0:01 it seems you've been lost in the dark
0:03 cold vastness of space for ages you
0:05 don't remember what green trees look
0:07 like you can recall what fresh morning
0:09 air smells like you're about to run out
0:11 of what little fuel you still have and
0:13 then you see it a planet can it be Earth
0:17 your battered spaceship is moving closer
0:19 to the planet and a giant wave of bitter
0:22 disappointment almost drowns you this
0:24 alien world looks nothing like your
0:26 beautiful blue planet you get down to
0:28 work after thorough research you realize
0:31 that the planet in front of your eyes
0:33 can't be anything else but Kepler 22b
0:36 which in turn means that you're 635
0:39 light years away from home and are
0:40 unlikely to ever return to
0:44 Earth you need some time to get used to
0:47 this horrible Revelation when you come
0:49 back to your senses you understand that
0:51 you have to do everything in your power
0:53 to survive even if it means living in an
0:56 unfamiliar probably hostile world the
1:00 only good news in that ocean of
1:01 desperation is that Kepler 22b is
1:04 located in the habitable zone of its
1:06 star and it means there might be liquid
1:08 water on its surface and where there's
1:11 water there's also the possibility of
1:13 Life your life Earth's astronomers
1:16 discovered this exoplanet which is what
1:18 all the planets outside the solar system
1:20 are called using the transit method the
1:23 problem with many exoplanets is that
1:25 it's hard to spot them since the bright
1:27 glare of Their Stars keeps them hidden
1:29 from our telescope
1:30 Scopes but the transit method means that
1:33 instead of looking for planets
1:35 scientists watch the star Kepler 22 they
1:39 noticed that over time its brightness
1:41 changed that was because Kepler 22b
1:45 regularly blocked the star's light this
1:48 discovery also helped researchers figure
1:49 out the size of the planet and the way
1:51 it orbited its star it turned out that
1:54 the planet was 36 times more massive
1:57 than our planet if you decide to settle
1:59 down in this world this information will
2:02 probably make you feel even lonel your
2:05 new home is also 15% nearer to its star
2:07 than our planet is to the sun if Earth
2:10 moved over so close to our star
2:12 everything and everyone on the planet
2:14 would become fried in no time consider
2:17 yourself lucky that the star that is now
2:18 illuminating your spaceship lying
2:20 sideways on the surface of the planet is
2:23 smaller and colder than the sun it means
2:25 you'll get as much sunlight as you would
2:27 if you were on Earth the temperature on
2:29 your new home planet is quite
2:31 comfortable around 60 to 72°
2:34 [Music]
2:35 F but don't get your hopes up you don't
2:38 know for sure yet but there's a theory
2:40 that the planet is rotating on its side
2:43 like Uranus in our solar system what can
2:45 it mean for you unfortunately nothing
2:48 good even though the position of the
2:50 planet probably seems insignificant the
2:53 complications might be fatal the problem
2:56 is that in this case the North and South
2:58 Poles of Kepler 22b would be either
3:00 plunged Into Darkness or illuminated by
3:03 super bright sunlight for half a
3:05 year now that wouldn't be a matter of
3:08 being a daytime or nighttime person it
3:11 would mean that temperatures on the
3:12 planet would change from freezing to
3:14 Boiling all the time which wouldn't be
3:16 great for your survival anyway you
3:19 haven't had enough time to figure out
3:20 whether this prediction is true what you
3:22 have noticed though is that your new
3:24 home is covered with an ocean you almost
3:27 dropped into it before resuming control
3:29 over your spacecraft and Landing it on
3:31 the shore instead according to your
3:34 calculations the ocean might be around
3:36 160 ft deep it might also act as natural
3:39 climate control keeping the wild
3:41 temperatures at Bay by storing heat in
3:43 the summer and releasing it during the
3:45 winter but even if it's true your main
3:48 concern is food and oxygen you're
3:50 running out of your scarce resources at
3:52 an alarming speed what are you going to
3:54 eat on this lifeless Planet how will you
3:57 get some air to
3:58 breathe your future looks darker and
4:01 darker with every passing minute will
4:03 the sheer strength of your willpower
4:05 help you survive time will
4:09 tell according to the theory of
4:12 panspermia life could have been brought
4:14 to Earth by a meteorite Comet or
4:16 asteroid from a different region of
4:19 space at the moment this idea remains
4:22 purely theoretical but let's figure out
4:24 if it could actually turn out to be
4:27 true traditionally
4:30 exobiologists those who are focused on
4:32 searching for life outside Earth have
4:34 been trying to explore the possibility
4:36 of Life on Mars or in the subsurface
4:39 oceans of Saturn's and Jupiter's icy
4:41 moons but simple life could be much more
4:44 widespread it could be drifting through
4:47 interplanetary space right now in the
4:49 form of dormant bacteria and
4:51 spores several scientists have noted
4:54 that the ultra harsh environment of
4:56 space is likely to severely damage the
4:58 DNA and r na of such spores and
5:01 microorganisms others believe that since
5:04 enough microbes could be traveling in a
5:06 dust cloud some of them could survive in
5:08 their original
5:09 form there are several types of
5:12 panspermia for example lithopanspermia
5:14 proposes that some kind of microbic Life
5:17 Could exist in debris blasted into the
5:20 cosmos after planetary collisions with
5:22 comets and asteroids radio panspermia
5:25 claims that organisms might be able to
5:27 travel through space with the help of
5:29 radiation coming from stars but in this
5:32 case it's unclear how the effect of
5:35 dangerous ultraviolet and x-ray
5:37 radiation combined with the vacuum of
5:39 space doesn't totally destroy
5:42 microorganisms there's also pseudo
5:45 panspermia according to it organic
5:47 building blocks of life appear in
5:49 interstellar clouds of dust they get
5:51 transported to the surfaces of planets
5:54 and Life Starts developing there it
5:56 sounds really fascinating but is there
5:58 any evidence for for the pans spermia
6:00 Theory well there have been a few
6:02 orbital experiments for example from
6:05 2008 to 2016 the samples gathered by
6:09 Expose special equipment mounted outside
6:11 the International Space Station and
6:13 dedicated to astrobiology were exposed
6:16 to the conditions of space after that
6:19 they were returned to Earth from the
6:22 ISS it turned out that some of them had
6:24 survived those severe conditions there
6:27 was even a case when 100% of back cial
6:29 spores placed in mars-like conditions
6:32 were still capable of life also some
6:35 seeds survived and were later grown as
6:38 plants on Earth there have also been
6:40 exost experiments on the US long
6:42 duration exposure facility satellite and
6:45 biopan experiments on Russian Photon
6:47 capsules they have shown that with
6:49 minimal protection spores lyans and even
6:52 minuscule animals such as tardigrades
6:55 might be able to survive in space for as
6:57 long as several years a piece of
7:00 surveyor 3 lunar lander was brought back
7:02 to Earth in 1969 by the Apollo 12
7:05 mission shockingly it contained an earth
7:08 bacterium that had survived unprotected
7:11 for more than 2 years on the airless
7:13 surface at the same time this bacterium
7:16 could have come from laboratory
7:17 contamination on arrival back on Earth
7:20 the Indian space research organization
7:22 carried out a search for space
7:24 microorganisms too it was done at
7:27 stratospheric altitudes via balloon
7:29 flights the results showed that living
7:32 interplanetary cells existed in air
7:34 samples taken from Heights of above 25
7:37 mil normally air from lower levels of
7:40 the atmosphere can't be transported
7:42 there so this discovery seemed to prove
7:44 the theory of pans spermia but in 2010
7:48 NASA atmospheric sampling before and
7:50 after hurricanes proved that under
7:52 certain circumstances Earth bacteria
7:54 could actually be transported very high
7:57 into the upper levels of the atmosphere
7:59 spere one of the main arguments against
8:02 panspermia is that if this theory was
8:04 correct all life found throughout the
8:06 solar system would have a common origin
8:09 and share main biochemical
8:11 characteristics like genetic code it
8:14 doesn't sound plausible many specialists
8:17 believe that only the presence of
8:19 astronaut explorers on the surfaces of
8:21 let's say Mars Europa or Enceladus can
8:25 properly solve the question of life in
8:26 the solar system they can compare any
8:29 life forms found with earth type life
8:32 which can turn out to be a real test of
8:34 panspermia in any case until probes
8:37 finally find Direct Proof of spaceborn
8:39 Life the pans spermia Theory will remain
8:43 unproven in the icy Wilderness of
8:46 Antarctica there was a peculiar Rock
8:49 amidst the vast smooth and snowy
8:51 landscape it stood alone like a dark
8:54 smudge this rock had been there for ages
8:56 untouched except for occasional snowfall
8:59 fall Roberto score a lab manager at
9:02 NASA's Johnson Space Center had spent
9:04 countless hours in Antarctica searching
9:06 for rocks just like this one Antarctica
9:09 was an unexpected Treasure Trove for
9:11 these discoveries these rocks were easy
9:14 to spot against the blindingly white
9:16 eyes why was it so important because it
9:20 wasn't just any rock it was a meteorite
9:23 that had fallen from space thousands of
9:25 years ago Roberta's Rock known as alh
9:30 841 was initially
9:32 unimpressive however it turned out to be
9:35 extraordinary it was a piece of
9:40 Mars The Rock's chemical composition
9:43 perfectly matched the surface of the red
9:45 planet turns out it had been blasted off
9:48 Mars during a colossal Collision
9:50 millions of years ago it was wandering
9:53 through space before landing on Earth
9:56 there it had remained undisturbed for a
9:58 very long time time scientists at
10:01 Johnson Space Center carefully examined
10:03 this Martian visitor years later
10:05 physicists made a remarkable
10:07 announcement this meteorite contained
10:09 tiny structures that look just like
10:12 living organisms found on Earth NASA
10:15 immediately shared this discovery with
10:16 the world we found fossilized evidence
10:19 of Life on
10:21 [Music]
10:23 Mars however as other scientists got
10:26 their hands on the Rock and conducted
10:27 further studies they they began to doubt
10:30 it yes it was a fascinating piece of
10:32 rock but Martian chemistry might create
10:35 similar structures without life being
10:37 involved so unfortunately it wasn't
10:40 conclusive evidence but all this debate
10:43 raised a very important question would
10:45 we recognize extraterrestrial life if we
10:48 saw it there are more than 200 different
10:51 definitions of life in scientific
10:53 literature so what should we be looking
10:55 for to figure out what makes something
10:58 alive scientists have come up with three
11:00 important things that living things must
11:03 have first living things need to store
11:05 information about themselves this
11:08 information tells them how to work and
11:10 what they're like it's a bit like having
11:12 a set of instructions for how they
11:14 function second they need to be able to
11:16 interact with their environment and
11:18 create reactions these reactions help
11:21 them get energy move around and respond
11:23 to changes or dangers lastly they must
11:27 be able to make copies of themselves
11:29 reproducing and making other things that
11:31 are just like them disability is a big
11:34 part of what makes something
11:38 alive the famous physicist Irwin schroer
11:42 was one of the first people to figure
11:44 this out he said that storing using and
11:46 passing on information is super
11:49 important for life it's like a cycle
11:51 information helps create reactions and
11:54 some of those reactions let living
11:56 things make copies of themselves on
11:58 Earth we see this in action we humans
12:01 for example have DNA to store our
12:04 information it helps us with our
12:06 Evolution thanks to all this we can
12:08 adapt to our surroundings over time
12:11 nature sees that some traits are helpful
12:13 for survival so they stick around While
12:16 others get left behind in other words a
12:19 way to define life is by saying that
12:21 it's subject to this process called
12:23 darwinian Evolution but how did it
12:26 happen that things capable of evolution
12:28 appeared and when did the very first
12:31 life emerge in our universe to find out
12:33 the answer let's go to the very
12:35 beginning of
12:39 everything the beginning was the Big
12:41 Bang right after it there were no stars
12:44 or galaxies the universe started as a
12:46 mostly even and empty place with just a
12:49 tiny bit denser than the rest after the
12:52 first second or so first protons
12:54 neutrons and electrons among other
12:56 particles appeared and just about a
12:58 couple of minutes later these protons
13:01 and neutrons came together to make
13:03 stable Atomic cores then everything was
13:06 a super hot soup of particles for about
13:09 380,000 years it was way too hot to form
13:13 anything dense the universe needed some
13:16 time to chill after it calmed down a bit
13:19 it let electrons join these cores
13:21 forming neutral atoms for the first time
13:25 ah finally some comfy temperatures if we
13:28 were there we we wouldn't have needed
13:29 the sun to keep us warm that cosmic
13:32 background radiation would have been
13:36 enough could life appear at this point
13:39 probably not in those early moments
13:42 after the big bang the universe had only
13:44 hydrogen helium a tiny bit of lithium
13:47 and almost none of the other elements
13:49 life needs Life as We Know requires
13:52 things like water and organic compounds
13:54 so it wasn't about the temperatures it
13:57 was about the ingredients
13:59 now everything had to form over time
14:01 from these atoms to create something
14:04 like a planet which is much denser than
14:06 the Universe on average it needed a lot
14:09 of time and gravitational squeezing
14:12 gravity is the real hero of the story it
14:15 changed the universe completely even
14:17 though it started slow it kept going and
14:20 got stronger regions that were a bit
14:22 denser could pull in more matter and the
14:25 denser they got the more they attracted
14:28 the very first star should have formed
14:30 around 5050 to 100 million years after
14:33 the big bang these Stars could become
14:35 incredibly massive hundreds or even a
14:38 thousand times bigger than our sun and
14:40 when these stars formed it didn't take
14:42 long maybe 1 or 2 million years before
14:45 they disappeared just for comparison our
14:48 own son is 4.6 billion years old and
14:51 still going
14:54 strong when huge Stars reach the end of
14:57 their lives some something incredible
14:59 happens they transform helium into
15:02 carbon then carbon into oxygen and
15:05 oxygen into a bunch of other stuff all
15:07 the way up the periodic table then the
15:10 Stars core collapses causing a massive
15:13 Supernova this huge bam releases all
15:16 these heavy elements into the universe
15:18 hooray now the space is filled with
15:21 something new the universe acquires many
15:24 cool things including the ingredients
15:26 needed for rocky planets and organic MO
15:29 molecules each generation of stars gets
15:32 even richer than the previous one yes to
15:34 more elements it means more rocky
15:37 planets more essential ingredients for
15:39 life and more chances for complex
15:41 organic molecules to form and now when
15:44 the universe was around 300 to 500
15:47 million years old rocky planets were
15:50 already popping up
15:53 everywhere great can we have some life
15:57 now that depends on what we see as life
16:00 the recipe for Life as we know it needs
16:02 a special ingredient carbon carbon is
16:05 special because it can bond with other
16:07 atoms in so many ways it can connect
16:10 with different shapes to build all sorts
16:12 of amazing complex structures it's
16:15 carbon that helps us form things like
16:17 DNA and proteins which are the building
16:20 blocks of living things now while the
16:22 universe made rocky planets relatively
16:25 quickly it took a bit longer to get
16:27 enough carbon floating around it
16:29 appeared about 1 to 1.5 billion years
16:32 after the big bang as soon as it
16:34 appeared the universe finally had enough
16:37 conditions to create Life as we know it
16:40 which is why scientists are searching
16:41 for planets around these oldest stars in
16:44 the universe these guys definitely had
16:46 enough time for evolution but just
16:49 because you and me are made of carbon
16:51 and other elements from exploded Stars
16:54 doesn't mean that all life should be
16:57 scientists are open to the idea of
16:59 alternative biochemistries there might
17:01 be non-carbon based life that we don't
17:04 know about yet for example Blobby beings
17:07 made of silicon compounds it's carbon's
17:10 neighbor in the periodic
17:13 table so when and where did life truly
17:17 begin unfortunately we don't know for
17:19 sure yet most likely the universe
17:22 started preparing for Life shortly after
17:24 the first stars formed and if all life
17:27 is carbon based only then it should have
17:30 appeared 1 to 1.5 billion years after
17:33 the big bang the universe is 13.8
17:36 billion years old looks like it had
17:39 plenty of time to evolve lots of
17:41 microorganisms so even if we made a
17:43 mistake and the Mysterious meteorite was
17:46 just a piece of rock we shouldn't give
17:48 up the search for extraterrestrial life
17:51 continues and who knows maybe in the
17:54 future we'll finally know the answers to
17:56 all these important questions until then
17:58 then stay
18:00 tuned it's a clear night and you're
18:02 outside looking at the stars the Milky
18:05 Way alone seems overwhelmingly huge you
18:08 check on your phone and discover that
18:10 the Galaxy you're in at this exact
18:12 moment is 100,000 light years wide for
18:16 scale one lightyear is already a very
18:19 long distance for example it takes 4.2
18:22 light years to go from Earth to Proxima
18:25 centari which is the closest star to our
18:27 planet other than the Sun
18:29 so 100,000 light years is way more than
18:32 we normal humans can fathom and that's
18:35 just one Galaxy there's a whole lot more
18:38 out there now looking at this data it
18:41 seems pretty unlikely that we're the
18:43 only life form out there doesn't it but
18:45 how come we've never found anything else
18:47 so
18:50 far let's get one thing out of the way
18:53 extraterrestrial life doesn't
18:55 necessarily mean we're talking about
18:57 little green people it can also mean
19:00 microorganisms bacteria and plants that
19:03 can be found on other planets the truth
19:05 is there's a big spectrum of
19:07 possibilities for life on another planet
19:10 and taking into consideration that there
19:11 are up to 50 billion planets in the
19:14 Milky Way it's very unlikely that we're
19:16 alone in this big wide
19:19 universe and what does life on other
19:22 planets look like this is what we've
19:24 spent years trying to figure out go
19:27 ahead think with me a planet may be
19:29 lifeless today but it could have traces
19:32 of organic matter or fossils meaning
19:35 that some life form was able to thrive
19:37 there once and it could also be that
19:40 there are planets out there containing
19:41 life with complex biochemistry meaning
19:44 they could have fauna just like we have
19:46 on Earth although probably not the
19:49 same NASA created a special science that
19:53 is dedicated to studying life forms
19:55 outside of Earth it's called
19:57 astrobiology
19:59 ever since the space agency was created
20:01 back in 1958 it didn't take long for it
20:04 to start looking for extraterrestrial
20:06 life they quickly built an action plan
20:09 first they needed to understand how life
20:11 on earth was formed and secondly how it
20:13 could have formed on other
20:16 planets the first time NASA tried to
20:18 look for life in outer space was in
20:21 1976 the Viking Lander blasted into
20:24 space headed towards Mars there were
20:27 high expectations that human would find
20:29 the first proof of extraterrestrial life
20:32 unfortunately the Lander came back with
20:34 images of a planet that looked Barren
20:36 and Bleak and scientists were extremely
20:39 disappointed scientific conclusions on
20:41 whether life could be detected over
20:43 there were
20:45 confusing but hey you need to know what
20:48 you're looking for to find it right the
20:51 failure of the Viking Mission served to
20:53 heat up debates amongst NASA scientists
20:56 to Define what life actually meant and
20:59 it also served to call their attention
21:01 to a small but very important detail
21:04 spacecrafts departing from Earth usually
21:06 transport Earthling microorganisms and
21:09 bacteria unintentionally as they remain
21:12 attached to the vehicle it turned out
21:14 that these bacteria could contaminate
21:17 scientist samples so they needed to
21:19 consider this all of this made Mars
21:22 Expeditions take a back burner on NASA's
21:24 short-term plans there appeared a new
21:27 Priority First question what are the
21:30 types and stages of life that space
21:32 programs can hope to
21:35 identify scientists might have
21:37 encountered life on other planets but
21:39 they weren't able to identify it as life
21:42 that is why NASA began to study our own
21:45 Planet better they studied everything
21:47 from ancient life forms that lived
21:49 billions of years ago to living
21:51 creatures that roam the planet today
21:53 they understood that the search needed
21:55 to happen inwards as well as outwards
21:59 let's take a look at the development of
22:01 Earth's life from its Inception imagine
22:04 that this development can be represented
22:06 as a ladder or stairs and each
22:09 developmental stage is a flight of the
22:11 bigger
22:13 staircase first we would see basic
22:16 chemistry a soup of loose chemical
22:18 elements like the ones we see in the
22:20 periodic table but they need to assemble
22:23 themselves into more complex structures
22:25 to be able to self-replicate change and
22:27 evolve
22:29 this would happen in the Second Step
22:31 where we start to see the formation of
22:33 microscopic
22:35 organisms in the third step these cells
22:38 combine to become multicellular beings
22:41 allowing for more complexity and variety
22:44 the step above sees species that can
22:46 evolve big brains enabling the use of
22:49 tools culture and shared knowledge
22:52 that's where humanity is
22:55 located looking at this ladder one might
22:57 ask so what does it take for a
23:00 multicellular organism to evolve into
23:02 fully formed humans this is what is
23:05 called the Great filter it's a huge
23:07 evolutionary jump that takes a lot of
23:10 effort and the perfect environmental
23:12 conditions for it to happen and given
23:14 that we haven't heard of any other
23:16 extraterrestrial civilizations out there
23:18 it might be that we are the only ones
23:21 that were able to make this jump after
23:23 all How likely is it that we'll find
23:26 life outside of earth that is similar to
23:28 us that depends on how many planets
23:31 there are out there in their Stars
23:33 goldilock Zone the area around a star
23:36 where water can be liquid and because
23:38 stars come in all sizes and
23:40 configurations this zone is different
23:42 for every star system but that's not the
23:45 only criteria we know for the existence
23:47 of
23:48 life we usually look for three things to
23:51 detect life liquid water methane and
23:55 oxygen water is what allows for chemical
23:57 components to mingle and connect forming
24:00 multicellular beings methane is produced
24:03 by the decomposition process made by
24:05 bacteria and oxygen is the byproduct of
24:08 plant
24:10 respiration these are some of the
24:12 telltale signs that the James Webb
24:14 Telescope was programmed to search for
24:16 the James web telescope has ambitious
24:19 purposes that might revolutionize space
24:21 science its top priorities are to detect
24:24 forms of life by studying small galaxies
24:27 orbiting the Milky Way it will also look
24:29 for the oldest stars in the universe
24:31 trying to gather data on the origin of
24:33 the universe itself that's
24:37 huge NASA is betting on two variables
24:40 with this new telescope a thorough scan
24:42 on the so-called exoplanets AKA planets
24:45 from outside our solar system and the
24:48 search for extremophiles a type of life
24:51 that loves extreme
24:53 environments extremophiles were first
24:55 discovered on planet Earth back in the
24:57 1960s at the bottom of the sea near the
25:00 Galapagos Islands scientists found
25:03 microorganisms living next to
25:05 hydrothermal vents that dot the sea
25:07 floor over that part of the world
25:09 thriving in places like these with
25:11 extreme temperatures over 700° F takes a
25:14 lot of resistance I mean can you imagine
25:17 the Heat this discovery was a turning
25:20 point for the field of astrobiology as
25:22 scientists understood that life could
25:24 survive in extremely harsh conditions
25:27 similar to the atmosphere spere
25:28 available in several
25:31 exoplanets but hey life might turn up in
25:35 our own neighborhood if we're lucky
25:36 enough Guided by the Mantra follow the
25:39 water NASA is launching two important
25:42 missions inside our solar system that
25:44 can contribute largely to the search for
25:46 extraterrestrial
25:48 life you remember Jupiter right it's the
25:52 gas giant that has a moon known as
25:54 Europa a few years ago scientists
25:57 discovered that Europa had an ocean
26:00 hidden behind layers of icy crust and
26:02 there's even more according to research
26:05 the water over in Europa is salty much
26:08 like the water we have on our planet
26:10 Europa is a big Contender for the
26:12 detection of life but the Europa Clipper
26:15 mission is not aimed at trying to
26:17 identify this rather it will orbit the
26:20 Moon and gather as much information
26:22 about its atmospheric conditions as it
26:25 can the other moonbound mission is the
26:28 dragonfly an octocopter that will
26:31 explore Saturn's moon Titan the launch
26:33 is programmed for
26:35 2027 and will only arrive in Titan's
26:38 orbit around
26:39 2034 it will sample and examine a series
26:42 of promising sights around Saturn's icy
26:44 Moon and who knows find some new
26:48 information on ET
26:50 life let's see what happens but I'd say
26:53 we've never been closer to a huge
26:55 Discovery than we are now
27:04 life originated in water or so we always
27:07 heard in reality it could have begun in
27:11 ice we know that it all started more
27:14 than 3 billion years ago with simple
27:16 microbes and it's been evolving ever
27:19 since however there are many theories
27:22 about how exactly it happened maybe not
27:25 heat but cold was the beginning of
27:27 everything
27:30 cells were the first tiny life forms but
27:33 before we had fully developed cells
27:35 there were simpler things that couldn't
27:37 survive on their own certain important
27:40 chemicals for life like the mentioned
27:42 amino acids usually float in water in
27:45 tiny
27:46 amounts first they needed something to
27:48 help them stay together without
27:50 spreading all over the place otherwise
27:52 they would have gotten lost in the sea
27:55 and second they needed to stick together
27:57 in groups to form more complex things
28:00 moreover when they started to form in
28:02 groups they started the process of
28:05 evolution they chose the best molecules
28:08 to do specific tasks and kicked out the
28:10 faulty
28:12 ones without this organization the
28:15 fastest replicators or parasites would
28:18 have taken over there were several ways
28:21 they could organize
28:23 themselves 3 billion years ago oceans
28:26 were covered in ice
28:28 and it turned out that certain important
28:30 chemicals for life such as amino acids
28:33 and nucleic acids are more stable in
28:35 colder
28:37 temperatures when water freezes these
28:39 chemicals that hang out in the oceans
28:41 get packed together making it easier for
28:43 life to
28:45 form or maybe what helped them were
28:48 special spots called hydrothermal vents
28:52 imagine the deepest darkest parts of the
28:54 ocean floor where hot water shoots out
28:57 from cracks in the Earth's
28:59 crust life might have started right
29:01 there in these extreme
29:05 conditions these vents spew out
29:07 important elements like carbon and
29:09 hydrogen which are crucial for life as
29:12 the superheated water travels through
29:14 the Earth's crust it picks up other
29:16 important stuff like minerals when it
29:19 finally bursts out of the vents it
29:21 creates a kind of soup rich in
29:25 chemicals in the Rocky crevices around
29:28 around these vents all these molecules
29:30 could have come together and sparked the
29:32 first signs of
29:34 Life the hot mineral Rich environment
29:37 acted like a kitchen to cook the first
29:39 recipes ever for living
29:41 things even today these vents are home
29:44 to vibrant ecosystems showing that life
29:46 can thrive in extreme
29:51 conditions ancient stories also talk
29:54 about life starting from
29:56 clay it turns out that this idea has a
29:59 scientific basis
30:01 too imagine tiny particles of clay like
30:04 little grains of sand sticking together
30:06 in a structured way as they grow and get
30:09 bigger they keep their original shape
30:11 intact they form bigger areas and
30:14 clumps they become kind of like patches
30:17 clay clumps with tiny holes inside each
30:21 patch may be exposed to different things
30:23 in the environment like different
30:24 chemicals or substances when these
30:27 outside molecules go through the clay
30:30 they get trapped along the way once
30:32 trapped these molecules get organized in
30:35 specific patterns within the clay this
30:38 process is compared to how our genes
30:40 organize things just like genes tell our
30:43 bodies how to arrange different parts
30:45 the clay patches organize
30:47 molecules this theory was created back
30:50 in the 80s although it was very
30:52 controversial at the time we need more
30:54 investigation to figure out whether this
30:56 is true or not
31:00 ancient people could have been on to
31:01 something when they said that we all
31:03 started with Zeus's
31:05 lightning life itself is a chemical
31:08 reaction and it needs energy without
31:11 energy nothing happens cells are the
31:14 building blocks of life you can picture
31:16 these cells as Tiny factories bustling
31:19 with activity constantly working to keep
31:21 you
31:23 alive just like every Factory needs a
31:26 power source to keep its machines
31:28 running smoothly they need energy to do
31:31 their
31:32 job in the world of cells that power
31:35 source is something called ATP which
31:38 stands for adenosine triphosphate it's
31:40 an organic molecule there are also some
31:44 backup generators with fancy names like
31:46 Theo Esters asil phosphates and reduced
31:50 ferrodoxin they basically work like
31:53 extra
31:54 boosts when life first started it needed
31:57 energy to make complex stuff like
31:59 proteins and DNA back then this energy
32:03 came from the environment it could be
32:05 light heat chemicals or even
32:10 lightning that lightning might have
32:13 kickstarted life back in the
32:15 1950s scientists did something called
32:18 the Miller Yuri experiment they Zapped a
32:21 mix of gases that mimicked Earth's early
32:23 atmosphere with electric Sparks suddenly
32:27 that caused amino acids and sugars the
32:30 basic stuff of life to pop
32:34 out all living things share a special
32:37 code called DNA the genetic code it's
32:42 one of the oldest and most important
32:44 things about life and we think this code
32:47 existed in the very first forms of life
32:51 too this code is quite tricky it
32:54 involves putting the right building
32:55 blocks amino acids together in the the
32:58 right order and there are special
32:59 molecules called TRNA and mRNA that help
33:03 with this
33:04 process the early version of this code
33:07 was probably simpler than what we have
33:09 now it might have used shorter
33:11 instructions like using just two letters
33:14 instead of
33:15 three scientists are still figuring out
33:18 how DNA first appeared at
33:21 all some think it might have started
33:24 alongside metabolism where certain
33:27 molecules helped put the right building
33:29 blocks
33:30 together now they think that the secret
33:33 to understanding how DNA and proteins
33:36 are formed lies in looking at
33:40 RNA RNA is a versatile player a molecule
33:44 that can do some of the jobs of both DNA
33:47 and proteins in the past it could have
33:50 been the star before DNA and proteins
33:52 took over and even though they're the
33:55 main players now RNA still has important
33:58 roles in living
34:00 things for example it can switch genes
34:03 on and off controlling how cells behave
34:07 but then comes the next question how did
34:10 RNA come to be well we need to look for
34:14 even simpler Origins RNA are big and
34:17 complicated molecules but life could
34:20 have begun with smaller ones bumping
34:22 into each other and starting chemical
34:25 reactions these reactions might have
34:27 happened inside tiny capsules that acted
34:30 like cell membranes over time they might
34:33 have evolved into more complex ones that
34:35 could do the job
34:37 better in other words life could have
34:40 started with a basic recipe and slowly
34:43 added more
34:45 ingredients every living thing is made
34:48 of carbon carbon is an essential life
34:51 Block it's the stuff that makes
34:53 molecules and they form cells tissues
34:57 and organs Earth was very different many
35:01 years ago there were no plants or trees
35:04 and the air was different
35:06 too instead of the oxygen we breathe now
35:09 there were gases like hydrogen nitrogen
35:12 hydrogen sulfide and of course carbon
35:14 dioxide which contained
35:17 carbon in this ancient world life might
35:20 have started in a way where organisms
35:22 didn't eat other organisms for energy
35:25 perhaps they made their own food from
35:27 these simple chemicals they could eat
35:29 this carbon dioxide kind of like plants
35:32 do today and this is where they receive
35:34 their carbon from we call this
35:36 autotrophic
35:40 origin they think that certain metals
35:43 like iron and nickel along with minerals
35:45 containing them played a big role in
35:48 this process these metals and minerals
35:51 acted like assistance helping chemical
35:53 reactions happen that were important for
35:55 life to
35:56 begin they they were found all over the
35:58 Earth back then especially in places
36:01 where there wasn't much
36:03 oxygen and finally we have a wild theory
36:07 that life didn't start on Earth at all
36:10 it could have been brought to us from
36:11 somewhere
36:13 else rocks from Mars sometimes get
36:15 blasted into space by big Cosmic
36:18 collisions some of these rocks have
36:20 ended up on Earth carrying tiny microbes
36:23 with
36:25 them so maybe while we search for Life
36:28 on Mars it could have been the red
36:30 planet that started our very own
36:33 life or maybe it wasn't Mars others
36:36 suggest that life might have hitched a
36:38 ride on comets from other star systems
36:41 traveling through space until they
36:42 landed here but if life did come from
36:46 somewhere else it just raises more
36:48 questions for example how did life start
36:51 in space in the first
36:53 place this is why scientists are a bit
36:56 skeptical about this idea which is
36:58 called
37:00 panspermia in any case the origins of
37:03 Life are a huge mystery and we'll need
37:06 Decades of research to figure out the
37:08 full
37:11 answer your car breaks down in the
37:13 middle of the highway and won't start a
37:16 friendly driver pulls over nearby and
37:18 gets out some jumper cables connecting
37:20 your car to his a few Sparks and your
37:23 car comes back to life and that's how
37:25 life began on Earth sort of there's a
37:28 theory that life was jumpstarted on
37:31 earth like this billions of years ago it
37:34 all started with clouds in the sky we've
37:36 all been there sitting by the window on
37:38 a rainy day you wanted to go out and
37:40 have fun but the rain pouring outside
37:43 made you want to stay in bed and snuggle
37:45 still the lightning and thunder are
37:47 keeping you awake with nothing better to
37:50 do you think about how lightning even
37:52 forms like I said clouds and many other
37:56 things you see when a storm occurs cold
37:59 air and warm air meet the warm air goes
38:02 up to create thunderstorm clouds which
38:04 produce droplets and the cold air below
38:07 has ice crystals in it during a storm
38:09 the droplets and crystals have a little
38:12 mosh pit and move all around all that
38:15 bumping and grinding creates electrical
38:17 charges in the clouds if you ever
38:20 replaced batteries on a remote then
38:22 you've seen a plus and minus sign on
38:24 either end of the battery the plus is
38:26 where the positive charge is and the
38:28 minus is home to the negative one and
38:30 just like batteries clouds have their
38:32 own plus and minus the positive charges
38:35 are kept at the top and the minus is you
38:38 guessed it at the bottom so when the
38:40 charge at the bottom generates enough
38:42 power the cloud lets out energy as the
38:45 energy travels through the air it seeks
38:48 out positively charged objects like a
38:50 pole or a tree and when it finds it the
38:53 energy is released and lightning strikes
38:56 these bolts of light lightning can hit
38:58 anything on the ground or travel from
39:00 Cloud to cloud and thunder occurs
39:02 because of the hot and rapidly expanding
39:05 air so billions of years ago the earth
39:09 wasn't quite like today thunderstorms
39:11 were a lot more frequent than now and
39:14 life was still in its beta phase of
39:16 things these lightning bolts may have
39:18 been the key to Kickstart Life by
39:21 producing one of the most important
39:22 minerals for Life phosphorus DNA RNA and
39:27 cell membranes wouldn't exist without it
39:30 it's essential in all stages of our life
39:32 from growth and Mobility to reproduction
39:35 everything that makes up who we are is
39:37 in our DNA those twirly things with
39:40 proteins latched onto them so what do
39:42 lightning bolts and phosphorus have to
39:44 do with each other does phosphorus flash
39:46 in the sky whenever a thunderstorm
39:48 happens not really when lightning
39:51 strikes the ground it creates something
39:53 called fulgurites or in English glassy
39:56 minerals fused in the heat caused by the
39:59 lightning and when they appear they take
40:01 on the shape of the lightning bolt when
40:03 it strikes the
40:05 ground some new studies suggest that
40:08 fulgurites could release phosphorus when
40:10 dissolved in water when doing so
40:13 phosphorus is able to form biomolecules
40:16 which help in forming life back then
40:19 volcanoes were also pretty big on
40:21 erupting frequently so with ancient Hot
40:24 Springs you'd expect lightning to strike
40:26 down nearby and produce fulgurites next
40:29 to those hot sources of water scientists
40:32 were able to estimate that during the
40:33 early days of Earth one to 5 billion
40:36 lightning flashes were able to occur so
40:39 in the next billion years or so we can
40:42 expect one quintilian lightning strikes
40:45 yeah that's a lot of zeros with all
40:47 those flashes and Strikes phosphorus was
40:50 able to grab its chance to start life
40:52 when dissolved in water and of course
40:55 not just phosphorus but a mix of many
40:57 chemicals and minerals were needed to
40:59 perfect this
41:00 recipe another theory on how life began
41:03 on Earth starts all the way in outer
41:05 space far away from our little blue
41:08 planet flying through the vastness of
41:10 space were meteorites life on Earth
41:13 began roughly 4 billion years ago and
41:16 these meteorites were busy flying all
41:18 over the place with many of them hitting
41:20 Earth in its earliest shape scientists
41:23 claim these meteorites carried chemicals
41:25 essential to creating life some of those
41:28 important ingredients were carbon-based
41:30 compounds including sugars and amino
41:32 acids and they needed wet and dry Cycles
41:36 to bond on a molecular level to finalize
41:38 the process so once life was injected
41:41 into Earth we got to see the first
41:43 organisms that were around 3.7 billion
41:46 years ago keep in mind there wasn't much
41:49 oxygen floating around or in the water
41:51 compared to now but these microscopic
41:54 organisms or microbes left their mark
41:57 with a certain carbon molecule produced
41:59 by living things but Life as we know it
42:02 today wouldn't happen without oxygen
42:04 that invisible element that keeps
42:06 everything alive so around 2.4 billion
42:09 years ago these microbes began changing
42:12 and became Earth's first
42:15 photosynthesizers they made their lunch
42:16 and dinner using water and the sun rays
42:19 while releasing oxygen in the process
42:22 with many of these new organisms the
42:24 rise of oxygen made the environment
42:26 harsher for Gres but it was starting to
42:28 become the Baseline for life's groovy
42:31 track a new party popped out for those
42:34 who could dig oxygen you see mammals and
42:37 other organisms have multiple cell types
42:40 bone cells skin cells muscle cells you
42:42 name it these microbes were single-
42:45 celled organisms so with the rise of
42:47 oxygen many of these microbes began
42:49 moving in with other microbes I don't
42:52 mean being roommates in a shared
42:53 apartment they actually merged with
42:56 other microbes become multi-celled
42:58 organisms pretty clever huh fast forward
43:02 a couple billion years and we have some
43:04 of our first animals to ever exist so
43:07 actually around 800 million years ago
43:10 the oxygen levels in the ocean and seas
43:13 still weren't as high as they are today
43:15 but one of the earliest creatures on
43:16 Earth were sponges scientists were able
43:19 to determine this by studying DNA on
43:22 Rock samples dating back to when sponges
43:24 first appeared they also claim that
43:27 sponges sped up the rise of oxygen
43:29 levels by eating bacteria removing them
43:32 in their decomposition phase then around
43:35 580 million years ago more creatures
43:38 began to appear the oxygen levels were
43:41 starting to be acceptable for life to
43:42 flourish and many other bizarr looking
43:45 creatures inhabited the ocean floor even
43:47 the oldest kind of jellyfish were around
43:50 they looked like tiny aliens from
43:52 another planet I wouldn't want to find
43:54 any of those in my drink and around 40
43:57 million years after the end of that
43:59 period many of these strange creatures
44:01 began to disappear it was then that
44:04 scientists were able to find evidence of
44:06 wormlike creatures that were able to
44:08 burrow in the ocean floor this is
44:10 probably one of the first signs of
44:12 evolution for survival then around 530
44:16 million years ago Evolution cranked it
44:18 up a notch there were many new creatures
44:21 out there with new and neverbe seen body
44:23 parts shells and spines and other body
44:26 parts allowed some of these new animals
44:29 to further survive and burrow their way
44:31 around the ocean floor and shortly after
44:34 a couple of million years the first true
44:37 primitive vertebrae appeared in
44:39 something that looks like an eel this
44:41 was the creature with the first backbone
44:44 over the next million years many of
44:46 these animals began to form
44:48 skeleton-based and cartilage bodies and
44:51 after much splitting amphibians appeared
44:53 and four-legged animals began to walk
44:55 the Earth's surface it's also worth
44:57 noting that there were many mass
44:59 extinctions that happened along the way
45:01 but in the end life kept evolving and
45:05 with many plants and animals emerging
45:07 the landscape was changing in the
45:09 process many natural disasters occurred
45:12 along with ice ages that froze the land
45:14 and seas to add to the overall chaos
45:17 plenty of volcanic eruptions and
45:19 earthquakes continued to change the look
45:22 and Landscape of the Earth the first
45:24 primates emerged around 4 million years
45:26 ago
45:27 and ever since then apes and monkeys
45:29 began to Branch out into their own
45:31 category until humans eventually came
45:34 into the picture by understanding these
45:37 theories scientists are able to observe
45:39 other planets with similar conditions we
45:41 could actually witness the birth of Life
45:43 on another planet of course this would
45:46 take billions of years to happen but I
45:48 wouldn't want to miss it familyy Paradox
45:51 essentially queries why haven't we heard
45:54 from anyone out there and why weren't we
45:56 incl uded in the cosmic
45:59 conversation one of the potential
46:00 explanations for our Solitude in the
46:02 vast expanse of space is the concept of
46:05 the great filter this idea introduced in
46:08 the 1990s by Robin Hansen postulates a
46:12 significant barrier or challenge that
46:14 may prevent life from proliferating
46:16 across the cosmos this great filter is a
46:20 metaphorical C that civilizations might
46:22 need to Traverse to achieve the kind of
46:25 advanced State we often fantasize eyes
46:27 about in sci-fi Tales you've probably
46:30 seen something like this in the game
46:32 about Captain Shephard regrettably
46:35 evidence of such Advanced civilizations
46:37 or even basic extraterrestrial life
46:40 remains elusive it could be that
46:42 evolving into higher life forms or
46:44 mastering Interstellar travel is a
46:47 Monumental task such an impediment might
46:49 halt civilizations from progressing
46:51 either due to Natural cataclysms like
46:54 asteroid hits and ecological crises or
46:56 by their own actions leading to
46:59 self-destruction analyzing this Theory
47:01 we Face two intriguing possibilities the
47:05 first suggests we've already navigated
47:07 past this daunting filter meaning we've
47:09 weathered the toughest Trials of
47:11 existence y for us but this would imply
47:14 that intelligent life is a rare gem in
47:17 the vastness of space leaving us
47:19 potentially unique and isolated so our
47:22 dreams of interstellar friendships and
47:24 Explorations might be just fantasy
47:28 on the gloomier side the second
47:30 possibility posits that the most
47:32 challenging tests lie ahead indicating
47:34 that while other civilizations might
47:36 exist they too face challenges they've
47:38 yet to overcome they like us might be
47:42 striving to survive evolve and hoping to
47:45 signal to the cosmos that they're here
47:47 within the discussions of the great
47:49 filter there's mention of the rise of
47:51 artificial intelligence AI with ai's
47:55 rapid advancement it's conceived able
47:57 that it might turn out to be a
47:58 double-edged sword for
48:00 Humanity AI as highlighted by the great
48:03 filter Theory presents both an
48:05 opportunity and a
48:07 challenge as this technology surges
48:10 ahead becoming increasingly integrated
48:12 into our lives there's a growing concern
48:14 about its unforeseen
48:16 consequences if not handled responsibly
48:19 AI could end up being one of the hurdle
48:21 civilizations including ours struggle to
48:25 surpass the potential for for AI to
48:27 reshape our society and even pose
48:30 existential risks underscores the
48:32 importance of cautious advancement yet
48:35 it's crucial to remember that the
48:37 universe is vast and the narrative isn't
48:39 solely one of Doom and Gloom there's a
48:42 silver lining it's possible that other
48:44 civilizations having navigated past
48:46 their great filters are thriving in
48:48 distant corners of the cosmos their
48:51 successes could eventually pave the way
48:52 for us to communicate collaborate or
48:55 even coexist
48:57 furthermore life in its most rudimentary
49:00 form might be closer than we think
49:03 entities not yet sophisticated enough to
49:05 establish contact might inhabit Realms
49:08 within our reach our Quest might not
49:10 always lead us to Advanced civilizations
49:13 even the discovery of microbial life
49:15 would be groundbreaking amidst all the
49:17 speculation and theories one thing is
49:19 certain our thirst for knowledge Remains
49:22 unquenched the scientific Community
49:24 remains undeterred in its mission with
49:26 every passing day we probe further into
49:29 space and particularly our solar system
49:32 hoping to unearth evidence of Life
49:35 discoveries such as water on mars or
49:37 conditions suitable for life on some of
49:39 Jupiter's or Saturn's moons emphasize
49:42 that we might not have to venture too
49:43 far to find hints of life the universe
49:47 with all its vastness and Mysteries
49:49 continually beckons we remain eager to
49:52 uncover its
49:53 Secrets as we continue our journey
49:55 through the vast expanse of the universe
49:58 and its Mysteries your support and
50:00 curiosity drive us if you want to stay
50:04 updated on more such Revelations and
50:05 insights make sure to subscribe together
50:08 let's keep exploring the unknown don't
50:11 miss out hit that subscribe button
50:14 now we fly away from Earth to look at it
50:16 from a distance it glows like a holiday
50:19 tree big cities look like yellow spots
50:21 at night and during the day we see
50:23 strange structures like a palm tree
50:25 shaped island in the UAE or a dark band
50:28 that runs all the way through China the
50:30 great wall these are traces of human
50:33 existence now let's Point our telescope
50:35 at other planets Mars it's just an empty
50:38 endless desert Venus only rocks and
50:40 volcanoes even if we look into distant
50:43 space all the planets out there are
50:45 deserted and lifeless not a single trace
50:47 of an extraterrestrial civilization many
50:50 people are convinced that life on Earth
50:51 isn't unique at all here's our galaxy
50:54 there are billions of sunlike stars and
50:57 here is the entire observable universe
50:59 with billions of such galaxies there's
51:01 an almost infinite number of stars and
51:04 near each of them there may be habitable
51:06 worlds but we may not have found life on
51:08 other planets because it hides from us
51:10 under the surface for example there's
51:13 Europa a satellite of Jupiter slightly
51:16 smaller than our moon its structure
51:18 resembles a softboiled egg its surface
51:20 is a hard crust of ice but if you take a
51:22 big enough drill you can get to the
51:24 liquid yolk an ocean of water
51:27 Jupiter and its satellites are very far
51:29 from the Sun so it's quite cold there
51:31 about 270° below zero so liquid water
51:35 instantly turns to ice but Jupiter has a
51:37 strong gravitational force that causes a
51:40 lot of friction inside Europa and its
51:42 core heats up the heat melts the ice and
51:45 we have a watery ocean under the surface
51:48 water is the foundation of all life so
51:50 there could be simple bacteria in that
51:52 ocean and who knows maybe there are
51:55 other life forms out there for example
51:57 weirdly shaped fish because of the weak
52:00 gravity their bodies are built
52:02 differently or something like whales
52:04 feeding on plankton in 2009 scientists
52:07 found a planet that is completely
52:09 covered by an ocean gj1 1214 it's about
52:12 40 light years from Earth and about 75%
52:15 of its mass is water still the
52:18 temperatures on this planet are so high
52:20 that water evaporates and takes the form
52:22 of super liquid water there's so much
52:25 steam that it feels seals as thick as
52:27 water itself no life could exist in such
52:30 conditions but scientists have recently
52:32 found at least 24 planets better than
52:35 Earth and called them superh habitable
52:38 these planets orbit distant stars in
52:40 their habitable zone it's The Sweet Spot
52:42 at a perfect distance from the star in
52:44 our solar system Venus Earth and Mars
52:47 are in this Zone a superhabitable planet
52:50 must be 10% larger than Earth and have
52:52 stronger gravity that way it can have a
52:55 denser atmosphere a temperature 8°
52:57 higher than on Earth would make the
52:59 planet more humid this would encourage a
53:01 variety of living organisms there these
53:04 planets may be great for life but it's
53:06 hard to tell if there is life there
53:08 already the main marker that would
53:10 confirm the existence of an advanced
53:11 civilization there might be radio waves
53:14 imagine a habitable planet similar to
53:16 Earth in the process of evolution
53:18 intelligent beings appeared there like
53:21 humans they're much taller because of
53:23 low gravity and their eyes are adapted
53:25 to the light from another star much
53:27 brighter than the sun sooner or later
53:30 this civilization will have to use radio
53:32 waves to communicate with each other we
53:34 can think of these waves as loud sound
53:36 from speakers here's Earth we're now
53:39 actively using radio waves and the noise
53:41 coming from our planet is pretty serious
53:44 if a neighboring Planet had radio
53:45 telescopes big dishes that catch these
53:48 waves they would realize that life is
53:50 blooming here there are many radio
53:52 telescopes on Earth that are pointed
53:54 into distant space waiting for a signal
53:56 from Aliens but we haven't received
53:58 anything yet still that doesn't mean
54:01 there isn't a planet somewhere in the
54:02 universe that emits radio waves it's all
54:04 about distance we're jumping 200 Lighty
54:07 years to another star suppose there's a
54:10 Planet X where life exists the
54:13 civilization here is Advanced enough to
54:15 use radio waves so they release the
54:17 first wave into space our radio
54:20 telescopes won't be able to pick it up
54:22 until 200 years later this also works
54:25 the other way around radio communication
54:27 on Earth has only existed since 1895 our
54:31 radio signal won't reach Planet X until
54:34 20195 and only then the aliens will hear
54:37 our voice but this radio noise doesn't
54:39 stay for long every year our technology
54:42 improves and our radio noise decreases
54:45 we're beginning to use mobile
54:47 Communication cable TV and fiber optics
54:50 this all reduces the volume of our
54:51 planet in the radio spectrum and soon it
54:54 will simply become invisible to other
54:56 planets the same thing is happening on
54:58 the other side so the radio waves coming
55:01 from civilizations are a brief blip on
55:03 the cosmic scale and we can't accept
55:05 radio silence as proof that
55:07 extraterrestrial life doesn't exist a
55:10 giant telescope which could take a
55:12 direct photo of a possibly inhabited
55:14 planet would change the situation we
55:16 zoom in on the photo and there it is we
55:19 see alien cities with tall buildings and
55:21 lots of antennas but now we can't look
55:24 that far away we can take pictures of of
55:26 Mars and its satellites and even their
55:28 quality misleads us for example Sedonia
55:32 it looks just like a human face on Mars
55:35 we thought there used to be an ancient
55:37 civilization there that made some sort
55:38 of sculpture or Memorial more
55:41 extravagant theories said it was the
55:42 remains of a giant human and there's a
55:44 whole body of it under the Sands of Mars
55:47 but in fact it was just a hill strong
55:50 winds blew out some Hollows there and
55:53 when there was a shadow in those Hollows
55:55 we took them for human eyes eyes and a
55:56 mouth or a monolith on Mars's satellite
55:59 Phobos we found a smooth Rock there that
56:02 was almost as tall as the Pyramid of
56:04 chops the news has spawned many theories
56:06 about the civilization that built it but
56:08 it turned out to be no more than a rock
56:12 the infinite number of stars and worlds
56:14 around them almost guarantees the
56:15 existence of other civilizations so why
56:18 wouldn't they come to earth right we
56:20 think that life throughout the Universe
56:22 develops in similar scenarios the
56:24 emergence of simple life forms followed
56:26 by Evolution and growth of a
56:28 technologically advanced civilization
56:30 but just like on Earth cataclysms
56:32 happened there too causing mass
56:34 extinctions meteorites for example
56:37 perhaps there was a civilization out
56:38 there ready to go into outer space but a
56:41 huge meteorite like the one that wiped
56:43 the dinosaurs off the Earth's surface
56:45 made that Civilization disappear and
56:47 life on that planet began a new cycle
56:49 from scratch in addition the more
56:51 advanced the civilization the greater
56:53 the risk of its self-destruction science
56:56 ssts might conduct experiments in
56:57 machines like the Large Hadron Collider
57:00 and accidentally create a black hole
57:01 there it would begin to swallow
57:03 everything around it and grow in size
57:06 soon all the super developed cities of
57:08 this civilization and the entire planet
57:10 would simply disappear another
57:12 possibility for super Advanced
57:14 civilizations is to travel through
57:16 wormholes those are tunnels and
57:18 SpaceTime between universes aliens might
57:20 travel through them and lose interest in
57:23 going back but it's also possible that
57:25 life on Earth is unique that's because
57:28 our planet was formed thanks to a number
57:30 of incredible coincidences the first is
57:32 the location of our solar system in the
57:34 galaxy in the Milky Way There are
57:37 constant fireworks of exploding
57:38 Supernova the radiation from these
57:40 explosions destroys everything around it
57:43 at Great distances our solar system is
57:45 Right In The Sweet Spot of the galactic
57:47 orbit where we're safe from such
57:49 explosions another factor is the moon
57:52 one theory of the formation of the Moon
57:54 says that about 4.5 billion years ago a
57:57 meteorite the size of Mars crashed into
57:59 us if the impact had been straight the
58:01 Earth would have just broken apart and
58:03 if that meteorite had only scratched the
58:05 Earth the pieces would have just flown
58:07 away but the Collision occurred
58:09 precisely so that part of the meteorite
58:11 remained in Earth's orbit and formed the
58:13 moon then the moon stabilized the
58:15 Earth's rotation and heated our core
58:17 with gravity only then our planet
58:20 developed a magnetic field which
58:22 protects us from the solar wind other
58:24 scientists believe that life outside
58:26 Earth may be biochemically different
58:28 carbon and water are the basis of our
58:30 bodies but carbon could be replaced with
58:33 silicon or phosphorus and water could be
58:35 replaced with ammonia or
58:38 methane these atoms could form molecules
58:41 of different shapes and perhaps assemble
58:43 into a living organism life based on
58:46 such elements would be unlike anything
58:48 seen on
58:49 earth now I don't want to Spook you but
58:52 there's a chance that our entire Milky
58:54 Way galaxy is located in the so-called
58:57 space void it's a region where there's
58:59 relatively little matter compared to
59:01 other corners of the known universe and
59:03 it's much less dense than it is
59:05 elsewhere in the universe in other words
59:08 we might exist in an air bubble in a
59:10 cake if that's true it would mean that
59:12 we're even lonelier than we thought
59:16 H in our universe all the galaxies are
59:19 constantly moving away from each other
59:21 in order to understand how far they move
59:24 away scientists use something called the
59:26 hubo latra constant it's like a
59:28 speedometer but for Galaxies however
59:31 there's a cosmic mystery called the
59:33 Hubble tension is challenging what we
59:36 know about the universe's expansion
59:38 scientists used to consider the Hubble
59:40 latra constant a reliable guide but our
59:43 recent observations question this
59:45 reliability the speeds we see in real
59:48 life don't match up with the distances
59:49 we calculated and expected they aren't
59:52 sure why these measurements don't add up
59:55 researchers followed the the moves of
59:56 supernovas and saw that the Universe
59:58 seems to expand faster around us than it
60:01 does overall as if it's actively
60:03 avoiding us specifically H after
60:06 considering this they began to assume
60:08 that we might all live in a cosmic
60:13 void Cosmic voids are vast empty spaces
60:16 between galaxies kind of like between my
60:18 ears they make our entire world look
60:21 like a big sponge now let's go back to
60:23 the beginning just a fraction of a
60:25 second after the big bang right after
60:28 the beginning of everything the universe
60:30 was a hot compressed plasma it only had
60:32 very tiny variations in density called
60:35 Quantum fluctuations after the big bang
60:38 the universe began to expand those
60:41 Quantum fluctuations grew together with
60:43 it creating regions of varying matter
60:45 density because of that the Universe
60:48 didn't expand everywhere uniformally
60:50 instead little claps of matter began to
60:53 gather together over a long period of
60:55 time creating massive structures
60:58 galaxies galaxies are arranged in huge
61:01 walls and filaments with enormous gaps
61:03 in between and these gaps are voids also
61:06 known as dark
61:10 space now these voids aren't truly empty
61:13 in fact they actually hold more than 15%
61:16 of the amount of matter found on average
61:18 throughout the entire universe they
61:20 still contain gas dust dark matter and
61:23 even stars and galaxies however they
61:26 have less density than regions with
61:28 galaxies about a tenth of the average
61:30 matter density which is why we consider
61:32 them nearly empty usually they'll have a
61:35 diameter ranging from about 30 to 300
61:38 million light years that is an enormous
61:41 distance even on a space scale for
61:43 comparison most planets and nebulas we
61:46 found so far have a distance of hundreds
61:48 and rarely thousands of light years away
61:50 from us in the case of voids if you were
61:53 in the middle of one it would just look
61:55 like seemingly Eternal Darkness the
61:58 closest Stars would be so far away that
62:00 they would be almost invisible to
62:04 you some of them are especially large
62:07 they're known as super voids the largest
62:10 known one was creatively named giant
62:12 void ooh it's so big it's impossible for
62:15 us to even imagine 1.5 billion Lighty
62:18 years away with a diameter of 1 to 1.3
62:22 billion Lighty years yeah it's basically
62:24 a big dark vacuum but even this giant
62:28 vacuum isn't entirely empty the giant
62:31 void houses 17 separate Galaxy clusters
62:34 within its expanse however it might not
62:36 be the biggest emptiness in our universe
62:39 there's this thing called the CMB cold
62:42 spot it's this unusually large and
62:44 chilly area of our universe that we saw
62:46 through the microwaves it really stood
62:48 out on the map of our universe with its
62:50 unexpectedly low temperatures and
62:53 scientists have spent many years trying
62:55 to figure out what the thing is in 2015
62:59 scientists proposed that this place
63:01 might be a supervoid and probably the
63:03 largest one ever being even more
63:05 original with this one they called it
63:08 the great void if it's true this place
63:10 would be in emptiness of about 1.8
63:13 billion Lightyear in diameter about a
63:15 thousand times larger than typical voids
63:18 not everyone thinks that's possible so
63:20 scientists keep arguing over this one
63:23 there's another interesting Theory going
63:25 about this Place one researcher
63:27 suggested that this place might have
63:29 been a trace on our collision with a
63:31 parallel world it's a pretty bold
63:33 hypothesis but unfortunately there's no
63:36 way for us to confirm or deny it with
63:38 our current Technologies in any case as
63:42 the universe expands these voids will
63:44 grow and the walls connecting Galaxy
63:46 clusters will stretch and break
63:49 eventually the voids will merge leaving
63:51 gravitationally bound Galaxy clusters as
63:54 islands in the expanding emptiness in
63:56 other words sooner or later the great
63:59 emptiness will consume everything in our
64:03 world so it turns out we might be a rare
64:06 occasion in a supervoid one of the 15%
64:09 of M this would explain why we're
64:11 surrounded by relatively few galaxies
64:14 this discovery if true challenges the
64:17 standard model of cosmology which we
64:20 created with Albert Einstein's help it
64:23 would mean that gravity in general
64:25 behaves different ly than what we
64:26 expected according to the standard model
64:29 such a significant underdensity
64:30 shouldn't exist because of that
64:33 scientists will have to explore and
64:35 consider this idea thoroughly it might
64:37 just challenge our very basic
64:39 understanding of physics the scientist
64:41 call this the local hole the discovery
64:44 of the local hole May hold Clues to
64:47 explaining the FY Paradox maybe in this
64:50 specific part of the universe where we
64:52 hang out the chance of intelligent life
64:54 developing anywhere near by is very low
64:57 perhaps all of the sensient beings hang
65:00 out somewhere beyond our
65:03 supervoid but that doesn't mean we
65:05 should lose hope or that life anywhere
65:08 nearby is impossible in fact life in the
65:11 universe might be much more common than
65:13 we previously thought we know that the
65:15 inner planets like Mercury and Venus are
65:18 inhospitable due to extreme conditions
65:21 however Venus looks interesting because
65:23 even though it's a crazy toxic planet
65:26 scientists believe that it was very
65:27 earthlike in the past it could have even
65:30 hosted life unfortunately it was too
65:33 close to the Sun and all the nice
65:35 conditions evaporated over time but
65:37 there's a possibility of microbial life
65:40 surviving in its high altitud clouds
65:43 Mars a cold desert also might have been
65:46 a friendlier place in the past with
65:48 rivers and lakes though now it lacks a
65:50 protective atmosphere ancient life might
65:53 have existed there in that case it would
65:55 leave potential fossils and underground
65:57 microbes could still survive we've
66:00 discovered some signs of them but are
66:02 still debating whether this stuff was
66:04 truly organic or not the gas giants like
66:07 Jupiter and Saturn and ice giants are
66:09 not ideal for life but their moons offer
66:12 hope Europa has an ocean beneath its icy
66:15 surface making it a potential hot spot
66:18 in cetus releases water into space
66:21 carrying complex molecules that hint at
66:24 interesting possibilities and Titan is
66:26 especially unique it has liquid bodies
66:29 on its surface rivers and lakes of
66:31 hydrocarbons while its frigid
66:33 temperatures aren't great for life
66:35 scientists Ponder if it might host life
66:37 with a different kind of chemistry
66:40 however it will take us decades to check
66:42 all these celestial bodies and study
66:44 them properly we haven't sent anything
66:46 so far since the times of Voyager 2 but
66:49 if we're lucky we might explore our
66:51 solar system during the 21st
66:54 century we might explore our solar
66:56 system during the 21st
67:00 century in any case there's a lot of
67:02 potential for life even in our solar
67:04 system alone not even mentioning all the
67:07 planets and galaxies we found nearby our
67:10 estimates suggest that the observable
67:12 universe the one we can see might host
67:14 around 5.3 trillion habitable worlds one
67:18 of the most likely candidates so far is
67:21 Kepler 186f it's a potential earthlike
67:24 Planet just 10% larger than Earth this
67:27 planet orbits a red dwarf star which is
67:30 a star a bit dimmer colder but more long
67:32 living than our sun and it's only about
67:35 490 Lighty years away which may sound
67:38 like a lot but remember what distances
67:40 we've discussed with super voids so even
67:43 if we really are in a supervoid we're
67:45 still lucky to have many galaxies and
67:47 planets around and if one day we'll find
67:50 a way to travel through the universe
67:52 leaving the local hole probably wouldn't
67:54 be a problem
67:59 there are probably 36 other
68:01 civilizations hanging out in the Milky
68:03 Way and over 170 billion galaxies give
68:07 or take in the observable universe
68:10 conditions for life are all over space
68:13 so where is
68:15 everybody nuclear physicist enrio fery
68:18 came up with this exact same question
68:20 during a lunch break with his colleagues
68:22 in 1950 leading to one of the most
68:24 unsettling paradoxes in the
68:27 universe even though there's a huge
68:30 probability of extraterrestrial
68:31 civilizations existing we still haven't
68:34 found any clear evidence of
68:38 them when possible explanation comes
68:40 from the zoo
68:42 hypothesis it suggests that advanced
68:45 extraterrestrial societies exist and
68:47 know exactly who we are and where we are
68:50 but intentionally choose to stay hidden
68:54 they're just observing human quirky
68:56 behaviors as if we're in some kind of a
68:58 cosmic Wildlife
69:00 Park but their intentions could be much
69:06 darker If You're a Star Trek fan you
69:09 probably remember the main rule for
69:11 Federation members Starfleet officers
69:14 shouldn't contact species that are not
69:16 Advanced to avoid messing with their
69:18 development even if it means risking
69:20 their own lives now even though it's
69:22 fiction this rule perfectly captures
69:25 what the zoo hypothesis is all about
69:27 beings from other corners of the
69:29 universe see our planet as a cosmic zoo
69:32 with oneway bars they can watch us
69:35 brushing our teeth in the morning or
69:37 walking our dog but we can't catch a
69:39 glimpse of
69:42 them in this Theory non-terrestrial life
69:45 forms deliberately keep their distance
69:47 from us sticking to a hands-off policy
69:49 agreement in the vast Cosmic
69:52 neighborhood it's like those super smart
69:55 beings agreed that we needed to have the
69:57 freedom to shape our own future and
69:59 Destiny following our own path of
70:01 development without external
70:03 contamination the idea is that these
70:06 super Advanced civilizations could be
70:07 like oh I don't know 500 million years
70:10 ahead of us which would explain why we
70:13 haven't seen any signs of them and maybe
70:16 it's better this way as humans could
70:18 eventually be destroyed or even
70:19 assimilated by this new cosmic power
70:22 Independence Day Style
70:26 as much as things like going to an art
70:28 museum might be interesting to us
70:30 extraterrestrials probably wouldn't be
70:32 too thrilled watching a stare at the
70:34 Mona Lisa painting for
70:37 hours interplanetary cultures might be
70:39 more into buying tickets to quietly
70:42 observe how we're developing new
70:43 technologies such as Ultra Modern
70:46 satellites according to the zoo Theory
70:49 they can't reach out to us until we hit
70:51 a certain level of development so
70:53 improving our technology and wisdom
70:55 could be the only way to show them that
70:57 we're mature enough and don't need their
70:59 spaceship parenting
71:01 anymore there are a couple of reasons
71:03 why it's hard to buy into the zoo
71:05 hypothesis I mean okay extraterrestrials
71:09 might not visit or reach out because
71:11 we're not all that advanced but it is
71:13 tough to explain why they keep ignoring
71:16 all our attempts to communicate even if
71:18 the zookeepers try their best not to
71:21 interfere with animals lives and
71:22 behaviors I bet they couldn't just
71:24 ignore or a bear speaking in loud and
71:27 clear English about its desire to
71:31 communicate so that's pretty much why
71:33 humans keep trying and trying to provoke
71:36 some reaction from inhabitants of other
71:38 planets using radio
71:41 signals in 2017 in a Valley 8 Mi
71:44 southeast of the Norwegian city of truma
71:48 a radar antenna transmitted some
71:50 specially composed electronic music to
71:52 potential Intergalactic listeners the
71:55 target audience was in GJ 273 also known
71:59 as light and star it's a runty red dwarf
72:03 located 12 light years from our Solar
72:05 System since radio waves travel at the
72:07 speed of light we'll have to wait more
72:09 than two decades before looking for a
72:13 reply but the main problem with radio WS
72:16 is that we're kind of in the dark about
72:18 where to look and civilizations might be
72:20 as far as 177,000 light years away plus
72:24 we don't know which radio frequency
72:26 extraterrestrials use to
72:30 chat now here on Earth we use the radio
72:33 spectrum to send signals into the
72:35 universe assuming that what works for us
72:38 might be a common method for other
72:40 civilizations but in fact it could be
72:42 considered a somewhat old school
72:44 technique for other beings that's why
72:46 current projects are now looking for
72:48 techn signatures which are signs of
72:51 technological activity from
72:53 extraterrestrials like city lines solar
72:55 panels Mega structures or artificial
73:00 satellites another potential clue is to
73:02 study the atmospheres of planets
73:04 orbiting nearby stars as an advanced
73:07 civilization might be altering its
73:09 atmosphere with different gases making
73:11 it detectable despite Decades of
73:13 observations there is still no
73:16 definitive evidence that advanced
73:17 extraterrestrial civilizations are out
73:20 there but that doesn't mean they don't
73:23 exist even by expand expanding search
73:25 Fields we're talking about odds much
73:28 Slimmer than hitting the jackpot with a
73:30 roughly 1 in three billion chance of
73:32 finding an advanced civilization within
73:34 a given distance from
73:36 Earth maybe space creatures are
73:39 responding to our communication attempts
73:41 but in a way that we can't understand
73:44 the universe has been around for more
73:45 than 13 billion years while humans
73:48 showed up just 200,000 years ago and
73:51 this is about
73:52 0.01% of the universe's age it's like
73:55 we're still learning to talk while other
73:58 super smart beings might be sending us
74:00 messages that are all Lost in
74:03 Translation we keep waiting for a giant
74:06 UFO to land on Earth and for green ETS
74:09 with huge eyes to come out of it but we
74:11 forget that our Intergalactic neighbors
74:13 could be more interesting in building
74:15 nanot Technologies to watch over us they
74:18 could also be trying to communicate
74:19 using neutrinos which are subatomic
74:22 particles with an extremely small Mass
74:25 they could effortlessly pass through our
74:27 planet without being detected by our
74:29 current technological
74:31 devices now the zoo hypothesis has
74:34 another issue it is pretty tough to
74:36 believe that with all these
74:38 civilizations supposedly hanging out in
74:40 the universe they would all decide not
74:43 to reach out to
74:44 humans for this to happen there would
74:47 have to be a great sense of structure
74:49 with a higher intelligence working as
74:51 the head of the universe giving them
74:53 direct orders and clear rules to keep us
74:56 isolated but we're talking about
74:58 billions of possibilities for life right
75:02 more civilizations mean that there are
75:04 more chances of a violation of this no
75:06 contact
75:08 rule so most likely at least one
75:11 independent Planet would be just as
75:13 desperate to find life in the universe
75:15 as we are some scientists also believe
75:18 that if such Advanced life had
75:20 substantially colonized Earth and many
75:22 other planets we would know it by now
75:26 the zoo hypothesis has two other
75:28 variations that are even more
75:30 frightening in the laboratory hypothesis
75:33 nobody contacts us because humankind is
75:36 actually being subjected to experiments
75:39 and Earth is essentially a giant science
75:42 lab other worldly creatures could be
75:45 analyzing human responses to various
75:47 survival challenges such as tsunamis or
75:49 massive
75:51 earthquakes in this case the no contact
75:54 agreement between all other space groups
75:57 would make a bit more
75:59 sense since it's in the name of
76:01 scientific research for the greater good
76:04 at least for
76:05 them the planetarium hypothesis proposed
76:09 in 2001 suggest that we are living in an
76:12 artificial Universe in some kind of
76:14 virtual reality designed to give us the
76:16 illusion that the universe is empty when
76:18 it's not but no possible generator could
76:22 test this hypothesis
76:25 besides the zoo the laboratory and the
76:27 planetarium theories there is another
76:29 possible answer to the fmy Paradox
76:32 nobody contacts us because humans are
76:34 completely alone in the universe this is
76:37 known as the rare earth hypothesis and
76:40 it emphasizes how Earth occupies an
76:42 incredibly unique position no other
76:45 planet could bring life to the universe
76:46 that could be more than just
76:50 bacteria we may consider ourselves
76:52 pretty lucky as even a small chain in
76:55 any of Earth's orbital parameters like
76:57 the distance from the Earth to the Sun
76:59 or the rate of rotation could make
77:01 conditions too extreme for people or
77:03 life in
77:04 general but again it's hard to think
77:07 that we are alone in this vast universe
77:10 so we're back to the Paradox where is
77:15 everybody our galaxy is home to 200
77:18 billion stars and maybe a 100 billion
77:21 planets let's imagine that life exists
77:24 on a tiny fraction of those places and
77:27 let's imagine that those lives could
77:29 evolve into intelligent beings given
77:32 that it would seem safe to say that our
77:34 galaxy would be populated and some
77:37 species would be actively trying to find
77:39 us we have an equation called the Drake
77:42 equation that can estimate how many
77:44 intelligent civilizations might arise in
77:46 our galaxy the equation suggests that
77:50 there should be around 20 civilizations
77:52 just on the outskirts of our galaxy so
77:55 why haven't we encountered any of them
77:57 yet the work of Frank Drake a radio
78:00 astronomer published in
78:02 1961 is a set of many variables such as
78:06 the average number of planets in a solar
78:08 system that could potentially Harbor
78:10 life or the rate at which stars are
78:12 suitable for intelligent life form the
78:16 complexity here is that astronomers have
78:18 yet to determine the exact values of
78:20 these variables meaning that our
78:22 calculations are still only approxim it
78:25 but recent discoveries in these areas
78:28 give us hope that we can refine these
78:30 estimates let's use our hypothetical
78:32 assumptions and apply them to our galaxy
78:35 let's crunch the numbers it comes up to
78:38 at least 20
78:39 civilizations yet somehow the sky
78:42 remains strangely silent how did this
78:46 happen some people think that the
78:48 appearance of life is a rare event
78:50 others think that the transition from
78:52 bacteria to highly developed beings is a
78:55 difficult step still others believe that
78:58 civilizations May either destroy
79:00 themselves after a short lifespan or may
79:03 never even invent something with which
79:04 they could
79:05 communicate but there is one theory that
79:08 surpasses all the others in its
79:10 creepiness the Dark Forest Theory
79:13 according to it the universe is a vast
79:16 Cosmic version of a haunted forest and
79:18 other kinds of beings are out there
79:19 somewhere playing hide and seek they are
79:22 deliberately keeping silent
79:25 why well for starters every form of life
79:28 wants to survive if we start with that
79:31 assumption we can ask the question will
79:34 other forms of life harm you if they
79:35 have the chance so the safest option is
79:39 to destroy them before they find the
79:41 right time to do the same to you Frankly
79:44 Speaking this is a cosmic version of
79:47 survival of the fittest in this scenario
79:50 making contact with others becomes the
79:52 most dangerous game as it could lead to
79:55 your location being tracked down and you
79:57 being
79:58 destroyed the theory was proposed by
80:00 scientist David Brin as a possible
80:03 explanation for the lack of radio
80:04 evidence for the existence of life but
80:07 how realistic is this Theory only one
80:10 Advanced race behaving in this way could
80:12 answer that question so far this Theory
80:16 explains why we are not picking up any
80:18 Advanced Radio Transmissions despite A
80:20 Century of listening it is possible that
80:23 other beings like us are too afraid of
80:25 being noticed and have deliberately gone
80:28 silent it is worth considering that
80:30 there may have been a point at which
80:31 everyone decided to keep quiet was it an
80:34 aggressive civilization that
80:36 deliberately wiped out the noisy
80:38 aliens the question is open for about a
80:42 century now we have been those very
80:44 noisy
80:45 aliens any other civilization within 100
80:48 light years of us can receive our
80:50 signals and know exactly where we are
80:53 and if we have reasons to hide from them
80:55 as some people such as Steven Hawkings
80:57 suggest we may already be in trouble so
81:01 will we ever receive a message from our
81:03 Cosmic Partners only time will tell but
81:07 what we do know for sure is that we
81:09 cannot just brush this off we cannot
81:12 allow Panic to spread across the planet
81:14 when we receive that alien WhatsApp we
81:17 need to have a plan and we need to have
81:19 it ready by the time we are faced with
81:20 the real situation the US authorities
81:23 have investigated over a 100 cases of
81:25 strange phenomena occurring in the sky
81:28 no little green men have ever been found
81:31 more likely drones and similar objects
81:34 whether our Intergalactic neighbors will
81:36 send us a message tomorrow or centuries
81:38 later we need a plan after all this
81:41 could change everything we know about
81:43 our universe and our place in
81:46 it thousands of strange spaceships sneak
81:49 into Earth's airspace they descend to
81:51 our planet and fly through cities
81:53 plunging people into to complete chaos
81:56 suddenly the door of the largest ship
81:58 opens and a strange creature comes out
82:00 it tries to copy our language and says
82:02 they had come from a distant star
82:04 Proxima centuri something like this
82:06 might happen because scientists have
82:08 recently picked up a strange radio
82:09 signal off that star proximus centuri is
82:13 the closest star to our solar system
82:15 it's only 4.2 light years away that
82:17 means a beam of light that starts from
82:19 this star reaches Earth in 4.2 years
82:22 that's also 270,000 disc distances from
82:25 Earth to the sun the star Proxima
82:27 centuri itself is too pale for us to see
82:30 with the uned eye in the night sky but
82:32 its system hides a little secret let's
82:34 fly there and take a closer
82:37 look so here's this red dwarf it's 7
82:40 times smaller than our sun and eight
82:42 times lighter Proxima centuri is 1.5
82:45 times bigger than Jupiter and almost 150
82:48 times heavier but what we're looking for
82:50 is a little further away this is Proxima
82:54 centur b a planet similar to Earth it's
82:57 only 10% larger than Earth and is in the
82:59 habitable zone of the star it's the
83:02 perfect distance not too far away and
83:04 not too close so the temperature isn't
83:06 too high or low there either water if it
83:09 exists on that planet can be in a liquid
83:12 state and so life can survive and evolve
83:15 there maybe it's developed enough to
83:17 send us the signal that we had received
83:20 a radio signal is basically waves they
83:22 have a certain frequency and length and
83:24 we can always tell an artificial signal
83:26 from a naturally generated one the
83:28 signal that we picked up from Proxima
83:30 centory B had a frequence of 982 MHz the
83:34 regular radio we listen to in the
83:35 kitchen or in the car picks up signals
83:37 around 100 MHz that's why scientists
83:40 have concluded that the signal was
83:42 created
83:43 artificially such signals could have a
83:45 way of communication between the
83:46 developed worlds if this is really a
83:48 message from an outer space civilian we
83:51 should be able to decode it for this any
83:54 civiliz iation must use the simplest
83:55 method of encryption for example Earth
83:59 has already sent a radio signal into
84:00 space it was the aoro message this
84:04 message consists of
84:06 1,679 digits it's a rectangle of 23x 73
84:09 squares that has information about our
84:12 civilization encoded using a binary code
84:15 at the top of the rectangle there's a
84:17 system of numbers that we use they're
84:19 marked in white this purple thing is the
84:21 key to read the next part of the message
84:23 the Aton IC numbers of the elements like
84:25 hydrogen carbon nitrogen oxygen and
84:28 phosphorus are encoded in this key these
84:31 are the key elements that can start
84:33 life if those who receive this signal
84:36 can make sense of the numbers in the key
84:38 they can read the next part of the
84:39 message these green things are the
84:41 building blocks of our DNA chain and
84:44 right at the bottom here is the DNA
84:45 chain itself the white rectangle
84:48 indicates the number of pairs of these
84:49 building blocks in the blue spirals show
84:52 the shape of a DNA chain and then we see
84:54 the human silhouette itself the white
84:57 and blue object to its left is a coded
84:59 number of our average height the human
85:01 itself is drawn here at the ends of the
85:03 DNA strand so that the outer space
85:05 civilization can understand what we look
85:07 like and the white rectangle to the
85:09 right of the human sketch is the number
85:11 of Earth's population at the time of the
85:13 message that's 4.2 billion as of 1974
85:18 almost half the number we have now the
85:20 next part is a drawing of our solar
85:22 system the big yellow Square beish the
85:24 sun then come all the planets in our
85:27 solar system including Pluto Earth is
85:29 shifted up a bit here so that outer
85:31 space civilization can understand where
85:33 this message is coming from in the last
85:36 drawing is the observatory from which
85:38 this message had been sent into space
85:40 this signal is now on its way to the M13
85:42 star cluster 25,000 light years away
85:45 from Earth so it won't get there for
85:47 another 25,000 years and we'll need
85:50 another 25 to get a response if there is
85:52 really someone on the other side who can
85:54 resp receive the signal if the signal
85:56 from Proxima centuri is also a message
85:59 we'll need time to decode it so let's
86:01 fire up our superpowered Computing
86:03 machine and wait for the result but this
86:06 isn't the first mystery signal we've
86:07 ever picked up on earth scientists
86:09 recorded an unusual wow signal in 1977
86:14 they supposed it came from somewhere in
86:15 the constellation of Sagitarius the
86:18 telescope was picking up the unknown
86:20 signal for an impressive 72 seconds
86:22 later a scientist who looked at the
86:24 print out of the signal concluded that
86:26 the signal was artificial he wrote wow
86:29 on the print out as his
86:31 reaction the following observations and
86:33 studies couldn't catch this signal again
86:36 some theories said that this signal came
86:37 from a Celestial spaceship flying by it
86:40 had flown away and we could no longer
86:42 detect the signal but most likely this
86:45 signal was created on Earth it was
86:47 directed upward but reflected off an
86:49 object at a high altitude it could have
86:51 been an airplane a satellite or space
86:53 debris or orbiting our planet then the
86:56 signal was picked up by the telescope
86:58 and because it was human-made all of its
87:00 characteristics like wavelength and
87:02 frequency could have confused
87:04 scientists in 2017 scientists recorded a
87:08 flare on Proxima centuri the star's
87:10 brightness increased by 1,000 times in
87:12 just 10 seconds before that there was
87:15 another flare there that was weaker but
87:17 lasted about 2 minutes with these flares
87:21 Proxima senturi has emitted enormous
87:23 amounts of radiation
87:24 even if there was life on the star's
87:26 companion Planet these flares would have
87:28 likely destroyed it the Stellar winds
87:31 would have simply blown the atmosphere
87:32 off the planet and made its surface
87:34 lifeless overall the planet Proxima
87:37 centuri B receives 60 times more high
87:39 energy radiation in 400 times more x-ray
87:43 radiation than
87:44 earth scientists have concluded that the
87:46 probability of life here is 1 to 100
87:49 million and while we don't know yet for
87:51 sure if the signal was artificial or
87:53 natural the scenario of a bunch of
87:55 spaceships coming to Earth is most
87:57 likely possible our only method for
87:59 searching for outer space civilizations
88:01 is using radio waves they're like loud
88:04 noise that blasts away from our planet
88:06 in different directions at the speed of
88:07 light the main problem here is the
88:09 gigantic distances our galaxy The Milky
88:13 Way is 100,000 Lighty years wide suppose
88:16 there's life at the other end of it if
88:18 we send a radio signal to them it won't
88:21 reach that supposed planet for another
88:23 100,000 years
88:24 and we won't get a response for another
88:26 100,000 years it's the same if someone
88:28 once wanted to contact us we didn't
88:31 learn how to create and receive radio
88:33 signals until the 19th century if a
88:35 civilization was developing at the same
88:37 time as us somewhere in the Milky Way
88:39 and they invented the radio we won't get
88:41 their signal for several Millennia plus
88:44 the radio noise from our planet is
88:46 starting to fade away we use Bluetooth
88:48 fiber optics cable TV so in about 100
88:51 years we'll no longer be visible to
88:53 other
88:54 worlds or Worse what if there was an
88:57 outer space civilization somewhere that
88:59 was sending signals into space the
89:01 signals were reaching our planet but we
89:03 didn't yet have the technology to pick
89:05 them up the world that was sending the
89:07 signal has evolved and the signal went
89:09 out we could have caught those remnants
89:11 of the radio waves that were moving
89:13 through the universe but we set up the
89:15 antennas too late there are about 2
89:18 trillion galaxies in the universe each
89:20 of them contains billions and trillions
89:22 of stars similar to our sun
89:24 maybe there's a planet near one of them
89:26 that looks like ours life could be
89:28 blooming there in this outer space
89:30 civilization just like us is looking
89:33 through telescopes in hopes to catch the
89:35 radio signal from an unknown planet
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