with
Galaxy distance from Earth as a result
the red shift of a Galaxy at the cosmic
light Horizon the outer end of our
observable universe is nearly infinite
this indicates that the light coming
from that distant galaxy has very little
energy which is why we can hardly see
those galaxies with the visible light
spectrum when Hubble looked at the light
from distant galaxies through a prism
he observed a red shift away from known
variable for the
color Hubble discovered that nearly all
of the galaxies he examined had this red
shift which indicates that they were
traveling away from us extremely far
Galaxy's distances could be determined
with a fair degree of accuracy by
plotting various red shifts and known
distances on a graph
[Music]
this is the last measuring tool and
serves basically as the universe's
Baseline for
distances the remaining radiation from
The Big Bang or the moment the universe
first began is known as the cosmic
microwave background according to Theory
the cosmos experienced rapid cooling
expansion and inflation during its birth
the heat left over after the big bang is
represented by the cosmic microwave
background the cosmic microwave
background is present across the cosmos
yet is invisible to the uned eye because
it is so cold just 2.72 5° above
absolute zero or -
273.15 de C it is invisible to
humans this indicates that the
electromagnetic spectrum's microwave
region is where its radiation is most
noticeable the cosmic microwave
background goes back to some 400,000
years after the big bang and as we all
know the universe started 13.8 billion
years
ago this is due to the fact that the
universe's temperature was extremely
high in its early phases when it was
just a 100 millionth of what it is
today any atoms that were there at the
moment broke rapidly into protons and
electrons which are tiny particles
the electrons scattered the CMB
radiation in the form of photons which
are particles that represent light
Quantum States or other types of
radiation in the same way as Optical
light wanders through thick fog photons
also traveled around the early
Universe the universe was cool enough
for hydrogen to form some
38,000 years after the big bang the CMB
photons move move in straight lines
because collisions with hydrogen hardly
affect them the point at which CMB
photons last collided with matter is
known as the surface of last
scattering beyond that point the
universe was too
big this means that when we map The
Cosmic microwave background we are
gazing back in time to 380,000 years
following the Big Bang right after the
the radiation opaque
Universe in 1948 American cosmologist
Ralph aper made the first prediction
about the CMB while collaborating with
Robert Herman and George gamoo the group
study focused on Big Bang
nucleosynthesis or the synthesis of
elements other than the lightest
hydrogen isotope type in the
universe this kind of hydrogen was
produced very early in the history of
the universe
but the discovery of the CMB was
accidental Aro penus and Robert Wilson
two Bell Telephone Laboratories
researchers were developing a radio
receiver in
1965 and were perplexed by the noise it
was taking up they quickly discovered
that the noise originated from every
direction in the sky in the empty space
between Stars this radiation is the
oldest and furthest radiation yet found
this essentially means that the furthest
back in time we can see is 13.8 billion
years because it has taken 13.8 billion
years for light while moving at the
speed of light to reach
us therefore the observable universe has
a radius of 13.8 billion light
years furthermore no matter which way we
look the light we see has only been
traveling for a maxim maximum of 13.8
billion years because the universe is
only around 13.8 billion years old and
light takes time to travel through
space given this one would naturally
assume that the observable universe
would be 2 * 13.8 light years
across however this is not
correct that's because space has been
expanding over time pushing the far off
objects that released that light 13.8
billion years ago even further away from
us recall the Hubble constant and how it
was used to measure the universe's
expansion the universe has been
expanding over the 13.8 billion years
that the light from the CMB has been
moving toward our eyes pushing the edge
of the known universe farther out even
though humans aren't technically able to
see that
far the current location of the photon's
origin as determined by the Hubble
constant is an astounding 46 billion
light years away thus the observable
universe's diameter calculated by
multiplying by two is thus 93 billion
light
years clearly calculating distances of
this magnitude can bend the brain Beyond
The Realm of human
comprehension fortunately with the
cosmic distance ladder in place and
plenty of astronomers well vered in
these types of measurements we're able
to keep tabs on how the universe is
moving as well as our place within
it upon totaling all the galaxies in
this region of space we would discover
that our observable universe contains an
astounding two trillion of them
you may think that there would be no
upper limit to the amount of the
universe that could be seen if we waited
an arbitrarily long amount of time and
that we could see an arbitrarily vast
distance but in a universe with dark
energy that simply isn't the
case dark energy is expanding the fabric
of space at such a rate that gnz11 the
high redshift Galaxy is moving away from
us at an estimated speed of
426,000
km/s over twice the speed of
light further off objects will appear to
gradually disappear from our perspective
as time passes in a universe powered by
dark energy there's always more to
discover in the universe but the amount
that can ever be observed by humans is
finite we can determine what we refer to
as the future visibility limit or the
farthest distance humans will ever be
able to observe based on the rate of
expansion the amount of dark energy we
have and the current cosmological
parameters of the
universe our current Vision limit is 46
billion light years in a universe that
is 13.8 billion years old our maximum
visibility in the future will be around
33% larger at 61 billion light
years there are currently galaxies out
there whose light is headed toward our
eyes but hasn't had a chance to reach us
yet there are more galaxies yet to be
discovered than there are in the visible
Universe which might surprise us if we
were to add up all the galaxies in the
regions of the universe that we will one
day see but are not able to access now
[Music]
in addition to the two trillion galaxies
that are currently visible to us there
are an additional 2.7 trillion galaxies
just waiting for us to
see our measurements of these
occurrences would indicate if the
universe had a finite size and Edge or
if its properties started to change as
we peered to higher
distances the unobservable universe is
at least 250 times as as large as the
presently visible
part we'll never be able to observe
anything approaching those great
distances we will be able to see objects
up to 61 billion light years away from
us in the future but no
further it will reveal slightly over
twice the amount of the universe that is
currently visible to us in contrast the
unobservable universe has to have a
diameter of at least 23 trillion light
years and include a volume of space that
is more than 15 million times larger
than what is visible to people here on
Earth but when we consider the universe
beyond our current limit for observation
it's important to keep in mind just how
little of that Universe we can truly
reach or
explore everything we can't wait to see
depends on light that was already
released billions of years ago precisely
at the time of the Big
Bang as things stand right now humans
could not possibly reach almost all of
the galaxies in space even if we fled at
the speed of light not only is the
universe expanding but distant galaxies
appear to be moving from us faster due
to Dark
Energy the limit of what we can observe
today is far smaller than the 4.7
trillion galaxies that we will
eventually be able to observe out to a
distance of 61 billion light
years to put it another way there will
be 4.7 trillion Galaxies for us to view
in the
future not many of them will ever see us
as we are now and most of them will only
ever see us as they were in the very
distant
past of all those galaxies we'll someday
see 4.63 4 trillion of the galaxies are
currently unreachable even traveling at
the speed of
light someday far in the future it will
arrive at our
eyes as time passes and the light from
the final Galactic holdouts continues on
its inevitable Journey towards us in the
expanding Universe we get closer and
closer to our ultimate Cosmic
Viewpoint all of that contributes to our
understanding of the night sky
Darkness the expanding universe theory
also contributes to the understanding of
why our night sky is dark and how it
relates to the observable
universe now what about the center of
the
universe we are the center of the
observable universe after all since the
observable universe is limited to the
space that is visible from Earth we are
in the center of it and kind of like how
the view from a very tall tower is a
circle centered on the tower the piece
of space we can see from here is
naturally centered here to be more exact
each of us is the center of our own
observable universe but that does not
imply that we are the center of the
universe as a whole just as the tower is
not the center of the earth up to the
Horizon it is the center of the portion
of the world that it can view that
doesn't mean there isn't anything there
though simply because you can't see past
the
Horizon similarly the observable Cosmos
is no
different gazing up at the sky we
observe light coming from matter that is
currently 46 billion light years away
and with a maximum age of 13.8 billion
years but beyond that there ought to be
much more universe beyond the limits of
what we can presently see the
unobservable universe our field of view
into the universe is expanding
exponentially all we need to do is watch
and wait for the universe to age and
light from farther away to reach
us despite all of the techniques of
measurement the universe's true size
remains
uncertain it might be infinite and
portions of it remain outside the
observable universe because they are too
far away for Earth or our equipment to
have received any of the light emitted
since the Big
Bang although detailed maps of the
universe's oldest light have been made
possible by the European space agency's
plank Space Project the size of the
cosmos is still far beyond our
understanding according to inflation
Theory the universe may be infinite and
the visible universe is only a small
portion of it the size of the universe
is also determined by its shape which
can be anything from a closed sphere to
an endless flat
surface the theory of general relativity
under which space itself can curve
allows for the universe to take one of
three forms flat like a sheet of paper
closed like a sphere or open like a
saddle the fate of the universe dep
depends on this Cosmic
geometry the universe's shape provides
information about both its past and
future for example it can reveal whether
the universe is infinite or finite and
whether it will continue to expand
indefinitely Or finally
collapse for a matter that bears on such
Grand questions its components are
remarkably simple the density and the
rate of expansion of the universe are
the only two parameters that determine
its final
structure Dark Energy makes up about 68%
of the universe whereas Dark Matter
makes up
27% planets stars and other bodies are
comprised of normal matter which makes
up the remaining
portion the amount of matter contained
in a specific volume of space is
referred to as the universe's density
the universe can curl into a ball if its
density is high enough to overcome the
force of expansion through
gravity this is referred to as the
closed model because of its sphere-like
positive
curvature a mindboggling property of
this universe is that it is finite yet
it has no
bounds however space will warp in the
opposite direction if the universe has a
low it and is unable to stop
expanding this would create an open
Universe with a saddle like negative
curvature the most likely possibility
for the universe according to scientists
is the goldilock
scenario the majority of cosmological
data suggests that the Universe extends
in all directions without curving
positively or negatively and that its
density is around six protons per 1 3
cubic
yards to put it another way the universe
is flat perhaps this will come as some
consolation to anyone disappointed by
our planet's
roundness current observations and
measurements of the curvature of the
universe also indicate that it is almost
perfectly
flat this may lead one to believe that
the cosmos is infinite however it's not
that easy it is not necessary for the
Universe to be infinitely big even in
the scenario where it is
flat consider the surface of a cylinder
for example it is geometrically flat
because parallel lines drawn on the
surface remain parallel that's one of
the definitions of
flatness and yet it has a finite
size the same could be true of the
universe it could be completely flat yet
closed in on itself
still what does a flat universe mean
although this flatness isn't the typical
two-dimensional kind we see in daily
life there are a few examples that can
help you picture
it imagine yourself in a square room
standing at one corner turn 90° after
moving 10 ft along the wall to the next
Corner take 10 more steps and make
another 90° rotation once you finish two
more of these you will find yourself
self back at the beginning of the
square we all studied ordinary ukian
geometry in high school and adding one
additional Dimension results in a flat
universe however the results would be
different if this experiment were
carried out on a positively curved space
which is a representation of a closed
Universe in the closed World example
returning to the starting point required
only three turns however in the flat
universe example it required four in
case you're still not clear here's
another illustration two rockets
traveling close to one another in a flat
universe will always remain parallel
this is unlike a closed Universe in
which the paths of these two rockets
will diverge Trek along the curvature of
space and eventually loop around to meet
where they started in an open Universe
with a negative curvature the Rockets
will separate and never cross paths
again the cosmic microwave background or
the Afterglow of the big bang that
radiates toward us from all directions
contains the best hints about the
structure of the
universe scientists have been measuring
temperature variations in the CMB for
several decades effectively doing
trigonometry at the greatest scale
imaginable and have found nearly no
curve curvature at all a flat universe
is a key piece of the standard
cosmological model also known as the
Lambda cold Dark Matter lcdm model
Lambda is the Greek letter for Lambda
denoting Dark Energy additional evidence
for flatness comes from Barian acoustic
oscillations which are the traces of
primordial sound waves left on Galaxies
after the big
bang as we continue to explore and map
the cosmos the universe's immensity
serves as a humbling reminder of our
place within it the actual size of the
universe may remain one of science's
greatest Mysteries even though we may
get closer to making more prise
measurements let's make a comparison
between the observable universe's size
and some more recognizable things the
observable universe is so big
that it could fit around one septian
Earths a one followed by 24 zeros inside
of it that is equivalent to more Earths
than there are sand grains on all of the
world's
beaches one would assume that the
observable universe must be densely
packed with matter given its vast size
well and it
isn't the observable universe is thought
to contain several hundred billion
galaxies
there are billions or possibly trillions
of stars in each of these
galaxies in reality however the majority
of the observable universe is empty
space the likelihood is that if you
choose a random location in the
observable universe you will end up in
empty space rather than close to a star
or
Galaxy we are actually looking back in
time when we gaze far into the
observable universe because light takes
time to
travel the length of time it takes for
light from a star or Galaxy to reach us
increases with its distance from us
therefore the observable universe is not
only a location but also a cosmic
history
book just because we can't see things
beyond our fiery Horizon it doesn't mean
that there's nothing there
as if the mysteries of dark matter and
dark energy weren't vexing enough
another baffling Cosmic puzzle has been
discovered whole galaxy clusters have
been observed to be traveling in sync
toward a single Sky Point by
astronomers the researchers even
speculate that a force beyond the
observable world may be to blame for
this unexpected motion
which doesn't seem to be related to the
universe's
expansion the finding has been named
dark
flow according to astronomers there may
be dark flow or unobservable external
forces originating from vast structures
outside of our universe that we are now
unable to fully understand studying
massive clusters of galaxies among of
the biggest structures in the universe
scientists found the flow these clusters
are made up of thousands of galaxies
grouped together with extremely hot gas
that produces
x-rays scientists investigated the
motion of clusters by analyzing how
x-rays interact with the cosmic
microwave background which is leftover
radiation from The Big
Bang the cnb's temperature is changed by
the x-rays scattering photons a
phenomenon called sunv Zelda
effect a team of scientists led by
astrophysicist Alexander kashlinsky of
NASA's Godard space flight center in
greenb Belt Maryland discovered this
effect after studying a massive catalog
of 700 clusters that were as far apart
as 6 billion light years or half of the
universe this effect had not previously
been observed as a result of Galaxy
clusters they compared this list with
the Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe
satellite map of the CMB from NASA they
found that the Clusters were traveling
in the direction of an area in the sky
between the constellations of v and
Centaurus at around 2 million mph or 3.2
million km hour this velocity is not the
same as the universe's outer expansion
which is accelerated by a force known as
Dark
Energy scientists discovered a very
significant velocity and this velocity
does not decrease with distance the flow
that astronomers detect simply cannot be
produced by matter in the observable
universe scientists concluded that
whatever is causing the Clusters to move
around must exist outside of our
observable
universe while inflation theory predicts
many strange aspects of the far off
universe few scientists were able to
predict the dark
flow dark flow structures might be a
component of an unknown higher
dimensional
creation surely you're wondering whether
things can get any stranger at this
point well the next potential theory is
based on the physics of the very very
early Universe right back during the Big
Bang
our universe resembles a bubble Beyond
it other bubble universes can be found
all submerged in the
Multiverse an endlessly energizing
sea the concept of a Multiverse which
consists of Worlds similar to our own
but with some subtle differences
originates from two places in
theoretical
physics one comes from our understanding
of many branching possibilities in
subatomic experiments through the lens
of quantum mechanics the other is a
little more concrete coming from our
theories of the extremely early
Universe however we must begin with the
universe in order to reach the
Multiverse the universe is all the
things by definition it is the whole of
all physical reality if it's a thing
it's in the
universe however we can begin to open
the door to other worlds even with that
definition realizing that light can only
move at a finite pace and that the
universe is only a certain age is one
approach to do
that as we've already covered our
ability to witness the universe is
limited but that explanation gives you a
very weak understanding of the
Multiverse actually there's more to the
universe than what we can observe so
there's more stuff out there more stars
more galaxies maybe even more
intelligent creatures than we could ever
make contact with all of these things
are in the universe but are definitely
not a part of our own world those
regions outside our observable bubble of
the universe still look and act the same
as inside it it's all the same physics
at play just with various other
combinations but but that's not where
the story has to
[Music]
end as of right now our knowledge of the
big Bang's earliest moments is
limited we are aware of the basic
picture our universe used to be much
smaller and hotter today it is
considerably
colder we've also put this fundamental
Theory to the test using a range of
studies however when we go all the way
back to the Big Bang we get to a point
when our understanding of physics
fails the conditions in the universe
when it was younger than a second old
were so extreme that there isn't a
single physics theory that can help
us nevertheless we believe that the
cosmos experienced inflation an extreme
transformation in its early stages
it appears from all available evidence
that when our Cosmos was only a fraction
of a second old it rapidly expanded to
enormous proportions growing by at least
a factor of 10 to the
60 the rest of the big bang when our
universe was saturated with particles
and radiation and gave rise to stars
planets and galaxies was set in motion
by this inflationary event this is where
the Multiverse comes into play
perhaps inflation never
stopped perhaps the universe is
expanding at an uncontrollably fast rate
all the time but some of it splits off
and becomes calmer th what we call the
universe is just a tiny bubble of the
true ever inflating ever expanding huge
universe according to this theory of
inflation the universe is always
expanding it just never stops expanding
at a rate that is faster than the speed
of light a region simply slows down and
pinches off due to a random Quantum
fluctuation the rest of the world
outside of our bubble keeps doing what
it normally does and just so happens to
have stopped randomly while our patch or
bubble of the universe has simply
happened to stop expanding compared to
the larger
universe our patch is not alone
different patches can also randomly
settle down and become a normal calmly
expanding
Universe to observers in any of those
patches the universe will appear to them
as having a big bang in the past a
universe full of matter and radiation
and an observation limit just like it
does to
us these patches or bubbles appear to be
individual universes in this scenario of
endless inflation divided from one
another by a continuously growing
expanse of absolutely
nothing this Multiverse a collection of
independent distinct universes full of
creatures stars planets people each
doing their own thing is physically
driven and potentially very real in the
Multiverse our universe is not the first
bubble to arise but merely one of an
infinite chain of
universes picture a massive foam like to
the surface of a bubble bath the
Multiverse is the foam itself always
expanding and forming new bubbles Each
of which functions as a separate
Universe unto
itself each of these bubble universes
exists inside the same SpaceTime
structure if you point your finger in
any random way there is another world
out there past some unfathomably great
distance and beyond that another and
still
another there are an endless number of
worlds in the Multiverse if this type of
inflation really never
ends while it is possible that all of
those universes ended their local
inflation in the same way it is also
plausible that as each Universe pinched
off it got a brand new set of physics to
go along with it with different
collections of forces and
particles some of those universes would
look incredibly similar to our own
others may have failed full of nothing
but
void some may be far stranger than we
can possibly imagine and some might be
our exact
clones if and this is a big if there are
only a finite number of ways to arrange
all the particles in a given Universe
then with an infinite number of
universes you're bound to get repeated
copies this implies that not only is
there another Universe out there in a
random Direction but if you travel far
enough along that line you will run into
a duplicate of yourself doing exactly
the same thing that you are doing at
this very moment this is all pretty wild
but difficult to test the issue is that
there is no way for any of the
multiverses bubbles to interact with one
another although they are unrelated they
do exist therefore we are unable to
Simply hop in a rocket and travel to our
closest
neighbor however there might have been a
few Cosmic mishaps in our ancient past
our universe had recently separated from
the greater inflation driven flow when
it was
younger a small possibility exists that
our universes momentarily overlapped
before being irreversibly forced apart
if another bubble Universe just happened
to form close to ours that offers a way
of testing the Multiverse because the
likelihood of it occurring is extremely
low yet not zero sadly there are yet no
signs from observations of The Wider
Universe suggesting that we have been
involved in a collision of this kind
those experiments don't exactly support
the Multiverse Theory but they also
don't rule it out either NE all we have
left is our theoretical understanding of
the early Universe which is based on
theories rather than actual
knowledge our understanding of inflation
is quite limited we do not know what
caused it why it had the energy it did
or why it ended in our
universe we're not even sure if
inflation inevitably results in a
Multiverse or if our own calculations
are incorrect
[Music]
another such enduring Enigma is the
concept of the Eternal recurrence or the
cosmic
cycle the idea that the Universe has
been and will continue to be reborn in a
NeverEnding
cycle although this idea has its origins
in ancient religions and ideologies it
is also present in modern
cosmology it dates back thousands of
years to the time of ancient Egyptian
Greek and Indian
civilizations the cosmic cycle was a
deeply religious and philosophical idea
among many cultures in addition to being
a cosmological concept the concept that
the universe is cyclical was frequently
used to explain how life and death
growth and Decay and other natural
cycles affect life on Earth for example
the universe was thought to go through
recur during cycles of creation and
destruction in ancient Egyptian
mythology each lasting a certain amount
of
time similar cycles of creation
preservation and dissolution known as
the kalpa are seen in Hindu cosmology it
is thought that this cycle never ends
and that a kalpa lasts billions of
years among the most interesting
features of cosmic Cycles is the
possibility that a recurring pattern
exists in universe
itself over time a number of cyclic
models have been developed including the
oscillating universe
theory a cosmological concept known as
the oscillating universe theory combines
the big bang and the Big Crunch into a
single cyclical event that is if this
Theory holds true then the universe in
which we live in exists between a big
bang and a big crunch
according to the Big Crunch Theory the
universe will eventually stop expanding
it will then start to shrink the
universe will get hotter as it gets
smaller this can be viewed as the
opposite of the Big Bang the universe
will contract and get hotter rather than
expanding and cooling everything in the
universe will eventually collapse into a
single small spot where it all
started the idea was that each big
crunch would be followed by a new Big
Bang tracing an endless accordion of
expansions and
contractions this description would only
mean one thing all the laws of physics
will be thrown out of the window for
physicists this is simply
unacceptable to worsen the situation
some cosmologists even hold that the
universe will eventually collapse in on
itself after reaching its greatest peak
of
expansion this will essentially lead to
the same conditions as when we
extrapolate back to the moment of the
Big
Bang in order to solve this mystery some
scientists are suggesting that maybe the
universe won't reach the singularity
after
all the universe will instead return to
an expanding State due to repulsive
forces brought about by the quantum
effects of gravity
an expansion or big bang following a
collapse or big crunch such as this is
aptly called a big bounce the bounce
signals the end of one universe and the
start of another the probability of a
big bounce or even a big crunch for that
matter is however becoming
negligible according to the most recent
observations of the cosmic microwave
background radiation the universe will
probably continue to expand until it
comes to an end in a big freeze or heat
death currently cmbr measurements are
collected using the highly precise
Wilkinson microwave anisotropy
probe the age of our universe has been
determined with extreme Precision using
the same equipment therefore it is
extremely unlikely that discoveries
about the expansion of the universe in
the future will significantly differ
from current
understanding nevertheless a more
thorough comprehension of one mysterious
entity might change the odds like the
dark
energy we may have to put the
oscillating universe theory on hold
unless its true properties are
drastically different from what it is
now
showing in the conformal cyclic
cosmology model proposed by Sir Roger
Penrose each Eon begins with with a big
bang event followed by an expansion
phase where matter and radiation dilute
and
cool eventually the cosmic microwave
background Fades and galaxies drift away
as the universe enters a phase dominated
by dark
energy time becomes meaningless and
conformal rescaling takes place as the
cosmos gets closer to its final state of
cold disordered nothingness
the result is a smooth cold empty
universe that serves as the beginning of
the
nexton a conformal rescaling is a
stretching or shrinking that maintains
all relative
angles Penrose uses that because you can
use a conformal rescaling to make
something that has infinite size into
something that has finite
size the infinite thing that you rescale
is is not just space but space time you
rescale them both and then you glue the
end of our universe to A New Beginning
mathematically you can totally do
that most importantly this cyclical
process suggests that there is no
beginning or end to the universe and
that the large scale structure that has
been observed is an ordinary consequence
of this ongoing Cosmic Evolution the
possibility of observational evidence is
one of the most interesting features of
the this model Penrose has proposed that
the cosmic microwave background
radiation may have round patterns called
Hawking points that represent remnants
of earlier ages these spots which carry
the name of the physicist Steven Hawking
are locations where previously existing
black holes have vanished and left
behind traces in the cosmic microwave
background radiation
there is still disagreement in the
scientific community on the accuracy of
certain studies that suggest they have
found potential Hawking points in the
CMB data others argue that more research
is required to support or disprove the
presence of Hawking points as proof for
conformal cyclic cosmology as The
observed patterns may be the result of
chance or instrumental
effects the conformal Cy cosmology model
would significantly change our knowledge
of the universe if it turns out to be
accurate the model provides a fresh
viewpoint on the nature of time the
development of cosmic structure and the
destiny of the universe by putting forth
a cyclical structure rather than a
single origin it also raises interesting
queries concerning the function of
information causation and entropy over
eons
following research in this field are
likely to focus on improving this model
and looking for stronger observational
support the James web Space Telescope is
also providing useful information for
testing the predictions of the conformal
cyclic cosmology model further
developments in theoretical physics
including the creation of a quantum
theory of gravity could Aid in the
reconciliation of the model with
alternative cosmological
models penrose's conformal cyclic
cosmology Theory differs from the Big
Bounce theory in that the expansion in
conformal cyclic cosmology never
reverses in the Big Bounce Theory the
universe slows down and eventually
reverses into contraction then reaches a
high enough density to begin expanding
again in a new Big
Bang recent discoveries in various
fields of physics and cosmology ology
have provided potential evidence for
Cosmic Cycles like in the cosmic
microwave background which serves as a
valuable tool in understanding the early
Universe researchers have found
potential evidence for this model in the
cm's patterns which may indicate the
presence of events from previous
eons the other enigmatic elements of the
universe dark energy and dark matter
have baffled scientists for decades but
according to some theories they might be
quite important in Cosmic Cycles with
dark matter possibly triggering the
universe's final contraction and dark
energy causing its accelerated
expansion also the detection of
gravitational waves from colliding black
holes and neutron stars has opened up a
new window into the universe some
researchers believe that studying these
waves May reveal clues about the
universe's cyclic nature and help test
various cyclic models whether it comes
from Modern cosmology or ancient
philosophy the concept of the cosmic
cycle has a significant impact on how we
see the nature of the universe and our
place in
it if the universe truly follows an
eternal cycle it challenges our Notions
of linear time and the uniqueness of our
own
existence it raises questions on the
nature of time and life's greater
purpose furthermore Research into the
cosmic cycle and its potential
implications to Modern cosmology Can
Shed light on the fundamental laws
governing the
universe the ancient idea of the cosmic
cycle May hold the key to solving some
of the universe's greatest riddles as
our understanding of the cosmos
increases philosophers theologians and
physicists have all been fascinated with
the idea of the cosmic cycle the concept
of a constantly repeating universe may
provide important new insights into the
nature of existence as we continue to
investigate the secrets of the
universe higher dimensions of space are
also a requirement for string theory
which postulates that what we see as
Elementary particles are actually
strings of energy vibrating in several
more Dimensions than we can
see according to those theories the
other dimensions are compactified or
curled up on themselves so even if you
were to find one of those New Dimensions
and embark on a voyage you wouldn't be
able to travel very far before returning
to your starting point but what if an
extra dimension can hide an entire
universe a theory regarding the
structure of the universe formulated in
the early 2000s proposes that humans
could reside in a three-dimensional
brain surrounding a more larger space
with four spatial Dimensions plus
time there may be another 3D brain
holding another Universe inside that
higher dimensional bulk that
occasionally might collide with our own
this Theory's Originators called it the
eerotic model of the
cosmos after a Greek term for
conflagration a nod to the fact that
each Cosmic Collision would result in
the fiery conditions of the big bang and
could explain the origin and eventual
fate of our
universe in this model the brains
alternately move toward each other coll
hide and then move apart again in an
endless cycle going from big bang to
expansion to Big Crunch and back to Big
Bang the patterns of structure we see in
the cosmos today in distributions of
galaxies and clusters are in this model
seeded by the interaction between the
two brains in the slow collapse phase
before the bang although the idea of
proposing new universes and higher
Dimensions to explain the big Big Bang
may appear extravagant at first there
are good reasons why physicists take
these ideas seriously you've probably
been misled into thinking that the
standard view of the early Cosmos is
simpler than it actually
is when you think of the Big Bang the
first thing to come to mind is likely to
be a singularity an infinitesimal point
of infinite density containing all of
space and time that suddenly explodes
out to create the entire
Cosmos that idea became popular because
Einstein's equations of gravity can
describe a cosmos that begins that way
and perhaps wraps itself up with a big
crunch Singularity at the
end but it doesn't work with what we see
in our observations we can see the
Afterglow of the big bang and background
light just at the cosmic Horizon which
indicates that a simple Evolution from a
singularity to the big amazing Universe
we live in today now just doesn't make
sense the problem is that the cosmic
microwave background the remnants of the
Big Bang is too perfect it is identical
to an incredible degree of precision one
part in 100,000 in all
directions same Spectrum same intensity
same color
or given its microwave light
frequency that's Troublesome since there
is no justification for two locations on
different sides of the sky to match up
that
way even if everything started together
wrapped up in a
singularity the way it expanded outward
should have introduced extreme
differences in different parts of the
early
Cosmos in the expanding stage of cosmic
Evolution regions that are currently
separated from one another never had a
chance to get on a common
temperature on one side of the sky the
cosmic microwave background should
differ significantly from the
other from what we've seen so far
inflation seems to work well with our
current Paradigm and even nicely
explains the little one part in 100,000
fluctuations observed in the cosmic
microwave background light but we don't
have what anyone would call Sol proof
that it happened nor can we say how or
why it started or what drove it and
likewise it's not entirely possible to
get hit by another Universe even in the
inflationary
scenario two bubble universes might at
some point Collide leaving imprints like
bruises on each other's background light
if inflation did happen the sequence of
events that created our observable
universe could have occurred time and
time again in different parts of a much
larger space in a process called Eternal
inflation the theory states that while
the larger background space is always
expanding inflation sometimes stops in a
small portion of it which causes that
region of the universe to heat up and
give way to normal Cosmic
expansion as a result little bubble
universes identified by their distinct
[Music]
post-inflationary background giving rise
to a kind of
Multiverse astronomers have searched for
such bruises though none have shown up
yet they'll keep
searching the eerotic model has been
revised several times over the years and
the most recent iteration does not
suggest Cosmic collisions or higher
Dimensions it looks similar to inflation
in certain aspects
instead of being pushed by brain motion
it is driven by the evolution of a Scala
field a type of space filling energy
field like to the one that most
physicists believe drove Cosmic
inflation despite no longer requiring
Grand Cosmic collisions the ecopy rotic
model still includes a transition
between a collapsing universe and a big
bang the cosmic Horizon defining our
observable universe is a hard limit we
can't see beyond it and unless our
understanding of the structure of
reality changes drastically we can be
confident we never
will the expansion of the cosmos is
speeding up anything beyond our Horizon
now will be carried away from us faster
and faster and its light will never be
able to catch
up while we might never be able to say
with certainty what lies beyond that
border what all the theories have in
common is that our observable universe
is part of a much much larger
space whether that space contains a
Multiverse of bubbles each with
different physical
laws whether it's part of an everwing
Cosmos of which we are only one part in
one cycle or whether space extends
outward into directions we can't
conceive we currently just don't
know but we're seeking Clues the
patterns in the cosmic microwave
background light the distribution of
galaxies and even experiments testing
gravity and the behavior of particle
physics are giving us insight into the
fundamental structure of the universe
and into its evolution in its earliest
moments we are getting closer and closer
to being able to tell our whole Cosmic
story we can already see directly the
fire in which our universe was forged
the moments just after its
beginning with the clues we are
gathering now we might someday follow
the story all the way to its
end our understanding of the universe
has massively evolved over the course of
our own evolution
actually the beauty of science lies in
how little we yet
know currently some of the world's best
minds are delving into the questions of
what the universe really is and what if
anything is
beyond like many Mysteries like Pluto
the truth is that it all depends on how
we Define it is the universe everything
that
exists or is it something more limited
just another aspect of all that
exists and is there another one like it
out there there are an infinite number
of possibilities ranging from Worlds
inside black holes to universes other
than our
own one of the most intrinsic human
parts about us is our ability to wonder
to dream and to
imagine thanks to this we have several
theories about what lies Beyond or is
bigger than our
universe that line up with at least
certain current observations physics and
math the possibilities are
endless as we gaze at the stars let's
remember that our curiosity transcends
boundaries the universe where the finite
or infinite beckons us to explore to
seek answers to dream and to
wonder perhaps the greatest discoveries
await us Beyond The Cosmic Veil
[Music]
Click on any text or timestamp to jump to that moment in the video
Share:
Most transcripts ready in under 5 seconds
One-Click Copy125+ LanguagesSearch ContentJump to Timestamps
Paste YouTube URL
Enter any YouTube video link to get the full transcript
Transcript Extraction Form
Most transcripts ready in under 5 seconds
Get Our Chrome Extension
Get transcripts instantly without leaving YouTube. Install our Chrome extension for one-click access to any video's transcript directly on the watch page.
Chrome Extension