This content details the complex process of gastrulation, specifically focusing on the formation and development of the notochord, which is crucial for establishing the central axis of the embryo and initiating the formation of major organ systems.
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so we were talking about the development
of the notochordal
system not according process so what up
to now what we discussed that all the
cells which are moving towards the
Primitive nodes they go down through the
Primitive tape and then they make a tube
and that tube extends from the Primitive
node forward up to the pro Cardinal
pre-cardial plate between the epiblast
and endoderm is that right and if you
make a section here right you will find
that this tube has
roof and floor the floor of the tube is
roof of the tube is in contact with
epiblast floor of the tube is in contact with
with
endoderm the floor of the tube and
endoderma cells longitudinal in a linear
fashion they disappear in this way
temporarily or transiently
amniotic fluid through the Primitive pad
through the what is this process
process
right and through the disintegrated notochordal
notochordal
process floor and disintegrated
endoderma area can communicate through
Yorkshire and this temporary
communication between the amniotic
cavity and the definitive joke Sac
through this area is called
neuro enteric Canal why it is called
neuron Terry Canal because later on you
will learn that this part of the yes
what is this
this will play a role in formation of
nervous system and this lowermost part
of the what is this endoderm that will
be playing a role in formation of an
enteric system enteric system in
gastrointestinal system so this tube
extends from that part of the embryonic
disc which is going to develop nervous
system up to that part of the embryonic
dust which is going to develop and
Terrace system so tube is called neuro
enteric canal
am I clear now
let us make a section like this
and see how nodochordal process is
developing now we are making transfer
section this was a longitudinal section right
right
so in transfer section what we are going
to do okay [Applause]
[Applause]
epiblast I've made here at the top there
epiblast cells right and here is your notocoidal
notocoidal
what is it
process or tube or notocardial canal
guess
endoderm developed and
yes my friends what is here mesoderm
right this is called intra embryonic
method because it is within the embryo
if you want to be really too good you
and of course there will be Pro chordal
plate here but anyway now
now
I told you this area you should
concentrate this is the floor of the new
notoral process right and this was the
endoderm now endoderm and
floor of this process right floor of the
and what is this endoderm they touch
each other and then disintegrate when
they disintegrate what happens
so this is now situation like this and
what is this
this is now roof and the sides of the notocoidal
notocoidal process
process
this all thing is called
now it will come down little bit and you
will find that in the next stage
the next stage I am going to draw the
epiblast or
process
you will find look these two part make
the connection what is with this endoderm
endoderm
mesoderm right now
this at this stage this notoconal
structure is called notochordal plate
because it's no motor tube is it a tube
no right so it is called notocoidal
played previously in the very beginning
and when it interculates neuron Terry
can all will disappear
are you understanding so it was
temporary or transient because this part
will come down and
make the Gap filling so what is this
notocoidal plate so notochordal tube
tube notocoidal
notocoidal
play it then funny thing will happen
these cells will proliferate a lot
and when they will proliferate a lot
they will undergo a change and after
a few days you will find
that these cells have again this neutral
control plate has detached separated or
detached from
endoderm and it has proliferated a lot
and now it make a mess of
solid mass of
right and they are separated from it
they have moved upward and
then endoderm from where they have
detached there was endoderm here isn't it
it
from where they have detached endoderm
right and what's here yes
measured on so what has happened first
there was notocordial tube lost the
floor of the notoriety tube with the
roof of the jock sat and roof of the
jock sack was
endoderm and then it notocordial tube
converted into notocardial plate and
then neutral notocardial plate
integrated with the endoderm then it
started proliferating and again
separated and move upward and endoderm
proliferate and fill the Gap and now
this this is is it a tube or this is a
solid rod
solid Rod this is called definitive Noto
card what is it called the definitive
Noto called is that right and so what
you will have that
you have definitive note card and later
on you will learn this definitive
notochord will play a very important role
role
in development of nervous system and
development of the other structures
around it for example definitive note
card will produce the product which will
force the cells of the ectoderm to
proliferate and make the neural plate
they will force mesodermal cell to
proliferate and make
what is this
parasial mesoderm we will talk about
these things later but one thing which
is very important about notochard the
notochord is a primitive structure which
start developing in the third week of the
the
development right and uh this determines
the central axis of the embryo right
around it with many structures will
develop and eventually notocar
disappears an adult person do you think
you have notocol Julio
you don't have not occurred yes
any one of you have some part of moto card
card
I think you have some anti-noto chord
attitude none of you have not a card
no all of us have some remnants or
remnants of notochord
let me tell you actually around the
notochord later on you will learn this
mesoderm will proliferate a lot and it
will start making vertebral
vertebral column around it
is that right and there will be of
course are the top central nervous
system and spinal cord developing which
will come there but let me show you the
vertebral body you have not seen this is
vertebral body and this is here is the
spinal cord if you want you can make a
section of spinal cord like this here
right anyway
actually then of course under it there's another
another
and in between the vertebral bodies here
is ah
just please can you tell me intervertebral
intervertebral
disc so you are so intelligent you are
knowing that that there should be interpretable
interpretable
disk here right Amity layer
there is intervertebral disc actually
this intervertebral disc in the very
center of it
it has a special jelly-like material
right jelly-like material and around it
there is fibrous
ring of collagen and all those structures
this jelly-like material which is
present within the
intervertebral disc this jelly-like
structure is called nucleus pulposes
pulposes
right in this diagram I can show nucleus
purposes like this
right and around it of course these are
this nucleus proposes is the remnants of
the local chords
these nucleus purposes are
representative of the remnants of the Noto
Noto
card right
so what we have learned up to now that
how the bile laminar disc convert into
trilominar disc with notochard and
well-defined recoidal plate with
buckofengel membrane spherically and
colloquial plate
quarterly is that right now
another thing
I'll make another diagram here
here was your extra
of course what is this pre-cardial plate
local plate primitive
primitive primitive
primitive node
node
primitive in the center of primitive
node there is primitive State and
primitive streak in the center as
there's a hypoplast hundred which will
disappear and that will be replaced by endo
endo the
the
wizard so
we can say all this process ended up
in formation of
ectoderm which is the remaining part of
the epiblast mesoderm which is between
the acronym and endoderm and the
endoderm is that right and for this
process the conversion of bioluminous
disk into trilominate disc what were the
steps and of course we should not forget
what was the structure here
of course initially there was formation
of notocardial process and then pneuto
chordal plate and then neutral chordal
definitive motor card right now
we'll go step by step right I will show
you with my hand you want to see with my
hands or you want to see the diagram yes
yes
okay you are don't you come here yes I
will show it on your hands
now you stand here the only sad part is
that we are going to show the
development with the hands of the Julio
but it's very unnatural whatever Julio
does he can never make a baby but still
try with his hands yes you make buy
lemonade disc like this okay first this
is the bilateral disc right now listen
carefully we'll show it in this
direction to the camera so that people
can enjoy your beautiful baby
development look this layer upper hand
what is this
let's keep it Loose I'm not going to
take it you're away your hand what is this
this
epiblast and what is this
hypoblast in the beginning and they're
put together so at the end of the second
week there is epiblast and there is
hyperblast and epiblast and hypoblast
both are making what
by eliminators and here is at the top
and this space is
amniotic cavity and Below what is this
definition is that right now we are
going to develop the first thing which
should happen is that this is the
spelling part and this is total part the
caudal part only in upper hand take the
upper hand little bit up
will open here and what we have opened
primitive straight and in that there is
primitive Groove and here is primitive
node with the primitive pet is that right
right
nothing sexy right and then he is
getting excited so I must make it clear
so this primitive pad and primitive
streak with the what is that
Groove okay now these are epiblast cells
and these are hyperblast what really
happens that these cells which are at
the margin of the street they start
producing transforming growth factor
eight this transform growth factor eight
start moving on the sides and force the
cells to proliferate and when these cell
the proliferate plus reduce the
expression of each adherent because e
could hearing keeps the self stick held
together or sticky together with each
other when ecard hearing is less cells
become loose and factor 8
growth factor eight forces the cell to
proliferate and migrate so cells from
the side right they start migrating
towards the primitive State when the
cell comes down from here they go down
and they come here and move on the side
laterally look but if you keep it here
the cells move like this okay please
the cells are moving from here like this
from here they will go down please allow
it and then they'll move on the sides
but to be more accurate they will come
like this move down not only they move
laterally but also forward
is that right so in this way when these
cells are coming down they replace the hypoblast
hypoblast
and the new layer which is made there is
now endoderm then more cells will come
in between the endoderm and epiblast and
they will be present here what are these
but there is a thing that at this point
on the very back
epiblast and endoderma cells are
sticking with each other what is this
local plate and in the very entire
spelling area the cells are also sticky
with each other what is this
ricardle plate is that right now
after making the endoderm and mesoderm
at the same time from the Primitive node
cells as a tube are going down and this
tube move from here forward
this tube goes from here and moves
towards the pre-cardial plate when this
tube is moving forward right this is
called notocol process which extends
from primitive pet up to the
three quarter plate it is here then the
floor of this tube and the endoderm they
touch each other and disintegrate then
amniotic fluid from here can go down to
York sac but very soon the remaining
part of the notocordial plate will come
down and fill the Gap in endoderm then
those cells for example this is
endoderminal cordial process has come
down now these cells will proliferate
and then they go up as definitive not
occurred and endoderm complete right in
the end what you will find you will find
and then remaining IP blast which is
called ectoderm you have to remember
that hypoblast eventually disappears
endoderm and mesoderms are derivatives
of epiblast and remaining epiblast
becomes ectoderm so we can say all three
layers are eventually derived from
Apple glass not from your hand they
derived from IP blast right maybe later
on is tomorrow looking his hand maybe
I'll keep on looking at Baby will come
nothing will happen right okay
so Android then
then
and then ectoderm this will become
trilominar disc is that right you
understand it at three point in the
trilominate disk mesoderm cannot become
in between the active and Endo number
one pre chordal plate
clinical plate and the area where
nodochodal process is present with or
notocoidal definitive notochord is
present between the acrodome and
endoderm is that right you know how
eventually baby will be made
okay he really wants to know let me tell
you okay you go I will tell you
because if I make more on your hands you
will get more Disturbed
let me tell you very simply
this is what
this is
ectoderm what is this
mesoderm and what is this
andodon actually with the time we will a
tube is like this is that right
right
this will be converted into a role
you are understanding we have a disc and
disk will become for example this is the
disc you are looking at what is this Android
Android
and then this is ectoderm this disk will
fold like this
and fuse together
suppose this is the desk right
right
what is this component of the disk
endoderm this is a trilometer disk you
understand it
now we'll make it a role how will it
roll this end and this end to put them together
actor
right
you understand what we have done from
flat disk we have made a role right okay
cream rule you can say now in next stage
this is lateral folding going on the
okay well and eventually these two
Anders will fuse they will
fuse right
what is this
measure done
right and of course you should not
forget what was here
in this area Noto
Noto card
card
and here also there should be Noto card
and behind that Central number system of
spinal cord is developing we'll talk
about that later
endo
the an endoderm also fuse here is that right
right
now this is all ectoderm which will
convert into skin
I'm not going into detail I'm telling a
very basic concept this will become your skin
skin
and what is this mesoderm which will
convert into muscles a urogenital system here
here
this is notochord which will develop
around it
Force the development of vertebral
column and also spinal cord and what is this
this
this is developing gastrointestinal
system what are they developing
gastrointestinal so basically body has
body wall
outside ectodermal then mesodermal
derivative and then andro-dermal derivatives
derivatives
is that right and then
you can understand how Auto trial
limited disk we made the structure now
what you do from here you pull out something
you pull out and when you pull out this
endoderm does not come into these extensions
these are your upper lamps
right having the ectodermal scan and
ectoderma nails and hair
right and these are the mesodermal
derivatives like bones and muscles and
ligaments and tendons
right there's no Visa in the arm you
must know
right same legs are derived right and
development of head and neck is bit
complicated I will tell you later the
disc fold on itself like this
right and this Pro chordal plate that I
will talk later
so in this way this is a basic design of
baby that once you have made the three
layers then three layers will actually
fold into
primitive baby structure and then
definitive organ system will start
developing from ectoderm and mesoderm
and endoderm that is why there's so many
questions what are the derivatives of
factoderm what are the derivatives of
mesoderm what are the derivatives of
androdon right so by the end of the
third week and beginning of the fourth
week we have completed the gastrulation
what was gastrulation
a process by which we convert the
biliminal disc into dry laminaridness
gastrulation process has what steps just
to recap gastrulation process has number
one formation of primitive streak and
primitive node
and within the Primitive streak there is
primitive Groove and in the Primitive
node there is primitive
paired and then epiblastic cells move
towards the street and towards the node
and then they go down first they make
endoderm then they make mesoderm right
from the Primitive node nodochordal
process extend forward up to pre-card
will play it right once the trilominant
disk is complete it is having
app remaining Epi blast first of all
endoderm then mesoderm then remaining
Epi blast which is called ectoderm and
notochordal process is that right and
during all this process guest relation
process you have to remember there are
three areas where between the ectoderm
and endoderm mesoderm is not present
number one a precodile plate and
bucopharyngeal membrane
membrane caudally and a notocodal
process extending from
primitive node up to the
up to the ricardial plate is that right
once this gastrulation is completed then
primitive Spirit disappears it has done
its function
remaining development will talk tomorrow
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