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Graham Priest: ‘The Looming Environmental Crisis: a Perspective from Buddhist Philosophy’
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foreign [Music]
[Music]
thank you very much um
um
so first of all I mean let me say thank
you for inviting me here um
um
it's a pleasure to be back
uh and
um I am back uh because I did my
doctorate here
um and I left some years ago
and producing mathematics
um not philosophy and
um that was in the days when uh lactosh
was here but I you know to go to
seminars in the math in the philosophy
department on the philosophy of mathematics
mathematics
um and by the time I finished my
doctorate I knew that philosophy was
North a lot more fun than mathematics
and so I decided to be a philosopher and
I'm very happy about that so thank you
for having me back it's slightly strange
to be back to
my alma Martin
something like that after so many years
um anyway thank you so um
when I was invited to come and talk to
you I said what should I talk about okay
okay
um and the reply was well do something
of general interest
so I'm not going to give you a technical
logic talk I I thought I would talk
about something that is a government interest
interest
um in fact what I'm going to talk about
is a general interest to any thoughtful
person nowadays
because I don't think I need to tell you
you read the newspapers and the
scientific reports as well as I do
that where the world is on the brink of
a looming
um ecological environmental crisis
and that's something that should concern
us all
and I thought I would give you my 10
um
I thought I would talk about this from a
perspective that you probably haven't
met before
because my guess is that very few people
here know much about East Asian or Asian
philosophical traditions so I'm going to
draw on one of those which is the
Buddhist tradition
and I'm not going to assume that you
know anything about it so
so
um one thing I have to do is say
something about Buddhist philosophy
and let me say straight away that I'm
not Buddhist
um also Buddhist philosophy is a bit of
a misnomer in a certain sense because um
um
there's no one Buddhist philosophy any
modern is one Christian philosophy
um there are many Buddhist philosophers
just so many questions for answers and so
so um
um
people are going to even Buddhists are
going to disagree about exactly how you
view most things
and I'm going to be giving you one
perspective happens to be mine but other
people may disagree with me and they
probably will so that's why I call this
a Buddhist perspective um
um
um okay so what we're going to do is this
this
the talk has two parts
um and um
um
the first part is sections one and two
and I need to tell you something about
Buddhist ethics and Buddhist metaphysics
and some of this I'm going to go over
very fast I'm going to pause on the
things which are going to be really
important for the second part of the
talk which is on the environmental
issues and the applications of this
perspective to as I said
the moving environmental crisis so
that's where we're going so
so
um let's start by talking about the
Buddhist ethics
so uh let me give you the idiot's guide
to Buddhist ethics
um so
after he started to teach the Buddha
because that wasn't his real name his
name was Sonata um
um
laid down the basics of Buddhist thought
in What's called the foreign Noble Truth
don't get hang up that's the word noble
it just means worthy of respect okay so
Clauses statements which um according to
sedata defined
The Human Condition as it was and to
paraphrase Gilbert and Sullivan
um the human lot not a happy one
um so
um first Noble Truth life is
characterized by and then there's this
Sanskrit word which is very hard to
translate into English the word
and the standard translation is
suffering okay but that's not a great
translation because the word duka has so
many resonances other than that so it
can mean suffering pain discontentment
anxiety dissatisfaction discount but
anguish stress misery processation in
fact all the things you're lowly love in
life okay no and life
life is like that okay
now the Buddha wasn't a Wowzer and he
know he know he knew that life has
moments of happiness and pleasure and fulfillment
fulfillment
so he wasn't saying you wouldn't say
life is unmiserably okay it's not
that but um
um everyone
has unhappy experiences recurrently
you're always going to get them you're
always going to get old if you are lucky
enough to live long enough right you're
gonna die eventually you're going to get
sick you're going to have marriage
breakups you're going to lose some of
you will lose your kids about a third of
the people in this room will get cancer
okay you know life is like that um
um
and even the good things in life come
with an edge
because when you get something you
experience in life
it's often not quite as fulfilling as
you want it I'm sure you've probably
experienced this and moreover
um you're liable to lose it
okay marriages break up people lose
their jobs people
um you know lose Parts their body
because of illness
um and so if you're attached to these
things then of course you're going to
get unhappy when these things come to pass
so um
um
the view is not that life is completely
miserable it's not but it's just that
zuka is a persistent and permanent
feature of our life now
now
um that makes it sound as terribly
pessimistic okay and sometimes when
people meet for it isn't the first time
they think it's a pessimistic philosophy
it's not it's realistic for sure but
it's not pessimistic because it says hey
you can make life better okay and that's
what the other four noble truths are
about so um
um uh
uh
let me come to the other Noble Truth in
a moment but let me just talk about the
fact that um there's an assumption
behind the four noble truths that duka
is not great I don't really think that
needs much arguing although we could
have a philosophical debate about it in
Q a but it's assumed that you'd rather
live a life without duka if you can okay
I sometimes think of this as a zeroth
Noble Truth okay so let's turn to the
other Noble Truth um
um
there's a reason why people experience
do come
um and um there are three things
uh called poisons closures
um which are uh
affect towards the things that happen in
life namely we really want the good
things to go on we really want the bad
things to go away so possessiveness and
hate and this one
uh they can run so delusion we do not
understand the world in which we live
I'll come back to that when we talk
about the metaphysics but
um the the main cause of Duke are the
facts that are these things possessing
this hate and ignorance
so those are the causes now third Noble
Truth get rid of the calls you get rid
of the effect okay and you can
at least you can try
um so the fourth Noble truth is
sometimes called the Eightfold Noble Path
Path
and it's a series of steps that you can
do to help improve your life so
um they come in three groups
um write view understand the worlds you
live in write intention uh you've got to
want to change
through to happen
um right action and these are the things
that any Western philosopher would
um recognize as ethical in the usual
sense uh right action right speech right
livelihood and what makes them right is
that they uh do not hurt other people
they're compassionate they help other people
people [Music]
[Music] um
um
and right mental state right effort well
nothing's going to happen unless you've
put the hard work in
these things are not easy and they're
right mindfulness right concentration um
um
right mindfulness in particular be aware
of what's happening don't just go
through life sleepwalking
okay so those are the uh the airport
Noble Path now uh if I left it at that
you might think well that's all fine but
um that all seems a bit selfish I mean
the point is to get rid of my Buca uh
what about other people's I mean and
and intelligence
intelligence um
um
Buddhism has always been insistent that
it's not about simply getting rid of
your own dukkah it's about getting rid
of other people's
um uh so a prime virtue is this thing I
don't know
um and the standard translation for that
is compassion that's not a great translation
translation
um a better translation is care
compassion sounds rather passive about
suffering with but Corona is about not
is about acting in such a way to improve
other people's lives so it's very active
it's not passive at all secondly you
can't be compassionate towards yourself
doesn't really make sense but you can
certainly care for yourself as you care
for other people and for reasons we come
to these often go together
yeah no let's put it on the table now
um how can I care for you if I don't
care for myself if I don't look after
myself if I'm starving I'm depressed
um it's not going to work you have to
care for yourself and care for other
people and these things are reciprocal okay
okay um
um
let me just say one more thing before we
move on
it might seem to you that what I'm
suggesting is that in being
compassionate to other people then all
you do is worry about the mental state
that's just crazy okay because suffering
has many causes okay and many of them
are material okay living in a war zone
not being able to have enough to eat
worrying about the health of your kids
all right these are all causes of
um suffering
and um
Buddhism says well you should try and
get rid of these as well
doing the things that you need to change
your headspace is not easy you cannot do
it if you're in a war zone or worrying
about your kids or worrying where your
next meal is coming from it doesn't work
not only that the very logic of the
situation says that you should get rid
of the material causes suffering as well
look suffering is bad okay
therefore you should get rid of it okay and
and
uh it doesn't matter what the causes are
getting rid of the course is getting rid
of the effect
so if there are material causes
suffering then you should get rid of
those to the extenders within your power
if it is
um so um
Buddhism especially in its modern incarnations
incarnations
um very much emphasizes the material
conditions of the world we live in and
it's no longer a kind of
um a renunciant view where you go and
sit in the cushion in your temple and
meditate 24 hours a day um
um so
so um
um
why why should I be interested in
getting rid of people suffering I mean
well I should be interested in getting
rid of my suffering is pretty obvious
right well I shall be interested in
getting rid of yours
well the standard replies given by this
guy his name is chanted over
um he's writing about the eighth Century
of the Common Era
um and he's probably the most
significant Buddhist ethicist and he
because it's suffering like my own suffering
suffering
I'll show you also be benevolent to
others because they are beings just as I
myself am a being
since I and others are exactly alike in
Desiring happiness what's so special
about me that just flies driving after
only in my own happiness
since fear and suffering are unwanted by
both me and others what's so special
about me that I protect this and not
that Alberta suffering is a bad thing
and you should try and get rid of it okay
okay
um look racism and patriarchy are bad
things right people suffer because of
racism people suffer because of
patriarchy they're bad and you should
get rid of them and it matters not one
iota that I who say this I'm white and a male
male
okay these things are bad and you should
get rid of them period okay
okay
um so that's the idiot's guide to
Buddhist ethics now let's turn to metaphysics
metaphysics
okay so uh
let me warn again that there's not one
single metaphysics so let me just talk
about the little bits that are sort of
found in the minister buddhisms um
um
reality has three marks brief features
um which are no self there's no
essential you that's really important
but it's not on today's agenda
Anita impermanence everything in the
causal flux comes into existence when
conditions are ripe
her sister a while and goes out of
existence when conditions so determine
okay again that's important but it's not
on today's agenda this one is potential
Summit parts are dependent of Regulation
so let's think a little bit about that
um particular partner is sometimes
translated as dependent original
dependence arising
um sometimes it's described as the were
um and the thought is that
that
whatever happens happens as a result of
multiple causes which all come together
to bring it about and that thing
together with
other events
conspire to produce a multitude of effect
effect
so you know I don't think anyone's going
to disagree with that the problem is
that when we think about these things we
don't take the ramifications to Heart
so let me just
let's think about this for a second
so this morning I went to I got up I
went to Costas to have a cup of coffee
it was actually bloody awful but never
won that
um just think about
getting a cup of coffee and Costas
all right so it was made from Beans
those beans
um ultimately through their energy from
the Sun okay they grew in Latin America
or Africa
and they got their water supply from
local rain and streams they were picked
by someone in one of those countries who
probably owns a lot less than I do
um they were shipped here
um probably in a boat owned by yet
another country with Sailors from yet
another country and by coal from yet
another country okay when it gets to the
UK they're roasted
um and it's given to the Distributors
um who work on a bunch of laws some of
which are international some of which
are British and so they depend on the
functioning of the British Parliament
the but no longer the EU but you know
other legal International legal bodies
um uh okay the copy was certainly by
some young people
um who were you know obviously earning a
lot less than I do
all right um
my purchasing the coffee helped them to
sort of go home have an apartment with a
roof over their head where we bring up kids
kids
um and
um they will you know talk to other
people about their day's experiences
maybe you know they'll talk about like
chatting to them
this is just the barest outline of my
buying coffee in the sort of locus as a
locus of causes and effects um
um
and I recommend it to you as a thought
experiment just to take
any one thing that happens to you today
maybe when you're at home tonight you
know having a glass of scotch or you
know yeah poker whatever you have just
think about one thing that happened today
today
and think about everything that was
involved in making that one thing
possible and the possible ramifications
of what you did and what other people
did and so on
um and when you do that you will realize
that you are deeply integrated with
people not just in London not just in
Britain all over the world okay as you
turn on your TV
then you are dependent on the people who
you know put Global satellites around
the world
when you use your phone you'll depends
on the people who made them okay so the
web of interconnections is evasive
probably it connects you to nearly
everybody else asked present and future
okay so this is important because when
you're thinking about ethical treatment
it means you cannot just take into
account how you treat your next old
neighbor or your professor or your
students or whatever you've got to think
about all the people who make your life possible
okay
um so this is Jay Garfield
so can't you make care that's Corona is
to recognize both the omnipresence of
suffering and our reconnectedness
through the web of dependent origination
it's recognized that one cannot solve
even the problems of One's Own suffering
without caring for that of others as
well you've now essentially such a later
and the claims that nature ensures will
make a plan
uh okay
um again before we get on to the second
part let me just sort of hammer this
point home because I think people do not
sufficiently appreciate it you and I are
essentially social creatures
and if we have more time I talk about
Marx in this regard but Buddhism is
enough for one day
so you cannot you could not I mean the
life you live
will be impossible without
all the people not just the ones that
give you your coffee okay
okay
um you depend on the British taxpayers
who pay your stipend or your salary you
depend on the people who make your
iPhone you depend on the people who you
know ship goods from China for you to
buy you depend on the people who design
your clothes you depend on okay this web
of interconnection just goes everywhere and
and um
your well-being
depends on their well-being
if the people who you know pay your salary
salary
can't get the money from the taxpayer
you lose your job okay if the people
um who decide to put the satellites
around the earth decided they were going
to maintain them anymore you lose your
cell phone and lots of any bank account
lots of other things um
um
you're flourishing depends upon the
flourishing of a lot of other people in
fact nearly everybody hidden the breadth
of the the um
and depth of procedure Summit partner
um but of course uh you know this is a
two-way street I mean um
in a sense the stuff the the well-being
of the people who I come in contact with
um uh
it depends also on me if I'm an
to my students they're going to suffer
if I'm a bad colleague to my colleagues
they're gonna suffer too so
you know these things um
um
compassionate action is
is
um let me put it around the other way if
you think about standard accounts of Ethics
Ethics
um it's normally thought of as a
zero-sum pain you know my rights are
your duties when I sell something my
profit is your loss etc etc
Buddhist ethics says no that's the wrong
perspective on things
um ethical action is a win-win situation
I help you to flourish you help me to
flourish and we all flourish together okay
okay
all right so
so [Music]
[Music] um
um
that's the end of the first part of the
talk let me just pause there for a
second because I want to move on now to
into our mental issues
um but just in case there are any points
of classification sorry clarification
let me just see if anyone wants to raise
and to be clear we will have a plenty of
time for Q a at the end as well so this
is a good opportunity if you just want
anything horrified quickly
there'll be time later as well yeah can
you just elaborate on the last points
you made about
um Western tradition of Ethics treating
the interaction as a security I'm not sure
look Western ethics at least
um has 17th 18th century depends very
much on um
um psychologicalism
psychologicalism
so if you look at you say compactors
discussed by humps and log and so on it
tells a story that people are essentially
essentially
um individual by the nature they're free
form with respect to their interests
their rights and so on um
um
but uh
if they don't cooperate they'll be a
warrable against all they won't last
long Ops of course so what they do is
they come together into social compact
so to have some of the
some of the aspects are life enforced by
central government so they can protect
their own interests but nonetheless
within that social compost I pursue my
own interests that's what the compact
has taught for me to presume pursue my
interests so um
um
uh I want to make as much money as
possible because that's good it's not
surprising that this view came into
being when capitalism was hitting at strides
strides
um and uh it's fine for me to exploit
you in any way I like because that's in
my interest and if I can make a lot of
money by exploiting you that's all
that's all moral okay so as I say my
game might be your loss but that's all fine
fine um
um
so morality then is about this kind of
trade-off between the individuals each
of whom looks after their own interests
to the detriment of other people that's
what the social contract is all about so
that's what I had in mind okay
um we can certainly discuss this later
any other general questions yeah
everyone cares about others can be more
really deep knowledge
why not foreign
cares about others
it could
look I don't think we're going to design
a perfect Society
Assurance help it could be better than
the society we live in now leave the
a third of the world's population
maybe more do not have adequate food
they do not have mathematical medicine
even in the United States which is one
of the richest countries in the world
okay if we can't design a better Society
of this or work towards a bit exciting this
this
there's something really sad you know
people are smart beings if they
understand the situation they're in
understand what makes them flourish
understand what doesn't make them
flourish they must be able to do better use
use okay
okay
we can certainly talk about that later but
but [Music]
[Music] um
um
we've been changing the world and our
society for 2 000 years do you think
that change has come to end obviously not
not
whatever World we're living in at the
year 3000 will be nothing like the world
we're living in in the year 2000 anymore
than the world in 2000 is the world is
the world is going to change that's
almost obvious okay the question is not
can we change it question is how do we
okay we can come back to some of these
issues in due course but let's get on to
environmental issues um
um
okay I'm going to skip over that because
of time
um okay let me talk about the looming
ecological crisis and
um if I was in the United States I would
expect to get still some climate denials
I assume I'm not so likely to get this
in the UK but maybe they're if I'm
denies in the audience we can discuss that
that
um but by and large I assume that I'm
preaching to choir here but what I want
to do is tell you how some of the things
I said
about Buddhist ethics and metaphysics
bear on
the current ecological situation many of
those will be pretty obvious to you now
I mean so um
let's talk about this look
um there is nothing wrong with changing
the environment
we have been doing this now as long as
there have been humans
and some of those things have been good
okay we have
um made sure that people or some people
at least have good security which are
used to not to be the case
um we have developed medical
technologists which help people when
they're ill we have eradicated many
terrible sicknesses
although I know the smallpox is making a comeback
comeback
um but polio has been largely eradicated
um so I mean all these involve
environmental changes okay um
um
so we've been changing the environment
and some of those changes are for the
better no doubt about that why well
because they reduce sufferings
um but
since the Industrial Revolution we've
been increasing the temperature of the
planet with consequences that we only
come to realize in the last 30 years
due to our understanding of the
interconnectedness of elements of the environment
environment
so particular party is a very old view
but the modern ecological understanding
of how the bits of our Republic relate
to each other is relatively new because
of climate science okay but climate
science is just an example of an
understanding of procedure Summit pattern
pattern
um okay so um
um
the increasing Global temperature is I
don't think arguable now already we have
seen an increase of
um Greek weather conditions like floods
tornadoes routes um
sea levels are already beginning to rise
and they're going to wipe out a lot of
Pacific Islands even the southern half
of Manhattan which is below sea level
like this is great okay
so these things are now starting to
happen already Okay um
because of the changes that we're making
to The Climate
um things are getting rather desperate
in many places especially in those
places where people have done least to
affect climate change which are those
sort of global South countries
okay so what we're seeing are rising sea
levels extreme weather conditions fires
throughouts floods
um disruption of arable lands just think
how much of the arable land is near the
coasts in most countries
um destruction of various ecosystems on
which we defend depend okay I think what
we're doing to the oceans for example by
climate change
um and in the end you know your life and
my life depends on Plants because
they're at the bottom of the food chain
um okay the effects well
um shortages of covered in clean water
unlikely only about four days ago the
head of the United Nations said unless
we get our act together real fast
we are going to be facing a crisis about
Clean Water by 2030.
you take it for granted you turn on your
tap and it comes out you cannot take it
for granted especially if you live in
the global South
which may not even you may not even have
a tap
okay migration
um look the people who live on the
coastal areas they're going to stay
there because their home's going to be
underwater they're going to move now
we've already seen the what migration
does when people migrate I read the news
about people coming from North Africa to
Europe every day you know how
politically disruptive this is okay it's
going to happen more and more in the
next 15 20 years
um increasing competition resources
primary resources and markets well
that's pretty obvious if resources are
dwindling competition following phrases um
um
increased International conflicts and more
more because
because
Nations protect their economies you
don't need to learn much about the
United States or China to let they go
through risk and they compete with each
other for it so if there's increasing economic
economic
um problems it's going to increase
cognit and um
um
a lot of that is clearly going to cause
so
even the first half of this talk we
should work to get rid of it I'm sorry to
to
ensure that we're going to go back to
you know print us through levels of
climate we can at least try and make
what happens at least compassionate for
everybody living in the world especially
those who are going to suffer most
um okay there's there's an ostrich
reaction which I'm sure that a lot of
people in the first world have
especially in the United States namely
that um
you think you can Hunker them and avoid
all this
you know the United States is a very
rich country some people are very very
rich and they think well they can do
they like other people who don't screw
themselves uh because I'm all right jack okay
okay
um obviously that's unethical but it's
also false because if you think about it
even the rich are connected by the web
of procedure Summit Potter at what goes
on in the world
when migration happens in a country it
affects everybody I hope maybe by
causing social disruption of what's
happening in the United States at the
moment but what happens in Europe now
with the people who come from North America
America
um and uh
in economic conditions are disrupted
then that affects everybody if clean
wood is a problem it's going to be a
problem for everybody um
um
so the world is people in the world are
not just connected
um socially they're connected
economically as well
so everyone is going to be affected by
new Global diseases caused by new
environmental conditions
I don't think I'll need to hammer that
after three years of coverage
um increased International competition
may be military
how far away are we from a monthly
complementation between China and America
America
uncomfortably close I think um
um
all right so
um
or the first part of the fourth Noble
Truth Right View understand the world
you're living in if you don't understand
it you won't do anything about it always
won't do anything efficacious right so
all I've done is describe the world to you
you
as I think science and any thoughtful
person now sees it so what can be done
okay obviously important
um well okay here's a utopian solution
um we Institute a world body that can
put in place and it's also appropriate
pollinated International activity yeah right
right
um we can redistribute the world's
resources more evenly across its peoples
we can have I'll probably decrease the
size of the world's population if there
were four billion of us not 8 billion of
us we wouldn't be in this situation
um we could put a halt to a full
economic production because rationale is growth
growth
which is causing a lot of the problem if
I'm talking about capitalism okay
um but this would require a level of
international cooperation which is
frankly you typing it ain't gonna happen
we haven't done it in the last 30 years
even though the writing was on the wall
we ain't gonna do it in the next 30 Years
Years
so nice as though that might be it ain't
going to happen
so what we can do
well we can do some things um
um
they might not stop
global warming but I can at least make
sure to get as bad as it might so
um we can underwrite the r d of cleaner Technologies
Technologies
for example by taxing the production and
use of fossil fuels and using the text
to subsidize development of renewable energy
energy
um and of course sharing the results
with countries of the global South
so if you listen to governments now
they'll say oh well we'll underwrite new
technologies because it'll make us more
affluentive what about what people are
really suffering the global South well
the new technologists developed should
be helping them as well because they are
suffering as much as probably more than
people in the global north
um winding back old and lower
Productions and setting strictly
emission limits on cars PowerPoints our
plants other heavy imploders
all of which are concerned are all of
this with concern for those who have to
move to different jobs okay so we're
we're changing the economy some old traditional
traditional
um Industries are going to go hopefully
you know gas plants
um power plants um people are going to
lose their jobs
so you know losing a job is definitely a
form of suffering so that when we change
the economy we should think about all
the people who are going to lose their
jobs and their wives and husbands and kids
expanding public transportation and
diminishing the Reliance on private
motor vehicles and air travel okay I
flew here from New York yesterday so
there's a an element of kind of
self-criticism here but you're happy to
what else could we do um well uh there's
more we could Implement sustainable food
production and Forestry and encourage a
group to move away from a mid-consuming
developed diet which is energy and
efficient and environmentally destructive
destructive
think of the Amazon Amazon [Music]
[Music]
um meat production is amazingly
inefficient in terms of nutrition
take something like eight kilograms of
vegetable usable humanly usable fertile
protein to uh produce one kilo of
humanly used by animal protein right um
um
encouraging measures to stop population
growth education Family Planning
um we know that if you educate women
then uh and enable them to use Family
Planning Services then the um size of
families goes down
okay so there are easy things we can do
to at least
stop the world population getting too
much larger namely educate people
especially women to have control their
own fertility um
um
uh okay so those are some of the things
but
um there are best going to slow down the change
change
on campus
um things are going to get worse
Okay so
we've got to prepare for what is not
going to be you know happy place over
the next 20 30 years how do we do that
well first of all we educate people
if they don't understand the situation then
then
um they're not going to act
we should be preparing to accommodate
Mass migration because it's going to happen
happen
and we know that simply putting up a
fence to keep people out does not work Witness
Witness
the wall at the Mexican border of the
um we must be prepared to deal with
extreme weather conditions of the kind
that we've seen a lot of tornadoes floods
floods buyers
even in the UK you've had some rather
inclement weather recently I believe
okay like the coldest
um
moving to sustainable energy and Food Systems
Systems and
and
systems which work under conditions of
increased stress because the climate
change is going to produce a lot of
increased stress on our production food
and water still water um
um
and probably the most important hold is developing
developing
an economic system which is more Humane
and more rational than the one we have
and yes I'm talking about getting rid of capitalism
capitalism
okay but that is a whole new discussion
but a very important one
yes
talk like this
now I've skated Jesus out of all of you
so what do I do
um I thought my name was in poetry
okay most of you
well before I give you the Poetry let me
just summarize the what I've said it is
good that produces abuse of them okay um
um
what we do we need to understand the
Buddhist lessons of care and
interconnectedness because that's what's
been driving what I've said about what
we should do in response to the
and passion to other people is important
understanding the interconnectedness of
people and things is important
because we live in a world of global
ecological and other interconnections uh
where we flourish collectively or not at all
okay here's the Poetry okay John Don
some of you will of course know this [Music]
[Music] um
no man is an island entire itself
every man is a piece of the continent a
part of the main
if it can't be washed away by the Sea
Europe is the less as well as for
profitary work as well as if a manner of
thy friends of our known worth
any man's death diminishes me because
I'm involved in mankind
and therefore you ever send a no over
the belt holes
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