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Kepler-22b: The Nightmare Planet That Shouldn’t Exist!

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it seems you've been lost in the dark

cold vastness of space for ages you

don't remember what green trees look

like you can recall what fresh morning

air smells like you're about to run out

of what little fuel you still have and

then you see it a planet can it be Earth

your battered spaceship is moving closer

to the planet and a giant wave of bitter

disappointment almost drowns you this

alien world looks nothing like your

beautiful blue planet you get down to

work after thorough research you realize

that the planet in front of your eyes

can't be anything else but Kepler 22b

which in turn means that you're 635

light years away from home and are

unlikely to ever return to

Earth you need some time to get used to

this horrible Revelation when you come

back to your senses you understand that

you have to do everything in your power

to survive even if it means living in an

unfamiliar probably hostile world the

only good news in that ocean of

desperation is that Kepler 22b is

located in the habitable zone of its

star and it means there might be liquid

water on its surface and where there's

water there's also the possibility of

Life your life Earth's astronomers

discovered this exoplanet which is what

all the planets outside the solar system

are called using the transit method the

problem with many exoplanets is that

it's hard to spot them since the bright

glare of Their Stars keeps them hidden

from our telescope

Scopes but the transit method means that

instead of looking for planets

scientists watch the star Kepler 22 they

noticed that over time its brightness

changed that was because Kepler 22b

regularly blocked the star's light this

discovery also helped researchers figure

out the size of the planet and the way

it orbited its star it turned out that

the planet was 36 times more massive

than our planet if you decide to settle

down in this world this information will

probably make you feel even lonel your

new home is also 15% nearer to its star

than our planet is to the sun if Earth

moved over so close to our star

everything and everyone on the planet

would become fried in no time consider

yourself lucky that the star that is now

illuminating your spaceship lying

sideways on the surface of the planet is

smaller and colder than the sun it means

you'll get as much sunlight as you would

if you were on Earth the temperature on

your new home planet is quite

comfortable around 60 to 72°

[Music]

F but don't get your hopes up you don't

know for sure yet but there's a theory

that the planet is rotating on its side

like Uranus in our solar system what can

it mean for you unfortunately nothing

good even though the position of the

planet probably seems insignificant the

complications might be fatal the problem

is that in this case the North and South

Poles of Kepler 22b would be either

plunged Into Darkness or illuminated by

super bright sunlight for half a

year now that wouldn't be a matter of

being a daytime or nighttime person it

would mean that temperatures on the

planet would change from freezing to

Boiling all the time which wouldn't be

great for your survival anyway you

haven't had enough time to figure out

whether this prediction is true what you

have noticed though is that your new

home is covered with an ocean you almost

dropped into it before resuming control

over your spacecraft and Landing it on

the shore instead according to your

calculations the ocean might be around

160 ft deep it might also act as natural

climate control keeping the wild

temperatures at Bay by storing heat in

the summer and releasing it during the

winter but even if it's true your main

concern is food and oxygen you're

running out of your scarce resources at

an alarming speed what are you going to

eat on this lifeless Planet how will you

get some air to

breathe your future looks darker and

darker with every passing minute will

the sheer strength of your willpower

help you survive time will

tell according to the theory of

panspermia life could have been brought

to Earth by a meteorite Comet or

asteroid from a different region of

space at the moment this idea remains

purely theoretical but let's figure out

if it could actually turn out to be

true traditionally

exobiologists those who are focused on

searching for life outside Earth have

been trying to explore the possibility

of Life on Mars or in the subsurface

oceans of Saturn's and Jupiter's icy

moons but simple life could be much more

widespread it could be drifting through

interplanetary space right now in the

form of dormant bacteria and

spores several scientists have noted

that the ultra harsh environment of

space is likely to severely damage the

DNA and r na of such spores and

microorganisms others believe that since

enough microbes could be traveling in a

dust cloud some of them could survive in

their original

form there are several types of

panspermia for example lithopanspermia

proposes that some kind of microbic Life

Could exist in debris blasted into the

cosmos after planetary collisions with

comets and asteroids radio panspermia

claims that organisms might be able to

travel through space with the help of

radiation coming from stars but in this

case it's unclear how the effect of

dangerous ultraviolet and x-ray

radiation combined with the vacuum of

space doesn't totally destroy

microorganisms there's also pseudo

panspermia according to it organic

building blocks of life appear in

interstellar clouds of dust they get

transported to the surfaces of planets

and Life Starts developing there it

sounds really fascinating but is there

any evidence for for the pans spermia

Theory well there have been a few

orbital experiments for example from

2008 to 2016 the samples gathered by

Expose special equipment mounted outside

the International Space Station and

dedicated to astrobiology were exposed

to the conditions of space after that

they were returned to Earth from the

ISS it turned out that some of them had

survived those severe conditions there

was even a case when 100% of back cial

spores placed in mars-like conditions

were still capable of life also some

seeds survived and were later grown as

plants on Earth there have also been

exost experiments on the US long

duration exposure facility satellite and

biopan experiments on Russian Photon

capsules they have shown that with

minimal protection spores lyans and even

minuscule animals such as tardigrades

might be able to survive in space for as

long as several years a piece of

surveyor 3 lunar lander was brought back

to Earth in 1969 by the Apollo 12

mission shockingly it contained an earth

bacterium that had survived unprotected

for more than 2 years on the airless

surface at the same time this bacterium

could have come from laboratory

contamination on arrival back on Earth

the Indian space research organization

carried out a search for space

microorganisms too it was done at

stratospheric altitudes via balloon

flights the results showed that living

interplanetary cells existed in air

samples taken from Heights of above 25

mil normally air from lower levels of

the atmosphere can't be transported

there so this discovery seemed to prove

the theory of pans spermia but in 2010

NASA atmospheric sampling before and

after hurricanes proved that under

certain circumstances Earth bacteria

could actually be transported very high

into the upper levels of the atmosphere

spere one of the main arguments against

panspermia is that if this theory was

correct all life found throughout the

solar system would have a common origin

and share main biochemical

characteristics like genetic code it

doesn't sound plausible many specialists

believe that only the presence of

astronaut explorers on the surfaces of

let's say Mars Europa or Enceladus can

properly solve the question of life in

the solar system they can compare any

life forms found with earth type life

which can turn out to be a real test of

panspermia in any case until probes

finally find Direct Proof of spaceborn

Life the pans spermia Theory will remain

unproven in the icy Wilderness of

Antarctica there was a peculiar Rock

amidst the vast smooth and snowy

landscape it stood alone like a dark

smudge this rock had been there for ages

untouched except for occasional snowfall

fall Roberto score a lab manager at

NASA's Johnson Space Center had spent

countless hours in Antarctica searching

for rocks just like this one Antarctica

was an unexpected Treasure Trove for

these discoveries these rocks were easy

to spot against the blindingly white

eyes why was it so important because it

wasn't just any rock it was a meteorite

that had fallen from space thousands of

years ago Roberta's Rock known as alh

841 was initially

unimpressive however it turned out to be

extraordinary it was a piece of

Mars The Rock's chemical composition

perfectly matched the surface of the red

planet turns out it had been blasted off

Mars during a colossal Collision

millions of years ago it was wandering

through space before landing on Earth

there it had remained undisturbed for a

very long time time scientists at

Johnson Space Center carefully examined

this Martian visitor years later

physicists made a remarkable

announcement this meteorite contained

tiny structures that look just like

living organisms found on Earth NASA

immediately shared this discovery with

the world we found fossilized evidence

of Life on

[Music]

Mars however as other scientists got

their hands on the Rock and conducted

further studies they they began to doubt

it yes it was a fascinating piece of

rock but Martian chemistry might create

similar structures without life being

involved so unfortunately it wasn't

conclusive evidence but all this debate

raised a very important question would

we recognize extraterrestrial life if we

saw it there are more than 200 different

definitions of life in scientific

literature so what should we be looking

for to figure out what makes something

alive scientists have come up with three

important things that living things must

have first living things need to store

information about themselves this

information tells them how to work and

what they're like it's a bit like having

a set of instructions for how they

function second they need to be able to

interact with their environment and

create reactions these reactions help

them get energy move around and respond

to changes or dangers lastly they must

be able to make copies of themselves

reproducing and making other things that

are just like them disability is a big

part of what makes something

alive the famous physicist Irwin schroer

was one of the first people to figure

this out he said that storing using and

passing on information is super

important for life it's like a cycle

information helps create reactions and

some of those reactions let living

things make copies of themselves on

Earth we see this in action we humans

for example have DNA to store our

information it helps us with our

Evolution thanks to all this we can

adapt to our surroundings over time

nature sees that some traits are helpful

for survival so they stick around While

others get left behind in other words a

way to define life is by saying that

it's subject to this process called

darwinian Evolution but how did it

happen that things capable of evolution

appeared and when did the very first

life emerge in our universe to find out

the answer let's go to the very

beginning of

everything the beginning was the Big

Bang right after it there were no stars

or galaxies the universe started as a

mostly even and empty place with just a

tiny bit denser than the rest after the

first second or so first protons

neutrons and electrons among other

particles appeared and just about a

couple of minutes later these protons

and neutrons came together to make

stable Atomic cores then everything was

a super hot soup of particles for about

380,000 years it was way too hot to form

anything dense the universe needed some

time to chill after it calmed down a bit

it let electrons join these cores

forming neutral atoms for the first time

ah finally some comfy temperatures if we

were there we we wouldn't have needed

the sun to keep us warm that cosmic

background radiation would have been

enough could life appear at this point

probably not in those early moments

after the big bang the universe had only

hydrogen helium a tiny bit of lithium

and almost none of the other elements

life needs Life as We Know requires

things like water and organic compounds

so it wasn't about the temperatures it

was about the ingredients

now everything had to form over time

from these atoms to create something

like a planet which is much denser than

the Universe on average it needed a lot

of time and gravitational squeezing

gravity is the real hero of the story it

changed the universe completely even

though it started slow it kept going and

got stronger regions that were a bit

denser could pull in more matter and the

denser they got the more they attracted

the very first star should have formed

around 5050 to 100 million years after

the big bang these Stars could become

incredibly massive hundreds or even a

thousand times bigger than our sun and

when these stars formed it didn't take

long maybe 1 or 2 million years before

they disappeared just for comparison our

own son is 4.6 billion years old and

still going

strong when huge Stars reach the end of

their lives some something incredible

happens they transform helium into

carbon then carbon into oxygen and

oxygen into a bunch of other stuff all

the way up the periodic table then the

Stars core collapses causing a massive

Supernova this huge bam releases all

these heavy elements into the universe

hooray now the space is filled with

something new the universe acquires many

cool things including the ingredients

needed for rocky planets and organic MO

molecules each generation of stars gets

even richer than the previous one yes to

more elements it means more rocky

planets more essential ingredients for

life and more chances for complex

organic molecules to form and now when

the universe was around 300 to 500

million years old rocky planets were

already popping up

everywhere great can we have some life

now that depends on what we see as life

the recipe for Life as we know it needs

a special ingredient carbon carbon is

special because it can bond with other

atoms in so many ways it can connect

with different shapes to build all sorts

of amazing complex structures it's

carbon that helps us form things like

DNA and proteins which are the building

blocks of living things now while the

universe made rocky planets relatively

quickly it took a bit longer to get

enough carbon floating around it

appeared about 1 to 1.5 billion years

after the big bang as soon as it

appeared the universe finally had enough

conditions to create Life as we know it

which is why scientists are searching

for planets around these oldest stars in

the universe these guys definitely had

enough time for evolution but just

because you and me are made of carbon

and other elements from exploded Stars

doesn't mean that all life should be

scientists are open to the idea of

alternative biochemistries there might

be non-carbon based life that we don't

know about yet for example Blobby beings

made of silicon compounds it's carbon's

neighbor in the periodic

table so when and where did life truly

begin unfortunately we don't know for

sure yet most likely the universe

started preparing for Life shortly after

the first stars formed and if all life

is carbon based only then it should have

appeared 1 to 1.5 billion years after

the big bang the universe is 13.8

billion years old looks like it had

plenty of time to evolve lots of

microorganisms so even if we made a

mistake and the Mysterious meteorite was

just a piece of rock we shouldn't give

up the search for extraterrestrial life

continues and who knows maybe in the

future we'll finally know the answers to

all these important questions until then

then stay

tuned it's a clear night and you're

outside looking at the stars the Milky

Way alone seems overwhelmingly huge you

check on your phone and discover that

the Galaxy you're in at this exact

moment is 100,000 light years wide for

scale one lightyear is already a very

long distance for example it takes 4.2

light years to go from Earth to Proxima

centari which is the closest star to our

planet other than the Sun

so 100,000 light years is way more than

we normal humans can fathom and that's

just one Galaxy there's a whole lot more

out there now looking at this data it

seems pretty unlikely that we're the

only life form out there doesn't it but

how come we've never found anything else

far let's get one thing out of the way

extraterrestrial life doesn't

necessarily mean we're talking about

little green people it can also mean

microorganisms bacteria and plants that

can be found on other planets the truth

is there's a big spectrum of

possibilities for life on another planet

and taking into consideration that there

are up to 50 billion planets in the

Milky Way it's very unlikely that we're

alone in this big wide

universe and what does life on other

planets look like this is what we've

spent years trying to figure out go

ahead think with me a planet may be

lifeless today but it could have traces

of organic matter or fossils meaning

that some life form was able to thrive

there once and it could also be that

there are planets out there containing

life with complex biochemistry meaning

they could have fauna just like we have

on Earth although probably not the

same NASA created a special science that

is dedicated to studying life forms

outside of Earth it's called

astrobiology

ever since the space agency was created

back in 1958 it didn't take long for it

to start looking for extraterrestrial

life they quickly built an action plan

first they needed to understand how life

on earth was formed and secondly how it

could have formed on other

planets the first time NASA tried to

look for life in outer space was in

1976 the Viking Lander blasted into

space headed towards Mars there were

high expectations that human would find

the first proof of extraterrestrial life

unfortunately the Lander came back with

images of a planet that looked Barren

and Bleak and scientists were extremely

disappointed scientific conclusions on

whether life could be detected over

there were

confusing but hey you need to know what

you're looking for to find it right the

failure of the Viking Mission served to

heat up debates amongst NASA scientists

to Define what life actually meant and

it also served to call their attention

to a small but very important detail

spacecrafts departing from Earth usually

transport Earthling microorganisms and

bacteria unintentionally as they remain

attached to the vehicle it turned out

that these bacteria could contaminate

scientist samples so they needed to

consider this all of this made Mars

Expeditions take a back burner on NASA's

short-term plans there appeared a new

Priority First question what are the

types and stages of life that space

programs can hope to

identify scientists might have

encountered life on other planets but

they weren't able to identify it as life

that is why NASA began to study our own

Planet better they studied everything

from ancient life forms that lived

billions of years ago to living

creatures that roam the planet today

they understood that the search needed

to happen inwards as well as outwards

let's take a look at the development of

Earth's life from its Inception imagine

that this development can be represented

as a ladder or stairs and each

developmental stage is a flight of the

bigger

staircase first we would see basic

chemistry a soup of loose chemical

elements like the ones we see in the

periodic table but they need to assemble

themselves into more complex structures

to be able to self-replicate change and

evolve

this would happen in the Second Step

where we start to see the formation of

microscopic

organisms in the third step these cells

combine to become multicellular beings

allowing for more complexity and variety

the step above sees species that can

evolve big brains enabling the use of

tools culture and shared knowledge

that's where humanity is

located looking at this ladder one might

ask so what does it take for a

multicellular organism to evolve into

fully formed humans this is what is

called the Great filter it's a huge

evolutionary jump that takes a lot of

effort and the perfect environmental

conditions for it to happen and given

that we haven't heard of any other

extraterrestrial civilizations out there

it might be that we are the only ones

that were able to make this jump after

all How likely is it that we'll find

life outside of earth that is similar to

us that depends on how many planets

there are out there in their Stars

goldilock Zone the area around a star

where water can be liquid and because

stars come in all sizes and

configurations this zone is different

for every star system but that's not the

only criteria we know for the existence

life we usually look for three things to

detect life liquid water methane and

oxygen water is what allows for chemical

components to mingle and connect forming

multicellular beings methane is produced

by the decomposition process made by

bacteria and oxygen is the byproduct of

plant

respiration these are some of the

telltale signs that the James Webb

Telescope was programmed to search for

the James web telescope has ambitious

purposes that might revolutionize space

science its top priorities are to detect

forms of life by studying small galaxies

orbiting the Milky Way it will also look

for the oldest stars in the universe

trying to gather data on the origin of

the universe itself that's

huge NASA is betting on two variables

with this new telescope a thorough scan

on the so-called exoplanets AKA planets

from outside our solar system and the

search for extremophiles a type of life

that loves extreme

environments extremophiles were first

discovered on planet Earth back in the

1960s at the bottom of the sea near the

Galapagos Islands scientists found

microorganisms living next to

hydrothermal vents that dot the sea

floor over that part of the world

thriving in places like these with

extreme temperatures over 700° F takes a

lot of resistance I mean can you imagine

the Heat this discovery was a turning

point for the field of astrobiology as

scientists understood that life could

survive in extremely harsh conditions

similar to the atmosphere spere

available in several

exoplanets but hey life might turn up in

our own neighborhood if we're lucky

enough Guided by the Mantra follow the

water NASA is launching two important

missions inside our solar system that

can contribute largely to the search for

extraterrestrial

life you remember Jupiter right it's the

gas giant that has a moon known as

Europa a few years ago scientists

discovered that Europa had an ocean

hidden behind layers of icy crust and

there's even more according to research

the water over in Europa is salty much

like the water we have on our planet

Europa is a big Contender for the

detection of life but the Europa Clipper

mission is not aimed at trying to

identify this rather it will orbit the

Moon and gather as much information

about its atmospheric conditions as it

can the other moonbound mission is the

dragonfly an octocopter that will

explore Saturn's moon Titan the launch

is programmed for

2027 and will only arrive in Titan's

orbit around

2034 it will sample and examine a series

of promising sights around Saturn's icy

Moon and who knows find some new

information on ET

life let's see what happens but I'd say

we've never been closer to a huge

Discovery than we are now

life originated in water or so we always

heard in reality it could have begun in

ice we know that it all started more

than 3 billion years ago with simple

microbes and it's been evolving ever

since however there are many theories

about how exactly it happened maybe not

heat but cold was the beginning of

everything

cells were the first tiny life forms but

before we had fully developed cells

there were simpler things that couldn't

survive on their own certain important

chemicals for life like the mentioned

amino acids usually float in water in

tiny

amounts first they needed something to

help them stay together without

spreading all over the place otherwise

they would have gotten lost in the sea

and second they needed to stick together

in groups to form more complex things

moreover when they started to form in

groups they started the process of

evolution they chose the best molecules

to do specific tasks and kicked out the

faulty

ones without this organization the

fastest replicators or parasites would

have taken over there were several ways

they could organize

themselves 3 billion years ago oceans

were covered in ice

and it turned out that certain important

chemicals for life such as amino acids

and nucleic acids are more stable in

colder

temperatures when water freezes these

chemicals that hang out in the oceans

get packed together making it easier for

life to

form or maybe what helped them were

special spots called hydrothermal vents

imagine the deepest darkest parts of the

ocean floor where hot water shoots out

from cracks in the Earth's

crust life might have started right

there in these extreme

conditions these vents spew out

important elements like carbon and

hydrogen which are crucial for life as

the superheated water travels through

the Earth's crust it picks up other

important stuff like minerals when it

finally bursts out of the vents it

creates a kind of soup rich in

chemicals in the Rocky crevices around

around these vents all these molecules

could have come together and sparked the

first signs of

Life the hot mineral Rich environment

acted like a kitchen to cook the first

recipes ever for living

things even today these vents are home

to vibrant ecosystems showing that life

can thrive in extreme

conditions ancient stories also talk

about life starting from

clay it turns out that this idea has a

scientific basis

too imagine tiny particles of clay like

little grains of sand sticking together

in a structured way as they grow and get

bigger they keep their original shape

intact they form bigger areas and

clumps they become kind of like patches

clay clumps with tiny holes inside each

patch may be exposed to different things

in the environment like different

chemicals or substances when these

outside molecules go through the clay

they get trapped along the way once

trapped these molecules get organized in

specific patterns within the clay this

process is compared to how our genes

organize things just like genes tell our

bodies how to arrange different parts

the clay patches organize

molecules this theory was created back

in the 80s although it was very

controversial at the time we need more

investigation to figure out whether this

is true or not

ancient people could have been on to

something when they said that we all

started with Zeus's

lightning life itself is a chemical

reaction and it needs energy without

energy nothing happens cells are the

building blocks of life you can picture

these cells as Tiny factories bustling

with activity constantly working to keep

you

alive just like every Factory needs a

power source to keep its machines

running smoothly they need energy to do

their

job in the world of cells that power

source is something called ATP which

stands for adenosine triphosphate it's

an organic molecule there are also some

backup generators with fancy names like

Theo Esters asil phosphates and reduced

ferrodoxin they basically work like

extra

boosts when life first started it needed

energy to make complex stuff like

proteins and DNA back then this energy

came from the environment it could be

light heat chemicals or even

lightning that lightning might have

kickstarted life back in the

1950s scientists did something called

the Miller Yuri experiment they Zapped a

mix of gases that mimicked Earth's early

atmosphere with electric Sparks suddenly

that caused amino acids and sugars the

basic stuff of life to pop

out all living things share a special

code called DNA the genetic code it's

one of the oldest and most important

things about life and we think this code

existed in the very first forms of life

too this code is quite tricky it

involves putting the right building

blocks amino acids together in the the

right order and there are special

molecules called TRNA and mRNA that help

with this

process the early version of this code

was probably simpler than what we have

now it might have used shorter

instructions like using just two letters

instead of

three scientists are still figuring out

how DNA first appeared at

all some think it might have started

alongside metabolism where certain

molecules helped put the right building

blocks

together now they think that the secret

to understanding how DNA and proteins

are formed lies in looking at

RNA RNA is a versatile player a molecule

that can do some of the jobs of both DNA

and proteins in the past it could have

been the star before DNA and proteins

took over and even though they're the

main players now RNA still has important

roles in living

things for example it can switch genes

on and off controlling how cells behave

but then comes the next question how did

RNA come to be well we need to look for

even simpler Origins RNA are big and

complicated molecules but life could

have begun with smaller ones bumping

into each other and starting chemical

reactions these reactions might have

happened inside tiny capsules that acted

like cell membranes over time they might

have evolved into more complex ones that

could do the job

better in other words life could have

started with a basic recipe and slowly

added more

ingredients every living thing is made

of carbon carbon is an essential life

Block it's the stuff that makes

molecules and they form cells tissues

and organs Earth was very different many

years ago there were no plants or trees

and the air was different

too instead of the oxygen we breathe now

there were gases like hydrogen nitrogen

hydrogen sulfide and of course carbon

dioxide which contained

carbon in this ancient world life might

have started in a way where organisms

didn't eat other organisms for energy

perhaps they made their own food from

these simple chemicals they could eat

this carbon dioxide kind of like plants

do today and this is where they receive

their carbon from we call this

autotrophic

origin they think that certain metals

like iron and nickel along with minerals

containing them played a big role in

this process these metals and minerals

acted like assistance helping chemical

reactions happen that were important for

life to

begin they they were found all over the

Earth back then especially in places

where there wasn't much

oxygen and finally we have a wild theory

that life didn't start on Earth at all

it could have been brought to us from

somewhere

else rocks from Mars sometimes get

blasted into space by big Cosmic

collisions some of these rocks have

ended up on Earth carrying tiny microbes

with

them so maybe while we search for Life

on Mars it could have been the red

planet that started our very own

life or maybe it wasn't Mars others

suggest that life might have hitched a

ride on comets from other star systems

traveling through space until they

landed here but if life did come from

somewhere else it just raises more

questions for example how did life start

in space in the first

place this is why scientists are a bit

skeptical about this idea which is

called

panspermia in any case the origins of

Life are a huge mystery and we'll need

Decades of research to figure out the

full

answer your car breaks down in the

middle of the highway and won't start a

friendly driver pulls over nearby and

gets out some jumper cables connecting

your car to his a few Sparks and your

car comes back to life and that's how

life began on Earth sort of there's a

theory that life was jumpstarted on

earth like this billions of years ago it

all started with clouds in the sky we've

all been there sitting by the window on

a rainy day you wanted to go out and

have fun but the rain pouring outside

made you want to stay in bed and snuggle

still the lightning and thunder are

keeping you awake with nothing better to

do you think about how lightning even

forms like I said clouds and many other

things you see when a storm occurs cold

air and warm air meet the warm air goes

up to create thunderstorm clouds which

produce droplets and the cold air below

has ice crystals in it during a storm

the droplets and crystals have a little

mosh pit and move all around all that

bumping and grinding creates electrical

charges in the clouds if you ever

replaced batteries on a remote then

you've seen a plus and minus sign on

either end of the battery the plus is

where the positive charge is and the

minus is home to the negative one and

just like batteries clouds have their

own plus and minus the positive charges

are kept at the top and the minus is you

guessed it at the bottom so when the

charge at the bottom generates enough

power the cloud lets out energy as the

energy travels through the air it seeks

out positively charged objects like a

pole or a tree and when it finds it the

energy is released and lightning strikes

these bolts of light lightning can hit

anything on the ground or travel from

Cloud to cloud and thunder occurs

because of the hot and rapidly expanding

air so billions of years ago the earth

wasn't quite like today thunderstorms

were a lot more frequent than now and

life was still in its beta phase of

things these lightning bolts may have

been the key to Kickstart Life by

producing one of the most important

minerals for Life phosphorus DNA RNA and

cell membranes wouldn't exist without it

it's essential in all stages of our life

from growth and Mobility to reproduction

everything that makes up who we are is

in our DNA those twirly things with

proteins latched onto them so what do

lightning bolts and phosphorus have to

do with each other does phosphorus flash

in the sky whenever a thunderstorm

happens not really when lightning

strikes the ground it creates something

called fulgurites or in English glassy

minerals fused in the heat caused by the

lightning and when they appear they take

on the shape of the lightning bolt when

it strikes the

ground some new studies suggest that

fulgurites could release phosphorus when

dissolved in water when doing so

phosphorus is able to form biomolecules

which help in forming life back then

volcanoes were also pretty big on

erupting frequently so with ancient Hot

Springs you'd expect lightning to strike

down nearby and produce fulgurites next

to those hot sources of water scientists

were able to estimate that during the

early days of Earth one to 5 billion

lightning flashes were able to occur so

in the next billion years or so we can

expect one quintilian lightning strikes

yeah that's a lot of zeros with all

those flashes and Strikes phosphorus was

able to grab its chance to start life

when dissolved in water and of course

not just phosphorus but a mix of many

chemicals and minerals were needed to

perfect this

recipe another theory on how life began

on Earth starts all the way in outer

space far away from our little blue

planet flying through the vastness of

space were meteorites life on Earth

began roughly 4 billion years ago and

these meteorites were busy flying all

over the place with many of them hitting

Earth in its earliest shape scientists

claim these meteorites carried chemicals

essential to creating life some of those

important ingredients were carbon-based

compounds including sugars and amino

acids and they needed wet and dry Cycles

to bond on a molecular level to finalize

the process so once life was injected

into Earth we got to see the first

organisms that were around 3.7 billion

years ago keep in mind there wasn't much

oxygen floating around or in the water

compared to now but these microscopic

organisms or microbes left their mark

with a certain carbon molecule produced

by living things but Life as we know it

today wouldn't happen without oxygen

that invisible element that keeps

everything alive so around 2.4 billion

years ago these microbes began changing

and became Earth's first

photosynthesizers they made their lunch

and dinner using water and the sun rays

while releasing oxygen in the process

with many of these new organisms the

rise of oxygen made the environment

harsher for Gres but it was starting to

become the Baseline for life's groovy

track a new party popped out for those

who could dig oxygen you see mammals and

other organisms have multiple cell types

bone cells skin cells muscle cells you

name it these microbes were single-

celled organisms so with the rise of

oxygen many of these microbes began

moving in with other microbes I don't

mean being roommates in a shared

apartment they actually merged with

other microbes become multi-celled

organisms pretty clever huh fast forward

a couple billion years and we have some

of our first animals to ever exist so

actually around 800 million years ago

the oxygen levels in the ocean and seas

still weren't as high as they are today

but one of the earliest creatures on

Earth were sponges scientists were able

to determine this by studying DNA on

Rock samples dating back to when sponges

first appeared they also claim that

sponges sped up the rise of oxygen

levels by eating bacteria removing them

in their decomposition phase then around

580 million years ago more creatures

began to appear the oxygen levels were

starting to be acceptable for life to

flourish and many other bizarr looking

creatures inhabited the ocean floor even

the oldest kind of jellyfish were around

they looked like tiny aliens from

another planet I wouldn't want to find

any of those in my drink and around 40

million years after the end of that

period many of these strange creatures

began to disappear it was then that

scientists were able to find evidence of

wormlike creatures that were able to

burrow in the ocean floor this is

probably one of the first signs of

evolution for survival then around 530

million years ago Evolution cranked it

up a notch there were many new creatures

out there with new and neverbe seen body

parts shells and spines and other body

parts allowed some of these new animals

to further survive and burrow their way

around the ocean floor and shortly after

a couple of million years the first true

primitive vertebrae appeared in

something that looks like an eel this

was the creature with the first backbone

over the next million years many of

these animals began to form

skeleton-based and cartilage bodies and

after much splitting amphibians appeared

and four-legged animals began to walk

the Earth's surface it's also worth

noting that there were many mass

extinctions that happened along the way

but in the end life kept evolving and

with many plants and animals emerging

the landscape was changing in the

process many natural disasters occurred

along with ice ages that froze the land

and seas to add to the overall chaos

plenty of volcanic eruptions and

earthquakes continued to change the look

and Landscape of the Earth the first

primates emerged around 4 million years

ago

and ever since then apes and monkeys

began to Branch out into their own

category until humans eventually came

into the picture by understanding these

theories scientists are able to observe

other planets with similar conditions we

could actually witness the birth of Life

on another planet of course this would

take billions of years to happen but I

wouldn't want to miss it familyy Paradox

essentially queries why haven't we heard

from anyone out there and why weren't we

incl uded in the cosmic

conversation one of the potential

explanations for our Solitude in the

vast expanse of space is the concept of

the great filter this idea introduced in

the 1990s by Robin Hansen postulates a

significant barrier or challenge that

may prevent life from proliferating

across the cosmos this great filter is a

metaphorical C that civilizations might

need to Traverse to achieve the kind of

advanced State we often fantasize eyes

about in sci-fi Tales you've probably

seen something like this in the game

about Captain Shephard regrettably

evidence of such Advanced civilizations

or even basic extraterrestrial life

remains elusive it could be that

evolving into higher life forms or

mastering Interstellar travel is a

Monumental task such an impediment might

halt civilizations from progressing

either due to Natural cataclysms like

asteroid hits and ecological crises or

by their own actions leading to

self-destruction analyzing this Theory

we Face two intriguing possibilities the

first suggests we've already navigated

past this daunting filter meaning we've

weathered the toughest Trials of

existence y for us but this would imply

that intelligent life is a rare gem in

the vastness of space leaving us

potentially unique and isolated so our

dreams of interstellar friendships and

Explorations might be just fantasy

on the gloomier side the second

possibility posits that the most

challenging tests lie ahead indicating

that while other civilizations might

exist they too face challenges they've

yet to overcome they like us might be

striving to survive evolve and hoping to

signal to the cosmos that they're here

within the discussions of the great

filter there's mention of the rise of

artificial intelligence AI with ai's

rapid advancement it's conceived able

that it might turn out to be a

double-edged sword for

Humanity AI as highlighted by the great

filter Theory presents both an

opportunity and a

challenge as this technology surges

ahead becoming increasingly integrated

into our lives there's a growing concern

about its unforeseen

consequences if not handled responsibly

AI could end up being one of the hurdle

civilizations including ours struggle to

surpass the potential for for AI to

reshape our society and even pose

existential risks underscores the

importance of cautious advancement yet

it's crucial to remember that the

universe is vast and the narrative isn't

solely one of Doom and Gloom there's a

silver lining it's possible that other

civilizations having navigated past

their great filters are thriving in

distant corners of the cosmos their

successes could eventually pave the way

for us to communicate collaborate or

even coexist

furthermore life in its most rudimentary

form might be closer than we think

entities not yet sophisticated enough to

establish contact might inhabit Realms

within our reach our Quest might not

always lead us to Advanced civilizations

even the discovery of microbial life

would be groundbreaking amidst all the

speculation and theories one thing is

certain our thirst for knowledge Remains

unquenched the scientific Community

remains undeterred in its mission with

every passing day we probe further into

space and particularly our solar system

hoping to unearth evidence of Life

discoveries such as water on mars or

conditions suitable for life on some of

Jupiter's or Saturn's moons emphasize

that we might not have to venture too

far to find hints of life the universe

with all its vastness and Mysteries

continually beckons we remain eager to

uncover its

Secrets as we continue our journey

through the vast expanse of the universe

and its Mysteries your support and

curiosity drive us if you want to stay

updated on more such Revelations and

insights make sure to subscribe together

let's keep exploring the unknown don't

miss out hit that subscribe button

now we fly away from Earth to look at it

from a distance it glows like a holiday

tree big cities look like yellow spots

at night and during the day we see

strange structures like a palm tree

shaped island in the UAE or a dark band

that runs all the way through China the

great wall these are traces of human

existence now let's Point our telescope

at other planets Mars it's just an empty

endless desert Venus only rocks and

volcanoes even if we look into distant

space all the planets out there are

deserted and lifeless not a single trace

of an extraterrestrial civilization many

people are convinced that life on Earth

isn't unique at all here's our galaxy

there are billions of sunlike stars and

here is the entire observable universe

with billions of such galaxies there's

an almost infinite number of stars and

near each of them there may be habitable

worlds but we may not have found life on

other planets because it hides from us

under the surface for example there's

Europa a satellite of Jupiter slightly

smaller than our moon its structure

resembles a softboiled egg its surface

is a hard crust of ice but if you take a

big enough drill you can get to the

liquid yolk an ocean of water

Jupiter and its satellites are very far

from the Sun so it's quite cold there

about 270° below zero so liquid water

instantly turns to ice but Jupiter has a

strong gravitational force that causes a

lot of friction inside Europa and its

core heats up the heat melts the ice and

we have a watery ocean under the surface

water is the foundation of all life so

there could be simple bacteria in that

ocean and who knows maybe there are

other life forms out there for example

weirdly shaped fish because of the weak

gravity their bodies are built

differently or something like whales

feeding on plankton in 2009 scientists

found a planet that is completely

covered by an ocean gj1 1214 it's about

40 light years from Earth and about 75%

of its mass is water still the

temperatures on this planet are so high

that water evaporates and takes the form

of super liquid water there's so much

steam that it feels seals as thick as

water itself no life could exist in such

conditions but scientists have recently

found at least 24 planets better than

Earth and called them superh habitable

these planets orbit distant stars in

their habitable zone it's The Sweet Spot

at a perfect distance from the star in

our solar system Venus Earth and Mars

are in this Zone a superhabitable planet

must be 10% larger than Earth and have

stronger gravity that way it can have a

denser atmosphere a temperature 8°

higher than on Earth would make the

planet more humid this would encourage a

variety of living organisms there these

planets may be great for life but it's

hard to tell if there is life there

already the main marker that would

confirm the existence of an advanced

civilization there might be radio waves

imagine a habitable planet similar to

Earth in the process of evolution

intelligent beings appeared there like

humans they're much taller because of

low gravity and their eyes are adapted

to the light from another star much

brighter than the sun sooner or later

this civilization will have to use radio

waves to communicate with each other we

can think of these waves as loud sound

from speakers here's Earth we're now

actively using radio waves and the noise

coming from our planet is pretty serious

if a neighboring Planet had radio

telescopes big dishes that catch these

waves they would realize that life is

blooming here there are many radio

telescopes on Earth that are pointed

into distant space waiting for a signal

from Aliens but we haven't received

anything yet still that doesn't mean

there isn't a planet somewhere in the

universe that emits radio waves it's all

about distance we're jumping 200 Lighty

years to another star suppose there's a

Planet X where life exists the

civilization here is Advanced enough to

use radio waves so they release the

first wave into space our radio

telescopes won't be able to pick it up

until 200 years later this also works

the other way around radio communication

on Earth has only existed since 1895 our

radio signal won't reach Planet X until

20195 and only then the aliens will hear

our voice but this radio noise doesn't

stay for long every year our technology

improves and our radio noise decreases

we're beginning to use mobile

Communication cable TV and fiber optics

this all reduces the volume of our

planet in the radio spectrum and soon it

will simply become invisible to other

planets the same thing is happening on

the other side so the radio waves coming

from civilizations are a brief blip on

the cosmic scale and we can't accept

radio silence as proof that

extraterrestrial life doesn't exist a

giant telescope which could take a

direct photo of a possibly inhabited

planet would change the situation we

zoom in on the photo and there it is we

see alien cities with tall buildings and

lots of antennas but now we can't look

that far away we can take pictures of of

Mars and its satellites and even their

quality misleads us for example Sedonia

it looks just like a human face on Mars

we thought there used to be an ancient

civilization there that made some sort

of sculpture or Memorial more

extravagant theories said it was the

remains of a giant human and there's a

whole body of it under the Sands of Mars

but in fact it was just a hill strong

winds blew out some Hollows there and

when there was a shadow in those Hollows

we took them for human eyes eyes and a

mouth or a monolith on Mars's satellite

Phobos we found a smooth Rock there that

was almost as tall as the Pyramid of

chops the news has spawned many theories

about the civilization that built it but

it turned out to be no more than a rock

the infinite number of stars and worlds

around them almost guarantees the

existence of other civilizations so why

wouldn't they come to earth right we

think that life throughout the Universe

develops in similar scenarios the

emergence of simple life forms followed

by Evolution and growth of a

technologically advanced civilization

but just like on Earth cataclysms

happened there too causing mass

extinctions meteorites for example

perhaps there was a civilization out

there ready to go into outer space but a

huge meteorite like the one that wiped

the dinosaurs off the Earth's surface

made that Civilization disappear and

life on that planet began a new cycle

from scratch in addition the more

advanced the civilization the greater

the risk of its self-destruction science

ssts might conduct experiments in

machines like the Large Hadron Collider

and accidentally create a black hole

there it would begin to swallow

everything around it and grow in size

soon all the super developed cities of

this civilization and the entire planet

would simply disappear another

possibility for super Advanced

civilizations is to travel through

wormholes those are tunnels and

SpaceTime between universes aliens might

travel through them and lose interest in

going back but it's also possible that

life on Earth is unique that's because

our planet was formed thanks to a number

of incredible coincidences the first is

the location of our solar system in the

galaxy in the Milky Way There are

constant fireworks of exploding

Supernova the radiation from these

explosions destroys everything around it

at Great distances our solar system is

Right In The Sweet Spot of the galactic

orbit where we're safe from such

explosions another factor is the moon

one theory of the formation of the Moon

says that about 4.5 billion years ago a

meteorite the size of Mars crashed into

us if the impact had been straight the

Earth would have just broken apart and

if that meteorite had only scratched the

Earth the pieces would have just flown

away but the Collision occurred

precisely so that part of the meteorite

remained in Earth's orbit and formed the

moon then the moon stabilized the

Earth's rotation and heated our core

with gravity only then our planet

developed a magnetic field which

protects us from the solar wind other

scientists believe that life outside

Earth may be biochemically different

carbon and water are the basis of our

bodies but carbon could be replaced with

silicon or phosphorus and water could be

replaced with ammonia or

methane these atoms could form molecules

of different shapes and perhaps assemble

into a living organism life based on

such elements would be unlike anything

seen on

earth now I don't want to Spook you but

there's a chance that our entire Milky

Way galaxy is located in the so-called

space void it's a region where there's

relatively little matter compared to

other corners of the known universe and

it's much less dense than it is

elsewhere in the universe in other words

we might exist in an air bubble in a

cake if that's true it would mean that

we're even lonelier than we thought

H in our universe all the galaxies are

constantly moving away from each other

in order to understand how far they move

away scientists use something called the

hubo latra constant it's like a

speedometer but for Galaxies however

there's a cosmic mystery called the

Hubble tension is challenging what we

know about the universe's expansion

scientists used to consider the Hubble

latra constant a reliable guide but our

recent observations question this

reliability the speeds we see in real

life don't match up with the distances

we calculated and expected they aren't

sure why these measurements don't add up

researchers followed the the moves of

supernovas and saw that the Universe

seems to expand faster around us than it

does overall as if it's actively

avoiding us specifically H after

considering this they began to assume

that we might all live in a cosmic

void Cosmic voids are vast empty spaces

between galaxies kind of like between my

ears they make our entire world look

like a big sponge now let's go back to

the beginning just a fraction of a

second after the big bang right after

the beginning of everything the universe

was a hot compressed plasma it only had

very tiny variations in density called

Quantum fluctuations after the big bang

the universe began to expand those

Quantum fluctuations grew together with

it creating regions of varying matter

density because of that the Universe

didn't expand everywhere uniformally

instead little claps of matter began to

gather together over a long period of

time creating massive structures

galaxies galaxies are arranged in huge

walls and filaments with enormous gaps

in between and these gaps are voids also

known as dark

space now these voids aren't truly empty

in fact they actually hold more than 15%

of the amount of matter found on average

throughout the entire universe they

still contain gas dust dark matter and

even stars and galaxies however they

have less density than regions with

galaxies about a tenth of the average

matter density which is why we consider

them nearly empty usually they'll have a

diameter ranging from about 30 to 300

million light years that is an enormous

distance even on a space scale for

comparison most planets and nebulas we

found so far have a distance of hundreds

and rarely thousands of light years away

from us in the case of voids if you were

in the middle of one it would just look

like seemingly Eternal Darkness the

closest Stars would be so far away that

they would be almost invisible to

you some of them are especially large

they're known as super voids the largest

known one was creatively named giant

void ooh it's so big it's impossible for

us to even imagine 1.5 billion Lighty

years away with a diameter of 1 to 1.3

billion Lighty years yeah it's basically

a big dark vacuum but even this giant

vacuum isn't entirely empty the giant

void houses 17 separate Galaxy clusters

within its expanse however it might not

be the biggest emptiness in our universe

there's this thing called the CMB cold

spot it's this unusually large and

chilly area of our universe that we saw

through the microwaves it really stood

out on the map of our universe with its

unexpectedly low temperatures and

scientists have spent many years trying

to figure out what the thing is in 2015

scientists proposed that this place

might be a supervoid and probably the

largest one ever being even more

original with this one they called it

the great void if it's true this place

would be in emptiness of about 1.8

billion Lightyear in diameter about a

thousand times larger than typical voids

not everyone thinks that's possible so

scientists keep arguing over this one

there's another interesting Theory going

about this Place one researcher

suggested that this place might have

been a trace on our collision with a

parallel world it's a pretty bold

hypothesis but unfortunately there's no

way for us to confirm or deny it with

our current Technologies in any case as

the universe expands these voids will

grow and the walls connecting Galaxy

clusters will stretch and break

eventually the voids will merge leaving

gravitationally bound Galaxy clusters as

islands in the expanding emptiness in

other words sooner or later the great

emptiness will consume everything in our

world so it turns out we might be a rare

occasion in a supervoid one of the 15%

of M this would explain why we're

surrounded by relatively few galaxies

this discovery if true challenges the

standard model of cosmology which we

created with Albert Einstein's help it

would mean that gravity in general

behaves different ly than what we

expected according to the standard model

such a significant underdensity

shouldn't exist because of that

scientists will have to explore and

consider this idea thoroughly it might

just challenge our very basic

understanding of physics the scientist

call this the local hole the discovery

of the local hole May hold Clues to

explaining the FY Paradox maybe in this

specific part of the universe where we

hang out the chance of intelligent life

developing anywhere near by is very low

perhaps all of the sensient beings hang

out somewhere beyond our

supervoid but that doesn't mean we

should lose hope or that life anywhere

nearby is impossible in fact life in the

universe might be much more common than

we previously thought we know that the

inner planets like Mercury and Venus are

inhospitable due to extreme conditions

however Venus looks interesting because

even though it's a crazy toxic planet

scientists believe that it was very

earthlike in the past it could have even

hosted life unfortunately it was too

close to the Sun and all the nice

conditions evaporated over time but

there's a possibility of microbial life

surviving in its high altitud clouds

Mars a cold desert also might have been

a friendlier place in the past with

rivers and lakes though now it lacks a

protective atmosphere ancient life might

have existed there in that case it would

leave potential fossils and underground

microbes could still survive we've

discovered some signs of them but are

still debating whether this stuff was

truly organic or not the gas giants like

Jupiter and Saturn and ice giants are

not ideal for life but their moons offer

hope Europa has an ocean beneath its icy

surface making it a potential hot spot

in cetus releases water into space

carrying complex molecules that hint at

interesting possibilities and Titan is

especially unique it has liquid bodies

on its surface rivers and lakes of

hydrocarbons while its frigid

temperatures aren't great for life

scientists Ponder if it might host life

with a different kind of chemistry

however it will take us decades to check

all these celestial bodies and study

them properly we haven't sent anything

so far since the times of Voyager 2 but

if we're lucky we might explore our

solar system during the 21st

century we might explore our solar

system during the 21st

century in any case there's a lot of

potential for life even in our solar

system alone not even mentioning all the

planets and galaxies we found nearby our

estimates suggest that the observable

universe the one we can see might host

around 5.3 trillion habitable worlds one

of the most likely candidates so far is

Kepler 186f it's a potential earthlike

Planet just 10% larger than Earth this

planet orbits a red dwarf star which is

a star a bit dimmer colder but more long

living than our sun and it's only about

490 Lighty years away which may sound

like a lot but remember what distances

we've discussed with super voids so even

if we really are in a supervoid we're

still lucky to have many galaxies and

planets around and if one day we'll find

a way to travel through the universe

leaving the local hole probably wouldn't

be a problem

there are probably 36 other

civilizations hanging out in the Milky

Way and over 170 billion galaxies give

or take in the observable universe

conditions for life are all over space

so where is

everybody nuclear physicist enrio fery

came up with this exact same question

during a lunch break with his colleagues

in 1950 leading to one of the most

unsettling paradoxes in the

universe even though there's a huge

probability of extraterrestrial

civilizations existing we still haven't

found any clear evidence of

them when possible explanation comes

from the zoo

hypothesis it suggests that advanced

extraterrestrial societies exist and

know exactly who we are and where we are

but intentionally choose to stay hidden

they're just observing human quirky

behaviors as if we're in some kind of a

cosmic Wildlife

Park but their intentions could be much

darker If You're a Star Trek fan you

probably remember the main rule for

Federation members Starfleet officers

shouldn't contact species that are not

Advanced to avoid messing with their

development even if it means risking

their own lives now even though it's

fiction this rule perfectly captures

what the zoo hypothesis is all about

beings from other corners of the

universe see our planet as a cosmic zoo

with oneway bars they can watch us

brushing our teeth in the morning or

walking our dog but we can't catch a

glimpse of

them in this Theory non-terrestrial life

forms deliberately keep their distance

from us sticking to a hands-off policy

agreement in the vast Cosmic

neighborhood it's like those super smart

beings agreed that we needed to have the

freedom to shape our own future and

Destiny following our own path of

development without external

contamination the idea is that these

super Advanced civilizations could be

like oh I don't know 500 million years

ahead of us which would explain why we

haven't seen any signs of them and maybe

it's better this way as humans could

eventually be destroyed or even

assimilated by this new cosmic power

Independence Day Style

as much as things like going to an art

museum might be interesting to us

extraterrestrials probably wouldn't be

too thrilled watching a stare at the

Mona Lisa painting for

hours interplanetary cultures might be

more into buying tickets to quietly

observe how we're developing new

technologies such as Ultra Modern

satellites according to the zoo Theory

they can't reach out to us until we hit

a certain level of development so

improving our technology and wisdom

could be the only way to show them that

we're mature enough and don't need their

spaceship parenting

anymore there are a couple of reasons

why it's hard to buy into the zoo

hypothesis I mean okay extraterrestrials

might not visit or reach out because

we're not all that advanced but it is

tough to explain why they keep ignoring

all our attempts to communicate even if

the zookeepers try their best not to

interfere with animals lives and

behaviors I bet they couldn't just

ignore or a bear speaking in loud and

clear English about its desire to

communicate so that's pretty much why

humans keep trying and trying to provoke

some reaction from inhabitants of other

planets using radio

signals in 2017 in a Valley 8 Mi

southeast of the Norwegian city of truma

a radar antenna transmitted some

specially composed electronic music to

potential Intergalactic listeners the

target audience was in GJ 273 also known

as light and star it's a runty red dwarf

located 12 light years from our Solar

System since radio waves travel at the

speed of light we'll have to wait more

than two decades before looking for a

reply but the main problem with radio WS

is that we're kind of in the dark about

where to look and civilizations might be

as far as 177,000 light years away plus

we don't know which radio frequency

extraterrestrials use to

chat now here on Earth we use the radio

spectrum to send signals into the

universe assuming that what works for us

might be a common method for other

civilizations but in fact it could be

considered a somewhat old school

technique for other beings that's why

current projects are now looking for

techn signatures which are signs of

technological activity from

extraterrestrials like city lines solar

panels Mega structures or artificial

satellites another potential clue is to

study the atmospheres of planets

orbiting nearby stars as an advanced

civilization might be altering its

atmosphere with different gases making

it detectable despite Decades of

observations there is still no

definitive evidence that advanced

extraterrestrial civilizations are out

there but that doesn't mean they don't

exist even by expand expanding search

Fields we're talking about odds much

Slimmer than hitting the jackpot with a

roughly 1 in three billion chance of

finding an advanced civilization within

a given distance from

Earth maybe space creatures are

responding to our communication attempts

but in a way that we can't understand

the universe has been around for more

than 13 billion years while humans

showed up just 200,000 years ago and

this is about

0.01% of the universe's age it's like

we're still learning to talk while other

super smart beings might be sending us

messages that are all Lost in

Translation we keep waiting for a giant

UFO to land on Earth and for green ETS

with huge eyes to come out of it but we

forget that our Intergalactic neighbors

could be more interesting in building

nanot Technologies to watch over us they

could also be trying to communicate

using neutrinos which are subatomic

particles with an extremely small Mass

they could effortlessly pass through our

planet without being detected by our

current technological

devices now the zoo hypothesis has

another issue it is pretty tough to

believe that with all these

civilizations supposedly hanging out in

the universe they would all decide not

to reach out to

humans for this to happen there would

have to be a great sense of structure

with a higher intelligence working as

the head of the universe giving them

direct orders and clear rules to keep us

isolated but we're talking about

billions of possibilities for life right

more civilizations mean that there are

more chances of a violation of this no

contact

rule so most likely at least one

independent Planet would be just as

desperate to find life in the universe

as we are some scientists also believe

that if such Advanced life had

substantially colonized Earth and many

other planets we would know it by now

the zoo hypothesis has two other

variations that are even more

frightening in the laboratory hypothesis

nobody contacts us because humankind is

actually being subjected to experiments

and Earth is essentially a giant science

lab other worldly creatures could be

analyzing human responses to various

survival challenges such as tsunamis or

massive

earthquakes in this case the no contact

agreement between all other space groups

would make a bit more

sense since it's in the name of

scientific research for the greater good

at least for

them the planetarium hypothesis proposed

in 2001 suggest that we are living in an

artificial Universe in some kind of

virtual reality designed to give us the

illusion that the universe is empty when

it's not but no possible generator could

test this hypothesis

besides the zoo the laboratory and the

planetarium theories there is another

possible answer to the fmy Paradox

nobody contacts us because humans are

completely alone in the universe this is

known as the rare earth hypothesis and

it emphasizes how Earth occupies an

incredibly unique position no other

planet could bring life to the universe

that could be more than just

bacteria we may consider ourselves

pretty lucky as even a small chain in

any of Earth's orbital parameters like

the distance from the Earth to the Sun

or the rate of rotation could make

conditions too extreme for people or

life in

general but again it's hard to think

that we are alone in this vast universe

so we're back to the Paradox where is

everybody our galaxy is home to 200

billion stars and maybe a 100 billion

planets let's imagine that life exists

on a tiny fraction of those places and

let's imagine that those lives could

evolve into intelligent beings given

that it would seem safe to say that our

galaxy would be populated and some

species would be actively trying to find

us we have an equation called the Drake

equation that can estimate how many

intelligent civilizations might arise in

our galaxy the equation suggests that

there should be around 20 civilizations

just on the outskirts of our galaxy so

why haven't we encountered any of them

yet the work of Frank Drake a radio

astronomer published in

1961 is a set of many variables such as

the average number of planets in a solar

system that could potentially Harbor

life or the rate at which stars are

suitable for intelligent life form the

complexity here is that astronomers have

yet to determine the exact values of

these variables meaning that our

calculations are still only approxim it

but recent discoveries in these areas

give us hope that we can refine these

estimates let's use our hypothetical

assumptions and apply them to our galaxy

let's crunch the numbers it comes up to

at least 20

civilizations yet somehow the sky

remains strangely silent how did this

happen some people think that the

appearance of life is a rare event

others think that the transition from

bacteria to highly developed beings is a

difficult step still others believe that

civilizations May either destroy

themselves after a short lifespan or may

never even invent something with which

they could

communicate but there is one theory that

surpasses all the others in its

creepiness the Dark Forest Theory

according to it the universe is a vast

Cosmic version of a haunted forest and

other kinds of beings are out there

somewhere playing hide and seek they are

deliberately keeping silent

why well for starters every form of life

wants to survive if we start with that

assumption we can ask the question will

other forms of life harm you if they

have the chance so the safest option is

to destroy them before they find the

right time to do the same to you Frankly

Speaking this is a cosmic version of

survival of the fittest in this scenario

making contact with others becomes the

most dangerous game as it could lead to

your location being tracked down and you

being

destroyed the theory was proposed by

scientist David Brin as a possible

explanation for the lack of radio

evidence for the existence of life but

how realistic is this Theory only one

Advanced race behaving in this way could

answer that question so far this Theory

explains why we are not picking up any

Advanced Radio Transmissions despite A

Century of listening it is possible that

other beings like us are too afraid of

being noticed and have deliberately gone

silent it is worth considering that

there may have been a point at which

everyone decided to keep quiet was it an

aggressive civilization that

deliberately wiped out the noisy

aliens the question is open for about a

century now we have been those very

noisy

aliens any other civilization within 100

light years of us can receive our

signals and know exactly where we are

and if we have reasons to hide from them

as some people such as Steven Hawkings

suggest we may already be in trouble so

will we ever receive a message from our

Cosmic Partners only time will tell but

what we do know for sure is that we

cannot just brush this off we cannot

allow Panic to spread across the planet

when we receive that alien WhatsApp we

need to have a plan and we need to have

it ready by the time we are faced with

the real situation the US authorities

have investigated over a 100 cases of

strange phenomena occurring in the sky

no little green men have ever been found

more likely drones and similar objects

whether our Intergalactic neighbors will

send us a message tomorrow or centuries

later we need a plan after all this

could change everything we know about

our universe and our place in

it thousands of strange spaceships sneak

into Earth's airspace they descend to

our planet and fly through cities

plunging people into to complete chaos

suddenly the door of the largest ship

opens and a strange creature comes out

it tries to copy our language and says

they had come from a distant star

Proxima centuri something like this

might happen because scientists have

recently picked up a strange radio

signal off that star proximus centuri is

the closest star to our solar system

it's only 4.2 light years away that

means a beam of light that starts from

this star reaches Earth in 4.2 years

that's also 270,000 disc distances from

Earth to the sun the star Proxima

centuri itself is too pale for us to see

with the uned eye in the night sky but

its system hides a little secret let's

fly there and take a closer

look so here's this red dwarf it's 7

times smaller than our sun and eight

times lighter Proxima centuri is 1.5

times bigger than Jupiter and almost 150

times heavier but what we're looking for

is a little further away this is Proxima

centur b a planet similar to Earth it's

only 10% larger than Earth and is in the

habitable zone of the star it's the

perfect distance not too far away and

not too close so the temperature isn't

too high or low there either water if it

exists on that planet can be in a liquid

state and so life can survive and evolve

there maybe it's developed enough to

send us the signal that we had received

a radio signal is basically waves they

have a certain frequency and length and

we can always tell an artificial signal

from a naturally generated one the

signal that we picked up from Proxima

centory B had a frequence of 982 MHz the

regular radio we listen to in the

kitchen or in the car picks up signals

around 100 MHz that's why scientists

have concluded that the signal was

created

artificially such signals could have a

way of communication between the

developed worlds if this is really a

message from an outer space civilian we

should be able to decode it for this any

civiliz iation must use the simplest

method of encryption for example Earth

has already sent a radio signal into

space it was the aoro message this

message consists of

1,679 digits it's a rectangle of 23x 73

squares that has information about our

civilization encoded using a binary code

at the top of the rectangle there's a

system of numbers that we use they're

marked in white this purple thing is the

key to read the next part of the message

the Aton IC numbers of the elements like

hydrogen carbon nitrogen oxygen and

phosphorus are encoded in this key these

are the key elements that can start

life if those who receive this signal

can make sense of the numbers in the key

they can read the next part of the

message these green things are the

building blocks of our DNA chain and

right at the bottom here is the DNA

chain itself the white rectangle

indicates the number of pairs of these

building blocks in the blue spirals show

the shape of a DNA chain and then we see

the human silhouette itself the white

and blue object to its left is a coded

number of our average height the human

itself is drawn here at the ends of the

DNA strand so that the outer space

civilization can understand what we look

like and the white rectangle to the

right of the human sketch is the number

of Earth's population at the time of the

message that's 4.2 billion as of 1974

almost half the number we have now the

next part is a drawing of our solar

system the big yellow Square beish the

sun then come all the planets in our

solar system including Pluto Earth is

shifted up a bit here so that outer

space civilization can understand where

this message is coming from in the last

drawing is the observatory from which

this message had been sent into space

this signal is now on its way to the M13

star cluster 25,000 light years away

from Earth so it won't get there for

another 25,000 years and we'll need

another 25 to get a response if there is

really someone on the other side who can

resp receive the signal if the signal

from Proxima centuri is also a message

we'll need time to decode it so let's

fire up our superpowered Computing

machine and wait for the result but this

isn't the first mystery signal we've

ever picked up on earth scientists

recorded an unusual wow signal in 1977

they supposed it came from somewhere in

the constellation of Sagitarius the

telescope was picking up the unknown

signal for an impressive 72 seconds

later a scientist who looked at the

print out of the signal concluded that

the signal was artificial he wrote wow

on the print out as his

reaction the following observations and

studies couldn't catch this signal again

some theories said that this signal came

from a Celestial spaceship flying by it

had flown away and we could no longer

detect the signal but most likely this

signal was created on Earth it was

directed upward but reflected off an

object at a high altitude it could have

been an airplane a satellite or space

debris or orbiting our planet then the

signal was picked up by the telescope

and because it was human-made all of its

characteristics like wavelength and

frequency could have confused

scientists in 2017 scientists recorded a

flare on Proxima centuri the star's

brightness increased by 1,000 times in

just 10 seconds before that there was

another flare there that was weaker but

lasted about 2 minutes with these flares

Proxima senturi has emitted enormous

amounts of radiation

even if there was life on the star's

companion Planet these flares would have

likely destroyed it the Stellar winds

would have simply blown the atmosphere

off the planet and made its surface

lifeless overall the planet Proxima

centuri B receives 60 times more high

energy radiation in 400 times more x-ray

radiation than

earth scientists have concluded that the

probability of life here is 1 to 100

million and while we don't know yet for

sure if the signal was artificial or

natural the scenario of a bunch of

spaceships coming to Earth is most

likely possible our only method for

searching for outer space civilizations

is using radio waves they're like loud

noise that blasts away from our planet

in different directions at the speed of

light the main problem here is the

gigantic distances our galaxy The Milky

Way is 100,000 Lighty years wide suppose

there's life at the other end of it if

we send a radio signal to them it won't

reach that supposed planet for another

100,000 years

and we won't get a response for another

100,000 years it's the same if someone

once wanted to contact us we didn't

learn how to create and receive radio

signals until the 19th century if a

civilization was developing at the same

time as us somewhere in the Milky Way

and they invented the radio we won't get

their signal for several Millennia plus

the radio noise from our planet is

starting to fade away we use Bluetooth

fiber optics cable TV so in about 100

years we'll no longer be visible to

other

worlds or Worse what if there was an

outer space civilization somewhere that

was sending signals into space the

signals were reaching our planet but we

didn't yet have the technology to pick

them up the world that was sending the

signal has evolved and the signal went

out we could have caught those remnants

of the radio waves that were moving

through the universe but we set up the

antennas too late there are about 2

trillion galaxies in the universe each

of them contains billions and trillions

of stars similar to our sun

maybe there's a planet near one of them

that looks like ours life could be

blooming there in this outer space

civilization just like us is looking

through telescopes in hopes to catch the

radio signal from an unknown planet

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YouTube Transcript:Kepler-22b: The Nightmare Planet That Shouldn’t Exist!

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Kepler-22b: The Nightmare Planet That Shouldn’t Exist!