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Chromosome mutation

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This content explains chromosomal mutations, which involve changes to entire chromosomes, differentiating them from point mutations. It details structural and numerical types of chromosomal mutations, their subtypes, associated disorders, and phenotypic effects, particularly in plants.

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hey guys this is malinki welcome back to

my channel voice of malinki today we

will talk about chromosome mutation and

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a chromosomal mutation is any change

that occurs within the chromosome

unlike point mutations that alter a gene

or a segment of DNA in the chromosome

chromosomal mutations change the entire chromosome

chromosome

so we have seen in our previous lecture

that point mutation Alters a single base

but chromosomal mutation Alters a chunk

of DNA includes many bases hence affects

Let's see different types of chromosomal mutation

mutation

first is structural and second is

numerical mutation

let's talk about structural mutation first

first

this type of mutation Alters the

structure of a chromosome

and there are different types of

structural mutation

such as deletion duplication inversion

and translocation

so we will talk about them one by one

first is deletion

this type of mutation causes the loss of

a part of a chromosome

let's see the figure here

so this is the chromosome and this part

is deleted from this chromosome and the

new chromosome doesn't have this part okay

so common disorders due to deletion

mutation in humans are

cry to chat cystic fibrosis Etc

Etc

next is duplication

in this type of mutation a part of a

chromosome is present in excess of the

normal composition

let's see the figure

so this is the normal chromosome and

this part is duplicated like these and

the new chromosome contains

okay

uh a common disorder due to human

duplication mutation is

next is inversion

during inversion a portion of the

chromosome is reversed and gets inserted

back into the chromosome

there are two types of inversion exist

pericentric and paracentric

pericentric inversion

during a pericentric inversion the

inversion involves the centromere of the chromosome

chromosome

and paracentric inversion so during a

paracentric inversion the inversion does

not involve the centromere of the chromosome

chromosome

let's see the figure here

so this is pericentric inversion

so this part is reversed in this

and it includes the centromere part

if you see paracentric inversion you can

see that this part that is getting

a common disorder due to inversion

mutation in humans is hemophilia a

next is translocation

translocation happens when a fragmented

chromosome joins with a non-homologous chromosome

chromosome

let's see the figure here okay

okay so

these two are non-homologous chromosomes

both the chromosomes are broken and

this part joins with this

and this part joins with this

like this

so this is an example of reciprocal translocation

common disorders due to human

translocation mutation are infertility

and cancer okay

okay

so next we will talk about numerical mutation

mutation

this type of mutation Alters the number

of chromosome

there are two types of numerical mutation

mutation

aneoploidy and polyploidy

anuploidy aneuploidy is a type of

mutation that results in the loss or

gain of one or more chromosomes

so loss of a single chromosome is called

monozoamine we can represent monosomi as

2N minus 1. the example of monosomi is

Tana syndrome here One X chromosome is

missing in females that means females

next loss of a pair of chromosomes is

called nalisomy

we can represent Nali zombie as to n

minus 2. humans with this condition do

not survive

addition of a single chromosome is

called Trisomy we can represent rhizome

as 2N plus one example of Trisomy is

Down syndrome here one extra copy of

chromosome number 21 exists

so the people who have Down syndrome

addition of a pair of chromosomes is

called tetrazomy we can represent

tetrazomy as 2N plus 2. the example of

tetrazomer is tetrazomi X

here four copies of the X chromosomes

are present in females that means

females have total 48 chromosomes

next we will talk about polyploidy

polyploidy is a type of mutation that

occurs when an individual Bears more

than one haploid set of chromosomes

so we have two sets of chromosomes and

we are called diploid

if the individual beers three sets of

haploid chromosomes the condition is

called triploid

if the individual beers four sets of

haploid chromosomes the condition is

there are two types of polyploidy first

is auto polyploidy and second is allopolyploid

allopolyploid autopolyploid

autopolyploid

so Auto polyploids consist of the same

basic set of chromosomes but multiplied

to form multiple cells

so what does that mean

okay so we have 46

chromosomes

in each cell so we can say that 2N

is equal to 46.

46.

that means n is equal to 2nd 3. that

means we have two sets of chromosomes

suppose all 23 chromosomes get duplicated

duplicated

so how many chromosomes are there in our

cell after duplication

that is

40 6 plus

23 that is 69.

that means now we have three sets of chromosomes

right this is called Auto triploidy we

can represent it as

3 n or

or AAA

AAA

suppose again all 23 chromosomes get multiplied

multiplied

so now we have

69 Plus 23

is equal to 92 chromosomes that means

now we have

four sets of chromosomes

chromosomes

this is called Auto tetraploidy we can

represent it as

4 n or

capital a capital a capital a capital a okay

okay

next is allopolyploid

allopolyploid

allopolyploids are the polyploids that

result from the doubling of chromosome

number in a hybrid from two different species

species

so we will understand these from this figure

figure okay

okay

so this is species a which contains

total four chromosomes that means 2N is

equal to 4.

this is species B which contains total

six chromosomes

that means 2N is equal to 6.

both pieces generate gametes

and we know that gametes get generated

after meiosis and number of chromosomes

become half

but here due to an error gametes are not

haploid there is no reduction in

chromosome number

and due to the fusion of these faulty

gametes are hybrid forms

which contains total 10 chromosomes

that means 2N is equal to 10. this type

okay

so polyploidy is a common phenomena

among plants

polyploidy can be observed in dope grass

that is cyanodon dactylon which is

cultivated in South Asia it is triploid

and sterile but can be propagated vegetatively

vegetatively

animals rarely exhibit polyploidy but

leeches flat worms and Fishes too

let's see some phenotypic effects of polyploidy

polyploidy

in Plants the most common morphological

effect of polyploid is giantism that is

seen in large sized pollen and cells

polyploidy reduces the rate of cell

division and thus the plant growth rate

also decreases

polyploidy leads to reduced auxin

content which decreases their rate of respiration

respiration

polyploidy also reduces the fertility of plants

plants

so this is all about today's lecture I

hope you liked the lecture if you want

to get the PDF notes of this topic

please find a first paint comment or the

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คำบรรยาย YouTube:Chromosome mutation

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คำบรรยาย YouTube:
Chromosome mutation