Dear children, I would like to welcome
Dear children, I would like to welcome you to the first unit of class on
you to the first unit of class on
you to the first unit of class on biology, genetics of life. It is me
biology, genetics of life. It is me
biology, genetics of life. It is me Rashid
Rashid
Rashid Oracle. This chapter mainly discusses
Oracle. This chapter mainly discusses
Oracle. This chapter mainly discusses the genetics, the branch of science that
the genetics, the branch of science that
the genetics, the branch of science that unravels the secrets of
unravels the secrets of
unravels the secrets of life. At the beginning of this chapter,
life. At the beginning of this chapter,
life. At the beginning of this chapter, you can see the picture of Jennifer A.
you can see the picture of Jennifer A.
you can see the picture of Jennifer A. DNA and Emir Carpenter for developing a
DNA and Emir Carpenter for developing a
DNA and Emir Carpenter for developing a methodology of gene editing. They won
methodology of gene editing. They won
methodology of gene editing. They won Nobel Prize in 2020. What is gene
Nobel Prize in 2020. What is gene
Nobel Prize in 2020. What is gene editing? Gene editing is the the process
editing? Gene editing is the the process
editing? Gene editing is the the process which can bring desirable changes in the
which can bring desirable changes in the
which can bring desirable changes in the genes in DNA. Jennifer and Carpenter
genes in DNA. Jennifer and Carpenter
genes in DNA. Jennifer and Carpenter introduced the technology crisper cast
introduced the technology crisper cast
introduced the technology crisper cast for gene editing. This may helpful in
for gene editing. This may helpful in
for gene editing. This may helpful in treatment of genetic disease and cancer
treatment of genetic disease and cancer
treatment of genetic disease and cancer and also for developing pesticid
and also for developing pesticid
and also for developing pesticid resistant or disease resistant
resistant or disease resistant
resistant or disease resistant corporatis. And what is a gene? Gene is
corporatis. And what is a gene? Gene is
corporatis. And what is a gene? Gene is a specific part of DNA. A specific
a specific part of DNA. A specific
a specific part of DNA. A specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA. DNA are
sequence of nucleotides in DNA. DNA are
sequence of nucleotides in DNA. DNA are seen in
seen in
seen in chromosomes and nucleotides are the
chromosomes and nucleotides are the
chromosomes and nucleotides are the basic structural units of
basic structural units of
basic structural units of DNA and proteins which are synthesized
DNA and proteins which are synthesized
DNA and proteins which are synthesized according to these genes according to
according to these genes according to
according to these genes according to the instruction of these genes are
the instruction of these genes are
the instruction of these genes are responsible for the formation of
responsible for the formation of
responsible for the formation of characteristic features and controlling
characteristic features and controlling
characteristic features and controlling metabolic activities of organism. So
metabolic activities of organism. So
metabolic activities of organism. So genetics is the branch of science that
genetics is the branch of science that
genetics is the branch of science that deals with these genes and the
deals with these genes and the
deals with these genes and the characteristic features like heredity
characteristic features like heredity
characteristic features like heredity and
and
and variation. Where these genes are
variation. Where these genes are
variation. Where these genes are located? Genes are located in DNA
located? Genes are located in DNA
located? Genes are located in DNA molecules of chromosomes of cell nucleus
molecules of chromosomes of cell nucleus
molecules of chromosomes of cell nucleus in
in
in ukarots. You know that in ukarots each
ukarots. You know that in ukarots each
ukarots. You know that in ukarots each cell posess a membrane is bonded nucleus
cell posess a membrane is bonded nucleus
cell posess a membrane is bonded nucleus with a network of chromatin or sometimes
with a network of chromatin or sometimes
with a network of chromatin or sometimes called as chromosomes inside.
called as chromosomes inside.
called as chromosomes inside. In our cell each chromosome contain a
In our cell each chromosome contain a
In our cell each chromosome contain a deoxy nucle or DNA made up of
deoxy nucle or DNA made up of
deoxy nucle or DNA made up of nucleotides and genes are the specific
nucleotides and genes are the specific
nucleotides and genes are the specific part of DNA or specific nucleotides of
part of DNA or specific nucleotides of
part of DNA or specific nucleotides of DNA.
DNA.
DNA. James Wson and Francis Gri proposed a
James Wson and Francis Gri proposed a
James Wson and Francis Gri proposed a double helix model of DNA in 1953 from
double helix model of DNA in 1953 from
double helix model of DNA in 1953 from the X-ray defraction studies of DNA
the X-ray defraction studies of DNA
the X-ray defraction studies of DNA conducted by Rosalin Franklin and Morris
conducted by Rosalin Franklin and Morris
conducted by Rosalin Franklin and Morris Wilkins especially from the photo 501
Wilkins especially from the photo 501
Wilkins especially from the photo 501 were taken by this Rosalin Franklin.
were taken by this Rosalin Franklin.
were taken by this Rosalin Franklin. They developed the double helix model of
They developed the double helix model of
They developed the double helix model of DNA. Later uh she was died and in
DNA. Later uh she was died and in
DNA. Later uh she was died and in 1962 Morris Wikkins Francis and James
1962 Morris Wikkins Francis and James
1962 Morris Wikkins Francis and James Watson were awarded Nobel Prize in
Watson were awarded Nobel Prize in
Watson were awarded Nobel Prize in medicine for the discovery of double
medicine for the discovery of double
medicine for the discovery of double helix model of DNA. Let us uh discuss
helix model of DNA. Let us uh discuss
helix model of DNA. Let us uh discuss the detailed structure of DNA. DNA is a
the detailed structure of DNA. DNA is a
the detailed structure of DNA. DNA is a double stranded structure. Uh the two
double stranded structure. Uh the two
double stranded structure. Uh the two strands are made of deoxyibbos a five
strands are made of deoxyibbos a five
strands are made of deoxyibbos a five carbon sugar and phosphate groups and
carbon sugar and phosphate groups and
carbon sugar and phosphate groups and the like part are made up of nitrogen
the like part are made up of nitrogen
the like part are made up of nitrogen [Music]
[Music]
[Music] base means it contain mainly fi carbon
base means it contain mainly fi carbon
base means it contain mainly fi carbon sugar. Here uh it is deoxyibos and
sugar. Here uh it is deoxyibos and
sugar. Here uh it is deoxyibos and phosphate group and nitrogen base. There
phosphate group and nitrogen base. There
phosphate group and nitrogen base. There are four nitron base adening thymine
are four nitron base adening thymine
are four nitron base adening thymine cytosin guanine and this is a thy
cytosin guanine and this is a thy
cytosin guanine and this is a thy nucleotide. This t indicate thymine.
nucleotide. This t indicate thymine.
nucleotide. This t indicate thymine. This is paired with the adinucleotide
This is paired with the adinucleotide
This is paired with the adinucleotide and another nucleotide cytosin. And this
and another nucleotide cytosin. And this
and another nucleotide cytosin. And this this is guine. The phosphate groups
this is guine. The phosphate groups
this is guine. The phosphate groups participate in the bonding of
participate in the bonding of
participate in the bonding of nucleotides and arms like structures or
nucleotides and arms like structures or
nucleotides and arms like structures or nucleotide pers. guanine py with the
nucleotide pers. guanine py with the
nucleotide pers. guanine py with the cytosine uh in by a triple bone and tin
cytosine uh in by a triple bone and tin
cytosine uh in by a triple bone and tin with adinine by a double bone. Also see
with adinine by a double bone. Also see
with adinine by a double bone. Also see the direction of this strand one is
the direction of this strand one is
the direction of this strand one is upward and this is
upward and this is
upward and this is downward. The DNA in each chromosome is
downward. The DNA in each chromosome is
downward. The DNA in each chromosome is about 5 cm long and in our 46 chromosome
about 5 cm long and in our 46 chromosome
about 5 cm long and in our 46 chromosome of a cell it will be
of a cell it will be
of a cell it will be around 2 m in length. How does such a
around 2 m in length. How does such a
around 2 m in length. How does such a large DNA fits in a single
large DNA fits in a single
large DNA fits in a single chromosome? A chromosome contain mainly
chromosome? A chromosome contain mainly
chromosome? A chromosome contain mainly DNA and histone protein. This is a pair
DNA and histone protein. This is a pair
DNA and histone protein. This is a pair chromosome where the pairing
occurrens are known as chromatids.
occurrens are known as chromatids. Chromatics are the parts of a chromosome
Chromatics are the parts of a chromosome
Chromatics are the parts of a chromosome which are connected by means of this
which are connected by means of this
which are connected by means of this centromeia. I also lab the end portion
centromeia. I also lab the end portion
centromeia. I also lab the end portion of chromosome.
of chromosome.
of chromosome. This is an illustration of how a
This is an illustration of how a
This is an illustration of how a chromosome is formed. See DNA strands
chromosome is formed. See DNA strands
chromosome is formed. See DNA strands made up of nucleotides around a octa uh
made up of nucleotides around a octa uh
made up of nucleotides around a octa uh which is composed of eight proteins just
which is composed of eight proteins just
which is composed of eight proteins just to form a
to form a
to form a nucleosome. The chains of numerous such
nucleosome. The chains of numerous such
nucleosome. The chains of numerous such nucleosomes
nucleosomes
nucleosomes going and packed and again we form a
going and packed and again we form a
going and packed and again we form a chromosome.
chromosome.
chromosome. See DNA strands of nucleotides wide
See DNA strands of nucleotides wide
See DNA strands of nucleotides wide around the histone octama to form the
around the histone octama to form the
around the histone octama to form the nucleosome and by packing and coing
nucleosome and by packing and coing
nucleosome and by packing and coing numerous such
numerous such
numerous such nucleosomes forms a
chromosome. Okay, this is the figure of
chromosome. Okay, this is the figure of chromosome. A chromosome is
chromosome. A chromosome is
chromosome. A chromosome is 1,400 nanome wide
1,400 nanome wide
1,400 nanome wide and the DNA is only 2 nanome wide. And
and the DNA is only 2 nanome wide. And
and the DNA is only 2 nanome wide. And in human
in human
in human being each cell contain 46 chromos or 23
being each cell contain 46 chromos or 23
being each cell contain 46 chromos or 23 pairs chromosome. Out of each pair one
pairs chromosome. Out of each pair one
pairs chromosome. Out of each pair one is from mother and one get from father.
is from mother and one get from father.
is from mother and one get from father. One last pair is different here. And
One last pair is different here. And
One last pair is different here. And this is the sex chromosome and other 22
this is the sex chromosome and other 22
this is the sex chromosome and other 22 are somatic chromosome. This these are
are somatic chromosome. This these are
are somatic chromosome. This these are the somatic chromosomes which control
the somatic chromosomes which control
the somatic chromosomes which control physical characteristics and the sex
physical characteristics and the sex
physical characteristics and the sex determining chromosomes are the last
determining chromosomes are the last
determining chromosomes are the last pair uh xy or xx. XY seen in the male YX
pair uh xy or xx. XY seen in the male YX
pair uh xy or xx. XY seen in the male YX seen in female. Normally Y chromosome is
seen in female. Normally Y chromosome is
seen in female. Normally Y chromosome is smaller than X. Since the chromosome are
smaller than X. Since the chromosome are
smaller than X. Since the chromosome are identically somatic chromosome, they are
identically somatic chromosome, they are
identically somatic chromosome, they are also known as homologous
also known as homologous
also known as homologous chromosomes. The Y chromosome is
chromosomes. The Y chromosome is
chromosomes. The Y chromosome is important in sex
important in sex
important in sex determination because of the presence of
determination because of the presence of
determination because of the presence of SR Y. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome
SR Y. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome
SR Y. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome is responsible for the development of
is responsible for the development of
is responsible for the development of testice in the embryo or in other words
testice in the embryo or in other words
testice in the embryo or in other words development of male child.
development of male child.
development of male child. In short theatic consoles are 22 layers
In short theatic consoles are 22 layers
In short theatic consoles are 22 layers and sex consoles but they have other
and sex consoles but they have other
and sex consoles but they have other sexes in female or
X characteristics and since they are
X characteristics and since they are identical in shape they are also known
identical in shape they are also known
identical in shape they are also known as consoles.
as consoles.
as consoles. uh sex chromosome are involved in sex
uh sex chromosome are involved in sex
uh sex chromosome are involved in sex determination especially the white
determination especially the white
determination especially the white chromosome contain s uh it is
chromosome contain s uh it is
chromosome contain s uh it is responsible for the development of
responsible for the development of
responsible for the development of testice in the embryo. So it is very
testice in the embryo. So it is very
testice in the embryo. So it is very important chromosome of the father is
important chromosome of the father is
important chromosome of the father is very important in sex the determination
very important in sex the determination
very important in sex the determination of sex. See the next slide.
of sex. See the next slide.
of sex. See the next slide. The fertilization of X contained sperm
The fertilization of X contained sperm
The fertilization of X contained sperm with any egg
with any egg
with any egg result female child or
result female child or
result female child or XX. The fertilization of Y and X
XX. The fertilization of Y and X
XX. The fertilization of Y and X chromosomes or sperm with the Y and
chromosomes or sperm with the Y and
chromosomes or sperm with the Y and X egg results male children. That is in
X egg results male children. That is in
X egg results male children. That is in other words male genical constitution is
other words male genical constitution is
other words male genical constitution is 44 + xy and that of female is 44 + xx.
44 + xy and that of female is 44 + xx.
44 + xy and that of female is 44 + xx. See the f see
See the f see
See the f see this and in the female anti conution
this and in the female anti conution
this and in the female anti conution total 46 chromosomes are there out of
total 46 chromosomes are there out of
total 46 chromosomes are there out of which 44 are somatic and two
which 44 are somatic and two
which 44 are somatic and two orx are the sex determined chromosome
orx are the sex determined chromosome
orx are the sex determined chromosome and similarly in males but here the
and similarly in males but here the
and similarly in males but here the difference is in the sex
difference is in the sex
difference is in the sex chromosome sometimes variation may occur
chromosome sometimes variation may occur
chromosome sometimes variation may occur in genetic constitution for example
in genetic constitution for example
in genetic constitution for example uh all the two syndromes called Turner
uh all the two syndromes called Turner
uh all the two syndromes called Turner syndrome and triple X
syndrome and triple X
syndrome and triple X syndrome mainly seen in
syndrome mainly seen in
syndrome mainly seen in females. See here here one X is absent
females. See here here one X is absent
females. See here here one X is absent in turn syndrome. Here one X is
in turn syndrome. Here one X is
in turn syndrome. Here one X is more. Similarly in males clin filter
more. Similarly in males clin filter
more. Similarly in males clin filter syndrome
syndrome
syndrome shows 1 x more normally x y but here x
shows 1 x more normally x y but here x
shows 1 x more normally x y but here x is
is
is uh x is more and in the xy y syndrome
uh x is more and in the xy y syndrome
uh x is more and in the xy y syndrome the name indicate y is
the name indicate y is
the name indicate y is excess genetics which I have said
excess genetics which I have said
excess genetics which I have said earlier that the branch of science that
earlier that the branch of science that
earlier that the branch of science that deals with the genes and heredity and
deals with the genes and heredity and
deals with the genes and heredity and var and the proteins which are
var and the proteins which are
var and the proteins which are synthesized according to these genes.
synthesized according to these genes.
synthesized according to these genes. are responsible for the formation of
are responsible for the formation of
are responsible for the formation of characteristic features and controlling
characteristic features and controlling
characteristic features and controlling metabolic activities. How are these
metabolic activities. How are these
metabolic activities. How are these proteins synthesized? Let us discuss it
proteins synthesized? Let us discuss it
proteins synthesized? Let us discuss it uh in our second class. Now answer a few
uh in our second class. Now answer a few
uh in our second class. Now answer a few questions. First one, a gene is a
questions. First one, a gene is a
questions. First one, a gene is a specific part of dash of chromosome.
specific part of dash of chromosome.
specific part of dash of chromosome. specific part of DNA de oxyucleic acid
specific part of DNA de oxyucleic acid
specific part of DNA de oxyucleic acid of chromosome
of chromosome
of chromosome timing B timing is pairing with the
timing B timing is pairing with the
timing B timing is pairing with the addin cytosin is
addin cytosin is
addin cytosin is dash not out go see C one sugar and one
dash not out go see C one sugar and one
dash not out go see C one sugar and one phosphate and one hydrogen base is dash
phosphate and one hydrogen base is dash
phosphate and one hydrogen base is dash here a model this a nucleotide and B
here a model this a nucleotide and B
here a model this a nucleotide and B Francis and dash propos is the double
Francis and dash propos is the double
Francis and dash propos is the double helical model of DNA. James Watson is
helical model of DNA. James Watson is
helical model of DNA. James Watson is the answer. And E female have 44 somatic
the answer. And E female have 44 somatic
the answer. And E female have 44 somatic chromosomes plus XS and male have
chromosomes plus XS and male have
chromosomes plus XS and male have dash 44 + X Y. And the second question
dash 44 + X Y. And the second question
dash 44 + X Y. And the second question identify the illustration or given
identify the illustration or given
identify the illustration or given figure. Uh this is a nucleotide
figure. Uh this is a nucleotide
figure. Uh this is a nucleotide especially T indicate time. So this is a
especially T indicate time. So this is a
especially T indicate time. So this is a thin
thin
thin nucleated. So question B what does the T
nucleated. So question B what does the T
nucleated. So question B what does the T indicate? What is it spectacularly? The
indicate? What is it spectacularly? The
indicate? What is it spectacularly? The T
T
T indicate thy nitrogen base. It is an
indicate thy nitrogen base. It is an
indicate thy nitrogen base. It is an alkaline nitrogen contained alkaline
alkaline nitrogen contained alkaline
alkaline nitrogen contained alkaline molecule. And third question, how does
molecule. And third question, how does
molecule. And third question, how does the nucleosomes in the chromosomes
the nucleosomes in the chromosomes
the nucleosomes in the chromosomes forms? DNA strands wide around a histo
forms? DNA strands wide around a histo
forms? DNA strands wide around a histo which is composed of eight histone
which is composed of eight histone
which is composed of eight histone proteins thus to form a nucleosome and
proteins thus to form a nucleosome and
proteins thus to form a nucleosome and the chains of nucleosomes are packed
the chains of nucleosomes are packed
the chains of nucleosomes are packed coiled and again coiled and packed to
coiled and again coiled and packed to
coiled and again coiled and packed to form a chromosome. And the last question
form a chromosome. And the last question
form a chromosome. And the last question explain what for a SRY gene a specific
explain what for a SRY gene a specific
explain what for a SRY gene a specific gene seen
gene seen
gene seen in Y chromosome that determine or that
in Y chromosome that determine or that
in Y chromosome that determine or that promotes the growth of testice in
promotes the growth of testice in
promotes the growth of testice in embryo and B crisper cast technology
embryo and B crisper cast technology
embryo and B crisper cast technology it's a technology uh proposed by
it's a technology uh proposed by
it's a technology uh proposed by Jennifer D and Emanuel Carpia
Jennifer D and Emanuel Carpia
Jennifer D and Emanuel Carpia for gene editing and see photo 51. Photo
for gene editing and see photo 51. Photo
for gene editing and see photo 51. Photo 51 is a famous X-ray fraction picture uh
51 is a famous X-ray fraction picture uh
51 is a famous X-ray fraction picture uh taken by Rosali Franklin. From this
taken by Rosali Franklin. From this
taken by Rosali Franklin. From this James Watson and Francis Ken proposed
James Watson and Francis Ken proposed
James Watson and Francis Ken proposed the model of double helical model of DNA
the model of double helical model of DNA
the model of double helical model of DNA and last one the histone. Histone is a
and last one the histone. Histone is a
and last one the histone. Histone is a protein uh seen in chromosome.
protein uh seen in chromosome.
protein uh seen in chromosome. So thank
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