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Effects of the Industrial Revolution

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Summary

Core Theme

The Industrial Revolution brought about significant global changes, leading to both detrimental effects like poor working conditions and pollution, and positive advancements such as improved transportation and increased access to education, which in turn spurred the development of distinct economic and political philosophies: capitalism, socialism, and communism.

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hello and welcome to another flipped

classroom lesson from students of

history today we're going to be looking

at the effects both short and long term

of the Industrial Revolution across the

world in England then in America and

then three economic and political

philosophies that came out of it and

compare those there is a interactive

notebook foldable cut and fold paste

option that you can use to follow along

or a graphic organizer both of which

will work well for this presentation

let's start with a warm-up because we do

this lesson after kind of looking at the

major inventions that really help spark

some of the Industrial Revolution so you

have here some of those inventors and

like James Watt Thomas Edison of course

pictured there one of the most famous

inventors in American history and some

of the developments that they came up

with over on the right hand side you

could pause this and match those up to

kind of get started but we're going to

be looking at is the major impact of

industrialization and for this we're

going to be looking at a few of them and

I want you as we go to think about

whether this is a positive impact on

society as a whole

or more negative impact on society as a

whole so we'll divide if you're doing it

on notebook paper you can divide it with

positive and negative or if you're using

the graphic organizer it's already done

there for you so we'll go through each

one of these we'll look at them we'll

talk about them describe some of the

things and how they came about and then

how is this going to impact society is

it gonna impact society in a positive

way or a negative way and some of them

are up for debate some of them are kind

of obvious and some of them are a little

more nuanced

this is a factory of like the Magnolia

cotton mills in Magnolia Mississippi

this pictures in 1911 there are some you

can see young children in the picture

there so one of our first major impacts

of the Industrial Revolution our poor

working conditions especially for the

very lower classes factory owners at the

time could really set the terms of their

working conditions there was no

interference there were no laws about

safety there were no inspections of the

factories that was really nothing to

prevent them from having incredibly

unsafe factories that were dark and

dingy sometimes people were locked into

the factory when they couldn't leave

until the day was over that famously

resulted in a horrific fire in that

known as the Triangle Shirtwaist fire

that killed over a hundred people mostly

women who were locked into this factory

when a fire started and they couldn't

get out because what happened was early

in the Industrial Revolution there were

more labor more workers available than

there were jobs you know as these

factories opened they were brand new

there were lots of people to work in

them but not enough positions so they

could really treat their workers like

garbage you know sorry to say but they

would they always had more workers

available willing to work people were

poor there was no government assistance

in England the enclosure movement had

dislocated many people are displaced

them off their farms into these cities

and there were no laws really to

regulate working conditions in terms of

hours in terms of making sure the

factories were safe child labor there

were no laws about how old or young

people could be to be hired so in these

pictures you see there's very very young

people working there

this is in Alexandria Virginia

this is a picture of boys coming off the

nightshift working in a glass factory

the Old Dominion glass factory this

pictures from 1911 and you can kind of

guess at some of their ages

it doesn't say and this is from the

Library of Congress their ages you I

would guess most of these are between 8

and 12 some of those guys in the back

might be a little older than 12 but

especially over there on the left but

really no laws about you know in the

early days of the Industrial Revolution

about this so a factories abuse them

there sometimes children you know their

families were desperate they would have

them work because everyone you support

the family and you know before the does

revolution children worked on a farm

with their family so it was kind of

natural to go into that but really I

think about your childhood being taken

away from you and forced to work at such

a young age some of the most horrific

working conditions were in the coal

mines where you'd be crawling deep into

these coal mines and children were

preferred by these coal mine owners

because they could fit into some of

these smaller passageways of this coal

underground so these are boys at the

turkey Knob coal mine in West Virginia

about 1907 and they would emerge from

these coal mines their face black with

soot they'd be breathing in this dark

this black poisonous coal for you know

hours and hours and hours every day so

obviously you know we're talking about

these positive or negative you know it's

the first one I think it's fairly

obvious you'd probably put this on the

negative side these terrible working

conditions of these factories being you

know one of the negative aspects of the

however as time went by you know as the

industrial evolution progressed it's

going to lead to improved education and

greater access to education this is a

school in Pocahontas County West

Virginia and as the Industrial

Revolution kind of grew and the growth

of kind of standardization assembly line

manufacturing you know it sometimes

required a lot of skilled workers and

and more workers and eventually laws

were put in place to prevent child labor

abuses especially you know there were

laws put in place eventually in England

at first and then in America but this

standardization kind of came about and

they took that kind of process and

applied at the schooling you know

thinking of you know grades and moving

on and that that workers for these

factories and for these industries

needed a certain basic level of

schooling they would likely need to read

directions that they were given they

would need to you know interact with

these this machinery and it was decided

that they look educated workforce is a

better workforce so a lot of that

assembly line process was applied to

schooling and you have like the bells to

end the workday to begin the workday

putting that in place in schools

starting the period ending the period

standardized textbooks standardized

content curriculum design you know a

mass education coming from you know mass

industrialization an efficiency of mass

production and industrialization

applying that to education came about so

you know eventually this is going to you

know be a positive thing coming out of

the Industrial Revolution greater access

to education it's also as you know

people are very spread out before the

Industrial Revolution working on farms

that were large and it was very hard to

have you know a centralized schooling

system there'll be these tiny little

one-room schoolhouses

here's one of them this is a one-room

schoolhouse in South Carolina about 1905

this the caption for this one is a

students posing with their school marm

their school bomb in they believe it's

in South Carolina so you know you'd have

these tiny one-room schoolhouses that

would serve kids from different grade

levels different ages because there was

people were so spread out but as the

Industrial Revolution grew people moved

into cities and there were more students

close by and the education of women

increased the classical curriculum sort

of design and schools gained you know

influence in you know studying math and

science and social studies and things

like that

and they could have larger schools could

be developed and eventually that will

lead to a more educated workforce a more

educated populace more educated

political electorate which will

influence the progressive movement later

on in American history just a fuel your

nightmare is this photo this is the

Pepperwood school in Humboldt County

California in the early 1900s you know

these schools increased and the rewards

of getting an education led to greater

you know a more improved communities

more well paid workers those workers who

are earning more money can now afford to

buy my faith by my buy more things like

homes and new Model T automobiles new

electronic developments and of course

that's going to reward the economy so

governments realized it was in their

best interest to promote education to

provide education because educated

workforce is a better workforce a better

workforce is a better economy a better

economy is better for everybody so all

of that kind of took a little while but

next here we see some steam ships or an

example of better forms of

transportation of course before the

Industrial Revolution it would all be

horse back like that guy in the end

wagon there in the bottom left but the

early steam engine

eventually approved by James Watt James

Watt steam engine how would be further

improved and the first kind of examples

were these steam ships that could you

know travel up and down rivers much more

efficiently than the old sails sailboats

and then of course that would eventually

turn into other forms of transportation

I just love this picture of this old

automobiles from the early 1900's 1909

that was actually President William

Howard Taft's model M steam-powered car

this is outside actually the White House

you can still see that executive office

building behind the trees on the left

that's still there but probably the most

important invention for early

transportation will be the locomotive

the railroad that would eventually

crisscross the United States it would

criss cross england and the railroad

would have such a dramatic impact on

travel that people could really leave

their villages their towns their cities

for the first time in many cases and

travel far beyond where they might

otherwise have been which have a huge

impact on society and the positive way

or having people travel and see more

areas of the country and see more the

world traveling to different cities that

has an economic impact so a lot of that

comes from the Industrial Revolution as well

next a higher standard of living this I

love this you know picture it's sort of

burned out it must have caught fire this

old negative this probably family at a

wedding perhaps but a higher standard of

living it's not just meaning that people

are wealthier but it's even like the

middle classes and other people a higher

standard of living is just you know what

kind of things you have access to and

new inventions of the Dutch Revolution

will really improve your standard of

living you know where everything had to

be done by hand before

now there's appliances are gonna come

out of the Industrial Revolution

refrigeration irons vacuums the kind of

basic simple inventions electricity you

know having light in your house that are

going to improve your life on a daily

basis that higher standard of living its

first for really the upper wealthy

classes when things are first invented

it still comes out now when things are

first invented they're very expensive

but then as time goes by that price

comes down as they figure things out and

more things are improved and that higher

standard of living will affect lots of

people you can have picnics you can have

enjoy your life you have you know new

things to help improve society the your

eventually workers are more efficient

these machines that are invented will

make work more efficient so you don't

have to work as much as you might have

earlier and that's going to improve your

daily life and this family is having a

however we also you know when you think

about the Industrial Revolution one of

the things like when I close my mind and

pictured I picture these factories

spewing out smoke like this picture from

the Chicago a Chicago River in 1905 when

the Industrial Aleutian was brand-new

there were no laws to regulate new

industries you know there was no reason

that they wouldn't just burn their trash

from burn things out of the yard I have

all that pollutions flying up into the

sky you know no laws to regulate what

they did with their waste and whether it

was biohazard waste toxic waste could

just be dumped into a river there were

no laws against that

a free-market capitalism there was no

government interference whatsoever

governments also didn't feel like they

had the right to interfere there's

nothing in the constitution in the

United States or in other laws about

governments interfering with industry

and the environment - pollution would be

rampant there will be cities just

covered in like an inch of black soot it

may be not an inch but like a black soot

covering everything you know from these

smokestacks that spewed out and then the

steam ships would be spewing it out like

these into the rivers you also had as

these cities grew and before they moved

away from horse power in the early years

in Industrial Revolution there were

people were still being transported by

horse and even when cars were invented

it took a while for you know coerced

cars to be affordable by everybody

eventually Henry Ford's model-t provided

that but you would have horses in these

cities and these cities are growing

overcrowded so there's more horses sois

horses die this horse was overcome by

the heat in New York City about 1910 and

dies and sometimes the horses are just

left there to die until it takes a long

time for a city services to come pick

them up and you know if you live in a

more rural area you might see a dead

deer on the side of the road but usually

that's picked up within a day or so by

local governments but in these cities

took a long time for that to happen and

you might have dead rotting horses on

the side of the road of course there's

horse poop in the roads as well that

could kind of factor into when we're

talking about kind of environmental

hazards and pollution fit in there here

again these would be a lot of industrial

towns were built around the factories

for workers to live in so they're living

right next to the factory where this

smoke is spewing out of these

smokestacks on a daily basis leading to

you know very harsh working conditions

and living conditions have been living

your mind they're breathing in that that

suit all day long next one is a

population increase look at this crowd

here's the boardwalk in Atlantic City

New Jersey in the early nineteen

hundred's for a long time the population

the global population of the world grew

at a very very very slow pace it

decreased during the Black Plague the

Black Death in the Middle Ages but then

it would went back to kind of a very

very slow increase but when the

Industrial Revolution hit and factory

farming increased and food could be

grown at a much quicker rate at a much

larger mass scale the population grew

exponentially it grew by about fifty

seven percent to seven hundred million

around the early eighteen seventeen

hundreds and that finally reached 1

billion in the year 1800 of course these

are estimates but we believe the

population hit 1 billion in the year

1800 today it's at about six six and a

half billion and the population is

increasing much more quickly due to

factory farming industrial mass

production of food as well

here is a Italian neighborhood in

Mulberry Street in New York City is a

colorized photo but it's you know a

great look at kind of a food that would

be available in the market there's that

you still see the horses being used

they're carrying the wagon in the city

but this population increases very

rapidly people are living in the cities

they're moving to the cities which will

be another one of our impacts here going forward

huh-huh so that is rapid urbanization so

the population is increasing that's one

you could think about is that positive

or negative you know in different ways

that's one that you can kind of open to

your perspective so think about it and

add that one but this one rapid

urbanization so cities are growing but

cities are growing very very quickly and

they're growing faster than the city can

really handle the population so there's

going to be really really hard for these

cities to provide the kind of services needed

needed

so at first very very poorly built

apartment buildings are built called

tenements tenements are very kind of

quickly built they're not always very

safe they're not very big

the famous model was the dumbbell

tenement because if you know what a

dumbbell looks like you hold the middle

there's like a and then there's the big

fat parts on the outside so that

provided some kind of air in the middle

of these tenements and some windows in

the middle but these cities were growing

faster than they could really handle the

city so the cities were overcrowded

there was sometimes unsafe drinking

water and holes populations would get

sick from the drinking water because it

was unsafe dat how many people were

crowded around and it didn't provide

enough there would be a fire would catch

fire on a building it would spread so

rapidly because they were packed so

close together and there weren't

efficient fire prevention here's a

little an image of some a row of

tenement buildings in New York City it's

about 1912 a Elizabeth Street in New

York City you can still are still it's

still using the horse-drawn carriages

there in early New York but you know

people hanging out their clothes to dry

they're somebody's I'm gonna catch fire

and would spread very rapidly inside

these tenant buildings families would be

packed together and very dark you know

dimly lit unclean apartment buildings

and there was such a demand for housing

that there really wasn't and there was

no laws about the safety of you know

buildings whether it's getting a fire

escape route or sprinkler systems were

not invented yet so in this sense this

rapid urbanization we're looking at the

kind of a negative side you know

urbanization itself is not bad people

moving to cities is not bad there's

great things available in cities but

when it when it occurs so rapidly before

the city can handle it that's kind of

why we're looking at a more negative aspect

aspect

here is a look inside one of those

tenement buildings this is a family of

six crowded into obviously not all in

the picture they're crowded into this

one tiny apartment they have their bed

and kitchen kind of all in that same

room imagine living with your whole

family in a one room like this it it's

unsafe it's unclean it's it's not it's

the fact that apartment building the

tenement building itself does not have

kind of the safety features that you

would have of today which really made

things very difficult back then however

eventually there's going to be a growth

of the middle class and a strong middle

class that's going to develop this is a

beautiful picture kind of looks like a

idealistic Disneyworld street this is

Saratoga Springs New York about 1915 so

eventually the Dust Revolution

encouraged a middle class not people who

are not abundantly wealthy but people

who are not unskilled factory laborers

living in a tenement building just

barely getting by these are merchants

mid-level workers laborers who's you

know had worked in a factory for a

number of years and maybe were able to

you know gain some special skills where

they become the manager they lead

another group maybe someone buys a

business and they own a factory own

their own businesses as these people

move into cities services or needed

stores or needed like the drugstore back

there restaurants back there people are

gonna be able to own these and make a

decent living and eventually there's

going to be this growth of a

middle-class that's in society where you

know you're doing fairly well you're not

incredibly wealthy but you're

comfortable you're not living in squalor

squalid conditions and this growth the

middle class is gonna have a big impact

on the world you know here's a you know

probably middle-class family they're in

Dillon South Carolina they worked in a

maple a maple mill and some of the

family members have been working

together and they you know able to

cobble together some money and build a

nice home for themselves and they're not

you know very poor they're not very rich either

either

but eventually a middle-class develops

and that is gonna lead to our next one

more leisure time for the upper and

middle classes so now you're doing a

little bit well you're in the middle

class or maybe you're in the wealthier

upper classes you don't have to be

working incredibly long hours all the

time either on a farm or in a factory

and you have some time for leisure to go

to the beach like here at the Jersey

Shore about 1905 in New Jersey in

Atlantic City they've got their horses

or donkeys I think more more likely to

describe those to visit the beach to

enjoy it sure to enjoy the weather to do

some things that are going to provide

you some enjoyment of course in the

early 1900's in America sports explode

you know you have your sports stars like

Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb and your boxing

that's incredibly popular football

begins you know college football and

eventually a professional sports leagues

because people have a little bit more

time for leisure times to enjoy

themselves and they get into things like

art and eventually new inventions like

movies and music that are going to

provide some leisure time for the middle

and upper classes this is actually in

Waterford and Ireland you know enjoy

your some some coffee and tea you know

hang out in the green and you know talk

with with folks and you know enjoy some

time and some leisure as we're as available

all right so that takes us through all

those who have some positive effects we

have some negative impacts this is how I

listed them with the poor working

conditions the pollution and that rapid

organization beam of negatives so

leisure time some transportation

improved education and a middle class

being the positives now some of those as

I mentioned it could be a little nuanced

if you think urbanization is a great

thing to you know defend that as being a

positive thing as well so thinking about

those those are just some of the impact

so it obviously much more impact than we

could go through in just a short lesson

like this you could look into some of

those and because the Industrial

Revolution really impact every aspect of

society however has this happened

different philosophies developed around

them about how the government should

respond to these changes the whole world

is massively changing every aspect of

society is changing how does the

government going to respond well there

are three philosophies that develop

especially in response to

industrialization three major economic

and sort of political philosophies but

predominantly they're there in regards

to the economics the government's

response to industry to jobs to

promoting the economy and getting

involved in the economy or not and we're

gonna look at those three and see what

they did

ah here we are Pittsburgh Pennsylvania

looking at the Monongahela River first

one capitalism next is socialism and

finally communism are the three dominant

economic philosophies that develop from

the Industrial Revolution capitalism

socialism and communism surely you've

heard about all of these before we will

give it will give a definition of each

we'll look at a quote from one of the

founders of each and then we'll kind of

capitalism is an economic system in

which the industry factories jobs

wherever works trade is privately held

without government interference and it's

all done for profit so in a capitalistic

system at a capital under capitalism the

government doesn't get involved at all

in terms of the factories the workplaces

the industry the farms the cities where

you know businesses are owned they don't

it's called a famously laissez faire

laissez faire is a French word meaning

like hands off hands you know don't get

involved in it and everything will work

out for its for itself if a factory

wants to pay people a dollar an hour you

know they can offer that someone you

might not see I'm not gonna work for

dollar an hour nope and if they can't

get enough people to work they'll raise

to two dollars an hour or three dollars

an hour or they'll keep raising it until

they get the work workers that they need

no one's gonna force you to work in a

certain place or not prices are set

privately every business decides what

price they want to set they can offer

you know a television for five thousand

dollars but nobody's gonna buy that TV

for five thousand they gotta lower that

price until eventually someone does it

and think about it's all you know

competition is what fuels capitalism

competing think about all the different

cellphone companies there's 18 T and

there's Verizon there's t-mobile and

there's boost and each one is trying to

compete to get your business and they're

they're lowering their prices or

offering better services and the

government in theory doesn't have to

interfere or get involved because

capitalism that laissez faire that

hands-off will kind of figure things out

famous philosopher who wrote about this

is named Adam Smith the book he famously

wrote it's known as The Wealth of

Nations and he talked about how there's

an unseen hand that will really guide

capitalism famous quote of his it is not

from the benevolence of the butcher all

the Baker that we expect our dinner but

their regard to their own

self-interest that's from The Wealth of

Nations and you know think about what he

means by that you know butcher or bakers

you know if you go to the bakery they're

not just build making doughnuts and

muffins you know because they like you

and they want to give you a you know a

nice treat they're baking it to make a

living because they want to sell it to

you and they want to make money but it

benefits you when there's a nice bakery

in your neighborhood that you can go to

or there's a butcher to provide you know

you know nice cuts of meat so it's their

own self-interest and if every one to

him acts out of their own self-interest

every one in theory benefits because you

can decide where you want to go and that

competition will fuel things so he's

kind of looking at the most positive

aspects of the Industrial Revolution

these factories can provide jobs and

people can you know decide to work for

them or not they'll provide goods and

people will buy them and if people act

out their own self-interest it will

benefit everyone next it's gonna have an

opposing and this is going to be the

theory of communism communism is an

economic system in which property

businesses are publicly owned or owned

by the government and everyone works and

is really paid according to their

ability and needs or pay the same or

paid equally or receives the government

controls the factories the government

controls the power plants the government

controls the industries the government

controls everything and people are

either all paid equally or they're

certain pay for certain jobs it's an all

theorized thing but this kind of comes

out of the abuses of the Industrial

Revolution Karl Marx at Friedrich Engels

some of the founders of this and the

Philosopher's behind it you know saw how

factory owners were the unsafe working

conditions and people were dying in

there in these factories and kids were

slaving away in these factories and

they're dark and they were dingy and

they were unsafe and the government

wasn't doing anything about it and he

thought the government should own these

and make sure everyone's paid equally he

also didn't like the in equal or unequal

wealth how there are people

so desperately poor but there are other

people who are so incredibly rich I

thought this is not fair so unfair

system and he called them the

proletariat and the proletariat is this

working classes and they're being

exploited by the bourgeoisie this ruling

class and this ruling class of the

wealthy controls all the means of

production and extracts all this wealth

you know by abusing and taking advantage

of the working class the proletariat and

this class struggle to him has existed

for so long and he thinks the

proletariat the poor the working class

should overthrow the bourgeoisie

overthrow the wealthy ruling classes you

know and divide things up equally and

everyone should have an equal share and

everyone should be conquered be paid the

same be treated the same he's all about

this equality or equal system last sorry

I quote here to kind of get get to the

heart of this this is Friedrich angles

on the left and Karl Marx on the right

Karl Marx is really kind of you know

where the ideas are most famously from

Marxism is what communism is often known

as and here's a quote the oppressed are

allowed once every few years to decide

which particular representatives of the

oppressing class to represent them and

repress them you know thinking about

elections you know and you know we get a

nominal say in it but really it's just

someone else to repress them and

represent them and Marxism will be a

philosophy for a long time until the

Bolshevik Revolution in Russia is when

it's finally actually attempted to be

a sort of combination or between the two

or sort of compromise in some way in

theory is socialism socialism is an

economic system again in which the major

factors of production are either owned

by the government or at least subject to

government or social control so it's not

everything it's not communism where the

abolishment of private property under

communism if the government owns

everything controls everything in a

socialist system in theory the major

industries are subject to government

control so maybe it's the railroad here

like you see in the background this

Mexican central railway station maybe

it's the power company or the electric

company or the hydroelectric dams or

maybe it's just the major systems are

subject to government control but

there's private property if you want to

open up a business you can if you want

to move you can if you want to choose

your job you can but this socialist

system is seen as a kind of compromise

where the major systems that are

controlled by the government or maybe

just the government set certain laws you

know to protect workers like labor laws

minimum wage laws with the government

will kind of have a greater control over

the economy and you know be more

involved in it talk now is like

socialist health care and whether the

government should control health care

and the health care industry because of

abuses that are happening with insurance

and the price of health care and things

like that that's kind of where a

government will take over a certain

industry or control or certain industry

is that a socialist theory one of the

early founders or political philosophers

economic philosophers behind socialism

this guy named Charles Fourier

specifically Francois Marie Charles for

yeah and if you could tell by his name

he is a French philosopher early

socialist thinker specifically utopian socialism

socialism

and here's a quote from him he said the

peoples of the civilization see their

wretchedness increase in direct

proportion to the advance of Industry so

he would be against the Industrial

Revolution he's thinking you know as

industry increases you know our

wretchedness increases our miserable

increases above our life can work gets

worse with the advance of Industry so

that's why he's thinking of ways that

the government can control things the

government could get involved and

stopped these abuses of factory owners

and things like that he had some you

know and utopian socialism he thought

people should kind of live together in

harmony and these different apartment

buildings and work together this utopian

socialism was put in place in a few

different communities they attempted them

them

he also sidenote is credited with having

originated the word feminism supposedly

Charles Fourier invented the word

feminism in about 1837 so your major

economic philosophies capitalism hands

off government lets industry do it needs

do communism the government controls

everything socialism government controls

aspects so little look more how those

are gonna impact the world later on but

an exit ticket here to kind of close

things out we looked at the positive

aspects of the Industrial Revolution and

the negative aspects of the Industrial

Revolution how did those help lead to

these three dominant economic theories

which aspects of the Industrial

Revolution led to you know ideas on

capitalism socialism and communism how

did these ideas come out of the

Industrial Revolution that's an exit

ticket think about write that down can

learn to talk more about that later

but I want to thank you for following

along with this flipped classroom lesson

from students of history stay tuned for

more classroom lessons going forward and

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คำบรรยาย YouTube:Effects of the Industrial Revolution