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Learn C# Beginner FREE Tutorial Course! [2026]

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Summary

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This content is an introductory section of a C# mastery course, offering free video lectures on fundamental programming concepts and introducing a premium version with additional resources for a more comprehensive learning experience.

Mind Map

คลิกเพื่อขยาย

คลิกเพื่อสำรวจ Mind Map แบบอินเตอร์แอคทีฟฉบับเต็ม

hello and welcome I'm your codm welcome

to the free beginner section of my C

Mastery course by going through this

course you'll be able to make games

websit apps Robotics and literally

anything C is an extremely versatile

language starting from the absolute

Basics like how code executes line by

line and what is a variable then

covering the intermediate topics like

what are interfaces generics and events

and how you can use them to build some

really awesome things you will also

learn the theory behind how to choose

good naming rules clean code guidelines

and learn about design patterns and

finally the advanced section which will

be coming in a feuture free update we'll

cover lots of very Advanced topics now

this free YouTube video this one

contains all the video lectures from the

beginner section in the previous video I

spoke about my goals to make the video

lectures free over here on YouTube if

the premium version course sells 100

copies then one month after this video I

will publish intermediate section for

free here on YouTube and same thing for

the advance section one month after that

and yep since the last video there's

already been 100 people who picked up

the premium version so one month from

now stay tuned for the intermediate

section or if you're watching this in

the future then check the pin comment

down below the premium version of the

course has the video lectures just like

this video plus all of the intermediate

lectures and the advanced section coming

soon as well as all of these really nice

bonuses So speaking of that here are the

bonuses for the premium version I came

up with some that I think are really

awesome and definitely worth it if you

can't afford them well at the same time

not putting any knowledge behind the pay

wall so even people who can't afford it

they can still learn from the free video

lectures they really just need to do a

little bit of extra work themselves the

premium version is really just selling

convenience making it really easy for

you to truly gain the knowledge the the

premium version comes with a companion

project this is a Unity project that

contains a bunch of extra content

basically the video lectures while being

preas of themselves there are still

really only half the course the other

half of it is inside of this project it

has a bunch of custom editor Windows to

guide you through each lecture and each

lecture has a section on frequently

asked questions these are common

questions that have some really detailed

answers that provide even more details

on what is covered in the lecture then

there are some quizzes these are

multiple choice questions again own with

very detailed answers it's really not

just correct or incorrect if you pay

close attention to each lecture you

should be able to get most of these

right but whether you do or don't by

reading the extra explanation that will

help you truly learn that topic then the

interactive exercises I'm really happy

with this feature I think this will

really help you learn learning by doing

is always much better and these

exercises encourage you to put what you

learned into practice instead of just

blindly watching the video lectures I

designed a ton of handcraft exercises

for all the lectures to help you put

into practice and truly learn the

contents of each lecture there are all

kinds of exercises some are about

spotting and fixing errors others are

about asking you to Define some function

or class or Implement some kind of logic

there are some where you just write code

and somewhere you write code and then

play the code in unity in order to

complete the exercise then each exercise

also contains a hint just in case you

get stuck or a solution in case you get

really stuck as well as a video

walkthrough of me going through that

exercise and completing it while

explaining everything in detail so if

you're the kind of person who gets stuck

in tutorial hell then I truly believe

that this will really help you escape it

in order to learn you need to actually

do things and this exercise in encourage

you to do that they encourage you to do

it as opposed to just blindly watching

the video lectures then the companion

project also has a companion window

basically this window is also listening

to a bunch of errors and if it finds one

it will help guide you in the right

direction I manually wrote a ton of text

for when text lots of errors all of them

based on common errors that I see people

ask about in comments in my own videos

so this should help prevent you from

getting stuck in your Learning Journey

and allow you to get helped instantly

then the course also has an AI to help

you answer questions this one was

trained on the contents of the course

and my own knowledge so it should be

very accurate and helpful but more than

that it's simply the fact that it is

extremely fast you post a question in

the course comments and within a few

minutes the AI will respond with

probably a very good answer although of

course I myself will also still be

answering all the questions manually the

goal with this AI is really speed so you

get a response almost instantly and then

within the next few hours I will

manually answer myself then a simple

bonus is how the premium version has the

course split into lectures as opposed to

Here on YouTube where it won't be one

giant video it has to be that way due to

how the YouTube algorithm works works

this is a small thing but it can be

helpful especially if you take your time

to slowly go through the course just

like you should do remember that the

only goal is really that you actually

learning yourself it does not matter how

quickly you go through it so separate

lectures help with that so that you can

pause and actually try out your

knowledge before going further and you

don't have to memorize specific time

stamps and over here on YouTube the

videos have the normal YouTube ads as

usual whereas the premium version has no

ads so there's nothing to interrupt you

while you're learning another really

nice bonus of the premium version is

something that I'm going to try out for

the first time which is a live study

group basically once or twice per week I

will go live and post a link to the live

stream so people can join in there I

will watch the lectures alongs side of

you then we're all going to read the

frequently asked questions together do

all the quizzes and go through all the

exercises naturally I won't be reading

the chat so I won't be able to answer

any specific questions you have I've

really never done anything like this so

I'm really curious to hear what you all

think some people like to learn more as

part of a group so hopefully this should

be quite fun the first live study group

is happening next Saturday March 9th and

if you can't live then as always they

will be recorded so you can watch the

recordings later and final bonus is

really just by knowing that by buying

the premium version you won't be helping

hit the goal to make the free video

version available for everyone so you

will be helping to make knowledge

available to anyone who wants to learn

so these are the nice bonuses that I

came up with that I think are really

nice and really awesome while not taking

away anything or putting any knowledge

behind the pay wall if you can afford

then I highly recommend the premium

version these bonuses will help you

truly learn and learn much much faster

than the 10 years that it took me but if

you can't afford it that's okay like I

said there's no hidden knowledge hidden

behind the paywall you really just need

to put more effort in yourself in order

to actually apply knowledge that you

gain and if you want you can go ahead

and pick up the premium version right

now there's a link description I added a

nice launch discount so you can get it

before the first live study group next

Saturday so whether you get the premium

version or watch your free lectures I

really hope you'll learn a lot also just

in case you're new to my channel so a

bit about me and my credentials or why

you shouldn't listen to what I have to

teach for me I've been programming for

over 25 years and specifically using C

for over 10 years I'm a professional

indie game developer with several

successful games PO on seam covering a

wide range of genres my games are

usually focused on complex systems since

I am primarily a programmer it's what I

really love to do and what I love to

teach also a couple of years ago I

started over here this YouTube channel

making free video tutorials to basically

share my knowledge to help you learn how

to make your own games there's already

over 800 free videos over here on this

channel if you want to continue learning

Beyond this course also let me make one

very important note for beginners which

is simply take your time remember this

is your Learning Journey no one else's

the only thing that matters is that

you're learning it does not matter how

long it takes you so it does not matter

if someone learns all of this much

faster than you you are really not in

competition with anyone but yourself

also you are not expected to go through

this course in one day one week or even

one month basally all the content out of

this course this contains knowledge that

took me 10 years to learn so really just

take it slow take your time and really

just focus on learning and one final

request if you find this video helpful

if so go ahead and hit the like button

and subscribe to the channel it's a tiny

thing but it really does help all right

so let's get to the first

lecture starting from the very beginning

first we're going to learn what is C and

what have the many use cases for it then

on the getting start lecture we're going

to install Visual Studio which is where

we're going to run our code then we're

also going to install unity and learn

the unity Basics this is an optional

step but it's important since the

interactive exercise and quizzes those

exist in a Unity project after that

we're going to load up that project to

see how the interactive exercise work

and then is a really useful lecture

covering some very common errors you

should refer back to this one whenever

you encounter some issues after that one

we can finally start writing some code

beginning with the absolute Basics

learning how the code is written how it

executes what is a code block and how

code is case sensitive then we're going

to learn about variables these are

containers for data the data needs to

have a specific type so then we're going

to learn about the various built-in data

types things like int B string and so on

next we're going to learn about if

statements this is a core pillar of any

programming these are conditions which

affect how your code will execute after

that we'll learn a different way of

handling condition using a switch

statement next we'll learn about another

core pillar functions this is how we can

place logic in separate functions and

call them when needed after learning

about functions which involves different

code blocks then we are going to learn

about variable scope which is basically

from where that variable can be accessed

next we'll learn about comments the

Syntax for this one is actually really

simple but it does bring up a lot of

interesting questions regarding writing

good clean code then we're going to

learn how to store multiple pieces of

data in one container using arrays and

lists afterwards we're going to learn

all about loops this is how we can run

certain logic multiple times like for

example looping through all members of a

list then another crucial pillar of

object-oriented programming we're going

to learn the basics of classes how to

define one and construct it next we will

be ready to learn about static what is

the difference between making something

static and non-static then learn about

access modifiers this is another one

that is super simple in terms of syntax

and extremely important in terms of

learning to write good clean code after

that comes one of the most important

lectures in this whole entire course

it's a lecture on naming rules and how

you should be very careful and and very

deliberate about the names that you use

in your code and after that is yet

another extremely important lecture this

one covering the theory behind why you

should write good clean code as well as

some nice simple guidelines that you

should follow with all that done we will

have learned the absolute Basics so we

will be ready to inspect a nice beginner

project that involves everything we

learned in this section all of that

makes up the beginner section and

afterwards comes the intermediate

section we're going to take things up

one level and learn some more complex

stuff beginning with something very

important that I debated whether I

should put in the beginner section it's

going to be Visual Studio shortcuts I

end up putting it here because for

beginners technically it's more

important to learn how to write the code

and it's not as important to be

extremely efficient with how fast you

use your ID but for intermediates this

is a must have so we're going to learn

about a ton of shortcuts to help you

write code and navigate your environment

much better then comes one of the most

important lectures in this whole

intermediate section it's all about

refactoring this is the process of

rewriting your code to make sure it is

as readable and understandable as

possible as an inter it you absolutely

need to know that this is a natural part

of the code writing process and

something you should not skip next is a

lecture on enom pretty simple and very

useful it's how you can define a

specific list of values that you can use

in many ways after that we'll learn

about properties which are kind of like

a mix between variables and functions

then we're going to learn about

multi-dimensional arrays meaning arrays

that can hold multiple dimensions of

data after that we're going to learn

about nest and Loops which is especially

important in order to cycle through

multi-dimensional arrays next we're

going to learn another method for doing

some looping logic we're going to learn

about recursion this is something that

for people with a math background it

might actually be similar to understand

than R Loops then we're going to learn

about an extremely useful data type the

dictionary this is a key value pair that

has tons of really awesome use cases

after that we're going to learn about

some more collections like q and Sack

then we're going to learn about the

prams keyword and what exactly does it

do in a function next we'll learn about

optional parameters how to define them

and how to call them from a function

then another crucial lecture for

intermediates this one is on learning

the differences between value and

reference types this is extremely

important if you don't know this

difference then you will go crazy at

some point in the future wondering why

something isn't changing and it's

usually going to be because you don't

know you're working with a copy and not

a reference related to that is the

lecture on structs these are similar to

classes but importantly they are a value

type next we're going to learn some more

intermediate use cases for classes we're

going to learn about inheritance

polymorphism and a bunch more then learn

about interfaces this is one of my

favorite features of C it allows you to

write some really nice modular code

related to that we're going to see

various ways of testing for types and

converting two and from various types

also related is the lecture on switch

pattern matching this is a really simple

way to do a switch not just on value but

also on type then we're going to learn

all about delegates lambdas and

Anonymous functions this is how we can

store a function itself inside a field

next we're going to learn the

differences between lambdas and local

functions after that we'll learn about

events which is how we can have one

class be notified when something happens

then the next lecture that one is going

to be all about generics this is another

super powerful C feature that makes your

code work with multiple types next is a

simple lecture on conents and read only

what they are and what are the

differences between those two after that

is in lecture on exceptions and how to

handle them with a try catch then in

lecture on implementing I enumerable so

we can add support for something like a

4 in for some custom types next we're

going to learn about namespaces what

they are and how to make your own then a

really important lecture on one of the

most important design patterns the

single tent pattern and after that is a

general overview of a bunch more design

patterns and finally after doing all of

that we're going to check out the

intermediate project that uses all of

this to make something really

interesting so that makes up the

intermediate section and then comes the

advanced section for this one like I

said in the beginning I'm still actively

working on it so this will be coming

later as a free update here are the

topics that I'm planning to cover all

right so that's everything we're going

to learn in this complete C course like

I've said many times you are not

expected to go through all of this in

just one day or one week or even one

month it took me 10 years to learn all

of this so always remember that and take

your time and really just focus on

actually learning this is your Learning

Journey so that's really all that

matters take it slow really pay

attention do all the content in the

companion project and I guarantee that

if you do that then by the end you will

have gained a massive amount of

knowledge hello and welcome I'm your Cod

monkey in this lecture we're going to

learn what exactly is C and what it's

used for okay so C is a program language

it was created by Microsoft in the year

2000 it is an objectoriented General

multi-purpose language with tons of use

cases for me specifically the main way

that I use it is for game development

with unity but you can also use it to

make websites with asp.net or Blazer you

can use it to make Native mobile apps

with zamarin you can do tons of stuff in

the cloud it's especially easy to use

with Azure which is Microsoft's cloud

service you can develop on Internet of

Things devices or you can use it to make

some simple desktop apps to help you in

your daily life you can make console

programs or visual desktop applications

so it has tons of use cases it is

multiplatform meaning you write C and

you can run on Windows Mac Linux and

other platforms the language is

constantly evolving despite being 24

years old it is still actively being

developed with new versions coming out

on a regular basis it is also one of the

most popular and independ languages so

it's a great one to learn personally I

also believe that it's a great first

language to learn I especially like how

it's typ save meaning it has very

specific types and if you write some

code incorrectly you will get a

compounder war instead of having an

error suddenly show up while the code is

running and if you're not a complete

beginner if you already know Java or C++

then chances are you won pick up pretty

easily since it is relatively similar to

those languages so yeah personally I'm a

huge fan of C I've been using it pretty

much every single day since I started

game development with unity over 10

years ago I've made tons of games with

it and I've also used it to make some

personal desktop apps and I also use it

when I explore the cloud so it is a

great very valuable language to learn

and if you pay close attention to this

course then by the end you will have

gained a massively valuable skill

hello and welcome I'm your K monkey in

this lecture we're going to go over how

you can get help when you need to and

how to get the most out of this course

okay so learning programming can be a

little bit tricky at first especially if

you are a complete beginner right away

let me say that is perfectly normal if

you are a beginner and some things seem

quite confusing that is perfectly okay

that's all part of the regular learning

process so there's really no point in

getting frustrated just take your time

and really just focus on trying to learn

in order to help you learn this course

has a bunch of things for every lecture

the unity project contains a bunch of

helpful common frequently asked

questions I highly encourage you to

always read through those as you go

through each lecture and whenever you

have any question then I also highly

encourage you to go answer all the

quizzes for every lecture and do all of

the interactive exercises you will learn

so much more if you're being active in

your learning as opposed to just

passively watching a video so definitely

make sure you do those after watching

every lecture pause go to the N project

and do all of those also on that Unity

project if you write some code that has

some error the companion can provide

some extra clarification on what exactly

that error means so if you're having

some issues and you're writing code in

the C console try writing that same code

inside Unity to see what the companion

says then there is a really important

lecture covering a bunch of common

errors if you have errors in your code

chances are the error has an explainer

in this lecture also when you have some

issues the first step is to actually

identify what exactly is the issue and

for that the best way to find it is to

add tons of logs in your code at various

places to see exactly what the code is

doing line by line there are many cases

when beginners think the code is doing

something but in reality it's doing

something completely different adding

logs is a super easy way to help you

visualize exactly what the code is doing

and of course you can simply post

questions in the comments of that

lecture one bonus this course is the

automatic bot response you can ask

something and within two to three

minutes the bot will reply I train the

bot on the contents of the course and my

own knowledge so the answer should be

pretty good the main benefit of the bot

is the near instant reply so you don't

have to wait for me to reply and you can

continue learning quickly but also after

the bot replies within the next 24 hours

I will manually answer your question and

confirm or provide some extra

clarification on whatever the bot said

then here's also a quick guide on how to

ask a good question for example do not

just say it's not working just saying

this is really not helpful technically

not working can mean a million different

things for example do you have a compile

error if so what exactly does it say

specifically what line of code is

throwing that error or if it's not some

kind of compile error how exactly is it

not working so did you expect one result

but got another did the code seem ly not

run are you getting some different

results from what you see in the video

in order for me to be able to help you I

need as much information as possible

there's really not much I can do to help

if the only message I have is it's not

working so when posting some question be

very very specific about what exactly is

the issue so I can do my best to help

all right so that's see many ways you

can get help throughout this course just

keep in mind what I said in the

beginning if you are a beginner It's

Perfectly Normal that something seem

quite tricky to understand that's all

part of the regular learning process so

don't get stressed about it all that

matters is that you learn learn it

really does not matter if it's easy or

hard if it's fast or slow as long as

you're learning then you're doing great

remember that I've been programming for

over 25 years so if you manage to get

through this entire course and fully

learn everything in it in just a few

months then you're doing so much better

than me so really just take your time

use all these tools at your disposal to

really learn and let's get started in

the next lecture hello and welcome I'm

your Cod monkey in this lecture we're

going to install and set up visual

studio which is where we're going to be

writing our code okay so let's see where

we're going to write our code you can

use whatever ID you want ID stands for

integrated development environment some

common examples for C are visual studio

code jet brains Rider or normal Visual

Studio you can follow this course using

whatever IDE you want but if you're a

beginner then it's probably best to use

the exact same as me here I will be

using visual studio 22 the community

version this one is free also an

important distinction it is Visual

Studio not Visual Studio code it's a bit

confusing how the names are very similar

but those are two completely different

programs here I will be using the

regular visual studio so like downloaded

go to visual studio. microsoft.com then

click on downloads and download the free

community version then go ahead and open

up the executable file after installing

right away it opens up the visual studio

installer this is the main program that

manages all of your installed versions

of visual studio and right away we can

install Visual Studio Community

alongside a bunch of modules like I

mentioned in the previous lecture C can

be used for a lot of stuff and visual

studio you can also develop on other

languages so here you can see tons and

tons of modules the ones that we're

going to need in this course are the net

desktop development this will let us

make console apps which is the main

template that we're going to use to

learn C so make sure to include that one

and then since the interactive exercises

since those are built in unity also make

sure to include game development with

unity okay so these are the two main ons

that we need so let's go ahead and

install this will't download all the

them okay it's done and launches visual

studio right away now it's asking for a

your settings across devices so if you

want go ahead and sign in or just click

on skip for now then for the theme again

you can choose whatever you want

personally I'm going to go with the

light theme which is what I like but you

can use whatever you prefer and right

away let me answer the question that I

inevitably get every time I say that I

prefer the light theme when so many

people seem to prefer Dark theme for me

my eyes simply get really messed up in

dark mode if I try focusing on white

letters on a black background I get a

massive headache really quickly so

personally for me I use light mode but

this is really just a visual change so

choose whatever you prefer okay with

that let's start using visual studio and

Y right away we can see the project list

although it's empty right now we can

open a project or create a brand new one

so let's do that then here we can choose

the templates let's go ahead and make a

simple console app which is the most

basic thing possible so you can search

for console up here and now yep it is

this one right here the one that has the

C icon in the corner it is not this one

with VB that's for Visual Basic and also

not this one for F this is for f and it

is also not this one that says C but

also says NET Framework it's a bit

confusing but net and Net Framework

those are two completely different

things right now in here we want net and

not NET Framework so yep it's this

template also if you don't see it then

go back into the visual studio installer

click on modify and install some modules

and then make sure net development is

checked okay so this is the template

that we want the console application so

let's use this one okay now let's give

it a name you can name it whatever you

want here I'm going to go with the basic

hello world then go ahead pick a

location to spawn your project and leave

the solution the same name as default

okay so like this let's go on next then

over here we can choose the framework so

for this let's go with net 8 and now

there's a pretty important option here

which is whether or not use top level

statements basically if you leave this

unticked so like this then the project

won't be created and look pretty much

empty whereas if you take this then the

project will be created and look like

this with a namespace program and a main

function the option for this difference

this was added relatively recently so if

you watch all their C tutorials they

might show this template but for

complete beginners it's completely empty

option it's actually easier to follow so

we're going to use this one later on

after we'll learn the absolute Basics we

will make another project with the more

complex template but really the main

takeaway that I want you to learn from

here is really just code is code meaning

that for everything we're going to learn

in the absolute basics part using this

simpar template all of that can also be

done in this more complex template the

difference is simply in how in the basic

template you just write code here but in

the more complex template you need to

write that same code inside the main

function if you write code in a

different place you can get some strange

errors so that is why for beginners the

simpler template is much easier so over

here to keep things simple let's first

use that basic template so make sure to

leave this one unticked so example down

like this and let's create all right yep

so here is our empty template and by

default it already has a standard hell

World print you don't need to understand

this line of code just yet I will

explain all of this in detail soon right

now we can just run this test so on the

top right on middle you can see this

nice little play button or alternatively

the default shortcut is F5 so go ahead

and press either one of those and up

here is the window our program ran it

did indeed say hello world and

everything finished all right awesome

okay so we can already start writing

some C code and run it now let's change

some things in visual Studio there's a

really nice extension that I really like

which adds a bit more color to the code

which I find that it makes it much

easier to read and write so up here on

top let's go into extensions and then

manage extensions then go ahead and find

Vora you can go to the online Tab and

search for it now I believe that this

one is actually only available on

Windows so if you're on Mac you might

not be able to find it maybe there is an

alternative but I'm not sure either way

this is just an optional extension just

to add some visual so technically you

don't absolutely need it but if you are

on Windows and I highly encourage you to

install it let's go ahead close visual

Studio to let it install okay great so

done let's open up the same project

again all right so now for some more

settings you can go into tools and

options and over here let's scroll down

to find vs and here are the settings now

for the most part I believe the ones

that I have here are the defaults you

can pause the video and compare my

settings with your own I believe I

really only changed some colors over

here on the rainbow braces right away if

we look at our default hello world code

it should already have some colors that

make it a bit easier to read again this

is not a requirement you don't need this

extension but I do find it quite useful

I find it helps to make the code more

readable than having almost everything

is gray next for some text formatting

rules let's go up here into tools and

then go into options then over here

let's scroll down and find the text

editor and again pause the video if you

want I think over here I think I have

everything as a default then let's

expand upon this one and look

specifically at the C options and over

here again pretty much the same default

I think the only thing different is over

here I disabled the automatic brace

completion just because personally I

don't like it and let's expand upon it

see a few more things so these scrome

bars then over here the tabs pretty

normal they not Advance again I think

all of this is pretty much a default but

intellisense right like this and then

inside the code style in general I think

over here I didn't touch any of this so

I think the only thing I touched was

over here on formatting and the main

thing that I changed was over here on

the new lines basically the default is

to have all of the currently braces all

of them on new line and over here I

switch this ones in order to make them

spawn on the same line which personally

I prefer but again this is very much

personal preference the code really

doesn't care whether the braces are in

the same line or new line so you can use

whatever form you prefer personally I

prefer it like this I've been using this

code sound for 25 years now so this what

I won't be using in the course but it's

just a visual thing so if you really

prefer it on new line then go ahead and

place it on new line okay so after all

that Visual Studio is set up and ready

to go now let's continue on to the next

lecture we're going to install unity and

learn the absolute

Basics hello and welcome I'm your Cod

monkey in this lecture we're going to

learn the basics of unity now like I

said this part is technically optional

if you're just looking to learn C then

technically you don't need to learn

Unity but since I won't be using Unity

to build the inter active exercises and

also using it to Showcase some example

code with some fun visuals to help you

learn better because of that even if you

don't specifically want to learn Unity

still make sure to watch this lecture

just so you're not confused when any

Unity code shows up first we need to get

Unity Hub now since we selected unity

game development when we installed

Visual Studio it already automatically

installed Unity Hub in your case if you

accidentally did not take that box you

can just manually go to unity.com and

download it then open up Unity Hub this

is the program that manages all of the

various Unity versions in case you see

something that looks like this this is

actually the older version of The Hub so

like it says here there's a button to

update so let's do that and yep here we

are in the updated Unity Hub it asks you

to sign in so go ahead and do that if

you don't have an account you can create

one it's free Unity itself has a free

personal version so you don't have to

pay anything go ahead create an account

and log in and right away it selects a

version to install here you can install

this version right away but we're

actually going to install a specific

version that might or might not be the

same as the pre-selected version

depending on when you're watching this

so over here either way you can either

install or skip this then here we have

un Hub open on the left side we have

some buttons we can manage our account

we can install various un versions or

check out the projects so over here on

the projects tab we can add a project

but before doing that let's go ahead and

download the interactive exercises

project go on to the course website on

this lecture then scroll down and find

the downloadable project files yep it's

this one so go ahead and download that

it's a simple zip file just open it and

extract it somewhere and now back here

in unity Hub let's go in the project Tab

and then up here let's add a project

select the one we just downloaded and

let's open okay yep so here it is and

over here it says the version that this

project was built with if you don't have

this version you can click this button

to download it and yep it will download

the correct Unity version now

technically I should say you can load

the project with a later Unity version

doesn't specifically have to be this one

but in order to avoid any confusion with

menus being in different places in order

to avoid any of that I highly encourage

you to use the exact same version so

there it is everything is installed

everything is ready so now we can click

to open up this

project and yep here is the project open

now let's just do a little bit more

setup for example let's go up top over

here let's go into edit and then let's

open up the preferences then over here

on this window on the left side let's

scroll down into external tools and over

here for the external script editor make

sure you select your Visual Studio

installation or if you prefer you can

obviously use a different ID but if

you're following everything along with

this course make sure you select Visual

Studio okay then for the extra options

you can leave everything like this and

here's a screenshot of my general

options I believe all of this is the

default so now we can close this window

and now if we have correctly set the

external editor if we go up here into

assets and then click on open C project

Yep this one should open your Visual

Studio okay great so far so good now

just one thing you should already see

the code kind of like this meaning with

a bunch of colors so for example if I

place the mouse over here on top of mono

Behavior it should correctly identify

this is a class inside Unity engine this

is a Unity specific class if you don't

see it if you Mouse over this and

doesn't recognize this type or if you

see this as written in complely Gray if

so then perhaps something went wrong

during installation so you might need to

manually install the visual studio tools

for Unity you can just Google Visual

Studio tools for Unity you'll be able to

find this page and you can can download

it but if you follow everything then

everything should be working correctly

okay great okay so here we have the

default Unity layout now first things

first let's just familiarize ourselves

with the various Unity Windows and

create our custom layout you can see

there's a lot of tabs everywhere like

for example the scene tab the game Tab

and so on you can click and drag and

move these tabs anywhere you can make

them into separate places or you can

dock them into various kinds of places

so you can basically set up the editor

in any way you want but it won't be

easier to follow this course if you're

following the same layout as me so let's

see the layout that I normally use first

is over here the inspector on the right

side this way we always have a nice view

of the select object and whatever

scripts it has then for the Hier key

personally I prefer that instead of here

I click and drag and I put it right here

next to this one I like having the Hier

key over here on this lower left corner

we're going to make sure our scene is

always organized so we don't need the

Hier key to take up tons of space then

with the project files next to it and

with the console tab on the next tab

next over here in the center here we

have the scene View and right next to it

the game view this way we can easily

view all of our objects the console

project everything is nicely accessible

so this is the basic layout that are

normally use now for just a couple more

options over here when the project files

window is selected on these three dots

on the top right corner on these

personally I like to select the one

column layout it showcases all the

project files in a nice compact view

then on the console next to it once

again on the three dots over here we

have some options for example over here

on the log entry I like to set it to one

this makes the console nice and compact

which personally I prefer you can see a

bunch more logs without taking up too

much space then the time stamp are

either enable or disabled doesn't really

matter one very important thing are

these three buttons over here these are

the type of messages that are going to

appear on the console so the left one

this one is for regular messages we're

going to use this quite a lot the second

one is for warnings and finally for

errors basically if you un toogle any of

these then those types of messages will

not show up over here on the console so

if you ever come across an issue where

nothing is showing up on the console

make sure these three buttons are tick

then over here on the left side for the

clear we have some options so on this

little arrow I like to set it to clear

on play which means the console will be

cleared every time we start playing our

game then for the collapse this one

basically collapses messages that are

exactly the same into just one entry

personally I do not like this I think

this is very confusing I want to be able

to see every single message as it comes

out even if it's identical to a previous

one I've also seen this lead to a lot of

confusion for a lot of beginners they

think their code is just firing one

message when reality it's actually

firing hundreds So to avoid any

confusion leave collapse un toggled and

then for the error pause this will

automatically pause the game when some

kind of error occurs so for this one you

should definitely have this toggled if

there is an error you want to know about

it you want to know when it happens so

you can actually fix it okay so that's

it for the console and now on the game

view up here and over here on the button

that says free aspect let's select full

HD 1920 x 1080 this is the standard 16x9

aspect ratio then on that same button

you can also enable vsnc this can be

helpful because some of these demos are

really simple so if you disable it they

might run at like a th000 frames per

second which is going to put a ton of

unneeded stress on your graphics card so

just leave it as vsync and then just one

thing if you see your game view is

looking a little bit too pixelated make

sure on this here on this lad you are

not fully zoomed in if I fully zoom in I

can see this becomes a little bit

pixelated this basically just increasing

the size of this window so on this this

one on the scale make sure it's pushed

all the way to the left okay so that's

the game view setup then for the scene

view for this one pretty much all

default should work just fine just one

thing to know some demos are in 2D so

for that up here on the top right corner

there's a button to swap between 2D or

3D this just changes the scene camera

and then one important thing is on the

top left corner over here there's these

two buttons this impacts where the

handles are actually going to show up

usually you want to keep them just like

this meaning this one on pivot and this

one on local if you ever see your

handles on some weird places always come

back to this you almost always want it

to be on pivot and local okay so here we

have our basic layout it will be easier

to follow the course if you're using the

exact same layout as me so ideally you

should be using this but again all the

windows are customizable so if there's

something you absolutely prefer

differently then go ahead you can drag

your windows and place them anywhere

once you have layout your happy with you

can go on the top right corner and over

here where it says default you can click

on it and we can basically save a layout

so you can go ahead save it to something

and then if you ever find any issues you

can reload a previous layout so here

we're back into default and if I click

it yep now back into this one okay so

now that the layout is all set up let's

go through the basics of the UN editor

so first just some basic controls over

here with the scene view selected this

where we can move around and view the

entire game world you can hold the right

Mouse button in order to look around

then if you're holding the right Mouse

button you can press W and in order to

move around if you press on shift it

increase the speed while holding the

mouse button if you use the scroll wheel

you can either increase or decrease the

speed alternatively you can stop holding

the right Mouse button and just press

the middle bouse button in order to pan

around or hold alt and left click in

order to rotate around any kind of

object and if you have have some kind of

object over here on the hierarchy if you

get lost like for example you're moving

way far away and you have no idea where

the object is you can just select it and

then press the F key and it's

automatically going to focus that object

then here on the hierarchy window this

shows all the game objects that exist in

this scene a game object is really just

a name for an object in unity so each

one of these each one is a separate game

object to create a game object we can

simply click on the plus icon and over

here we got a bunch of presets like for

example inside the 3D object let's

create the 3D cube let's press F in

order to zoom in onto it yep there you

go there's the basic Cube where an

object is selected we can see the

various gizmos the various handels that

we can move our object so over here by

clicking and dragging on these arrows we

can move our object in any way then on

the left side we see the various tools

so the first one is just for panning

around the second one is the move tool

so we can use it to move our object

third one is for rotating in any way

then we've got the scale tool we can

scale in any direction then the rec tool

this one is mostly used for 2D and UI

stuff but yeah pretty much also does

some scaling and then the multitool

which contains pretty much everything

and another similar one for editing the

bound volume although this one only

affects the Coller and not the actual

visual mesh so you should probably not

be using this one okay so with the game

object selected over here on the

inspector we can see a bunch of stats

for this game object Unity is really

based on components so here we can see

all the various components attached to

this game object each component does all

kinds of things for example this Cube

game object first of all this one has a

transform component all game objects are

going to have this component this is

basically what gives it a position

rotation and scale then specifically for

this game object this one as we can see

it has a cube visual so that visual is

composed of the cube mesh fil component

this is what holds the actual mesh that

is being rendered and the mesh render

component this is what actually renders

that mesh and finally by default this

one also has a box and letter which is

used in physics so in general the main

thing to remember is that Unity is made

up of scenes then each scene is made up

of game objects and each game object is

made up of components let's see an

example from the interactive exercis

they're all split into different scenes

they're organized by folders so for

example let's go inside the lecture

teaching all about if conditions and

let's open up this one for the distance

the way we open the scene is just with

double click and we can see this is a

scene because that has a nice Unity logo

so let's go in this case I don't want to

save the sample scene and Y here's the

scene and like I said most of the demos

these are actually in 2D so we can click

the 2D button in order to visualize it

in 2D in order to play the game you

simply click on the play button right up

here on the middle and you up here the

game view now is playing on whatever

logic is in this particular scene this

one is on the lecture talking about ifs

and if I click to move and showcase how

doing a simple if in order to test a

distance so in this case for example

let's inspect the player components so

select the player game object on the

Hier key and over here on the inspector

we can see it as the player script so we

can double click in order to open it and

yep it opens up visual studio and opens

up to the player script so here we can

see a bunch of code again don't worry

too much about what exactly this is

saying what exactly this is doing this

course W teach you everything about C so

everything that we're seeing here we're

going to learn about through the

entirety of this course right now the

only thing that I want you to learn with

regards to Unity and C is that Unity

scripts have some default functions

they've got an awake function and an

update function again I want to cover

what exactly are functions in detail in

a little bit so just know that the awake

or also the start function those only

run once whereas the update is going to

run on every frame so if our Unity

window is running on 60 frames per

second then this code will execute 60

times per second then for some Unity

specific things in order for script to

be attach as a component it needs to

extend this mono Behavior class in the

unity scripts many times we are going to

access the transform component so this

refers to the transform component

attached to whatever game object this

script is attached to and finally

debug.log this just a way that we can

write any messages to the console so

pretty much the same thing as the conso

right line that we're going to see in a

little bit okay so that's the absolute

basics of unity like I said you can use

C without Unity among using it to make

the interactive exercises and to make

the lectures a bit more visual which

should help you learn better also by the

way after you watch this whole course if

you want to learn how to make games in

unity then check out my entire course on

making the game kitchen chaos it's a

beginner course starting from the

absolute basis of unity and game

development and it takes you step by

step until we have a nice complete fun

game if you fully understand everything

in this course you w be able to easily

understand everything in that one okay

so in this lecture we installed unity

and learned the basics now we are ready

to learn how the interactive exercises

work which we're going to see in the

next lecture hello and welcome I'm your

KMI in this lecture we're going to learn

how the companion project works okay so

the companion project is something that

I work really hard on to help you truly

learn the contents in this course if you

do what I say if you make an effort to

go through everything all the content

inside of this companion project if you

do that then by the end you will have

definitely Master C if you're following

along you already downloaded in sound

the project if not go ahead and download

it from the link under this lecture so

the companion project contains a ton of

stuff first of all everything is over

here on the project files all separated

by lectures so all the demos that I

Showcase in the videos you can come here

and inspect them in order to see all the

code that makes up those demos but also

the main way to interact with this

project is through a bunch of custom

editor Windows the main one is the main

window so it should be open already if

you import the project if not you can go

up here onto the Code Monkey menu and

let's open up the main window and yep it

is this window now the first thing this

window actually has is an update Checker

that runs automatically as I add more

exercise or quiz or questions to the

project as I do that I will update the

project so when that happens you will

see a nice popup where you can click

which will take you to this very lecture

where you can always find the latest

project version then over here you've

got some nice stats so basically it

tracks your completion as you go through

all the content in the course it will

keep track of all of it the goal is for

you to get to 100% completion by the end

then we have a button that takes us to

the lecture list so over here you can

select what lecture you're on like for

example let's say we are inspecting the

variables lecture and now we can browse

the three parts for each lecture there

are frequently Asked question questions

quizzes and exercises each of these has

a separate Unity window by clicking on

it it should open that window so for

example here is the one for frequently

asked questions this one shows some

common questions and if you click

through it you get a very detailed

answer so these provide even more

clarification on the topic covered in

the lecture next we have the quizzes so

these are multiple choice questions you

get a question and various options again

these are related to the contents of

that specific lecture so if you fully

understood everything you should be able

to get all of these questions correctly

but whether you get them right or wrong

either way you get an answer with nice

explanation with some extra

clarification and then the exercise

window these are exercises that rather

than just answering questions you have

to actually write code for example

here's a basic one from the variables

lecture it asks you to define a certain

speed variable so here on the text you

need to edit some script declare a

variable of type int with the name speed

and assign the value five to it right

away we can click on start exercise this

is basically going to load up all the

files for that exercise now this one is

pretty simple we just need to follow the

instructions so in this case we just

need to define a speed variable so we

can open up the exercise. Cs file it

should open up automatically and over

here we see some more instructions in

the comments so now here all we have to

do is just complete whatever the

exercise is and if you get stuck in any

exercise all of them they all have hints

which should help point you in the right

direction then if you get really really

stuck you can also just view the

solution so this will tell you exactly

what you need to do in order to manually

complete the exercise or alternative

there's a button to apply a solution

this one is basally going to overwrite

the exercise files with the correct

solution then once you complete the

exercise you can see a nice completion

message and something very important is

the button here for the video walk

through this one is exactly what it says

it's basically me going through the

exercise explaining how to complete it

and what exactly the exercise is

teaching then when you're done you can

click the button to complete the

exercise this will basically clean up

all the exercise file so you can go back

and go on to the next one also some

exercise have a Unity scene like this

one so so you need to complete the

exercise you need to write the code and

then you need to hit play over here

inside of unity in order to test your

code and see if you have actually

successfully completed the exercise if

so then again same thing just stop

playing complete the exercise and go on

to the next one also related to the

exercise window is a separate companion

window which you should also open it

should be opened by default in this

corner if not again go into code monkey

and open up the companion window so you

have this is a really nice companion

window that listens to a bunch of

compiler errors and gives you some

guidance this one is separate from the

exercises so this is constantly reading

for errors whether there's an exercise

active or not so this can be helpful

even if you're trying to write some

regular code if you're trying to test

out how something in some lecture

actually works this provides a bunch of

useful guidance for tons and tons of

compiler errors so you should keep this

window open and visible at all times

I've said many times that the way that

you truly learn is by writing code not

just by blindly watching the videos you

need to actually do something you need

to apply your knowledge in order to

truly learn so I'm really happy with

this companion project that I built

especially these exercises they really

encourage you to write code related to

the concept of each lecture and in doing

so you will actually sidify the

knowledge you gained there are many

exercises for every lecture this is

something that took a ton of work to

make so I really hope you make the

effort to go through everything in this

companion project to help you truly

understand all the contents inside of

this course so as you're going through

the course first watch and listen to the

entire video lecture make sure you're

paying attention and real learning pause

the video and Rewind if you need to then

after watching that lecture go on to the

companion to project then over here load

up the lecture list and go on to

whatever lecture you're currently on

then read all of the frequently asked

questions and the detailed answers then

go through all the quizzes and try to

answer them all correctly and then go

through all the exercises and really put

into practice what you learned in that

lecture you can see there's a bunch of

content already for all the lectures up

until this point so take this time right

now to pause the video and go through

all of this to ensure you are fully

understanding everything up until this

point by the end of this course you

should have all of your totals set up

100% completion if you do that then you

will truly have learned C which will

then allow you to build anything you can

imagine all right so we're almost ready

to start learning C but before we do

let's go through a bunch of really

common errors in the next

lecture hello and welcome I'm your kmy

in this lecture we're going to learn

about a bunch of common errors that you

might encounter so here's a list of the

many common errors that we're going to

cover in this lecture this lecture is

really mainly meant to act as a sort of

reference whenever you have an error

come back to this one to get some

guidance on what exactly it means and

how you can fix it I add this lecture

right here on the beginning of the

course before we get into writing any

code just so you are aware of these

various errors but if you are a complete

beginner then don't worry about fully

understanding everything in this lecture

right now for most lectures I highly

encourage you to stick with it and

rewatch a lecture if you don't fully

understand the contents but for this one

this one is special this one is really

intended as a reference if you are a

complete beginner then watch this

lecture just so you are aware of the

various possible errors that you might

encounter but don't worry too much about

understanding all the the individual

details in the code that we're going to

see everything mentioned here variables

classes type scope and so on these are

all things that I will cover in detail

in future lectures so just remember that

this lecture exists and refer back to it

if you encounter any of these errors

starting with the most common errors of

all some variation of these three

usually these mean some kind of symbol

is missing or it's in the wrong place

one of the most crucial things about any

kind of programming is how code has to

be written absolutely exact if you miss

just one symbol then everything breaks

this is really something that a lot of

complete beginners have a lot of trouble

with for example here this code has an

error and thankfully this one is

actually a very helpful error it is

correctly telling us that a parenthesis

is expected here we have an opening but

we have no close you always need to

match the same number of opening and

closing parentheses so the solution here

is pretty simple just close it yep then

here is another similar error this one

is saying there's an ending currently

braces expected and again same thing

different numbers so we've got one two

three openings but only one two closings

so we're missing one here and here is

another really common error this one is

because we have a missing semicolon the

semicolon is what actually defines the

end of an instruction without it the

compiler doesn't know that this

instruction has ended in C SHP new lines

don't really matter so I can paste

another line down here and hope these

are still errors having one line of code

on each line does not matter what

matters is the semicolon so always need

to add it to this one and to this one

then on these same mistakes if you make

something slightly different so instead

of the ending one you get rid of the

first one now there's a whole ton of

errors in this case they're not quite as

helpful so that is why you always got to

keep in mind you have to write the code

perfectly and here we have tons of

Errors so this is quite messy the one

that truly matters over here is this one

it's at the main function must declare a

body so the missing here is once again

has to do with the currently braces

we've got three closing but only two

opening so we're missing an opening on

this one and again same thing if for

example we forget to add this one then

again tons of Errors so again this one

is really tricky to figure out what is

going on the issue here is our missing

opening parentheses so these are really

the most common syntax errors if you see

any of these pay very very close

attention to how your code is written

remember it has to be written perfectly

so don't write some messy text write it

properly with all the required

parentheses all the currently braces and

semicolons next really important common

error is simply this one the type for

namespace could not be found so here I

am trying to Define a variable but as we

can see we have this are in the code

this is yet another way as to how code

must be written perfectly it is not just

the words that matter code is case

sensitive this is something that I see a

lot of beginners having trouble with

they think for example this and this

they think these two are the exact same

thing but they are not in terms of

English sure they sound the same they

look similar but in terms of the code

these are two completely separate things

the code really doesn't understand

meaning doesn't understand English it

really just understands syntax so always

always remember how code is case

sensitive changing something from

uppercase and lower case just doing that

one tiny change all of that suddenly

refers to something completely separate

again this is something that I see a lot

of beginners struggleing with so this is

something I will repeat quite a lot

throughout the beginner section of this

course if you have some error like this

one the type or Nam space could not be

found first thing you should do is

always double check the capitalization

double check that you wrote actually

perfect so in this case it is lowercase

int and yep that works also since we're

here one thing that is not an error but

rather a warning sometimes you might see

these green squigle lines these are

warnings or suggestions for how you can

improve your code in this case just says

the variable is assigned but it's never

used again that's because just just some

testing code in general just know

warnings are not errors so for example I

can compile this code and works

perfectly the warning is simply a

message that tells you that you're

probably doing something that you

probably don't mean to now here's a

similar error it says the name age does

not exist in this context and again same

thing capitalization problem age on

lower case and age with upper case on

the a these are two completely different

symbols same thing over here which is

saying tap namespace player cannot be

found and again some beginners might see

but it is the finest right here except

no it isn't once again same problem over

here player is on lowercase and that one

is capitalized so over here it needs to

be written exactly perfectly and yep now

it works and up here also perfectly and

yep now it works so as a beginner the

first question you should always ask

yourself is did I write the code

correctly and specifically in terms of

case sensitivity is everything written

perfectly exactly as it should be or not

that should be your very first question

another common error is this one it says

use of unassigned local variable this

one is pretty self-explanatory basically

you need to initialize a variable in

order to use it so in this case we

really just need to give it some value

and Y the error is gone related to

variables and data types a common error

is some variation of this one cannot

implicitly convert one type into another

one like it says this has to do with

trying to convert one type into another

for which there is no implicit

conversion this is a common problem over

here defining something as a float and

then assigning that float onto something

that sores an INT inss can really only

sore whole numbers so that is why this

does not work floats or decimal points

but ins cannot if you absolutely need to

do this then one thing you can do is

simply cast the value so over here put

int so you cast like that there's no

error anymore however if you do it then

this will lose some data for example if

over here for number I store 5.6 if I do

this and then I C it the value stored

over here in h this one is going to be

just five if you force the conversion

then basically anything after the

decimal is going to be ignored or the

same error can be due to the data type

that you're trying to store the data

type this one represents a 6 4bit int

whereas the int this one is only 32bit

int meaning that along can store

everything inside an INT and more you

can define an INT and then assign that

int onto a long this does work there's

no error on this line however there is

an error on this line that is because an

INT cannot hold all the values of a long

so you cannot implicitly convert a long

onto an end again if you really really

want to do it you can simply cast it

onto an end or alternatively trying to

do this again same thing cannot convert

a string onto an INT if you want to

basically parse a string then you can do

it like this x is the convert class and

convert it onto an n32 related to data

types is doing some math so a common

error is doing something like this so

basically you got 1id by 10 and you

expect the result to be 0.1 but nope the

result is actually zero that is because

when doing math between two inss the

result is going to be an INT and in an

INT we cannot sort the number 0.1 so

again it ignores everything after the

decimal point and returns just zero the

solution here is to cast one of the

numbers included in the calculation onto

a float and if have another result is

correct always keep in mind mind what

data type you're using and make sure

you're assigning the right data for the

right type then another common mistake

is when doing some conditions you might

write an N like this so one condition

and another one but this is not correct

with just one m% this is actually a

completely different operation this is a

bitwise and and not a logical and so

once again goes back to how you have to

write the code perfectly for a logical

and you need two erss or for a logical

or it's also not just one pipe it's

actually two also for equating values it

is two equals if you use just one equals

that actually is the assignment operator

so that is something completely

different if you want equality you need

two equals then after we learn about

functions a common is going to be this

one the name AG does not exist in the

current context now in this case the

capitalization is correct these are both

written perfectly exactly the problem

here is that this one up here this one

is a local variable and by being local

it means that this variable only exists

over here inside the main function and

down here inside this other function

down here does not exist at all this is

a problem to do with variable scope and

later on there is a detailed lecture on

that specific topic also after we learn

about functions and parameters one

common error is this kind of error this

is not a compile error it's just some

Behavior difference here a beginner

might think that if you define this then

you add this and this one in turn is

going to add two you might think that

over here is going to add two onto that

number but the answer is no when we run

this line this one still says 35 so the

value inside the age variable that one

is still 35 this has to do with

difference between working with

something as a copy versus a reference

there's a dedicated lecture on the topic

of value types versus reference types in

the intermediate section int is a value

type which means that it is passed in as

a copy so when we call this function

what this one receives is a copy of the

original data meaning it's just a copy

it has absolutely no connection to the

original variable so when we modify this

one we're just modifying the copy and

not the original value that is why over

here when we call this the original

value still stays exactly the same so

always remember whether you're working

with a copy or the original data then

when we start using classes this is a

common error it says an object

references required for the non-static

field method or property to be called in

the class lecture and in the static

lecture I talk a lot about the

difference between the class definition

and an instance of that class and that

is exactly the problem here this

function over here this one is not

marked as static but we are trying to

access it through the class name itself

as if it were static like the a says we

need an object reference meaning we need

to create an object of this type in

order to create an instance of that

class so we can define a player equals a

new player and now using this object

this instance of that class now we can

call it and yep everything works or

alternatively we can keep the same thing

we had previously and simply mark this

one as static so always be very very

careful are you intentionally trying to

access something through the class

itself or through some instance of that

class another common error that we're

going to run into once we start learning

about classes is this one it says

something is inaccessible due to its

protection level this has to do with the

access modifiers there's also a d

lecture on this Topic near the end of

the beginner section by default if you

omit the access modifier then it's going

to default to making it private and

private means that only this class over

here only this one can access this

function so if you want to access it

from elsewhere like for example from

this function up here if so then we need

to mark this as public and yep now it

does work then when writing some more

intermediate code you might encounter

something that does something like this

like require some encoding in order to

save some bytes onto some text but if

you just try using the encoding type if

you do then it says like this once again

the same thing the typew word namespace

could not be found now this one is not a

capitalization problem the class is

indeed called encoding however this one

exists inside the system. text namespace

so before we can actually use it we need

to be using that namespace so on top of

f we need to add using system. text in

this case and yep the errors go away and

this now works alternatively you can

place a mouse over the error then click

on this little light bulb icon and this

tells you a bunch of things like for

example it needs using text and if there

you go it does and it works all right so

those are a bunch of common errors again

like I said if you're a complete

beginner and you didn't understand

anything in this lecture that's

perfectly fine all these Concepts

variables functions classes and so on

all this will be explained in detail in

future lectures just keep in mind that

this lecture exists if you ever get suck

chances are you're going to encounter

one of these errors if so come back here

for an explanation on what might be

going wrong and how you might fix it so

remember this lecture and use it as a

reference throughout the entire course

now that we've covered this we are ready

to begin learning the absolute basis of

programming so let's learn that in the

next lecture hello and welcome I'm your

Cod monkey in this lecture we're going

to learn the absolute basics of

programming so how the computer executes

code how code is C sensitive matching

parentheses and a bunch more okay so in

the getting stting lecture we built this

default conso app project here we have a

bunch of code again I will explain all

this in detail in a little bit this one

over here is a comment and here we've

got something running a function order

to print some text onto the console we

can run this code so again we can go up

here press F5 and yep it runs the

console and right away it does say our

message now the first thing to learn is

how the code actually runs and that is

how the code runs from top to bottom

meaning if we have four instructions it

is going to first run this line of code

then it's going to run this line of code

then this one and finally this one it is

always going to execute one after the

other always from top to bottom now

later on when we'll learn more about

functions we will see how the code

execution jumps a little bit but in the

end it's really all just sequentially

running from one to the other from top

to bottom so up here if I copy this line

and I run this function twice and on the

second time I say something else again

code runs from top to bottom so it just

going to first execute this one and

print this line onto the console and

then it's going to execute this one you

know that it is exactly like that also

one very important thing is in C the end

of an instruction is denoted by a

semicolon if we do not have it if I

erase this then the code basically

assumes that the instruction is not over

another thing is how new lines don't

really matter to the compiler so I can

add a bunch of new lines and then the

semicolon and now this is perfectly

valid code all same thing when accessing

a function so over here I can add a ton

of new lines right after the dot I can

add a ton of new lines now you can't add

it in the middle of something like in

the middle of this function name if I

split it then it does cause an error but

otherwise new lines generally do not

matter in terms of running the code all

that really matters is the semicolon

that is what actually defines the end of

an instruction a lot of beginners make

the mistake of forgetting about that

they usually forget about the semicolon

and they get a whole bunch of Errors

which by the way if you see a red

squiggly line and you just put the mouse

over it it won't tell you the error in

this case the error is simple and our

helper function actually helps us see

what the error is so in here there's

just an expected semicolon if we add it

everything's fine so you find any

strange issues always make sure to

remember that you need a semicolon in

order to end an instruction and also

speaking of things that don't matter so

new lines generally don't matter and

another thing that does not matter is

identation so right now I can ident this

line just like this and it's going to

run and I can have another one ented a

bunch more so I can have code written

like this and if I run it y everything

still runs exactly the same if you've

done some Python Programming then in

that language initation does matter but

over here in C it does not this is

perfectly valid code although of course

bad initation like this one can make the

code hard to read so even though

technically it does not matter for the

compiler it definitely matters to you in

order to make the code easy to read so

always make sure you ident your code

properly another extremely extremely

important thing is how code is case

sensitive meaning for example over here

we've got an instruction a console.

right line if I said right right line

within lowercase L nope there is an

error there is no such thing called

right line within lowercase L there only

exists one with an upper CASL so you

need to always pay very very close

attention to how you write your code

this is one of the main things that I

see a lot of beginners make their

mistake they write code like this and

they don't know why it's not working

they assume that as long as the words

are correct so for example if I write it

like this they assume since this is

technically the same thing as over here

in terms of English they both say the

same thing they assume that because that

it should work but in reality no this

does not work and the answer is always

because they did not write the code

exactly as it needs to be it needs to be

100% exact including capitalization so

it cannot be in lowercase C it has to be

an uppercase C only that actually

matches the console and right line

cannot be written like this the W needs

to be uppercase and the L also needs to

be uppercase so if you have issues in

your code the first thing you should

check is see if you are writing the

capitalization correctly it is is not

just the words that matter it's

everything it's the capitalization it's

the place where you put the dot the

place where you open and close

parentheses the semicolon all of that

all of that matters so always make sure

you write your code very carefully

because every single detail matters and

of course you can always rely on code

autoc completion to help you write

usually after writing a DOT you see the

auto completion and if you start writing

right line over here it shows you

exactly as it should be you can just

press enter and everything won't be

written properly now the next important

thing is knowing where to write the code

now over here in the new template over

here it's easy you can just just write

code and all of this will execute

without problems but now here on the

previous Center template on this one

note there's a bunch of currently braces

these currently braces form what is

known as a code block code is group

between blocks for example everything

inside of this code block everything

here belongs to this namespace then

everything inside this code block

belongs to this class and everything

inside this code block belongs to this

function again don't worry what is a

namespace class or function right now I

will cover all of those in detail later

on for now all I want you to learn is

what is a code block which is everything

inside a currently bracet and that

impacts what kind of code you can write

within each code blog so for example in

this whole template in this one here we

need to write the code inside the main

function this is where the program

actually starts executing like I said

the code executes from top to bottom and

as soon as we run this program it is

going to start right here from inside

the main function it starts running from

this first line if we run just like this

if there go it still works say exactly

the same thing however if I take this

code and I remove it from the function

and let's say I paste it just over here

so just inside the class code block if I

do then obviously I get a whole bunch of

error this because we are writing code

inside a class block and inside a class

block you cannot execute a normal

instruction you can only Define Fields

functions and so on now in this case the

error isn't very helpful so really just

remember where you are writing your code

if you're writing a regular instruction

that you want to execute then chances

are you want to write it inside a

function in this case chances are you

want to write it inside the main

function so always keep this in mind

like I said it's very important how you

actually write your code but it's also

extremely important where you write it

if you're writing code inside of this

own template then make sure to not write

the code out here here or directly

inside namespace or directly inside the

class if you're writing some kind of regular instruction make sure you write

regular instruction make sure you write inside main although in the beginning

inside main although in the beginning portion of this course we're really just

portion of this course we're really just going to be writing our code in the

going to be writing our code in the simpler newer template just to avoid any

simpler newer template just to avoid any confusion over here we have no currently

confusion over here we have no currently braces so there's no issues like that we

braces so there's no issues like that we can just write all of our instructions

can just write all of our instructions over here sequentially and everything

over here sequentially and everything will execute once again top to bottom

will execute once again top to bottom and finally very important is to always

and finally very important is to always make sure you have matching opening and

make sure you have matching opening and closing symbols that refers to for

closing symbols that refers to for example code blocks every opening

example code blocks every opening currently brace needs to have an ending

currently brace needs to have an ending one and same thing over here here for

one and same thing over here here for parenthesis every time there's one

parenthesis every time there's one beginning there has to be a matching any

beginning there has to be a matching any one if I go ahead and I erase one of

one if I go ahead and I erase one of these like for example over here opening

these like for example over here opening namespace we've got one then inside the

namespace we've got one then inside the class we've got two and inside the main

class we've got two and inside the main we've got three and over here we have

we've got three and over here we have three closing ones but if I get rid of

three closing ones but if I get rid of one of these if there you go now we have

one of these if there you go now we have an error and this one is a nice up error

an error and this one is a nice up error so it tells us that one more is expected

so it tells us that one more is expected so always double check that you have the

so always double check that you have the exact same number of both opening and

exact same number of both opening and closing braces and parentheses over here

closing braces and parentheses over here same thing if I raise one of these

same thing if I raise one of these parentheses y that's also an error

parentheses y that's also an error because we did not finish the

because we did not finish the parentheses that are calling the

parentheses that are calling the function so always make sure the same

function so always make sure the same number of matching opening and closing

number of matching opening and closing if you put the cursor inside of it it

if you put the cursor inside of it it should highlight the opening and the

should highlight the opening and the closing braces so if I put the cursor

closing braces so if I put the cursor here it highlights both those if I put

here it highlights both those if I put it here it highlights both those and so

it here it highlights both those and so on and in general whenever you make some

on and in general whenever you make some sort of error like let's say you forgot

sort of error like let's say you forgot to write that you forgot to terminate

to write that you forgot to terminate the instruction you see the red

the instruction you see the red squidling line so always remember you

squidling line so always remember you can place your mouse over it and gives

can place your mouse over it and gives you a bit more information sometimes the

you a bit more information sometimes the eror is super helpful like this one but

eror is super helpful like this one but sometimes might be a little bit more

sometimes might be a little bit more confusing so also remember you can refer

confusing so also remember you can refer back to the common errors lection sure

back to the common errors lection sure to see some common issues or of course

to see some common issues or of course remember you can always post questions

remember you can always post questions in the comments and I'll do my best to

in the comments and I'll do my best to help okay so here we'll learn how code

help okay so here we'll learn how code executes from top to bottom we'll

executes from top to bottom we'll learned how it's extremely important

learned how it's extremely important that code is case sensitive and you

that code is case sensitive and you should always double check that you

should always double check that you wrote the code exactly as it should be

wrote the code exactly as it should be and we learned what is a code block and

and we learned what is a code block and where we should write code as well as

where we should write code as well as importance on making sure we always have

importance on making sure we always have a matching number of opening and closing

a matching number of opening and closing symbols now with this basic knowledge we

symbols now with this basic knowledge we are now ready to learn one of the basic

are now ready to learn one of the basic building blocks of programming which are

building blocks of programming which are variables so let's learn that in the

variables so let's learn that in the next lecture

hello and welcome I'm your KMI in this lecture we're going to learn all about

lecture we're going to learn all about variables what they are and what we can

variables what they are and what we can do with them okay so variables are one

do with them okay so variables are one of the most important parts about

of the most important parts about programming in literally any language

programming in literally any language they are basically containers for data

they are basically containers for data so we can define a variable which is

so we can define a variable which is going to be our container and then we

going to be our container and then we can take some data and put it inside

can take some data and put it inside that container now variables also have

that container now variables also have data types which means different

data types which means different containers can hold different things so

containers can hold different things so if a variable is meant to store a whole

if a variable is meant to store a whole number I cannot place a text string

number I cannot place a text string inside of it there are some containers

inside of it there are some containers that can only hold numbers some

that can only hold numbers some containers Can Only Hold text others can

containers Can Only Hold text others can hold true or false and a bunch more

hold true or false and a bunch more those are the data types which we're

those are the data types which we're going to cover in detail in the next

going to cover in detail in the next lecture and then we can also have some

lecture and then we can also have some code I use a variable and basically when

code I use a variable and basically when the code is executing that line of code

the code is executing that line of code in there when it reaches this point it

in there when it reaches this point it is going to access this variable and

is going to access this variable and grab the value from that variable so

grab the value from that variable so basically goes inside that container in

basically goes inside that container in order to grab the value that is stored

order to grab the value that is stored so on the same line of code if we modify

so on the same line of code if we modify the value that is actually stored inside

the value that is actually stored inside the variable basically we modify the

the variable basically we modify the behavior of our code so by writing code

behavior of our code so by writing code that uses variables instead of values

that uses variables instead of values directly by doing that we have a lot

directly by doing that we have a lot more control over exactly what our code

more control over exactly what our code is doing for example the exact same code

is doing for example the exact same code to move a player can make it move fast

to move a player can make it move fast or make it move slow depending on what

or make it move slow depending on what value we store inside that variable okay

value we store inside that variable okay so that's the theory now let's see how

so that's the theory now let's see how to make variables in code and the way we

to make variables in code and the way we Define a variable in C is first we write

Define a variable in C is first we write the data type now there are various data

the data type now there are various data types depending on what type of data we

types depending on what type of data we want to store like I said some store

want to store like I said some store strings of text others store whole

strings of text others store whole numbers others decimals and so on I'm

numbers others decimals and so on I'm going to cover a bunch of data types in

going to cover a bunch of data types in detail in the next lecture for example

detail in the next lecture for example over here let's store the simplest data

over here let's store the simplest data type just whole numbers and for that we

type just whole numbers and for that we write in for the int data type this is

write in for the int data type this is an integer so basically whole numbers

an integer so basically whole numbers and also again like I mentioned in the

and also again like I mentioned in the last lecture it is extremely important

last lecture it is extremely important that you write the code exact always

that you write the code exact always remember how it's case sensitive so for

remember how it's case sensitive so for defining the int data type it is exactly

defining the int data type it is exactly like this so int on lowercase if I make

like this so int on lowercase if I make this an uppercase i then the code no

this an uppercase i then the code no longer knows what this refers to if I

longer knows what this refers to if I put the whole thing in caps then nope

put the whole thing in caps then nope this is not recognized that as data type

this is not recognized that as data type so once again always remember always

so once again always remember always write the code properly and perfectly so

write the code properly and perfectly so in this case on lowercase int so first

in this case on lowercase int so first we Define the data type and then we

we Define the data type and then we write the name for the variable the name

write the name for the variable the name can be pretty much anything you want

can be pretty much anything you want there are only a handful of limitation

there are only a handful of limitation like for example it cannot start with a

like for example it cannot start with a number so this is not a valid name but

number so this is not a valid name but for the most part picking a proper name

for the most part picking a proper name like for example let's say age yep there

like for example let's say age yep there you go just like this basically over

you go just like this basically over here we are defining a variable called

here we are defining a variable called age which is of type int and now after

age which is of type int and now after defining the H variable we can do an

defining the H variable we can do an equal sign and basically we can assign a

equal sign and basically we can assign a value to this variable so let's say 35

value to this variable so let's say 35 with this we are assigning the value 35

with this we are assigning the value 35 onto the age variable so basically

onto the age variable so basically picking the value 35 and placing it

picking the value 35 and placing it inside the age container also it's very

inside the age container also it's very important that the value matches the

important that the value matches the type expected by the variable so over

type expected by the variable so over here I cannot write for example 35.2

here I cannot write for example 35.2 this does not work this is an error

this does not work this is an error because again in can only store whole

because again in can only store whole numbers so I cannot store a decimal here

numbers so I cannot store a decimal here so over here let's make sure to write a

so over here let's make sure to write a whole number let's say 35 and also as

whole number let's say 35 and also as you write code you might see some

you write code you might see some symbols appear in kind of a faded gray

symbols appear in kind of a faded gray as well as having the screens quickly

as well as having the screens quickly lined underneath these are not errors

lined underneath these are not errors these are pretty much as code

these are pretty much as code suggestions so in this case it is saying

suggestions so in this case it is saying that we are assigning this variable but

that we are assigning this variable but the value is never used again that's

the value is never used again that's because I'm writing the code slowly as I

because I'm writing the code slowly as I teach what it's doing so basically just

teach what it's doing so basically just don't get concerned with these green

don't get concerned with these green squiggle lines these won't go away as we

squiggle lines these won't go away as we actually use this variable so just

actually use this variable so just remember these are not errors so don't

remember these are not errors so don't worry about them okay so yep here we

worry about them okay so yep here we have defined the variable H and the

have defined the variable H and the variable is basically a container which

variable is basically a container which is currently holding the value 35 if we

is currently holding the value 35 if we want to inspect a value inside a

want to inspect a value inside a variable for example one way we can do

variable for example one way we can do it is with the very helpful console that

it is with the very helpful console that right line that we've seen up here so

right line that we've seen up here so let's write the exact same thing and

let's write the exact same thing and once again always make sure to write the

once again always make sure to write the code exactly perfectly so you can just

code exactly perfectly so you can just do right line age and this basically

do right line age and this basically going to print the age onto the console

going to print the age onto the console so if you go ahead and run this and if

so if you go ahead and run this and if there it is it printed the value 35 so

there it is it printed the value 35 so basically as the code goes to execute

basically as the code goes to execute this line of code when it reaches this

this line of code when it reaches this point it then looks inside this variable

point it then looks inside this variable and pretty much just replace over here

and pretty much just replace over here with what is the contents inside that

with what is the contents inside that variable so yeah great it's this simple

variable so yeah great it's this simple here I have a demo in unity with this

here I have a demo in unity with this player character it is being moved using

player character it is being moved using this move speed variable and basically

this move speed variable and basically it is currently moving at this speed and

it is currently moving at this speed and now if I take and I modify the value

now if I take and I modify the value inside this variable there you go now it

inside this variable there you go now it moves much faster or much slower so

moves much faster or much slower so basically every time the movement

basically every time the movement function is running it is always

function is running it is always grabbing the value inside this move

grabbing the value inside this move speed so if we modify this then it

speed so if we modify this then it modifies the actual Behavior so back in

modifies the actual Behavior so back in our symol console here here we have set

our symol console here here we have set the age to a value then we can also

the age to a value then we can also modify variables so for example let's

modify variables so for example let's print the current age so that it should

print the current age so that it should print 35 then let's go inside the age

print 35 then let's go inside the age and do something to it for example let's

and do something to it for example let's assign it to a brand new value and let's

assign it to a brand new value and let's print the age exactly the same and let's

print the age exactly the same and let's see and if there you go now it prints

see and if there you go now it prints both values both the original value and

both values both the original value and the updated value now instead of

the updated value now instead of assigning to modify the entire value we

assigning to modify the entire value we can also do some math to it and we can

can also do some math to it and we can also use the variable in whatever meth

also use the variable in whatever meth we want to do so for example let's say h

we want to do so for example let's say h equals H + 1 so this should increase by

equals H + 1 so this should increase by one so it should say 36 and if that go

one so it should say 36 and if that go 35 and 36 also another way of doing

35 and 36 also another way of doing exactly this so incrementing by one is

exactly this so incrementing by one is you just do Plus+ so both these lines of

you just do Plus+ so both these lines of code are doing exactly the same thing

code are doing exactly the same thing both are incrementing age by one and yet

both are incrementing age by one and yet another method of doing this is plus

another method of doing this is plus equals and then one so what we have here

equals and then one so what we have here is exactly the same thing as we have up

is exactly the same thing as we have up here so basically takes the age and

here so basically takes the age and equals H + 1 so over here h plus equals

equals H + 1 so over here h plus equals this does the exact same thing as up

this does the exact same thing as up here so all these are really just

here so all these are really just different ways of writing the exact same

different ways of writing the exact same operation although on this one on the

operation although on this one on the Plus+ we can only do this once so this

Plus+ we can only do this once so this one only increments by one whereas these

one only increments by one whereas these we can modify and put any value and of

we can modify and put any value and of course here we are doing addition but we

course here we are doing addition but we can do the same thing with subtraction

can do the same thing with subtraction so minus minus in order to decrement by

so minus minus in order to decrement by one so all these also work and then on

one so all these also work and then on these two we can also do multiplication

these two we can also do multiplication or division yep so over here we are

or division yep so over here we are taking the age and multiplying it by two

taking the age and multiplying it by two and over here we are taking the age and

and over here we are taking the age and dividing it by two however this short

dividing it by two however this short hand this one only works for

hand this one only works for incrementing and decrementing if we try

incrementing and decrementing if we try doing slash slash nope this one becomes

doing slash slash nope this one becomes a the common doesn't actually make a

a the common doesn't actually make a division so there's lots of math

division so there's lots of math operations you can do with variables and

operations you can do with variables and also up here when you define a variable

also up here when you define a variable you don't necessarily need to assign a

you don't necessarily need to assign a value right away so this over here is

value right away so this over here is perfectly valid code however like the

perfectly valid code however like the red Squig line says over here use of

red Squig line says over here use of unassigned local variable meaning we

unassigned local variable meaning we need to actually assign a value before

need to actually assign a value before we actually use it so this is valid code

we actually use it so this is valid code but before we use it we need to assign

but before we use it we need to assign it to something so for example like this

it to something so for example like this and Yep this does work also another

and Yep this does work also another thing is how you can Define multiple

thing is how you can Define multiple variables at once so you define the type

variables at once so you define the type and then Define the variable and then a

and then Define the variable and then a comma and then any other variable you

comma and then any other variable you want so for example an in for age in for

want so for example an in for age in for health in for power something like that

health in for power something like that so we have defined three variables and

so we have defined three variables and then we can just assign values to them

then we can just assign values to them Yep this works or alternatively we can

Yep this works or alternatively we can also just Define and assign multiple of

also just Define and assign multiple of them right here Yep this is also valid

them right here Yep this is also valid code then I should also point out that

code then I should also point out that you can do math directly on the

you can do math directly on the variables like this or you can also do

variables like this or you can also do it directly inside a function call so

it directly inside a function call so for example over here H+ 2 let's just

for example over here H+ 2 let's just erase both of these so that one should

erase both of these so that one should say first 25 and then 25 + 2 and if you

say first 25 and then 25 + 2 and if you go 25 and 27 but for example let's say

go 25 and 27 but for example let's say you want to print out the age and then

you want to print out the age and then the health if you do age plus Health if

the health if you do age plus Health if you do this the that actually prints 125

you do this the that actually prints 125 instead of actually printing out both

instead of actually printing out both values both as separate things that's

values both as separate things that's because both of these These are both

because both of these These are both numeric values so it basically ends up

numeric values so it basically ends up doing math with both these if you want

doing math with both these if you want to print out both values then you

to print out both values then you basically just need to convert these

basically just need to convert these into a string that way they won't do any

into a string that way they won't do any mathematical operations so the easiest

mathematical operations so the easiest way is up here we just had a quotation

way is up here we just had a quotation marks this basically marks the beginning

marks this basically marks the beginning of a string and then another one to Mark

of a string and then another one to Mark the end of it again remember all have

the end of it again remember all have matching ones so inside the string we

matching ones so inside the string we can add anything like for example a

can add anything like for example a comma and then we add a plus and like

comma and then we add a plus and like this basically an INT Value Plus a

this basically an INT Value Plus a string it's going to convert the whole

string it's going to convert the whole thing into a string then add another int

thing into a string then add another int which is also going to be a string so it

which is also going to be a string so it should now print a string that will both

should now print a string that will both print the age and the health and if

print the age and the health and if there it is just like this okay so here

there it is just like this okay so here we'll learn how variables are really

we'll learn how variables are really basically just containers for some data

basically just containers for some data and then you can do some operations to

and then you can do some operations to modify that data and speaking of data

modify that data and speaking of data importantly is how each variable has a

importantly is how each variable has a specific data type so let's learn about

specific data type so let's learn about those in the next lecture

those in the next lecture hello and welcome I'm your Cod monkey so

hello and welcome I'm your Cod monkey so here let's do a walk through of

here let's do a walk through of everything in the variables lecture so

everything in the variables lecture so basically I'm going to manually do

basically I'm going to manually do everything that you should do after

everything that you should do after every single lecture so we just saw the

every single lecture so we just saw the variables lecture so let's open up over

variables lecture so let's open up over here the main window let's go inside the

here the main window let's go inside the lecture list and this case we were

lecture list and this case we were following the variables lecture so let's

following the variables lecture so let's go inside of that one and let's do them

go inside of that one and let's do them one by one so let's begin with the

one by one so let's begin with the frequently asked questions these usually

frequently asked questions these usually provide some extra clarifications on the

provide some extra clarifications on the topic on the lecture so in this case

topic on the lecture so in this case starting off with the basics so what

starting off with the basics so what exactly is a variable a variable is a

exactly is a variable a variable is a container for data so think of it as a

container for data so think of it as a box and inside that box you can place

box and inside that box you can place some kind of value then you can write

some kind of value then you can write code that uses a variable instead of a

code that uses a variable instead of a value and by doing so when the code

value and by doing so when the code executes it will go inside that variable

executes it will go inside that variable grab the current sord value and continue

grab the current sord value and continue running the logic using that value this

running the logic using that value this also means you can have different

also means you can have different Behavior depending on the value stored

Behavior depending on the value stored inside the variable the simplest example

inside the variable the simplest example is just a player object with some

is just a player object with some movement code instead of writing the

movement code instead of writing the movement speed directly you can define a

movement speed directly you can define a variable and by modifying the value

variable and by modifying the value stored inside that variable you modify

stored inside that variable you modify how fast or slow the player moves so

how fast or slow the player moves so variables are basically just containing

variables are basically just containing to contain some value next why are data

to contain some value next why are data types important so each variable needs

types important so each variable needs to have a certain data type and that

to have a certain data type and that data type defines what type of data we

data type defines what type of data we can store inside that variable there are

can store inside that variable there are data types for storing numbers and if

data types for storing numbers and if you define a variable of that type then

you define a variable of that type then you cannot store a string of text inside

you cannot store a string of text inside that variable you always need to use the

that variable you always need to use the correct data type for whatever dat

correct data type for whatever dat you're trying to store and the next

you're trying to store and the next lecture covers data types in detail so

lecture covers data types in detail so yep every variable needs to have a

yep every variable needs to have a certain data type and based on what type

certain data type and based on what type you choose that defines what type of

you choose that defines what type of data you can store within that variable

data you can store within that variable next what is a good name for a variable

next what is a good name for a variable this is a great question so a good name

this is a great question so a good name is something that describes exactly what

is something that describes exactly what that variable represents ideally just by

that variable represents ideally just by reading the variable name you should be

reading the variable name you should be able to understand what it represents

able to understand what it represents and how it might be used for example a

and how it might be used for example a move speed variable this is a good

move speed variable this is a good variable name it clearly communicates

variable name it clearly communicates that this is a variable that is used as

that this is a variable that is used as some kind of movement speed whereas a

some kind of movement speed whereas a bad name would be X just by reading it

bad name would be X just by reading it you have no idea what it represents

you have no idea what it represents unless of course you're making some kind

unless of course you're making some kind of meth equation and X really is the

of meth equation and X really is the correct name for that element so you

correct name for that element so you should avoid abbreviations and acronyms

should avoid abbreviations and acronyms those might be perfectly clear to one

those might be perfectly clear to one person and very confusing to someone

person and very confusing to someone else there is a very very important

else there is a very very important lecture later on in the course all about

lecture later on in the course all about naming rules and how to choose good

naming rules and how to choose good names next question what happens if I

names next question what happens if I write int with capital i instead of int

write int with capital i instead of int and the answer is you get an error

and the answer is you get an error because there is no such type named int

because there is no such type named int with a capital I so always remember that

with a capital I so always remember that code is Kate sensitive the compiler does

code is Kate sensitive the compiler does not know English so as far as the

not know English so as far as the compiler is concerned int with uppercase

compiler is concerned int with uppercase and in lowercase these are two

and in lowercase these are two completely separate types with no

completely separate types with no relation between them whenever you get

relation between them whenever you get an error the first thing you should

an error the first thing you should should check is if you're writing the

should check is if you're writing the code absolutely perfectly pay very close

code absolutely perfectly pay very close attention to capitalization this

attention to capitalization this something that a a lot of me mistake and

something that a a lot of me mistake and Y this is something that I will continue

Y this is something that I will continue repeating many times throughout this

repeating many times throughout this course code is case sensitive I see many

course code is case sensitive I see many beginners make this mistake on the many

beginners make this mistake on the many comments that I receive so I'm repeating

comments that I receive so I'm repeating it nonstop because I want to make sure

it nonstop because I want to make sure that you don't make the same mistake

that you don't make the same mistake next question what is console. Right

next question what is console. Right line so this is a function that rites to

line so this is a function that rites to the C console the console this is

the C console the console this is actually a class and right line is a

actually a class and right line is a function within that class but like it

function within that class but like it says here don't worry about functions in

says here don't worry about functions in class right now those are all explained

class right now those are all explained in detail in future lectures for now

in detail in future lectures for now just know that it prints something to

just know that it prints something to the console and the alternative in unity

the console and the alternative in unity is this it is a simple debug.log

is this it is a simple debug.log basically if you're working in a console

basically if you're working in a console app use console. right line and if

app use console. right line and if you're writing some code inside a Unity

you're writing some code inside a Unity script for that the related one is

script for that the related one is debug.log and in doing so it will print

debug.log and in doing so it will print some kind of message down here on the

some kind of message down here on the console next question what are the

console next question what are the various ways to increment a variable and

various ways to increment a variable and yep all of these lines of code are doing

yep all of these lines of code are doing the exact same thing incrementing a

the exact same thing incrementing a variable by one so you can do H equals

variable by one so you can do H equals H+ one that will increment by one you

H+ one that will increment by one you can do AG plus equals 1 that won't do

can do AG plus equals 1 that won't do the exact same thing so grab Ag and

the exact same thing so grab Ag and increment by one or h++ which again same

increment by one or h++ which again same thing increments age by one all three of

thing increments age by one all three of these lines of code these all do the

these lines of code these all do the exact same thing like it says here these

exact same thing like it says here these are just short hands the last one is

are just short hands the last one is especially useful when working with

especially useful when working with loops which we're going to learn in a

loops which we're going to learn in a future lecture next and final frequently

future lecture next and final frequently Asked question what if I Define a

Asked question what if I Define a variable but don't give it a value if

variable but don't give it a value if you don't give it a value then the

you don't give it a value then the variable is uninitialized and cannot be

variable is uninitialized and cannot be used until you give it a value so if you

used until you give it a value so if you do something like this you get an error

do something like this you get an error so defining int age and then trying to

so defining int age and then trying to do a constant on the right line using AG

do a constant on the right line using AG if you do this you get an error because

if you do this you get an error because it says that the variable age is

it says that the variable age is uninitialized although later on the

uninitialized although later on the course we are going to cover classes and

course we are going to cover classes and class variables and if you don't Define

class variables and if you don't Define a value for those it won't default to a

a value for those it won't default to a zero value so the zero value that means

zero value so the zero value that means something like zero for an N Field means

something like zero for an N Field means false for a b field or known for a

false for a b field or known for a string field again class are covered in

string field again class are covered in detail in a future lecture all right so

detail in a future lecture all right so yep those are all the frequently asked

yep those are all the frequently asked questions as you can see they contain a

questions as you can see they contain a bit more detail a bit more specifics on

bit more detail a bit more specifics on what was covered in the lecture going

what was covered in the lecture going back in the main window we can see we

back in the main window we can see we have completed all seven frequently

have completed all seven frequently asked questions now let's go through all

asked questions now let's go through all the quizzes starting off with the first

the quizzes starting off with the first one right here what is the primary

one right here what is the primary purpose of a variable in C so is it to

purpose of a variable in C so is it to name a function to store data to execute

name a function to store data to execute commands or to create new data types

commands or to create new data types hopefully if you fully paid attention to

hopefully if you fully paid attention to the contents of the lecture you should

the contents of the lecture you should be able to answer all of these quizzes

be able to answer all of these quizzes correctly so in this case the primary

correctly so in this case the primary purpose if variable in C the primary

purpose if variable in C the primary purpose is to store data and if that is

purpose is to store data and if that is indeed correct here is the answer with

indeed correct here is the answer with some more details variables are

some more details variables are containers for data you define the

containers for data you define the variable and then put inside whatever

variable and then put inside whatever value you want based on the data type

value you want based on the data type then you can write code that uses that

then you can write code that uses that variable in some way and when that code

variable in some way and when that code executes it goes inside the variable

executes it goes inside the variable container grabs the value that is stored

container grabs the value that is stored inside it and uses that value to

inside it and uses that value to continue running the code next question

continue running the code next question which of the following is a correct way

which of the following is a correct way to declare an integer variable so is it

to declare an integer variable so is it integer age equals 35 is it int AG int

integer age equals 35 is it int AG int with uppercase i or all uppercase int

with uppercase i or all uppercase int again yet another example of how

again yet another example of how important case sensitivity is for

important case sensitivity is for example if you were to incorrectly

example if you were to incorrectly choose let's say this one with capital I

choose let's say this one with capital I nope this one is not correct the correct

nope this one is not correct the correct one is that all lowercase

one is that all lowercase answer always be very careful with how

answer always be very careful with how code is case sensitive int and uppercase

code is case sensitive int and uppercase int might look similar but they are two

int might look similar but they are two completely different things the biggest

completely different things the biggest mistake that beginners make is writing

mistake that beginners make is writing code carelessly and then have no idea

code carelessly and then have no idea why it isn't working so always pay very

why it isn't working so always pay very very close attention to capitalization

very close attention to capitalization write the code exactly as it should be

write the code exactly as it should be next Quiz how can you modify the value

next Quiz how can you modify the value of a variable is it by assigning a new

of a variable is it by assigning a new value to the variable by using the

value to the variable by using the modify keyword or by redeclaring the

modify keyword or by redeclaring the variable with a new value so if you

variable with a new value so if you redeclare you're going to get an error

redeclare you're going to get an error because you cannot declare two variables

because you cannot declare two variables of the exact same name and there's no

of the exact same name and there's no such thing as a modifi keyword so the

such thing as a modifi keyword so the correct answer is by assigning a new

correct answer is by assigning a new value the answer here you can define a

value the answer here you can define a variable and then assign a new value to

variable and then assign a new value to replace the previous value so Define in

replace the previous value so Define in h equal 35 and then replace it with 25

h equal 35 and then replace it with 25 like it says here you don't redeclare it

like it says here you don't redeclare it if you do you get an error since you

if you do you get an error since you cannot Define two variables in the same

cannot Define two variables in the same scope with the exact same name so over

scope with the exact same name so over here if you do this yep you get an error

here if you do this yep you get an error age is already defined however you can

age is already defined however you can also have multiple variables of the same

also have multiple variables of the same name as long as they are on completely

name as long as they are on completely different scopes for example you can

different scopes for example you can have a local variable named age inside

have a local variable named age inside one function and a different local

one function and a different local variable on a different function also

variable on a different function also named age there is a detail lecture on

named age there is a detail lecture on scope later on in the course next Quiz

scope later on in the course next Quiz what does the statement h++ do so does

what does the statement h++ do so does it reset the value of H to zero does it

it reset the value of H to zero does it divide the value of H by itself does it

divide the value of H by itself does it increase the value of H by one or

increase the value of H by one or multiply the value of H by two this one

multiply the value of H by two this one is a short hand for increasing by one so

is a short hand for increasing by one so yep it increased the value of H by one

yep it increased the value of H by one like it says here the shorthand for

like it says here the shorthand for increasing the value sored in the

increasing the value sored in the variable by one this is a really super

variable by one this is a really super useful shorthand especially when working

useful shorthand especially when working with loopes which we're going to cover

with loopes which we're going to cover in a future lecture these are the two

in a future lecture these are the two main shorthands so h++ and H minus minus

main shorthands so h++ and H minus minus although these two do not work you

although these two do not work you cannot do age multiply multiply this

cannot do age multiply multiply this doesn't work or divide divide also

doesn't work or divide divide also doesn't work so this shorthand only

doesn't work so this shorthand only works for these two but if you want to

works for these two but if you want to do this kind of math so multiplication

do this kind of math so multiplication and division if so you can use these

and division if so you can use these other short hands so plus equal 2us

other short hands so plus equal 2us equals 2 time equals divide equals next

equals 2 time equals divide equals next Quiz question what math operations can

Quiz question what math operations can you do on a variable so is it only

you do on a variable so is it only addition is it addition subtraction

addition is it addition subtraction multiplication and division or is it

multiplication and division or is it only assignment of values any up with

only assignment of values any up with variables you can do pretty much all

variables you can do pretty much all kinds of math so the answer is this one

kinds of math so the answer is this one you can add plus Subtract with minus

you can add plus Subtract with minus multiply and you can divide although of

multiply and you can divide although of course this assumes that the data type

course this assumes that the data type being used in the variable is a number

being used in the variable is a number type naturally you cannot multiply a

type naturally you cannot multiply a string or divide an object next multiple

string or divide an object next multiple choice question is it possible to

choice question is it possible to declare multiple variables in one line

declare multiple variables in one line so yes by separating them with a comma

so yes by separating them with a comma or no each variable must be declared in

or no each variable must be declared in a separate line and yep if you use a

a separate line and yep if you use a comma you can indeed Define multiple

comma you can indeed Define multiple variables in one line so yep you can do

variables in one line so yep you can do this this is perectly valid code so int

this this is perectly valid code so int age comma in health and so on this works

age comma in health and so on this works although at the same time while this is

although at the same time while this is valid code personally I tend to avoid

valid code personally I tend to avoid doing this because I feel like makes the

doing this because I feel like makes the code a bit more confusing so while you

code a bit more confusing so while you can do this personally I would always

can do this personally I would always Define each variable in a separate line

Define each variable in a separate line just to keep the code nice and readable

just to keep the code nice and readable next Quiz question how do you print the

next Quiz question how do you print the value of a variable to the console is it

value of a variable to the console is it with console. right line and the

with console. right line and the variable name is it console. print or

variable name is it console. print or just right line and this is something

just right line and this is something that you're going to do tons and tons of

that you're going to do tons and tons of times so even if you get it wrong right

times so even if you get it wrong right now you will certainly get this right

now you will certainly get this right soon enough the answer is this one

soon enough the answer is this one consant outright line a very common

consant outright line a very common function you use consant outright line

function you use consant outright line whenever you want to print anything onto

whenever you want to print anything onto the C console and by the way if you

the C console and by the way if you don't understand this syntax then don't

don't understand this syntax then don't worry this is a function and a static

worry this is a function and a static class all of that is explained in detail

class all of that is explained in detail in future lectures or alternatively when

in future lectures or alternatively when working with unity the similar function

working with unity the similar function that prints with unity console that one

that prints with unity console that one is called debug.log and then you print

is called debug.log and then you print whatever you want okay so final quiz

whatever you want okay so final quiz question what does the statement age

question what does the statement age star equals two do does it divide value

star equals two do does it divide value of age by two does it in by two or

of age by two does it in by two or multiplies by two and yep I'm pretty

multiplies by two and yep I'm pretty sure that the star is the universal

sure that the star is the universal symbol for multiplication so yep this

symbol for multiplication so yep this one is the multiplication the srisk

one is the multiplication the srisk means multiplication and this syntax is

means multiplication and this syntax is a shorthand for doing sum function on

a shorthand for doing sum function on the left side so these two lines of code

the left side so these two lines of code are doing the exact same thing so H star

are doing the exact same thing so H star equals 2 or H equals H * 2 yep both

equals 2 or H equals H * 2 yep both these are doing the exact same thing all

these are doing the exact same thing all right so that's the questions and we

right so that's the questions and we have 8 out of8 done now let's go into

have 8 out of8 done now let's go into the exercise and let's go through all

the exercise and let's go through all these one by one this one is a really

these one by one this one is a really really important part after you go

really important part after you go through every lecture definitely make

through every lecture definitely make sure you do all of the exercise so let's

sure you do all of the exercise so let's do them beginning with this one okay so

do them beginning with this one okay so lecture variables exercise titled Define

lecture variables exercise titled Define speed variable the goal is to edit the

speed variable the goal is to edit the script exercise. CS we need to declare a

script exercise. CS we need to declare a variable of type int with the name speed

variable of type int with the name speed and assign the value five to it so pay

and assign the value five to it so pay close attention to where you write the

close attention to where you write the code so here's a quick hint right inside

code so here's a quick hint right inside the main function so let's open up

the main function so let's open up exercise. CS okay here is the file and

exercise. CS okay here is the file and right away there's just a quick

right away there's just a quick explainer about what are these things in

explainer about what are these things in green these are commons these are just

green these are commons these are just text the compiler completely ignores

text the compiler completely ignores this so none of this is read as code

this so none of this is read as code comments are going to be covered in

comments are going to be covered in detail in a future lecture so the goal

detail in a future lecture so the goal is to write some code after this line

is to write some code after this line but again very important like I

but again very important like I mentioned in the lecture on programming

mentioned in the lecture on programming Basics we need to write it inside the

Basics we need to write it inside the main function so right here the goal is

main function so right here the goal is to declare a variable of type int with a

to declare a variable of type int with a name speed and the value five so like we

name speed and the value five so like we learned in the lecture first we write

learned in the lecture first we write the type name so in this case we want an

the type name so in this case we want an INT and again always keep in mind code

INT and again always keep in mind code is case sensitive so it's in all

is case sensitive so it's in all lowercase it is not uppercase if you do

lowercase it is not uppercase if you do it like this we got a red squiggle line

it like this we got a red squiggle line int is not being recognized so the type

int is not being recognized so the type name is int then after the type we write

name is int then after the type we write the name so in this case we want it to

the name so in this case we want it to be named speed and then in order to

be named speed and then in order to assign a value we need to use the equal

assign a value we need to use the equal sign and then whatever value so in this

sign and then whatever value so in this case let's assign it to the value five

case let's assign it to the value five and Yep this is it now since this is the

and Yep this is it now since this is the first exercise let me just show a few

first exercise let me just show a few things so for example if we make a

things so for example if we make a mistake here so if we write int with

mistake here so if we write int with uppercase again very important before

uppercase again very important before you go back into Unity you have to save

you go back into Unity you have to save so either go up here into file and then

so either go up here into file and then save or just press contrl s so as soon

save or just press contrl s so as soon as you save Unity should see the changes

as you save Unity should see the changes and it should start to compile or in

and it should start to compile or in this case we have a compiler error so it

this case we have a compiler error so it doesn't actually compile and like I

doesn't actually compile and like I mentioned on the lecture on how the

mentioned on the lecture on how the exercise work always make sure you have

exercise work always make sure you have the companion window open that way if

the companion window open that way if you make some kind of mistake that leads

you make some kind of mistake that leads to some kind of error here you can see a

to some kind of error here you can see a little bit more text that might help

little bit more text that might help clarify exactly what the issue is so

clarify exactly what the issue is so over here the issue is pretty simple

over here the issue is pretty simple it's because we wrote in incorrectly so

it's because we wrote in incorrectly so as always remember how code is case

as always remember how code is case sensitive so over here we need to make

sensitive so over here we need to make sure to type in and again if we also

sure to type in and again if we also make another mistake St here like we

make another mistake St here like we named sped instead of speed right now

named sped instead of speed right now the code is compelling because we have

the code is compelling because we have no syntax errors any you the exercise is

no syntax errors any you the exercise is still in progress because we didn't

still in progress because we didn't actually compl it perfectly and again

actually compl it perfectly and again down here on the companion window we can

down here on the companion window we can see some nice helpful message so did you

see some nice helpful message so did you accidentally write something different

accidentally write something different again the goal with this exercise is to

again the goal with this exercise is to teach you how to write things absolutely

teach you how to write things absolutely perfectly so now let's properly

perfectly so now let's properly construct our exercise so just like this

construct our exercise so just like this so Define a variable of type in named

so Define a variable of type in named speed with the value five and if we save

speed with the value five and if we save and just let the code compile and if

and just let the code compile and if there it is we have the ex SI completed

there it is we have the ex SI completed then we can also show the hint like the

then we can also show the hint like the hint says here remember the Syntax for

hint says here remember the Syntax for how variables are declared so first the

how variables are declared so first the type and then the name and then

type and then the name and then optionally assign some value always

optionally assign some value always remember how code is case sensitive so

remember how code is case sensitive so Define variable named exactly speed not

Define variable named exactly speed not uppercase speed or anything else and if

uppercase speed or anything else and if we were to get really stuck we can just

we were to get really stuck we can just show the solution and up here we see the

show the solution and up here we see the goal is to Define a variable of type in

goal is to Define a variable of type in named speed with the value five so the

named speed with the value five so the solution is exactly this so in speed

solution is exactly this so in speed equals 5 and if we want we could click

equals 5 and if we want we could click on apply solution any if that overrides

on apply solution any if that overrides file with one with the solution which is

file with one with the solution which is exactly what we wrote so yep just like

exactly what we wrote so yep just like this so like it says here congrats in

this so like it says here congrats in this exercise you applied what you

this exercise you applied what you learned about how variables are defined

learned about how variables are defined how they have a type a name and a value

how they have a type a name and a value so if that's it now click the complete

so if that's it now click the complete exercise button order to finish the

exercise button order to finish the exercise all right here is the lecture

exercise all right here is the lecture on variables let's see the exercise

on variables let's see the exercise titled fix error in so like it says here

titled fix error in so like it says here edit the script exercise. Cs and fix all

edit the script exercise. Cs and fix all of the compile errors and by the way as

of the compile errors and by the way as soon as you start the exercise or click

soon as you start the exercise or click on this button to open the file and if

on this button to open the file and if you do and if you see Unity kind of

you do and if you see Unity kind of breaking like this if so then go into

breaking like this if so then go into your visual studio and over here you

your visual studio and over here you might see this window telling you that

might see this window telling you that some file has been changed externally

some file has been changed externally that's because the whole setup for

that's because the whole setup for starting the exercises so whenever you

starting the exercises so whenever you see this window just go ahead click on

see this window just go ahead click on yes to all and yep it should reload

yes to all and yep it should reload everything and yep here is the exercise

everything and yep here is the exercise file again the goal is to fix this error

file again the goal is to fix this error and here's a quick tip place the mouse

and here's a quick tip place the mouse over the red line in order to see the

over the red line in order to see the actual error so if we place the mouse

actual error so if we place the mouse over here directly on top of the int Red

over here directly on top of the int Red Square line if so we can see this here

Square line if so we can see this here the typ Oro namespace int could not be

the typ Oro namespace int could not be found and like it says here

found and like it says here alternatively we can check the unity

alternatively we can check the unity console or check the companion window so

console or check the companion window so here in unity if we look at the console

here in unity if we look at the console yep we see exactly that error tyer name

yep we see exactly that error tyer name space in could not be found and over

space in could not be found and over here on the companion window over here

here on the companion window over here we can see a nice little hint on what

we can see a nice little hint on what exal the is might be and Y in this case

exal the is might be and Y in this case this teaches us exactly what is the

this teaches us exactly what is the solution what is the problem that we

solution what is the problem that we have here as always remember how code is

have here as always remember how code is case sensitive then we can also show the

case sensitive then we can also show the hint so in this case the hint is pretty

hint so in this case the hint is pretty simple so remember how code is Kate

simple so remember how code is Kate sensitive and we can also see the show

sensitive and we can also see the show solution so there's an that says int

solution so there's an that says int uppercase i does not exist and that is

uppercase i does not exist and that is because code is cons sensitive and the

because code is cons sensitive and the proper name is in all lowercase so the

proper name is in all lowercase so the compile error here is pretty simple

compile error here is pretty simple remember how you have to write code

remember how you have to write code perfectly so in this case it is not int

perfectly so in this case it is not int uppercase but int all lower case so y

uppercase but int all lower case so y that's really it let's go ahead and save

that's really it let's go ahead and save the code is compiling and if there it is

the code is compiling and if there it is exercise completed okay so congrats in

exercise completed okay so congrats in this exercise you'll learn how to solve

this exercise you'll learn how to solve the most common error that beginners

the most common error that beginners encounter which is issues with

encounter which is issues with capitalization always remember how how

capitalization always remember how how code is case sensitive so in on

code is case sensitive so in on lowercase and int with an uppercase i

lowercase and int with an uppercase i those are two completely different

those are two completely different things one exists and one does not same

things one exists and one does not same thing for all the other types so float

thing for all the other types so float versus float bull bull true true and so

versus float bull bull true true and so on so once again another exercise to

on so once again another exercise to really make sure you fully understand

really make sure you fully understand code is K sensitive the reason why I'm

code is K sensitive the reason why I'm repeating this so often is really

repeating this so often is really because this is the main error that

because this is the main error that beginners encounter okay so we can now

beginners encounter okay so we can now complete the exercise all right so

complete the exercise all right so lecture on variables here is the

lecture on variables here is the exercise change unit speed so the goal

exercise change unit speed so the goal with this one is modify the speed

with this one is modify the speed variable to make the player reach the

variable to make the player reach the Target in time this exercise has a Unity

Target in time this exercise has a Unity scene it should be unloaded

scene it should be unloaded automatically so click on play in unity

automatically so click on play in unity to test your code and just a quick tip

to test your code and just a quick tip just in case the scene doesn't load

just in case the scene doesn't load automatically it should do that but in

automatically it should do that but in case it doesn't just go into your

case it doesn't just go into your project files and if you scroll down you

project files and if you scroll down you go into whatever lecture you're

go into whatever lecture you're currently on So currently we're on the

currently on So currently we're on the variables lecture and over here if we go

variables lecture and over here if we go inside the exercise folder we should be

inside the exercise folder we should be able to see all the files for this

able to see all the files for this exercise so over here we have the

exercise so over here we have the exercise scene and yep it is this one so

exercise scene and yep it is this one so like it says here the goal is to modify

like it says here the goal is to modify the speed variable now before we check

the speed variable now before we check the code let's try running this code and

the code let's try running this code and see what happens so the player is moving

see what happens so the player is moving some kind of player character it is

some kind of player character it is moving and nope it did not reach the

moving and nope it did not reach the Target in time okay so we need to modify

Target in time okay so we need to modify the speed in order to make sure it gets

the speed in order to make sure it gets there on time so here is the code and

there on time so here is the code and again you can ignore these lines that

again you can ignore these lines that start with two for slashes these are

start with two for slashes these are comments and the code ignores all of

comments and the code ignores all of these lines comments are covered in

these lines comments are covered in detail in a future lecture so here we

detail in a future lecture so here we have a line of code that is setting some

have a line of code that is setting some kind of player speed variable so all we

kind of player speed variable so all we need to modify is this valum and then we

need to modify is this valum and then we can press play in unity to test our code

can press play in unity to test our code and again something that is going to

and again something that is going to happen more and more as we see some more

happen more and more as we see some more complex exercises is some of them have

complex exercises is some of them have some testing codes so just make sure you

some testing codes so just make sure you don't modify these lines of code

don't modify these lines of code otherwise the exercise breaks so in this

otherwise the exercise breaks so in this case all we want to modify is this one

case all we want to modify is this one and if we get stuck we can always show

and if we get stuck we can always show the hint and like it says here variables

the hint and like it says here variables are containers for data so when the code

are containers for data so when the code runs it gets to the variable and it

runs it gets to the variable and it grabs whatever value stored in that

grabs whatever value stored in that variable and uses that so in this case

variable and uses that so in this case if we want the player to move faster

if we want the player to move faster then we just need to modify the value

then we just need to modify the value that is stored inside the player speed

that is stored inside the player speed variable or as always you can click show

variable or as always you can click show solution in order to see it so in this

solution in order to see it so in this case the player speed variable just

case the player speed variable just needs a value that is big enough in

needs a value that is big enough in order to get to the Target on time so

order to get to the Target on time so for example float player speed equals

for example float player speed equals six so let's say let's put it on 3F so

six so let's say let's put it on 3F so let's go ahead save and over here back

let's go ahead save and over here back into Unity let's make sure it compiles

into Unity let's make sure it compiles and let's hit on play and it is moving

and let's hit on play and it is moving forward and nope it still did not reach

forward and nope it still did not reach in time so let's increase by a little

in time so let's increase by a little bit so instead of three let's go with

bit so instead of three let's go with six okay let's run the cone and it is

six okay let's run the cone and it is moving forward really fast and Y there

moving forward really fast and Y there you go success we didn't get in time all

you go success we didn't get in time all right awesome so in this exercise you'll

right awesome so in this exercise you'll learn how variables are used in the

learn how variables are used in the actual code meaning how their value

actual code meaning how their value actually affects how the code behaves so

actually affects how the code behaves so over here by just modifying the value

over here by just modifying the value that we stored inside a variable we

that we stored inside a variable we managed to see how that actually

managed to see how that actually impacted the behavior for the code which

impacted the behavior for the code which in turn allowed us to achieve our

in turn allowed us to achieve our results okay so let's go ahead stop

results okay so let's go ahead stop playing and let's complete our exercise

playing and let's complete our exercise all right let's see the lecture on

all right let's see the lecture on variables with the exercise titled fix

variables with the exercise titled fix the error uninitialized so like it says

the error uninitialized so like it says here fix the error in the console a

here fix the error in the console a variable is being used while unassigned

variable is being used while unassigned so here is our exercise file and as

so here is our exercise file and as usual let's place the mouse over the red

usual let's place the mouse over the red line order to see the error and our

line order to see the error and our error here thankfully this one is predy

error here thankfully this one is predy descriptive so it says use of unassigned

descriptive so it says use of unassigned local variable AG this is teaching us

local variable AG this is teaching us that before we can use a variable we

that before we can use a variable we need to actually assign some kind of

need to actually assign some kind of value to it so this exercise is pretty

value to it so this exercise is pretty simple and the way that we assign a

simple and the way that we assign a value like we saw in the lecture is by

value like we saw in the lecture is by using the equal sign and then using some

using the equal sign and then using some kind of value but again remember how the

kind of value but again remember how the Valu is also dependent on the type that

Valu is also dependent on the type that we're using so since this is an INT

we're using so since this is an INT variable We cannot put some kind of

variable We cannot put some kind of string of text this does not work we

string of text this does not work we also can output some kind of decimal

also can output some kind of decimal value nope here it has to be an integer

value nope here it has to be an integer so let's put just a whole number and Y

so let's put just a whole number and Y just like this and we no longer have any

just like this and we no longer have any errors the variable is correctly being

errors the variable is correctly being assigned with some kind of value so then

assigned with some kind of value so then we can indeed use it so let's save our

we can indeed use it so let's save our code and c and let it compile and if

code and c and let it compile and if there it is our exercise has been

there it is our exercise has been completed so good job here you learn

completed so good job here you learn another common error using variables

another common error using variables before assigning a value to them so

before assigning a value to them so always always make sure a variable has a

always always make sure a variable has a value and the best way to avoid this

value and the best way to avoid this error is to always give it a default

error is to always give it a default value whenever you define a variable so

value whenever you define a variable so yep always keep that in mind remember

yep always keep that in mind remember how before you can use a variable it

how before you can use a variable it needs to have some kind of value okay

needs to have some kind of value okay let's complete the exercise all right so

let's complete the exercise all right so here is the lecture on variables and

here is the lecture on variables and let's do the exercise title double

let's do the exercise title double variable so the goal with this one is

variable so the goal with this one is double the value inside the age variable

double the value inside the age variable do not modify the code defining the

do not modify the code defining the variable or calling the function result

variable or calling the function result so we should really just double the

so we should really just double the value inside the age variable so we

value inside the age variable so we should only double the value inside the

should only double the value inside the age variable and then we can play the

age variable and then we can play the scene in unity in order to test our code

scene in unity in order to test our code all right so here's the script and again

all right so here's the script and again we've got some comments that again are

we've got some comments that again are ignored by the compiler these are just

ignored by the compiler these are just text just to guide us then over here

text just to guide us then over here first thing we have is an INT variable

first thing we have is an INT variable named H and it is being initialized with

named H and it is being initialized with the value 20 and then like it says here

the value 20 and then like it says here modify this line down here set it to

modify this line down here set it to double the value stored inside of H and

double the value stored inside of H and as a quick hint remember how you can use

as a quick hint remember how you can use math with variables now one obvious

math with variables now one obvious thing is you can just do math within

thing is you can just do math within your own head so you can just set it to

your own head so you can just set it to 40 which is indeed the of 20 and if we

40 which is indeed the of 20 and if we hit play unity and technically we got a

hit play unity and technically we got a success we did get double however while

success we did get double however while the result is accurate there doesn't

the result is accurate there doesn't seem to be any multiplication so the

seem to be any multiplication so the goal with this exercise is to teach you

goal with this exercise is to teach you how you can use mathematical operations

how you can use mathematical operations within your variables so setting it to a

within your variables so setting it to a fixed value that doesn't make much sense

fixed value that doesn't make much sense so let's complete this exercise properly

so let's complete this exercise properly let's set it to double by using actual

let's set it to double by using actual math by actually multiplying by two so

math by actually multiplying by two so over here instead of the Direct Value we

over here instead of the Direct Value we can use math so we can take our age

can use math so we can take our age variable so that is the one that we

variable so that is the one that we defined up here so it is currently with

defined up here so it is currently with the value 20 we can take this and then

the value 20 we can take this and then we can do multiplications using an

we can do multiplications using an asterisk and then we can multiply it by

asterisk and then we can multiply it by something so in order to double it

something so in order to double it pretty simple just multiply it by two so

pretty simple just multiply it by two so y this is going to assign the age double

y this is going to assign the age double variable it is going to be assigned to

variable it is going to be assigned to the value of AG multipli by two and the

the value of AG multipli by two and the value of age contains the value 20 so in

value of age contains the value 20 so in this case 20 * 2 and H double won't be

this case 20 * 2 and H double won't be set to 40 okay so that's it always

set to 40 okay so that's it always remember to save your file just let

remember to save your file just let Unity compile the changes and let's set

Unity compile the changes and let's set on play and if there it is we have our

on play and if there it is we have our success and our exercise has been

success and our exercise has been completed so good job in this exercise

completed so good job in this exercise you'll learn how you can do math with

you'll learn how you can do math with variables Yep this is definitely

variables Yep this is definitely something that is very valuable always

something that is very valuable always remember how you can take your variables

remember how you can take your variables and do math with them now we can

and do math with them now we can complete the exercise and yep we have

complete the exercise and yep we have five out of five exercises completed so

five out of five exercises completed so everything is Fally completed there it

everything is Fally completed there it is the variable's lecture all fly on

is the variable's lecture all fly on green so what we did here basically what

green so what we did here basically what I want you to do after every single

I want you to do after every single lecture so watch a video lecture then

lecture so watch a video lecture then come here and do all of that go onto the

come here and do all of that go onto the main window select the lecture that you

main window select the lecture that you want go through all the frequently asked

want go through all the frequently asked questions all the quizzes do all the

questions all the quizzes do all the exercises and make sure that everything

exercises and make sure that everything is nice and green if you truly want to

is nice and green if you truly want to learn C then this is really what you

learn C then this is really what you need to

need to do hello and welcome I'm your Cod monkey

do hello and welcome I'm your Cod monkey in this lecture we're going to learn all

in this lecture we're going to learn all about the various built-in data types

about the various built-in data types that exist okay so in the previous

that exist okay so in the previous lecture we learned about variables which

lecture we learned about variables which are essentially just data containers and

are essentially just data containers and those containers they need to have a

those containers they need to have a specific type there's a bunch of

specific type there's a bunch of built-in types we can use for example

built-in types we can use for example some containers can only store whole

some containers can only store whole numbers other containers can store

numbers other containers can store strings of text then other ones can

strings of text then other ones can store the value either true or false and

store the value either true or false and some can sore decimal numbers so there's

some can sore decimal numbers so there's a bunch of interesting built-in typs we

a bunch of interesting built-in typs we can use here is the same demo that we

can use here is the same demo that we saw in the previous lecture with the

saw in the previous lecture with the Sprite just bouncing up and down and

Sprite just bouncing up and down and this one has a parameter for a movement

this one has a parameter for a movement speed this one is defined as an INT

speed this one is defined as an INT variable so that means that over here we

variable so that means that over here we can only write whole numbers if I try

can only write whole numbers if I try writing some text nope that does not

writing some text nope that does not work if I try adding a decimal point

work if I try adding a decimal point nope I can't put it over here since this

nope I can't put it over here since this type is of type int it can only hold

type is of type int it can only hold whole numbers here is the code that we

whole numbers here is the code that we wrote in the previous lecture so I've

wrote in the previous lecture so I've got an in for an age and over here if I

got an in for an age and over here if I try assigning a decimal number like

try assigning a decimal number like let's say 35.5 and no this one has an

let's say 35.5 and no this one has an error like I said ins can only store

error like I said ins can only store whole numbers if you want to store a

whole numbers if you want to store a decimal value then one of the types we

decimal value then one of the types we can use is a double so we literally just

can use is a double so we literally just swap in for double and now this variable

swap in for double and now this variable this one is now of type double and with

this one is now of type double and with this yep we have no errors so we can

this yep we have no errors so we can indeed write a value with a decimal

indeed write a value with a decimal point and everything works now there are

point and everything works now there are actually three types that we can use for

actually three types that we can use for decimals we can use float double or

decimals we can use float double or decimal there's a nice sa directly over

decimal there's a nice sa directly over here on the C docs that shows the

here on the C docs that shows the maximum numbers and precision which is

maximum numbers and precision which is what affects all those types as you can

what affects all those types as you can see they've got different sizes and

see they've got different sizes and different Precision the smallest one is

different Precision the smallest one is a float which is stored in just four

a float which is stored in just four bytes then a double is stored in eight

bytes then a double is stored in eight bytes and a decimal in 16 bytes and over

bytes and a decimal in 16 bytes and over here we can see the Precision so

here we can see the Precision so basically if you're dealing with

basically if you're dealing with something where Precision is Paramount

something where Precision is Paramount like for example when dealing with money

like for example when dealing with money for that you really want to use the

for that you really want to use the decimal type but for all other use case

decimal type but for all other use case you can either use a double or a float

you can either use a double or a float in regular C applications I believe

in regular C applications I believe doubles are actually used most often

doubles are actually used most often since in order to write a double you

since in order to write a double you really just put a decimal point and Yep

really just put a decimal point and Yep this one is a double whereas the other

this one is a double whereas the other type the flow type for this one if you

type the flow type for this one if you just find something with a decimal nope

just find something with a decimal nope it does not work this one shows an error

it does not work this one shows an error and the error is because if we just put

and the error is because if we just put a dot then this one simply becomes a

a dot then this one simply becomes a double in order to make it an actual

double in order to make it an actual float we need to append the F onto it so

float we need to append the F onto it so like I said in regular C applications I

like I said in regular C applications I believe doubles are mostly used since

believe doubles are mostly used since you don't even need to append anything

you don't even need to append anything you just write the number whereas for

you just write the number whereas for floats you need to open F and in unity

floats you need to open F and in unity game development which is the thing that

game development which is the thing that I do most most of logic is usually done

I do most most of logic is usually done with floats so personally that's the

with floats so personally that's the decimal type that I normally tend to use

decimal type that I normally tend to use now for Unity beginners one of the

now for Unity beginners one of the things that trips them up is forgetting

things that trips them up is forgetting to place the F at the end end like we

to place the F at the end end like we saw if we don't do it yep we get an

saw if we don't do it yep we get an error because this is a double and

error because this is a double and double is not automatically convertible

double is not automatically convertible into a float so if you ever see an error

into a float so if you ever see an error like this always remember that if you're

like this always remember that if you're defining a float make sure to add F at

defining a float make sure to add F at the end okay so these are the main types

the end okay so these are the main types for holding decimals and then there's

for holding decimals and then there's also a bunch more types for holding

also a bunch more types for holding whole numbers Beyond int again the

whole numbers Beyond int again the documentation has a really nice table

documentation has a really nice table over here so int is the one that you're

over here so int is the one that you're probably going to use most often this is

probably going to use most often this is a s 32bit integer you can store values

a s 32bit integer you can store values between minus 2.1 billion to plus 2.1

between minus 2.1 billion to plus 2.1 billion but there are use cases where

billion but there are use cases where you don't need that much Precision there

you don't need that much Precision there are some cases where you are memory

are some cases where you are memory limited so you want to use as fewer bits

limited so you want to use as fewer bits as possible so in those case you've got

as possible so in those case you've got all of these values and on the other

all of these values and on the other hand if you want to store a real large

hand if you want to store a real large number like for example the age of the

number like for example the age of the universe for that you would normally use

universe for that you would normally use either long or you long but for the most

either long or you long but for the most part you will really just be using inss

part you will really just be using inss so don't worry about the rest just know

so don't worry about the rest just know that those also exist and also since

that those also exist and also since we're talking about maximum and minimum

we're talking about maximum and minimum let me just show you what happens if you

let me just show you what happens if you go above the maximum so for example here

go above the maximum so for example here we've got age defined as an INT now here

we've got age defined as an INT now here we can give it the maximum value for an

we can give it the maximum value for an INT for that we can access the int class

INT for that we can access the int class and pass in a DOT this one lets us

and pass in a DOT this one lets us access a bunch of constants or functions

access a bunch of constants or functions inside the in class again I will cover

inside the in class again I will cover class in detail in a future lecture for

class in detail in a future lecture for now over here we can just check the max

now over here we can just check the max value and this one is basically going to

value and this one is basically going to represent the largest possible value

represent the largest possible value that we can sort inside an in which like

that we can sort inside an in which like we saw a while ago the maximum is 2.1

we saw a while ago the maximum is 2.1 billion so let's do a console di right

billion so let's do a console di right line on this one and see what the

line on this one and see what the maximum is and then let's do something

maximum is and then let's do something interesting so let's take the age and

interesting so let's take the age and incremented by just one and let's print

incremented by just one and let's print again and see what this one prints and Y

again and see what this one prints and Y that's a result so basically first we've

that's a result so basically first we've got the maximum so 214 Yep this is the

got the maximum so 214 Yep this is the maximum value for n and then if we have

maximum value for n and then if we have that value and we increment it by just

that value and we increment it by just one then we get what is called an

one then we get what is called an overflow and essentially it really just

overflow and essentially it really just Loops back the value to the absolute

Loops back the value to the absolute minimum so if you go past the maximum

minimum so if you go past the maximum you really just end up on the minimum

you really just end up on the minimum when working with data types always make

when working with data types always make sure you define some type that is enough

sure you define some type that is enough to store whatever value you need to

to store whatever value you need to store okay so here we have instant

store okay so here we have instant floats for most of our number needs then

floats for most of our number needs then we can also do operations on them so on

we can also do operations on them so on a float you can do a float time two

a float you can do a float time two something like this you can do division

something like this you can do division you can do addition you can do

you can do addition you can do subtraction so all the usual things now

subtraction so all the usual things now there are some quirks if you do some

there are some quirks if you do some mathematical operation using different

mathematical operation using different types like for example floats and ins I

types like for example floats and ins I won't cover type conversions in a little

won't cover type conversions in a little bit but in terms of numbers usually

bit but in terms of numbers usually you're going to work with mostly with

you're going to work with mostly with ins and floats and then another very

ins and floats and then another very important data type are strings these

important data type are strings these are strings of text so you define a

are strings of text so you define a string by typing in string so just like

string by typing in string so just like the same as any other variable then

the same as any other variable then let's call this one name and let's

let's call this one name and let's assign a string value onto it now when

assign a string value onto it now when making a string you do it using double

making a string you do it using double quotation marks and remember to add both

quotation marks and remember to add both the beginning and the end quotation mark

the beginning and the end quotation mark and as usual every instruction needs to

and as usual every instruction needs to end with a semicolon so over here do not

end with a semicolon so over here do not make the mistake of putting the

make the mistake of putting the semicolon inside the quotation marks

semicolon inside the quotation marks this one is an error because over here

this one is an error because over here we just have a string with a semicolon

we just have a string with a semicolon instead of heading a semicolon to end

instead of heading a semicolon to end instruction so don't make that mistake

instruction so don't make that mistake and also it's very important how these

and also it's very important how these are double quotation marks these are not

are double quotation marks these are not the single quotation marks these are

the single quotation marks these are completely different things those are

completely different things those are used for another type that I'm going to

used for another type that I'm going to cover in a little bit so it's double

cover in a little bit so it's double quotation marks we have the start we

quotation marks we have the start we have the end and then inside we can

have the end and then inside we can write whatever Tex SC we want so for

write whatever Tex SC we want so for example writing Code Monkey and then we

example writing Code Monkey and then we can do a console down right line and

can do a console down right line and let's print out our name variable and if

let's print out our name variable and if there it is it prints exactly as

there it is it prints exactly as intended as for making some operations

intended as for making some operations with strings the most basic one is just

with strings the most basic one is just a pinning or concatenating a string for

a pinning or concatenating a string for that you just take a string and then do

that you just take a string and then do plus and then another string like for

plus and then another string like for example my name is and then plus and

example my name is and then plus and then the name this is basically going to

then the name this is basically going to add this ring onto the end of this ring

add this ring onto the end of this ring if we run this and if there you go my

if we run this and if there you go my name is Code Monkey okay great now also

name is Code Monkey okay great now also important over here are the spaces

important over here are the spaces inside the quotation marks these spaces

inside the quotation marks these spaces do matter if we don't put a space here

do matter if we don't put a space here give there you go it says is and then

give there you go it says is and then code monkey with no space between them

code monkey with no space between them and on the other hand if we add a ton of

and on the other hand if we add a ton of spaces y there you go now it adds a ton

spaces y there you go now it adds a ton of spaces so basically just be aware

of spaces so basically just be aware that spaces do matter these are not just

that spaces do matter these are not just empty and then when concatenating

empty and then when concatenating strings you can also use it to mix

strings you can also use it to mix multiple types so for example our age up

multiple types so for example our age up here so we can do my name is then plus

here so we can do my name is then plus and add the name onto it then we can add

and add the name onto it then we can add some more again let's start by adding a

some more again let's start by adding a space and I'm another space and then

space and I'm another space and then let's print the H was years old okay

let's print the H was years old okay let's see this any if there's our final

let's see this any if there's our final string putting together all the values

string putting together all the values from all of our VAR so this is one way

from all of our VAR so this is one way to do it you basically just make one

to do it you basically just make one string then plus add another string and

string then plus add another string and so on this is one way to do it or

so on this is one way to do it or alternatively you can use a string

alternatively you can use a string interpolation method to use that one you

interpolation method to use that one you basically just put everything inside one

basically just put everything inside one string so let's get rid of all the

string so let's get rid of all the pluses and all the things creating brand

pluses and all the things creating brand new strings so let's write it just like

new strings so let's write it just like this except of course just like this

this except of course just like this this just going to print my name is name

this just going to print my name is name and I'm a years own so this is not what

and I'm a years own so this is not what we want for string interpolation we have

we want for string interpolation we have an entire string and then before it we

an entire string and then before it we add a dollar sign and now inside

add a dollar sign and now inside whenever we have something that is a

whenever we have something that is a variable we can add some currently

variable we can add some currently braces

braces open and close them again don't forget

open and close them again don't forget to open and close let's add on both

to open and close let's add on both these variables and now if you print if

these variables and now if you print if there it is now it says the same thing

there it is now it says the same thing so these you are basally doing the exact

so these you are basally doing the exact same thing they achieve the exact same

same thing they achieve the exact same output you can add a construct a long

output you can add a construct a long string by building different pieces and

string by building different pieces and adding them onto one another or you can

adding them onto one another or you can just make an entire one and use string

just make an entire one and use string interpolation in order to Define what is

interpolation in order to Define what is a value and what is a string also here's

a value and what is a string also here's yet another more advanced zp on strings

yet another more advanced zp on strings let's say for example you want to store

let's say for example you want to store a string that contains quotation marks

a string that contains quotation marks so let's do a right line and let's print

so let's do a right line and let's print my name is Code Monkey but now let's say

my name is Code Monkey but now let's say that I want to print some quotation

that I want to print some quotation marks directly in there now if we do it

marks directly in there now if we do it like this obviously there's an error

like this obviously there's an error basically over here we are starting and

basically over here we are starting and finishing one string then over here

finishing one string then over here starting and finishing another one and

starting and finishing another one and over here we've got some symbols that c

over here we've got some symbols that c does not understand so this does not

does not understand so this does not work basically we do not want this

work basically we do not want this quotation mark to end this first

quotation mark to end this first quotation mark instead we want this one

quotation mark instead we want this one to be seen as just a character so if you

to be seen as just a character so if you need to put quotation marks directly

need to put quotation marks directly inside a string for that you can just go

inside a string for that you can just go before it and add a backslash and this

before it and add a backslash and this is basically going to escape this

is basically going to escape this character which means it is going to

character which means it is going to consider it as text instead inad of

consider it as text instead inad of interpreting as a string quotation mark

interpreting as a string quotation mark so we can just add that one to that one

so we can just add that one to that one and to that one and if there you go Exel

and to that one and if there you go Exel like this and if there's a text in the

like this and if there's a text in the string does print with all the quotation

string does print with all the quotation marks okay great so another thing that I

marks okay great so another thing that I mentioned is how it's important that you

mentioned is how it's important that you use double quotation marks the reason

use double quotation marks the reason for that is because there is another

for that is because there is another type that is specific to single

type that is specific to single quotation marks and that type is sh that

quotation marks and that type is sh that stands for some kind of character and

stands for some kind of character and for that you use the single quotation

for that you use the single quotation marks and inside you can place a single

marks and inside you can place a single character like for example the letter A

character like for example the letter A again this type Only Stores a character

again this type Only Stores a character so if I try putting a bunch more stuff

so if I try putting a bunch more stuff nope does not work this one only

nope does not work this one only represents one character so that's the

represents one character so that's the only thing that I can sore inside it now

only thing that I can sore inside it now another very important type is bullan or

another very important type is bullan or bull so for that you write bull then

bull so for that you write bull then give it some name like let's say is

give it some name like let's say is player and then for this one there are

player and then for this one there are only two values we can sort inside a bow

only two values we can sort inside a bow it can be either true or for example

it can be either true or for example let's say is enemy and can be false so

let's say is enemy and can be false so the bowling type can only have these two

the bowling type can only have these two values nothing else and again it's

values nothing else and again it's extremely important that you write the

extremely important that you write the code exactly so it's true like this all

code exactly so it's true like this all in lower case it is not capital T true

in lower case it is not capital T true nope this does not exist it is not

nope this does not exist it is not everything in true nope does not exist

everything in true nope does not exist so it's all lowercase now this type

so it's all lowercase now this type bullan this one is extremely important

bullan this one is extremely important in if statements and conditions which

in if statements and conditions which we're going to see in detail in the next

we're going to see in detail in the next lecture and there is one more special

lecture and there is one more special sort of type that you should know

sort of type that you should know although it's not really a type and that

although it's not really a type and that is how simply instead of defining a

is how simply instead of defining a specific type like ball Shar string and

specific type like ball Shar string and so on instead of that you can just write

so on instead of that you can just write VAR then give it some kind of name my

VAR then give it some kind of name my variable and then give it some kind of

variable and then give it some kind of value and basically with this the

value and basically with this the compiler will essentially look at the

compiler will essentially look at the value that is assigned and infer some

value that is assigned and infer some type of type for this variable so for

type of type for this variable so for example for this one since we assigned

example for this one since we assigned the value 10 this one correctly Define

the value 10 this one correctly Define this variable as an INT whereas if I put

this variable as an INT whereas if I put 10.2 for this one now yep now it

10.2 for this one now yep now it correctly identifies it as a double if I

correctly identifies it as a double if I put an F yep now it correctly identifies

put an F yep now it correctly identifies as a float if I put false and Yep this

as a float if I put false and Yep this one is now a bull and if I put false in

one is now a bull and if I put false in quotation marks and Yep this one is now

quotation marks and Yep this one is now a string so rather than explicitly

a string so rather than explicitly defining the type if you want you can

defining the type if you want you can just Define it as VAR and let the

just Define it as VAR and let the compiler infer the type for you some

compiler infer the type for you some people like this because it tends to

people like this because it tends to make the code a little bit more compact

make the code a little bit more compact especially when we're working with

especially when we're working with complex names when we're working with

complex names when we're working with types like list and so on however

types like list and so on however personally I am not a fan of VAR

personally I am not a fan of VAR personally I like being as explicit as

personally I like being as explicit as possible so that I know exactly what

possible so that I know exactly what type I'm working with so personally I

type I'm working with so personally I never use V I always very explicitly

never use V I always very explicitly write the type that I'm using but there

write the type that I'm using but there is nothing wrong with VAR it's really

is nothing wrong with VAR it's really just personal preference so if you like

just personal preference so if you like using it then yep by all means use it

using it then yep by all means use it here is a demo that I built included in

here is a demo that I built included in the interactive exercises so we've got a

the interactive exercises so we've got a bunch of valys up here and a bunch of

bunch of valys up here and a bunch of containers down here of various types

containers down here of various types now this valy the value 56 this when is

now this valy the value 56 this when is selected and we need to place it in the

selected and we need to place it in the correct container now if we try putting

correct container now if we try putting this in a buan nope that does not work

this in a buan nope that does not work because this is not a bullion this one

because this is not a bullion this one is a whole number so for whole numbers

is a whole number so for whole numbers we can place them inside the in

we can place them inside the in container then over here we've got a

container then over here we've got a string so this one cannot be a flow it

string so this one cannot be a flow it cannot be a bow nope this one is a

cannot be a bow nope this one is a string then we've got false this one is

string then we've got false this one is a bulling value seven this a whole

a bulling value seven this a whole numbers let's put it inside the int Iron

numbers let's put it inside the int Iron Man this is another string let's put it

Man this is another string let's put it on string Black Widow same thing it's a

on string Black Widow same thing it's a string 35 this one is a whole number so

string 35 this one is a whole number so goes into int 33.3 F this one is a float

goes into int 33.3 F this one is a float so go inside the floats true this is a

so go inside the floats true this is a bullion so go in there this one is a

bullion so go in there this one is a float and this one is also a float all

float and this one is also a float all right yep all done go ahead and give it

right yep all done go ahead and give it a try yourself and see if you get a all

a try yourself and see if you get a all right now I just see one more thing on

right now I just see one more thing on types which is type conversion and we

types which is type conversion and we actually already saw that if we do a

actually already saw that if we do a console. right line and on this one

console. right line and on this one let's print out the age if we do this

let's print out the age if we do this and run y there you go we did print out

and run y there you go we did print out the age so the code is automatically

the age so the code is automatically converting our int age into a string

converting our int age into a string that is printed onto the console

that is printed onto the console basically all types can be automatically

basically all types can be automatically converted into a string then you can

converted into a string then you can also mix types together for example

also mix types together for example let's say number five plus and then a

let's say number five plus and then a string say number and Y this code Works

string say number and Y this code Works however like I mentioned in the

however like I mentioned in the programming Basics lecture code runs

programming Basics lecture code runs from top to bottom but also left to

from top to bottom but also left to right meaning over here let's see what

right meaning over here let's see what happens if we place first the string

happens if we place first the string number then let's add the number five

number then let's add the number five and then let's add the number six so

and then let's add the number six so let's see what this evaluates to and if

let's see what this evaluates to and if there it is a string number 56 okay

there it is a string number 56 okay great however now let's reverse the

great however now let's reverse the order so let's put 5 + 6 and then the

order so let's put 5 + 6 and then the string number now let's see what this

string number now let's see what this one evaluates to and if there it is now

one evaluates to and if there it is now it says 11 number so this is the

it says 11 number so this is the difference between how the code runs

difference between how the code runs from left to right basically over here

from left to right basically over here the code is going to see okay this is a

the code is going to see okay this is a string and this is an INT and the result

string and this is an INT and the result form adding a string onto an end the

form adding a string onto an end the result from that is going to be a string

result from that is going to be a string so this one is going to concatenate into

so this one is going to concatenate into the string number five and then it's

the string number five and then it's going to have another string against

going to have another string against another end so it's going to add the six

another end so it's going to add the six onto it however on this one first left

onto it however on this one first left to right it is going to check an INT

to right it is going to check an INT plus another int that is a simple

plus another int that is a simple mathematical operation so it is going to

mathematical operation so it is going to add these two numbers together and then

add these two numbers together and then the result is an INT which then adds

the result is an INT which then adds onto a string so it is going to do

onto a string so it is going to do string concatenation so the second one

string concatenation so the second one ends up with 11 number whereas the first

ends up with 11 number whereas the first moon is number 56 so remember code

moon is number 56 so remember code executes from top to bottom and left to

executes from top to bottom and left to right always keep that in mind now in

right always keep that in mind now in terms of of converting to a string

terms of of converting to a string anything can be converted onto a string

anything can be converted onto a string however for other ones some types can be

however for other ones some types can be converted into others automatically some

converted into others automatically some have to be done explicitly and some

have to be done explicitly and some can't be done at all when it comes to

can't be done at all when it comes to numeric types these can be automatically

numeric types these can be automatically converted if the target type can hold

converted if the target type can hold that data for example over here let's

that data for example over here let's Define along and over here the value

Define along and over here the value that we put doesn't really matter so it

that we put doesn't really matter so it doesn't have to be a massive value and

doesn't have to be a massive value and then if we Define an INT and we try

then if we Define an INT and we try assigning this int onto the one that we

assigning this int onto the one that we had inside long and nope this does not

had inside long and nope this does not work if we look at it we see the error

work if we look at it we see the error which is you cannot impl ently convert

which is you cannot impl ently convert the long onto an INT the reason for that

the long onto an INT the reason for that once again goes back into this chart the

once again goes back into this chart the long type this one can store a lot more

long type this one can store a lot more values than the int can store so because

values than the int can store so because of that the compiler does not let us

of that the compiler does not let us automatically convert this because the

automatically convert this because the conversion might imply some loss of data

conversion might imply some loss of data and the compiler protects you from that

and the compiler protects you from that however we can do the opposite since

however we can do the opposite since over here the long this one can sore

over here the long this one can sore these many values whereas the in can

these many values whereas the in can sore this many so basically a long can

sore this many so basically a long can sort everything inside an INT and a

sort everything inside an INT and a bunch more so because that we can do the

bunch more so because that we can do the opposite so we can Define AG Universe

opposite so we can Define AG Universe inside an INT and then for the long we

inside an INT and then for the long we can put it age Universe in and Yep this

can put it age Universe in and Yep this one does work again that is because long

one does work again that is because long can store more values than just the in

can store more values than just the in so we have a guarantee that whatever we

so we have a guarantee that whatever we Define inside the end can be stored

Define inside the end can be stored inside a log and then same thing for

inside a log and then same thing for doubles and floats doubles have more

doubles and floats doubles have more Precision so we can store a float inside

Precision so we can store a float inside a double but we cannot do the opposite

a double but we cannot do the opposite and also like we saw we cannot have an

and also like we saw we cannot have an INT and assign it some kind of decimal

INT and assign it some kind of decimal value this does not work however like

value this does not work however like the error says here these are implicit

the error says here these are implicit conversions however we can be explicit

conversions however we can be explicit and it will force a conversion even

and it will force a conversion even though it might end up with lot of data

though it might end up with lot of data and the way we do that is we just cast

and the way we do that is we just cast it onto a type so we open parentheses we

it onto a type so we open parentheses we put the target type and then close it so

put the target type and then close it so this is a cast I'm actually going to

this is a cast I'm actually going to cover casting in more detail later on

cover casting in more detail later on this course if we do it nope we no

this course if we do it nope we no longer have an error however like I said

longer have an error however like I said you might end up with a loss of data for

you might end up with a loss of data for example over here we are forcing the

example over here we are forcing the 35.5 to be placed inside an INT so let's

35.5 to be placed inside an INT so let's see what this actually returns so let's

see what this actually returns so let's do a console. right line let's see what

do a console. right line let's see what this prints and if there go it prints 35

this prints and if there go it prints 35 since ins can only store whole numbers

since ins can only store whole numbers basically when it gets to decimal point

basically when it gets to decimal point it just ignores everything out of it

it just ignores everything out of it importantly it does not round the value

importantly it does not round the value so even if I put this 35.9 nope it still

so even if I put this 35.9 nope it still says just 35 so basically when we are

says just 35 so basically when we are forcing the conversion onto an INT it is

forcing the conversion onto an INT it is basically going to ignore everything

basically going to ignore everything after the decimal point now on this

after the decimal point now on this topic one of the most common mistakes

topic one of the most common mistakes that beginners make is actually when

that beginners make is actually when dividing ins so for example let's say

dividing ins so for example let's say the player has some kind of health and

the player has some kind of health and it's stored in an in let's say they

it's stored in an in let's say they currently have one Health and then let's

currently have one Health and then let's say they've got a health max and the

say they've got a health max and the health max is 10 and then you're trying

health max is 10 and then you're trying to normalize this value so you do Health

to normalize this value so you do Health divide by health max so now what do you

divide by health max so now what do you think this will actually output in

think this will actually output in theory the mathematical answer would be

theory the mathematical answer would be 0.1 so we've got 1 divid by 10 that

0.1 so we've got 1 divid by 10 that should be 0.1 but nope here the result

should be 0.1 but nope here the result is zero again it's the exact same reason

is zero again it's the exact same reason it's because of type limitations we are

it's because of type limitations we are dividing an INT by another int so the

dividing an INT by another int so the result of that cation will also be an

result of that cation will also be an INT and inside an end we cannot store

INT and inside an end we cannot store the value 0.1 so it does the same thing

the value 0.1 so it does the same thing that we saw a while ago it ignores the

that we saw a while ago it ignores the decimals and just sores the whole number

decimals and just sores the whole number which in this case just ends up storing

which in this case just ends up storing zero now in solution this problem is

zero now in solution this problem is really simple we just need to convert

really simple we just need to convert one of these values into a float so we

one of these values into a float so we can just cast it onto a float so now

can just cast it onto a float so now here we have some math doing between a

here we have some math doing between a float and int so the final result will

float and int so the final result will be a float and if we test yep now it

be a float and if we test yep now it does return the correct result 0.1 so if

does return the correct result 0.1 so if you ever have any strange results when

you ever have any strange results when doing calculations always double check

doing calculations always double check that you're using the correct type so

that you're using the correct type so you're not losing any data and like I

you're not losing any data and like I said there are some types you can

said there are some types you can convert even with a cast for example you

convert even with a cast for example you cannot forcefully cast a false onto an

cannot forcefully cast a false onto an INT this does not work and same thing

INT this does not work and same thing for a string onto a number nope this

for a string onto a number nope this does not work if you do want to convert

does not work if you do want to convert a string onto a number for that you have

a string onto a number for that you have two methods one method is using a class

two methods one method is using a class called called convert and then inside it

called called convert and then inside it converts a whole bunch of functions in

converts a whole bunch of functions in order to convert from all kinds of types

order to convert from all kinds of types like for example convert to n32 which is

like for example convert to n32 which is going to be the regular int the N64 this

going to be the regular int the N64 this one is going to be the long and the n16

one is going to be the long and the n16 this one is the short if you're

this one is the short if you're wondering what those numbers are it's

wondering what those numbers are it's over here it's the size of the actual

over here it's the size of the actual value so the int that is a 32bit int

value so the int that is a 32bit int whereas the long is a 64bit and so on

whereas the long is a 64bit and so on and on the right side we can actually

and on the right side we can actually see the full name for the types what we

see the full name for the types what we see on the left typ is usually what we

see on the left typ is usually what we use but these are really just aliases

use but these are really just aliases the actual types are the ones over here

the actual types are the ones over here so an INT is really a system. in 32 the

so an INT is really a system. in 32 the long is R system. N64 and so on so

long is R system. N64 and so on so anyways yep here we have a whole bunch

anyways yep here we have a whole bunch of functions and again don't worry about

of functions and again don't worry about what our functions for now I will cover

what our functions for now I will cover them in detail in future lectures but if

them in detail in future lectures but if we were to use this function then we can

we were to use this function then we can convert the value 56 into the health and

convert the value 56 into the health and Yep this does work although of course

Yep this does work although of course this only works if the ring actually has

this only works if the ring actually has number if you write something you

number if you write something you actually going to get an error all right

actually going to get an error all right so that's a lot of info on variables

so that's a lot of info on variables data types and type conversion this is

data types and type conversion this is one of the most important part of the

one of the most important part of the basics of programming so definitely make

basics of programming so definitely make sure you fully understand this topic

sure you fully understand this topic before going further if you need go

before going further if you need go ahead and rewatch this lecture to really

ahead and rewatch this lecture to really solidify this knowledge it is really

solidify this knowledge it is really important that you fully understand

important that you fully understand variables and types before going any

variables and types before going any further next we're going to learn

further next we're going to learn another extremely important part of

another extremely important part of programming if statements and conditions

programming if statements and conditions so let's learn that in the next

so let's learn that in the next lecture hello and welcome I'm your Cod

lecture hello and welcome I'm your Cod mon in this lecture we're going to learn

mon in this lecture we're going to learn about IFL statements and conditions

about IFL statements and conditions we're going to learn how conditions are

we're going to learn how conditions are evaluated how to do mathematical tests

evaluated how to do mathematical tests and logical operations so let's learn

and logical operations so let's learn about ifs and conditions this has to do

about ifs and conditions this has to do with one type that we already saw in the

with one type that we already saw in the previous lecture bullion this is a type

previous lecture bullion this is a type that can only be either true or false

that can only be either true or false those are the only two possible values

those are the only two possible values basically we write a condition and then

basically we write a condition and then the code evaluates that condition to

the code evaluates that condition to either true or false now the simplest

either true or false now the simplest condition is just equality so for

condition is just equality so for example is one equal to one the answer

example is one equal to one the answer is yep so when the code evaluates this

is yep so when the code evaluates this one it evaluates it to true and if we

one it evaluates it to true and if we check is one equals to two that is

check is one equals to two that is obviously false one is not equal to two

obviously false one is not equal to two so this one evaluates a false then we

so this one evaluates a false then we can use these conditions inside an if

can use these conditions inside an if the if has a condition and then a code

the if has a condition and then a code block and if the condition is true then

block and if the condition is true then it is going to execute this code block

it is going to execute this code block and if it is false then it does not

and if it is false then it does not execute this codee block and again going

execute this codee block and again going back to what I mentioned in the

back to what I mentioned in the programming Basics lecture the code

programming Basics lecture the code executes from top to bottom so first it

executes from top to bottom so first it executes this if then checks the

executes this if then checks the condition and the condition is true so

condition and the condition is true so it goes inside and executes the code

it goes inside and executes the code inside then goes back outside then

inside then goes back outside then executes this if checks the condition

executes this if checks the condition this one is false so it skips that one

this one is false so it skips that one and continues running afterwards so the

and continues running afterwards so the code is still executing from top to

code is still executing from top to bottom as usual but by using ifs we can

bottom as usual but by using ifs we can control what code actually runs when

control what code actually runs when here is a visual demo in the interactive

here is a visual demo in the interactive exercises we've got a simple if

exercises we've got a simple if condition test in if a distance is under

condition test in if a distance is under a certain amount if so then we're going

a certain amount if so then we're going to set this target color to green and if

to set this target color to green and if not we're going to set it to White so I

not we're going to set it to White so I can click to move the player and as the

can click to move the player and as the distance goes under that amount yep that

distance goes under that amount yep that one turns green and if goes above then

one turns green and if goes above then that one turns white so depending on

that one turns white so depending on whether this condition is true or not it

whether this condition is true or not it is running either this line or this line

is running either this line or this line of code here in the code let's see our

of code here in the code let's see our syntax and the syntax for an if is

syntax and the syntax for an if is really simple we just write if and again

really simple we just write if and again remember how code is case sensitive so

remember how code is case sensitive so it is not if all uppercase it is not

it is not if all uppercase it is not uppercase and lower case it is neither

uppercase and lower case it is neither of these instead it is if on lowercase

of these instead it is if on lowercase again very important if you write it

again very important if you write it properly it should change color then we

properly it should change color then we write the condition inside parentheses

write the condition inside parentheses remember to have a matching closing

remember to have a matching closing parenthesis for every opening the

parenthesis for every opening the condition can be all kinds of things

condition can be all kinds of things they will eventually be evaluated into a

they will eventually be evaluated into a bullion so either true or false so over

bullion so either true or false so over here we can just write through for

here we can just write through for testing so we have if then the condition

testing so we have if then the condition and then we just do a code block and

and then we just do a code block and this is the code that will be executed

this is the code that will be executed if the condition is true so for example

if the condition is true so for example over here just say console. right line

over here just say console. right line let's say inside if and if we run this

let's say inside if and if we run this and if there it is we are inside the if

and if there it is we are inside the if so we did run that code whereas now if

so we did run that code whereas now if instead of true if we change this into

instead of true if we change this into false and run it and if now that one

false and run it and if now that one does not run because that one is false

does not run because that one is false so the code goes to execute this line

so the code goes to execute this line then it Sayes this condition is false so

then it Sayes this condition is false so it is going to skip this one and

it is going to skip this one and continue afterwards now it obviously

continue afterwards now it obviously doesn't make much sense manually write

doesn't make much sense manually write either true or false over here on the

either true or false over here on the condition usually you want to test some

condition usually you want to test some kind of thing some kind of proper

kind of thing some kind of proper condition and the most basic thing is

condition and the most basic thing is simply mathematical operations so if we

simply mathematical operations so if we test 1 equals 1 if we test this if that

test 1 equals 1 if we test this if that is inside goes inside the if

is inside goes inside the if alternatively instead of just equality

alternatively instead of just equality we can simply do some meth medical

we can simply do some meth medical operations like for example let's see if

operations like for example let's see if we are testing if two is bigger than one

we are testing if two is bigger than one so pretty simple and the result of this

so pretty simple and the result of this test is true since two is indeed bigger

test is true since two is indeed bigger than one so if we run this yep there's

than one so if we run this yep there's our message it works basically what the

our message it works basically what the code is doing is when it gets over here

code is doing is when it gets over here to the if it gets to this condition then

to the if it gets to this condition then it evaluates this condition and again it

it evaluates this condition and again it is going to evaluate in whether true or

is going to evaluate in whether true or false and then if it is true goes inside

false and then if it is true goes inside it if it is false skips it there's a

it if it is false skips it there's a bunch of mathematical operations you can

bunch of mathematical operations you can do you can do bigger than he can do less

do you can do bigger than he can do less than he can do bigger or equal less than

than he can do bigger or equal less than or equal so all the standard

or equal so all the standard mathematical operations and of course

mathematical operations and of course over here I'm using values directly but

over here I'm using values directly but you could replace this with a variable

you could replace this with a variable so like n for the age 35 then let's say

so like n for the age 35 then let's say if age is under or equal to 40 and yep

if age is under or equal to 40 and yep obviously this works so you have all

obviously this works so you have all kinds of operations and then you also

kinds of operations and then you also have the equals now here's another

have the equals now here's another extremely extremely important thing when

extremely extremely important thing when you want to test for equality you do a

you want to test for equality you do a double equals not just one it's a double

double equals not just one it's a double equal sign the single equals this one is

equal sign the single equals this one is meant for assignment like for example we

meant for assignment like for example we Define a variable then we do a single

Define a variable then we do a single equals and we are assigning the value 35

equals and we are assigning the value 35 onto our variable but when we want to

onto our variable but when we want to test for equality we do a double equals

test for equality we do a double equals again this is very important this is a

again this is very important this is a mistake that a lot of beginners do they

mistake that a lot of beginners do they do something like a single equals and

do something like a single equals and they have no idea why there's an error

they have no idea why there's an error over here the error isn't very helpful

over here the error isn't very helpful it says in left hand side of the

it says in left hand side of the assignment must be a variable so if

assignment must be a variable so if you're a beginner this makes no sense

you're a beginner this makes no sense but that's because the single equals

but that's because the single equals this one stands for assignment and

this one stands for assignment and double equals this one is for equality

double equals this one is for equality and if you try putting that inside a

and if you try putting that inside a right line so let you Conant that right

right line so let you Conant that right line if we do age double equals 35 if we

line if we do age double equals 35 if we do this if there I go that does return

do this if there I go that does return true however if now we put just a single

true however if now we put just a single equals and if now instead of either true

equals and if now instead of either true or false it just says 35 that is because

or false it just says 35 that is because the single equals this one is assigning

the single equals this one is assigning the value over there and it's not

the value over there and it's not actually doing any comparison so again

actually doing any comparison so again don't make this mistake single equals is

don't make this mistake single equals is for assignment and double equals is for

for assignment and double equals is for equality so related to equals is the not

equality so related to equals is the not equal sign and for this one we do an

equal sign and for this one we do an exclamation point and then an equals so

exclamation point and then an equals so the exclamation point means not so not

the exclamation point means not so not equals so in this case this one will not

equals so in this case this one will not run because one is equals to one so one

run because one is equals to one so one not equals one is false whereas if we

not equals one is false whereas if we put a two one does not equal two yep

put a two one does not equal two yep that's true so yep it does run and of

that's true so yep it does run and of course over here we can simply use

course over here we can simply use bulling variable so bull is player let's

bulling variable so bull is player let's define this as true and then over here

define this as true and then over here just if is player if so then Yep this

just if is player if so then Yep this works so over here we have the code

works so over here we have the code block that is going to execute if the if

block that is going to execute if the if condition is true and then we have

condition is true and then we have another keyword that we can add after

another keyword that we can add after the if we can add the keyword else and

the if we can add the keyword else and then another code block and now this

then another code block and now this code block will execute if the first if

code block will execute if the first if is not true so let's do another right

is not true so let's do another right line inside else and over here we Define

line inside else and over here we Define players true then we test if is player

players true then we test if is player so it is going to be inside this one so

so it is going to be inside this one so it is not going to run this one if we

it is not going to run this one if we test if there you go it just says inside

test if there you go it just says inside the if but then if I swap player to

the if but then if I swap player to false so now it is not going to run the

false so now it is not going to run the if and instead it's going to run the

if and instead it's going to run the else if that it is just like that so for

else if that it is just like that so for example instead of having two ifs like

example instead of having two ifs like if is player and if not is player which

if is player and if not is player which by the way the not equals that one can

by the way the not equals that one can also be applied like this if you put the

also be applied like this if you put the exclamation point that is basically

exclamation point that is basically going to negate whatever comes

going to negate whatever comes afterwards so over here we have not is

afterwards so over here we have not is player so we are testing if it is player

player so we are testing if it is player or not is player which is really the

or not is player which is really the same thing so if you want to test this

same thing so if you want to test this kind of thing then using an else makes

kind of thing then using an else makes it much simpler that's exactly what the

it much simpler that's exactly what the code over here in the demo is doing it

code over here in the demo is doing it is testing if distance is under four and

is testing if distance is under four and if so then it's going to set the target

if so then it's going to set the target color to Green if not it is going to set

color to Green if not it is going to set it to White if I had not written this

it to White if I had not written this else statement then as soon as became

else statement then as soon as became green even if we stood outside of it it

green even if we stood outside of it it would not change it back whereas like

would not change it back whereas like this if it's inside turns green if not

this if it's inside turns green if not else it turns white and now here we are

else it turns white and now here we are testing a single condition but we can

testing a single condition but we can also combine multiple conditions let's

also combine multiple conditions let's say for example we want to test if two

say for example we want to test if two is bigger than one and if three is

is bigger than one and if three is bigger than one the way we write a

bigger than one the way we write a logical land is just like this with two

logical land is just like this with two ense again it's very very important just

ense again it's very very important just like the double equals this is a double

like the double equals this is a double ense if you put just one this is a

ense if you put just one this is a completely different operation this is a

completely different operation this is a bitwise end which is something that I

bitwise end which is something that I covered in the advanced portion of this

covered in the advanced portion of this course but over here for a logical end

course but over here for a logical end we do not want just one so we want two

we do not want just one so we want two of them again don't make this mistake so

of them again don't make this mistake so let's see what this outputs and if there

let's see what this outputs and if there it is it runs the code inside the if so

it is it runs the code inside the if so basically here we have two conditions

basically here we have two conditions and when the code gets to this point it

and when the code gets to this point it is basically going to evaluate each

is basically going to evaluate each condition from from left to right so

condition from from left to right so first evaluates this one is two bigger

first evaluates this one is two bigger than one the answer is yes so this one

than one the answer is yes so this one evaluates the true and is three bigger

evaluates the true and is three bigger than one the answer is also yes so this

than one the answer is also yes so this one also evaluates the true and then

one also evaluates the true and then we've got an end operation between a

we've got an end operation between a true and a true and this end operation

true and a true and this end operation the output of this one will only be true

the output of this one will only be true if both conditions are true which is the

if both conditions are true which is the case over here so that's why this one

case over here so that's why this one runs inside the F if we change one of

runs inside the F if we change one of these so let's say true and false if so

these so let's say true and false if so then the output for this one will be

then the output for this one will be false so it is not going to run this one

false so it is not going to run this one instead it's going to run the else in

instead it's going to run the else in order to know what combinations make

order to know what combinations make true or false you can look at what is

true or false you can look at what is called a truth table so over here we've

called a truth table so over here we've got the values A and B and then we've

got the values A and B and then we've got the result of doing an and operation

got the result of doing an and operation or an or operation between both those A

or an or operation between both those A and B can be either true or false which

and B can be either true or false which by the way sometimes true or false is

by the way sometimes true or false is represented as simply ones and zeros so

represented as simply ones and zeros so 0 equals false and one equals true

0 equals false and one equals true really just different representations of

really just different representations of the same thing so over here we have the

the same thing so over here we have the end operator and like I said the end

end operator and like I said the end this one is only true if both conditions

this one is only true if both conditions are true so if a is false and B is false

are true so if a is false and B is false both are are false so the end output is

both are are false so the end output is going to be false if a is false but B is

going to be false if a is false but B is true again we still don't have the

true again we still don't have the condition that both them are true so the

condition that both them are true so the output is still false same thing over

output is still false same thing over here if a is true B is false the output

here if a is true B is false the output is still false it is only if we have

is still false it is only if we have both A and B both of them are true if so

both A and B both of them are true if so then the output of the end is also true

then the output of the end is also true so the result of an and is only true if

so the result of an and is only true if both components are true then the other

both components are true then the other operation that we can see here is the or

operation that we can see here is the or operator this one is going to be true if

operator this one is going to be true if either A or B is true so if both them

either A or B is true so if both them are false if so then the or is going to

are false if so then the or is going to be false but if just one of them is true

be false but if just one of them is true then the output of the or is going to be

then the output of the or is going to be true or if both of them are true if so

true or if both of them are true if so then the output is also going to be true

then the output is also going to be true over here in the code the way we write

over here in the code the way we write an or operator is denoted by two pipes

an or operator is denoted by two pipes again pay close attention to the fact

again pay close attention to the fact that it is two if you write just one

that it is two if you write just one this is a completely different operation

this is a completely different operation this is another bitwise operation which

this is another bitwise operation which again I cover in detail in the advanced

again I cover in detail in the advanced section so also pay close attention here

section so also pay close attention here it is two pipes so this makes an or

it is two pipes so this makes an or operation like I said this one is going

operation like I said this one is going to run our code block if either of these

to run our code block if either of these are true so if this one is true then Yep

are true so if this one is true then Yep this one is going to run and yep it does

this one is going to run and yep it does run the r only returns false if both of

run the r only returns false if both of them are false and if we set this yep we

them are false and if we set this yep we run the code inside the else there is an

run the code inside the else there is an interactive truth table in the exercises

interactive truth table in the exercises here up top we have the inputs and down

here up top we have the inputs and down here we have the outputs so for the end

here we have the outputs so for the end the end is only true if both are true so

the end is only true if both are true so if that one is true and false the output

if that one is true and false the output is false false true that one and if both

is false false true that one and if both are true that one is true the or is only

are true that one is true the or is only true if either of them are true so if

true if either of them are true so if either of these are true the output is

either of these are true the output is going to be true and the not simply

going to be true and the not simply inverse it so if it's false become true

inverse it so if it's false become true and if it's true becomes false now these

and if it's true becomes false now these conditions doing an or or an and doing

conditions doing an or or an and doing this always works just between two

this always works just between two elements but you can also have multiple

elements but you can also have multiple conditions not just two you can have as

conditions not just two you can have as many conditions as you want so here in

many conditions as you want so here in true or false you can have as many as

true or false you can have as many as you want however it's also important to

you want however it's also important to know they are evaluated from left to

know they are evaluated from left to right meaning that whenever doing some

right meaning that whenever doing some kind of or or and operation it is always

kind of or or and operation it is always done just between two conditions so when

done just between two conditions so when the code gets here first it evaluates

the code gets here first it evaluates this one and gets a result from this

this one and gets a result from this evaluation then after having that result

evaluation then after having that result then it does the result of this one

then it does the result of this one alongside the result of that one and

alongside the result of that one and finally from this one along with the

finally from this one along with the result of all these so it does all those

result of all these so it does all those evaluations and importantly always from

evaluations and importantly always from left to right so for example let's write

left to right so for example let's write if 1 equal 2 or 1 equal 1 and 5 is

if 1 equal 2 or 1 equal 1 and 5 is bigger than one so if we have these

bigger than one so if we have these conditions if you want pause the video

conditions if you want pause the video and try to figure out if the code is

and try to figure out if the code is going to run or not like I said left or

going to run or not like I said left or right so first it evaluates this one

right so first it evaluates this one does one equal two the answer is no so

does one equal two the answer is no so this one evaluates into false then it is

this one evaluates into false then it is going to evaluate this one does one

going to evaluate this one does one equal one the answer is true yep then

equal one the answer is true yep then it's going to do an or operation between

it's going to do an or operation between false or true and again the or is true

false or true and again the or is true if just either of them is true so in

if just either of them is true so in this case this one outputs is true then

this case this one outputs is true then it evaluates this one is five bigger

it evaluates this one is five bigger than one that is true and then we have a

than one that is true and then we have a true and true this one returns true and

true and true this one returns true and yep we do run this code then if you want

yep we do run this code then if you want you can also have more control over the

you can also have more control over the order of testing simply by using

order of testing simply by using parentheses just like you do in normal

parentheses just like you do in normal math so for example let's write some

math so for example let's write some code like this so for example we have

code like this so for example we have false or true this one is going to

false or true this one is going to evaluate in true then it's going to do

evaluate in true then it's going to do true and false that is going to evaluate

true and false that is going to evaluate to false and then then false or true

to false and then then false or true that is going to evaluate in true so it

that is going to evaluate in true so it is going to run this one so over here we

is going to run this one so over here we can add some parentheses so we want to

can add some parentheses so we want to do this condition first and then this

do this condition first and then this condition first and this way first it is

condition first and this way first it is going to evaluate theu then evaluate

going to evaluate theu then evaluate theu and only then evaluate the whole

theu and only then evaluate the whole thing another important thing is also

thing another important thing is also how conditions can short circuit meaning

how conditions can short circuit meaning let's say we have an or and with an or

let's say we have an or and with an or it is going to return true if either of

it is going to return true if either of them is true so if we have true or false

them is true so if we have true or false or actually in this case let's put some

or actually in this case let's put some proper conditions so one bigger than two

proper conditions so one bigger than two that is going to be false and two bigger

that is going to be false and two bigger than one so if we have this basically

than one so if we have this basically over here two bigger than one this going

over here two bigger than one this going to evaluate to True one bigger than two

to evaluate to True one bigger than two this going to evaluate to false now like

this going to evaluate to false now like I said the or this one is going to be

I said the or this one is going to be true when either of them is true so when

true when either of them is true so when the compiler starts to evaluate these

the compiler starts to evaluate these conditions it starts to evaluate the

conditions it starts to evaluate the first one again left to right and

first one again left to right and evaluates this one into true and since

evaluates this one into true and since that is the case the compiler is smart

that is the case the compiler is smart enough to know not to waste any power on

enough to know not to waste any power on evaluating this second condition because

evaluating this second condition because the first one is true then it's already

the first one is true then it's already going to run inside the if so after here

going to run inside the if so after here we can have a bunch more Ores and it

we can have a bunch more Ores and it does not matter the compiler would only

does not matter the compiler would only test this one since this one is true it

test this one since this one is true it just ignores everything after this

just ignores everything after this however on the other hand if we have an

however on the other hand if we have an end if so then it's going to valid this

end if so then it's going to valid this one this one is true but then the end is

one this one is true but then the end is only true if both of them are true so it

only true if both of them are true so it cannot stop executing here it needs to

cannot stop executing here it needs to execute this one in order to see if it's

execute this one in order to see if it's true or false in order to know does it

true or false in order to know does it run inside if or not so in this case the

run inside if or not so in this case the short circuit for the end would be if

short circuit for the end would be if this one is false if this one is false

this one is false if this one is false right here then doesn't even bother

right here then doesn't even bother evaluating this condition because if the

evaluating this condition because if the first one is false then the end is

first one is false then the end is always going to return false this is the

always going to return false this is the kind of thing that becomes really

kind of thing that becomes really important in some performance intensive

important in some performance intensive applications especially when you're

applications especially when you're running some expensive function to test

running some expensive function to test something for example if you have true

something for example if you have true or and then over here you've got some

or and then over here you've got some kind of function that costs quite a lot

kind of function that costs quite a lot in terms of performance if so then the

in terms of performance if so then the compiler is going to be smart enough and

compiler is going to be smart enough and it's not even going to waste any time

it's not even going to waste any time running this condition because the first

running this condition because the first one is already true now over here let me

one is already true now over here let me also make one quick note ifs technically

also make one quick note ifs technically do not require a code block so if you

do not require a code block so if you just have an F without an else if so

just have an F without an else if so technically you can just do this so you

technically you can just do this so you can raise the code block and just write

can raise the code block and just write the condition afterwards if you have

the condition afterwards if you have just a single instruction inside the if

just a single instruction inside the if then this is perfectly valid code so

then this is perfectly valid code so let's put this one true so it goes

let's put this one true so it goes inside and if there you go it does run

inside and if there you go it does run the code inside the if however I highly

the code inside the if however I highly highly advise you to always write a code

highly advise you to always write a code block the reason is simply because it is

block the reason is simply because it is very easy to write an if like this and

very easy to write an if like this and then later on you want to write another

then later on you want to write another instruction so let's say inside if2 so

instruction so let's say inside if2 so you add this but you forget the righty

you add this but you forget the righty code lock and you assume this one is

code lock and you assume this one is still going to run inside the if and in

still going to run inside the if and in this case if we try running this we do

this case if we try running this we do see if and then the F2 but if we change

see if and then the F2 but if we change this into false ideally we would not

this into false ideally we would not want either of these to run but yep the

want either of these to run but yep the second one does run that is because if

second one does run that is because if you don't include a code block then the

you don't include a code block then the only thing that is considered to be

only thing that is considered to be inside the if is just the next line

inside the if is just the next line immediately afterwards remember that in

immediately afterwards remember that in C identation does not matter so the fact

C identation does not matter so the fact that this one has as many spaces that

that this one has as many spaces that does not matter at all the only thing

does not matter at all the only thing that matters are code blocks and

that matters are code blocks and semicolons if you don't include a code

semicolons if you don't include a code block then basically just executes a

block then basically just executes a code inside the if which is going to be

code inside the if which is going to be until the first semicolon till the first

until the first semicolon till the first instruction so in order to avoid this

instruction so in order to avoid this mistake my advice is to always write

mistake my advice is to always write code blocks in all your ifs so always

code blocks in all your ifs so always put it like this even if you have just

put it like this even if you have just one instruction inside it and speaking

one instruction inside it and speaking of ination like I said it does not

of ination like I said it does not matter so you can event the code like

matter so you can event the code like this or do anything crazy anything you

this or do anything crazy anything you want as far as the compiler is concerned

want as far as the compiler is concerned all this is valid code inside this if

all this is valid code inside this if but for your own personal sanity

but for your own personal sanity definitely make sure to take some time

definitely make sure to take some time to ENT things properly now here we have

to ENT things properly now here we have our ifs and we saw the else as well

our ifs and we saw the else as well something we can do is simply chain ifs

something we can do is simply chain ifs so let's do an if true and then else and

so let's do an if true and then else and after the else we can write if

after the else we can write if immediately afterwards so for example

immediately afterwards so for example here's some code we Define some kind of

here's some code we Define some kind of age then we do the first if testing if

age then we do the first if testing if age is under 20 in this case it is not

age is under 20 in this case it is not so we're just going to run the else

so we're just going to run the else related to this if and then inside that

related to this if and then inside that else we've got another if so if under 30

else we've got another if so if under 30 meaning the code inside here is going to

meaning the code inside here is going to run if the age is not inside this if so

run if the age is not inside this if so if it's above or equal to 20 and under

if it's above or equal to 20 and under 30 and if not then it's going to go into

30 and if not then it's going to go into the else connected to this if and

the else connected to this if and finally run this line of code and if we

finally run this line of code and if we test Y correct ag35 is indeed above 30

test Y correct ag35 is indeed above 30 so you can chain a bunch of L FS

so you can chain a bunch of L FS together or you can simply just do a

together or you can simply just do a bunch of ifs or if we want we can also

bunch of ifs or if we want we can also chain a bunch of them just like this so

chain a bunch of them just like this so basically just having some ifs one after

basically just having some ifs one after the other Yep this is also perfectly

the other Yep this is also perfectly valid code all right so here we learned

valid code all right so here we learned about ifs and the last thing that we did

about ifs and the last thing that we did was chain a bunch of ifs together this

was chain a bunch of ifs together this code works correctly we have all of our

code works correctly we have all of our ifs one after the other but with this

ifs one after the other but with this many FS it becomes really hard to

many FS it becomes really hard to understand what the code is doing so to

understand what the code is doing so to solve this particular problem we have

solve this particular problem we have another way to run conditional logic

another way to run conditional logic which is by using a switch so that's

which is by using a switch so that's what we're going to cover in the next

what we're going to cover in the next lecture hello and welcome I'm your Cod

lecture hello and welcome I'm your Cod Mony in this lecture we're going to

Mony in this lecture we're going to learn about the switch this lets us very

learn about the switch this lets us very easily test comparisons against multiple

easily test comparisons against multiple possible cases okay so here we have the

possible cases okay so here we have the code that we wrote in the previous

code that we wrote in the previous lecture we have a bunch of ifs chained

lecture we have a bunch of ifs chained together technically this works but it

together technically this works but it becomes a bit hard to read to do this

becomes a bit hard to read to do this kind of logic there is a much better way

kind of logic there is a much better way when we want to test multiple different

when we want to test multiple different cases and for that we want a switch to

cases and for that we want a switch to do that first we write switch and then

do that first we write switch and then we write the value or variable that we

we write the value or variable that we want to use in our comparison so in this

want to use in our comparison so in this case let's use the same name variable

case let's use the same name variable then we open and close our code block

then we open and close our code block and now inside here we write case and

and now inside here we write case and then afterwards what we want to compare

then afterwards what we want to compare against so in this case let's compare

against so in this case let's compare against the name Code Monkey then we do

against the name Code Monkey then we do a colon and down here we write whatever

a colon and down here we write whatever code we want to execute if the switch

code we want to execute if the switch variable matches this value so let's do

variable matches this value so let's do the exact same thing and finally we end

the exact same thing and finally we end the case by using a break yep just like

the case by using a break yep just like this this is a valid switch case let's

this this is a valid switch case let's just add the other two yep just like

just add the other two yep just like this so basically what we have down here

this so basically what we have down here is exactly the same thing as we have up

is exactly the same thing as we have up here except instead of having a ton of

here except instead of having a ton of separate ifs we just have a switch we

separate ifs we just have a switch we just write our name variable once and

just write our name variable once and then individually each value we want to

then individually each value we want to compare against and if the value in here

compare against and if the value in here it exactly matches the one here then

it exactly matches the one here then it's going to run this code if it

it's going to run this code if it perfectly matches this one it's going to

perfectly matches this one it's going to run this one and so on basically when

run this one and so on basically when the code gets to this line it is going

the code gets to this line it is going to grab whatever value is stored inside

to grab whatever value is stored inside of name then it's going to compare

of name then it's going to compare against each one of those cases and when

against each one of those cases and when it finds a match like this one then the

it finds a match like this one then the code goes inside and runs this line of

code goes inside and runs this line of code then when it reaches the break this

code then when it reaches the break this one tells it to break out of the switch

one tells it to break out of the switch so it skips all of these and jumps and

so it skips all of these and jumps and continues executing down here basically

continues executing down here basically the switch is really great when you want

the switch is really great when you want to compare one value against many

to compare one value against many different values it is much simpler to

different values it is much simpler to use a switch as opposed to a ton of if

use a switch as opposed to a ton of if eles then the switch also has a special

eles then the switch also has a special case called default and basically the

case called default and basically the code here is going to run if the value

code here is going to run if the value that we choose up here doesn't not match

that we choose up here doesn't not match any of the values inside any of the

any of the values inside any of the cases if it does not match any of them

cases if it does not match any of them it is going to run the default so here

it is going to run the default so here is the interactive demo I've got a bunch

is the interactive demo I've got a bunch of buttons up here that I can use to

of buttons up here that I can use to modify the string name and Y we can see

modify the string name and Y we can see which switch is going to run so if the

which switch is going to run so if the name is code Mony then it's going to run

name is code Mony then it's going to run this case and it's going to change the

this case and it's going to change the outline color into white if I click on

outline color into white if I click on irman then the name is now irman so it's

irman then the name is now irman so it's going to run this one and put the

going to run this one and put the outline in white and put the outline in

outline in white and put the outline in yellow if I choose black wiow it's going

yellow if I choose black wiow it's going to run this one and if I choose

to run this one and if I choose Spider-Man which does not match any of

Spider-Man which does not match any of these three if so then it's going to run

these three if so then it's going to run default and run like this now if you

default and run like this now if you forget to write a break so if I remove

forget to write a break so if I remove this technically this is still valid

this technically this is still valid code as long as there's it this one

code as long as there's it this one causes an error it tells you that

causes an error it tells you that control cannot fall through from one

control cannot fall through from one case label onto another one however if

case label onto another one however if we raise this line of code yep now this

we raise this line of code yep now this one is perfectly valid so if up here I

one is perfectly valid so if up here I change the name into Iron Man let's see

change the name into Iron Man let's see what this code runs and if it says hello

what this code runs and if it says hello black widow basically what this is doing

black widow basically what this is doing is if the value up here matches either

is if the value up here matches either this case or this case if it matches

this case or this case if it matches either of those then it's going to run

either of those then it's going to run this line of code so you can have

this line of code so you can have multiple cases run the same line of code

multiple cases run the same line of code although normally you usually want the

although normally you usually want the code to execute only the code inside

code to execute only the code inside that case you want each value to execute

that case you want each value to execute a different thing so in most cases you

a different thing so in most cases you want to use a break at the end of each

want to use a break at the end of each one that way it is very clear what code

one that way it is very clear what code runs on what case also if you don't

runs on what case also if you don't assign a default so if I raas this and I

assign a default so if I raas this and I put let's say Spider-Man if I put it

put let's say Spider-Man if I put it twitch does not match any of these cases

twitch does not match any of these cases then y it simply does nothing so if it

then y it simply does nothing so if it does not match any of the cases then

does not match any of the cases then nothing inside the switch runs and just

nothing inside the switch runs and just continues running afterwards and over

continues running afterwards and over here I'm using a string but you can use

here I'm using a string but you can use literally almost anything else like an

literally almost anything else like an in or a sh so we can do int age and then

in or a sh so we can do int age and then do a switch do a switch on the age and

do a switch do a switch on the age and inside do the same thing so K 10 and

inside do the same thing so K 10 and over here we've got h10 we can do a

over here we've got h10 we can do a default we can do all kinds of things

default we can do all kinds of things and yep all of this works okay so here

and yep all of this works okay so here we learned about the switch which is

we learned about the switch which is extremely useful next let's finally

extremely useful next let's finally learn one extremely powerful feature in

learn one extremely powerful feature in any programming functions so let's learn

any programming functions so let's learn about those in the next lecture hello

about those in the next lecture hello and welcome I'm your codm in this

and welcome I'm your codm in this lecture we're going to learn all about

lecture we're going to learn all about functions this is an extremely crucial

functions this is an extremely crucial thing so make sure you fully understand

thing so make sure you fully understand everything in this lecture so functions

everything in this lecture so functions are another core Concept in programming

are another core Concept in programming a function is basically putting some

a function is basically putting some code inside a box so let's say over here

code inside a box so let's say over here we've got a bunch of code this is all in

we've got a bunch of code this is all in just one main function this is our

just one main function this is our entire program but instead we can build

entire program but instead we can build like this we basically put some code in

like this we basically put some code in a separate box so this is going to be

a separate box so this is going to be our function and then we can easily call

our function and then we can easily call that function meaning run the code

that function meaning run the code inside that box by just calling one line

inside that box by just calling one line of code one big benefit of this is

of code one big benefit of this is simply organization our code becomes

simply organization our code becomes much easier to understand if we have

much easier to understand if we have some clear functions with some clear

some clear functions with some clear names that do one very specific thing

names that do one very specific thing that is much better for organization as

that is much better for organization as opposed to having a giant wall of text

opposed to having a giant wall of text for your entire program another big

for your entire program another big benefit is how it cuts down on copy

benefit is how it cuts down on copy pasted code without functions we would

pasted code without functions we would need to write the function code every

need to write the function code every time we wanted that behavior so for

time we wanted that behavior so for example let's say here we got some code

example let's say here we got some code that we are copy pasting and repeating

that we are copy pasting and repeating three times right away it's bad that we

three times right away it's bad that we are copy pasting the same code multiple

are copy pasting the same code multiple times but even worse than that is

times but even worse than that is imagine if we wanted to modify some

imagine if we wanted to modify some behavior on on this code that we are

behavior on on this code that we are repeating multiple times in order to

repeating multiple times in order to modify it we need to apply those

modify it we need to apply those modifications to every single version

modifications to every single version every single place where we are calling

every single place where we are calling essentially the same code whereas if

essentially the same code whereas if we're using a function it doesn't matter

we're using a function it doesn't matter how many times we call it if we need to

how many times we call it if we need to modify anything in this logic we just

modify anything in this logic we just modify it in one place and automatically

modify it in one place and automatically updates in every other

updates in every other place also just one quick note like I've

place also just one quick note like I've said several times code runs from top to

said several times code runs from top to bottom and that is still true when it

bottom and that is still true when it comes to functions except the code jumps

comes to functions except the code jumps around a little bit so it starts

around a little bit so it starts executing up here executes all these and

executing up here executes all these and gets to the function and then it jumps

gets to the function and then it jumps inside the function then it runs the

inside the function then it runs the code top to bottom from that function

code top to bottom from that function and when it reaches the end basically

and when it reaches the end basically goes back and continues executing from

goes back and continues executing from there so the execution jumps around a

there so the execution jumps around a bit but it's still pretty much the same

bit but it's still pretty much the same in terms of working from top to bottom

in terms of working from top to bottom and now before we see the Syntax for

and now before we see the Syntax for functions we should look into the other

functions we should look into the other more advanced template so far we've been

more advanced template so far we've been using this really basic template where

using this really basic template where we just write our code here this is

we just write our code here this is really great for the basics but by now

really great for the basics but by now we already have enough knowledge to be

we already have enough knowledge to be able to use the more thorough template

able to use the more thorough template so go ahead and open up visual studio

so go ahead and open up visual studio then let's go to create a brand new

then let's go to create a brand new project once again let's pick a console

project once again let's pick a console app you should be able to see it on the

app you should be able to see it on the recent project templates or again search

recent project templates or again search for it and again remember it's this one

for it and again remember it's this one with the c icon it is not the one with

with the c icon it is not the one with vision basic or F and it is not the one

vision basic or F and it is not the one with NET Framework it is the one that

with NET Framework it is the one that just says console app in C so let's pick

just says console app in C so let's pick this one then let's give it some name

this one then let's give it some name I'm going to go with Code Monkey C

I'm going to go with Code Monkey C course place it anywhere and leave it

course place it anywhere and leave it the same solution name let's go next

the same solution name let's go next then over here yep let's use net8 and

then over here yep let's use net8 and importantly is over here let's make sure

importantly is over here let's make sure to take this box we do not want to use

to take this box we do not want to use the top level statements which is the

the top level statements which is the simplified template we don't want to use

simplified template we don't want to use that we want to use the standard code so

that we want to use the standard code so that's it just like this let's head on

that's it just like this let's head on Create and up here is the brand new

Create and up here is the brand new template for now you really don't need

template for now you really don't need to worry about the specifics of this so

to worry about the specifics of this so don't worry about what is a namespace

don't worry about what is a namespace what is a class what is static and so on

what is a class what is static and so on for now you can ignore all that just

for now you can ignore all that just know that the only difference in this

know that the only difference in this template is all the code that we've been

template is all the code that we've been writing right now we would simply write

writing right now we would simply write it directly in here inside the main

it directly in here inside the main function if we run this we should see

function if we run this we should see the exact same hello world if there it

the exact same hello world if there it is Hello World exactly the same as

is Hello World exactly the same as previously the one very important thing

previously the one very important thing is here being very careful over where

is here being very careful over where you writ your code meaning it needs to

you writ your code meaning it needs to be over here inside the main function

be over here inside the main function inside this code block it cannot be for

inside this code block it cannot be for example over here just inside the class

example over here just inside the class code block this does not work this

code block this does not work this causes an error and it also cannot be

causes an error and it also cannot be outside here inside namespace or

outside here inside namespace or completely outside of anything so all

completely outside of anything so all the syntaxes all still exactly the same

the syntaxes all still exactly the same as we've been seeing so far just make

as we've been seeing so far just make sure to write it over here directly

sure to write it over here directly inside the main function and now before

inside the main function and now before we see the syntax ins set a function

we see the syntax ins set a function those are usually referring to the exact

those are usually referring to the exact same thing technically in C the correct

same thing technically in C the correct term is Method but both terms are really

term is Method but both terms are really used interchangeably sometimes I call

used interchangeably sometimes I call them functions sometimes I call them

them functions sometimes I call them methods just know that in most cases

methods just know that in most cases when someone says either term they're

when someone says either term they're really referring to the same thing now

really referring to the same thing now in order to define a function We Begin

in order to define a function We Begin writing let's say outside the main

writing let's say outside the main function again it's very important that

function again it's very important that you write the code in the correct place

you write the code in the correct place we want to start writing over here

we want to start writing over here which is after closing the main code

which is after closing the main code block but still inside the class code

block but still inside the class code block so inside this one but outside the

block so inside this one but outside the main So Right Here We Begin by defining

main So Right Here We Begin by defining the data type that we're going to return

the data type that we're going to return from that function if we don't want to

from that function if we don't want to return any data we can use a special

return any data we can use a special type called void void means nothing so

type called void void means nothing so pretty much exactly the same thing as

pretty much exactly the same thing as our main function here which also does

our main function here which also does not return anything so we have the

not return anything so we have the return type and then we give the

return type and then we give the function some kind of name I'm actually

function some kind of name I'm actually going to talk about the importance of

going to talk about the importance of good names later on in the course in a

good names later on in the course in a dedicated lecture it is an extremely

dedicated lecture it is an extremely important thing you should always always

important thing you should always always give it a proper name name and not

give it a proper name name and not something that has no meaning like for

something that has no meaning like for example just the letter X if you do that

example just the letter X if you do that then you have no idea what that is

then you have no idea what that is actually doing so over here let's give

actually doing so over here let's give it a proper name let's say we want to

it a proper name let's say we want to make a function that just prints hello

make a function that just prints hello to the console so let's give it a proper

to the console so let's give it a proper name and just call it say hello so

name and just call it say hello so that's the name of our function and then

that's the name of our function and then we open our parentheses and inside we

we open our parentheses and inside we add any parameters that we want our

add any parameters that we want our function to have although optionally we

function to have although optionally we can also have it with no parameters so

can also have it with no parameters so let's just close the parenthesis again

let's just close the parenthesis again always keep in mind matching opening and

always keep in mind matching opening and closing so we Define this and then we

closing so we Define this and then we just write our code block so just

just write our code block so just currently braces open and close and yep

currently braces open and close and yep over here we have the function code now

over here we have the function code now here we can write whatever code we want

here we can write whatever code we want our function to do so for example let's

our function to do so for example let's just do a simple console. right line and

just do a simple console. right line and let's just print out hello all right yep

let's just print out hello all right yep that's it pretty simple here we have

that's it pretty simple here we have defined a function also just one more

defined a function also just one more thing in order for our demo to work we

thing in order for our demo to work we actually need to mark this function as

actually need to mark this function as static so over here we need to write

static so over here we need to write static just like we have on the main now

static just like we have on the main now like I said a while ago for now don't

like I said a while ago for now don't worry about understanding static I will

worry about understanding static I will cover it in detail later on the course

cover it in detail later on the course for now just know that in order for our

for now just know that in order for our code to work we need both the main

code to work we need both the main function and the say hello function we

function and the say hello function we need both of these to be marked as

need both of these to be marked as static okay so our function is ready

static okay so our function is ready however if we try running this and if we

however if we try running this and if we still just see Hello World we do not see

still just see Hello World we do not see our second function hello that's because

our second function hello that's because over here we are defining the function

over here we are defining the function but we didn't actually run it remember

but we didn't actually run it remember how code executes it executes from top

how code executes it executes from top to bottom and the entry point is over

to bottom and the entry point is over here inside the main function so right

here inside the main function so right now all our program is doing is it

now all our program is doing is it starts executing over here then runs

starts executing over here then runs this one prints hello world onto the

this one prints hello world onto the console and it reaches the end the main

console and it reaches the end the main function and it Clos our program so just

function and it Clos our program so just defining a function doesn't actually do

defining a function doesn't actually do anything we need to actually call it or

anything we need to actually call it or run that function and in order to do

run that function and in order to do that we just need to write our function

that we just need to write our function name so let's say say hello and then the

name so let's say say hello and then the parentheses for any parameters which in

parentheses for any parameters which in this one doesn't have any so let's just

this one doesn't have any so let's just open and close and again terminate our

open and close and again terminate our instruction with a semicolon also again

instruction with a semicolon also again very important remember how code is case

very important remember how code is case sensitive so you have to write the name

sensitive so you have to write the name of the function exactly if I replace

of the function exactly if I replace this age with a lowercase age nope does

this age with a lowercase age nope does not work at Reddit squiggling line needs

not work at Reddit squiggling line needs to be perfect if I replace the S with s

to be perfect if I replace the S with s nope does not work so always remember

nope does not work so always remember code is K sensitive so just with this if

code is K sensitive so just with this if we test and yep we do see Hello World

we test and yep we do see Hello World and then hello so basically like I

and then hello so basically like I showed in the diagram

showed in the diagram the code is running from top to bottom

the code is running from top to bottom so starts executing here then goes to

so starts executing here then goes to execute this one which in turn cause the

execute this one which in turn cause the execution to jump onto this one and when

execution to jump onto this one and when this function terminates then it goes

this function terminates then it goes back into the original execution which

back into the original execution which in turn simply finishes the program

in turn simply finishes the program another extremely useful thing about

another extremely useful thing about functions is simply how you can call

functions is simply how you can call them as many times as you want so for

them as many times as you want so for example let's make a bunch more

example let's make a bunch more instructions over here let's print out

instructions over here let's print out hello vertically okay just like this now

hello vertically okay just like this now let's say we want to print this out

let's say we want to print this out three times so we could either copy

three times so we could either copy paste the code literally three times but

paste the code literally three times but obviously this looks quite messy

obviously this looks quite messy or using functions we can simply call

or using functions we can simply call the function three times and if we test

the function three times and if we test and if there is it did run our function

and if there is it did run our function did run our print three times and also

did run our print three times and also like I mentioned diagram if we want to

like I mentioned diagram if we want to modify any Behavior inside this function

modify any Behavior inside this function we just need to modify it over here just

we just need to modify it over here just once in the function and basically

once in the function and basically automatically updates whatever that

automatically updates whatever that function is called as opposed to if we

function is called as opposed to if we were copy pasting we would need to make

were copy pasting we would need to make that modification multiple times so just

that modification multiple times so just with this simple example we can already

with this simple example we can already see a ton of benefits from functions

see a ton of benefits from functions they help us organize our code by

they help us organize our code by splitting our code into functions that

splitting our code into functions that each do a specific thing and also helps

each do a specific thing and also helps us avoid tons of copy pasted code by

us avoid tons of copy pasted code by putting any code we want inside a

putting any code we want inside a function and simply calling it now that

function and simply calling it now that we've seen the super basic function next

we've seen the super basic function next thing are parameters and the way you add

thing are parameters and the way you add parameters is inside the parenthesis

parameters is inside the parenthesis parameters are essentially just

parameters are essentially just variables so we start by writing the

variables so we start by writing the data type for the parameter let's say we

data type for the parameter let's say we want one of type string so we just write

want one of type string so we just write string then we give it some kind of name

string then we give it some kind of name so let's say player name again make sure

so let's say player name again make sure you choose good names that clearly

you choose good names that clearly represent what this parameter should be

represent what this parameter should be what it should represent and obviously

what it should represent and obviously inside this function we can use our

inside this function we can use our player name in any way you want so for

player name in any way you want so for example let's say hello and then print

example let's say hello and then print out the player name all right yep just

out the player name all right yep just like this and now up here we can already

like this and now up here we can already see a bunch of errors and the error is

see a bunch of errors and the error is saying there is no argument given which

saying there is no argument given which also by the way you might hear the name

also by the way you might hear the name argument instead of parameter these are

argument instead of parameter these are again these are again sort of

again these are again sort of interchangeable names just like method

interchangeable names just like method and function now technically the

and function now technically the definition is that over here when

definition is that over here when defining the function this one is

defining the function this one is technically called a parameter whereas

technically called a parameter whereas when you use it to call something that

when you use it to call something that one is technically called an argument so

one is technically called an argument so that's what's technically correct but in

that's what's technically correct but in reality most people use both terms

reality most people use both terms interchangeably so parameter or argument

interchangeably so parameter or argument really refers to the same thing and out

really refers to the same thing and out here we can see the error and the error

here we can see the error and the error says that there is no argument given

says that there is no argument given that requires that corresponds to the

that requires that corresponds to the required parameter for our player name

required parameter for our player name so inside the parameters we need to pass

so inside the parameters we need to pass in a string for our player name we can

in a string for our player name we can either pass in a variable so Define a

either pass in a variable so Define a string variable and pass it in or just

string variable and pass it in or just write over here a string directly so

write over here a string directly so let's say code monkey and Y just like

let's say code monkey and Y just like this and if we test and Y it does say

this and if we test and Y it does say hello Code Monkey which of course means

hello Code Monkey which of course means that you can call the function multiple

that you can call the function multiple times with multiple different parameters

times with multiple different parameters and Y it runs the logic with multiple

and Y it runs the logic with multiple parameters and speaking of multiple we

parameters and speaking of multiple we can also have more than one over here

can also have more than one over here we've already seen zero parameters and

we've already seen zero parameters and one parameter but we can have as many as

one parameter but we can have as many as we want you really just add a comma and

we want you really just add a comma and then again any type of name let's say

then again any type of name let's say int age like hello player name you are

int age like hello player name you are age years old then over here on say

age years old then over here on say hello just pass in another parameter

hello just pass in another parameter just like this and if there it is hello

just like this and if there it is hello Code Monkey you are 35 years old the

Code Monkey you are 35 years old the next very important thing about

next very important thing about functions are return types right now we

functions are return types right now we Define this function as returning void

Define this function as returning void and void means nothing so it means that

and void means nothing so it means that this function doesn't return anything

this function doesn't return anything but now let's make a function that does

but now let's make a function that does return something let's make a function

return something let's make a function to Simply add two numbers together to

to Simply add two numbers together to get the result let's play Just around

get the result let's play Just around with simple whole numbers so let's put

with simple whole numbers so let's put int we're going to return an INT let's

int we're going to return an INT let's call it add numbers then inside

call it add numbers then inside parentheses let's add two numbers so

parentheses let's add two numbers so let's define int X int y okay like this

let's define int X int y okay like this and right away Visual Studio is showing

and right away Visual Studio is showing us an error and it says not on code pass

us an error and it says not on code pass return a value meaning if we Define some

return a value meaning if we Define some kind of return type other than void we

kind of return type other than void we have to return something and the way we

have to return something and the way we do that is simply with the keyword

do that is simply with the keyword return and then whatever value we want

return and then whatever value we want to return so in this case adding two

to return so in this case adding two numbers let's just do X Plus Y and Y

numbers let's just do X Plus Y and Y there it is super simple again in order

there it is super simple again in order to call this we need to add in static

to call this we need to add in static just make sure that it works and out

just make sure that it works and out here now we can call add numbers let's

here now we can call add numbers let's add the number one and two and let's see

add the number one and two and let's see let's actually put this inside a

let's actually put this inside a constant out right line just to see the

constant out right line just to see the result okay let's test and if there it

result okay let's test and if there it is the result is indeed three so 1 plus

is the result is indeed three so 1 plus 2 equals 3 another thing you can do is

2 equals 3 another thing you can do is Def find multiple functions with the

Def find multiple functions with the exact same name they just need to have

exact same name they just need to have different parameters either a different

different parameters either a different number of parameters or different types

number of parameters or different types so here we cannot Define another

so here we cannot Define another function named exactly add numbers with

function named exactly add numbers with also two in parameters we cannot do this

also two in parameters we cannot do this but if we swap one of these into B then

but if we swap one of these into B then all of a sudden this function definition

all of a sudden this function definition is is indeed valid or alternatively if

is is indeed valid or alternatively if we have int but then we have a final one

we have int but then we have a final one if we do then Yep this one is also valid

if we do then Yep this one is also valid and then up here when calling add

and then up here when calling add numbers as soon as you open the

numbers as soon as you open the parenthesis you see this one and you see

parenthesis you see this one and you see one of two so this is basically showing

one of two so this is basically showing all the various versions of this

all the various versions of this function so the first version takes an X

function so the first version takes an X and A Y both inss and the second version

and A Y both inss and the second version takes x y and Zed and for the types we

takes x y and Zed and for the types we can just look inside the consant down

can just look inside the consant down right line so add the parenthesis and

right line so add the parenthesis and over here we see this one has 18

over here we see this one has 18 versions so this one takes no parameters

versions so this one takes no parameters this one takes a bullan a character a

this one takes a bullan a character a character way double float and so on and

character way double float and so on and then of course you can also chain

then of course you can also chain functions together so basically the

functions together so basically the return value this means that whenever

return value this means that whenever this function runs it is going to run

this function runs it is going to run this logic and return some kind of thing

this logic and return some kind of thing so just like we saw on the ifs and the

so just like we saw on the ifs and the conditions basally the code gets it here

conditions basally the code gets it here evaluates this function gets some kind

evaluates this function gets some kind of returned value so for example up here

of returned value so for example up here instead of passing in number 35 we can

instead of passing in number 35 we can call add numbers and pass in something

call add numbers and pass in something as long as the return type on this

as long as the return type on this function matches the parameter type as

function matches the parameter type as long as it's like that then Yep this

long as it's like that then Yep this works if there it is that's correct and

works if there it is that's correct and of course we can simply put the result

of course we can simply put the result of a function into inside some kind of

of a function into inside some kind of varable so in number we can just add

varable so in number we can just add numbers and now if we do a console now

numbers and now if we do a console now right line on our number if we do this

right line on our number if we do this if there it is it does print the same

if there it is it does print the same thing now one very useful type to return

thing now one very useful type to return from a function is bullan so for example

from a function is bullan so for example let's make another function let's make

let's make another function let's make it return Bull and let's say for example

it return Bull and let's say for example just is positive we want to return if a

just is positive we want to return if a certain number is positive let's receive

certain number is positive let's receive an INT X and we can do if and compare X

an INT X and we can do if and compare X to two so if X is bigger than or equal

to two so if X is bigger than or equal to zero I think Z equals as a positive

to zero I think Z equals as a positive number I'm not sure but I think so so if

number I'm not sure but I think so so if so then this return true and if not then

so then this return true and if not then return false and if there it is and

return false and if there it is and again just in here we need to make sure

again just in here we need to make sure to add static in order to make this work

to add static in order to make this work so now up here let's do a console do

so now up here let's do a console do right line and let's pass in is positive

right line and let's pass in is positive let's say the number five then let's add

let's say the number five then let's add a semicolon just separated and let's say

a semicolon just separated and let's say is positive and let's say minus Z okay

is positive and let's say minus Z okay let's see what this does and yep it says

let's see what this does and yep it says true and false so yep that is correct

true and false so yep that is correct five is indeed positive minus 2 is

five is indeed positive minus 2 is indeed not positive also by the way here

indeed not positive also by the way here instead of doing these returns instead

instead of doing these returns instead of doing these ifs instead we can really

of doing these ifs instead we can really just return the condition itself so we

just return the condition itself so we can just do return and just return the

can just do return and just return the condition so just like this and yep

condition so just like this and yep everything still works exactly the same

everything still works exactly the same when the code gets here it is going to

when the code gets here it is going to evaluate this condition which is going

evaluate this condition which is going to return true or false and then Returns

to return true or false and then Returns the whole thing and then prints it out

the whole thing and then prints it out now back over here on the void return

now back over here on the void return type on this one you don't have to call

type on this one you don't have to call return over here we have no errors

return over here we have no errors however if you want you can also call

however if you want you can also call return and for this one since this

return and for this one since this returns nothing it returns no type

returns nothing it returns no type instead of calling return then passing

instead of calling return then passing in some value we just call return Then

in some value we just call return Then semicolon that's it basically what this

semicolon that's it basically what this will do is it will stop the execution of

will do is it will stop the execution of the function directly at this point so

the function directly at this point so visual studio actually helps us is you

visual studio actually helps us is you can see this line is in a dark ray and

can see this line is in a dark ray and that is because like it says here

that is because like it says here unreachable code detected since we are

unreachable code detected since we are always calling return over here then

always calling return over here then this line of code will never ever run

this line of code will never ever run speaking of functions and parameters

speaking of functions and parameters this also a great type to see how things

this also a great type to see how things work with regards to value types versus

work with regards to value types versus reference types this is something that I

reference types this is something that I cover in detail later on in the

cover in detail later on in the intermediate section but I want to make

intermediate section but I want to make a quick mention up here for example

a quick mention up here for example let's keep just he say h hell let's

let's keep just he say h hell let's actually get rid of all these okay so

actually get rid of all these okay so let's say I Define an N for the age and

let's say I Define an N for the age and let's say I put it at something and then

let's say I put it at something and then I call say hello and then let's put the

I call say hello and then let's put the exact same thing so that and passing the

exact same thing so that and passing the H and now over here inside the say hello

H and now over here inside the say hello let's do h++ so basically we are

let's do h++ so basically we are incrementing the value of H so when this

incrementing the value of H so when this line of code runs instead of printing 35

line of code runs instead of printing 35 it should print 36 but now the important

it should print 36 but now the important thing is now out here let's say we print

thing is now out here let's say we print out the age again so right line on the H

out the age again so right line on the H so let's print this one out and now

so let's print this one out and now let's see what this one says and if

let's see what this one says and if there it is so inside the function it

there it is so inside the function it says you are 36 years old but outside

says you are 36 years old but outside the function it says 35 basically what

the function it says 35 basically what is happening is when we call a function

is happening is when we call a function over here when we pass in a parameter

over here when we pass in a parameter when we do that we are actually passing

when we do that we are actually passing in a copy of the value stored inside

in a copy of the value stored inside this variable so when we increment a

this variable so when we increment a variable in here we are really just

variable in here we are really just incrementing the copy and we are not

incrementing the copy and we are not actually modifying the original value

actually modifying the original value that is why when we run here we see 36

that is why when we run here we see 36 because we are working with this copy

because we are working with this copy that we did modify but when we exit the

that we did modify but when we exit the function and we run this line of code

function and we run this line of code when we do that we are using the

when we do that we are using the original piece of data which has not

original piece of data which has not been modified again this has to do with

been modified again this has to do with the fact that some types like int those

the fact that some types like int those aren't passed in as copies meaning that

aren't passed in as copies meaning that the function receives a copy of the

the function receives a copy of the original value and if you modify that

original value and if you modify that inside the function you are modifying

inside the function you are modifying the copy and not the original value and

the copy and not the original value and then there are other types which are

then there are other types which are reference types which is going to have

reference types which is going to have some different Behavior those are passed

some different Behavior those are passed in as reference setad of a copy so for

in as reference setad of a copy so for those if you modify them inside the

those if you modify them inside the function then you will also modify them

function then you will also modify them outside the function now if you're a bit

outside the function now if you're a bit confused don't worry like I said I talk

confused don't worry like I said I talk about in detail about value types versus

about in detail about value types versus reference types I talk about what they

reference types I talk about what they are and what that actually means later

are and what that actually means later on in the intermediate section right now

on in the intermediate section right now I really just want you to be aware of

I really just want you to be aware of that difference when working for example

that difference when working for example with primitive types like over here the

with primitive types like over here the int when you pass it in always remember

int when you pass it in always remember you are working with a copy so just be

you are working with a copy so just be aware that if you modify something

aware that if you modify something inside a function it will not

inside a function it will not necessarily modify it outside the

necessarily modify it outside the function all right so here we'll learn

function all right so here we'll learn another really crucial thing about

another really crucial thing about programming functions they are extremely

programming functions they are extremely powerful and you will be writing tons of

powerful and you will be writing tons of functions with all sort of return types

functions with all sort of return types and all sorts of number of parameters so

and all sorts of number of parameters so definitely do make sure you fully

definitely do make sure you fully understand functions before going any

understand functions before going any further watch this lecture a second time

further watch this lecture a second time if you need to they are really that

if you need to they are really that crucial and now that we have introduced

crucial and now that we have introduced functions which allows us to have

functions which allows us to have multiple separated code blocks because

multiple separated code blocks because of that you should really learn the

of that you should really learn the basics of variable scope so let's learn

basics of variable scope so let's learn that in the next lecture hello and

that in the next lecture hello and welcome I'm your Cod monkey in this

welcome I'm your Cod monkey in this lecture we're going to learn about scope

lecture we're going to learn about scope which covers the lifetime of variables

which covers the lifetime of variables and from where they are accessible okay

and from where they are accessible okay so scope is very important it's another

so scope is very important it's another one of those things that trips up

one of those things that trips up beginners it comes back again to how

beginners it comes back again to how code is organized in different code

code is organized in different code blocks and variables defined within a

blocks and variables defined within a code block can only be accessed by that

code block can only be accessed by that code block and any child code locks so

code block and any child code locks so for example if I Define a variable up

for example if I Define a variable up here I can indeed access it in here in

here I can indeed access it in here in here in here and here yep it is

here in here and here yep it is accessible everywhere however if I

accessible everywhere however if I Define a variable in here it is

Define a variable in here it is accessible from Within These child code

accessible from Within These child code blocks but it is not accessible from a

blocks but it is not accessible from a completely separate code block and it is

completely separate code block and it is not accessible from a code marck that is

not accessible from a code marck that is above it in the previous lecture we

above it in the previous lecture we covered function so here there is a

covered function so here there is a function and now up here in the main

function and now up here in the main let's define some kind of variable let's

let's define some kind of variable let's say bull is player let's define this

say bull is player let's define this variable over here and now if down here

variable over here and now if down here on the function if I I try accessing

on the function if I I try accessing this and modifying it nope this does not

this and modifying it nope this does not work we have an error the name is player

work we have an error the name is player does not exist in the current context

does not exist in the current context context is really just another word for

context is really just another word for scope basically when we Define a

scope basically when we Define a variable up here inside the main

variable up here inside the main function code block inside of here we

function code block inside of here we are defining a local variable meaning

are defining a local variable meaning this variable is player this variable

this variable is player this variable only exists inside this function within

only exists inside this function within this code block as soon as we exit this

this code block as soon as we exit this code block for something else like for

code block for something else like for example this other function down here

example this other function down here that variable literally does not exist

that variable literally does not exist this local variable only exists inside

this local variable only exists inside this code block and it only also o

this code block and it only also o exists after it is defined again code

exists after it is defined again code runs from top to bottom so afterwards we

runs from top to bottom so afterwards we can set is player into true but before

can set is player into true but before we Define it we cannot do this nope this

we Define it we cannot do this nope this one does not work we cannot use the

one does not work we cannot use the local variable before it is declared so

local variable before it is declared so this is yet another mistake that I see a

this is yet another mistake that I see a lot of beginners having trouble with

lot of beginners having trouble with they Define some kind of variable and

they Define some kind of variable and they have no idea why they cannot use it

they have no idea why they cannot use it in a complete separate code block so

in a complete separate code block so always remember where you are writing

always remember where you are writing code in which code block and remember

code in which code block and remember that local variables defined within a

that local variables defined within a code block they are not accessible from

code block they are not accessible from a completely separate code block also if

a completely separate code block also if you define a parameter variable like

you define a parameter variable like these two that we have here parameters

these two that we have here parameters are also local variables and they also

are also local variables and they also only exist inside this code block so for

only exist inside this code block so for example if out here after calling say

example if out here after calling say hello if I try to access the player name

hello if I try to access the player name nope that does not exist because again

nope that does not exist because again player name is essentially a local

player name is essentially a local variable which only exists within this

variable which only exists within this code block now these questions of scope

code block now these questions of scope apply to complely separate code blocks

apply to complely separate code blocks like these but it also applies to code

like these but it also applies to code blocks within code blocks like for

blocks within code blocks like for example over here if I Define an if if

example over here if I Define an if if something and then I make a code block

something and then I make a code block within this code block which is

within this code block which is essentially a nested code block inside

essentially a nested code block inside the main within this this one I can

the main within this this one I can indeed access player and do something to

indeed access player and do something to it so again back to diagram if we Define

it so again back to diagram if we Define something over here we can access it

something over here we can access it from any nested code block however if we

from any nested code block however if we do the opposite so if instead of

do the opposite so if instead of defining it in there let's say we Define

defining it in there let's say we Define inside that code block and then over

inside that code block and then over here trying to modify it and nope this

here trying to modify it and nope this player does not exist over here it does

player does not exist over here it does not exist because the code block where

not exist because the code block where we are writing player the code block

we are writing player the code block inside main that one is a parent code

inside main that one is a parent code block of the if code block which is

block of the if code block which is where the variable is actually defined

where the variable is actually defined so as you go deeper inside code blocks

so as you go deeper inside code blocks you can access variables that were

you can access variables that were defined outside of it above it but when

defined outside of it above it but when outside you cannot access things that

outside you cannot access things that were defined inside now if you have a

were defined inside now if you have a variable that you'd like to access and

variable that you'd like to access and modify between multiple functions like

modify between multiple functions like something that I want to access both

something that I want to access both inside the main and inside the say hello

inside the main and inside the say hello function for that you can simply make it

function for that you can simply make it a class variable I'm going to cover

a class variable I'm going to cover classes and also the static keyword in

classes and also the static keyword in detail in future lecture so don't worry

detail in future lecture so don't worry too much about what they are for now

too much about what they are for now just again remember it's all about code

just again remember it's all about code blocks so here we've got the program

blocks so here we've got the program class and it exists inside this code

class and it exists inside this code block and inside this class we have our

block and inside this class we have our two functions so just out here we can

two functions so just out here we can Define some kind of variable so let's

Define some kind of variable so let's say bull is player and again to make

say bull is player and again to make this work we need to mark it as static

this work we need to mark it as static so with this one defined we can then

so with this one defined we can then access it over here inside the main and

access it over here inside the main and also over here inside the hello because

also over here inside the hello because again these two code blocks are

again these two code blocks are basically nested code blocks of the

basically nested code blocks of the class code block but on the other hand

class code block but on the other hand if we Define a complet separate class

if we Define a complet separate class then over here on this class which is

then over here on this class which is again another completely separate code

again another completely separate code block from the one up here if over here

block from the one up here if over here we make some kind of function then

we make some kind of function then inside this function code if we try

inside this function code if we try accessing is player nope does not exist

accessing is player nope does not exist because this player does not exist

because this player does not exist inside this class we Define up here so

inside this class we Define up here so it only exists inside this program class

it only exists inside this program class and any nested functions so in general

and any nested functions so in general if you ever find some kind of issues if

if you ever find some kind of issues if you ever see this error message saying

you ever see this error message saying that some kind of variable does not

that some kind of variable does not exist in the current context if so then

exist in the current context if so then always double check your code to make

always double check your code to make sure that the variable that you are

sure that the variable that you are trying to access you can actually access

trying to access you can actually access it from wherever you are trying to

it from wherever you are trying to access if you do want to pass in some

access if you do want to pass in some data some kind of local variable to

data some kind of local variable to within a function if you want to do that

within a function if you want to do that then you can literally do exactly what

then you can literally do exactly what we've been doing so you define a

we've been doing so you define a function with some kind of parameter you

function with some kind of parameter you def find the local variable over here

def find the local variable over here and then simply put it in there and then

and then simply put it in there and then again remember the thing that I

again remember the thing that I mentioned in the previous lecture about

mentioned in the previous lecture about how parameters these are really copies

how parameters these are really copies so if we do h++ in here it is actually

so if we do h++ in here it is actually not going to modify this one so if you

not going to modify this one so if you did want to modify that one you would

did want to modify that one you would simply return some kind of thing so

simply return some kind of thing so return the age and up here simply put

return the age and up here simply put age equals that and now if we do a

age equals that and now if we do a console out right line on our Ag and if

console out right line on our Ag and if this one does print 36 so we pass in the

this one does print 36 so we pass in the local variable to inside the function

local variable to inside the function then the function we do something we

then the function we do something we return it and with that return value we

return it and with that return value we put it back on the local variable all

put it back on the local variable all right so that's scope this is another

right so that's scope this is another cruci thing that I see a lot of

cruci thing that I see a lot of beginners struggleing with so definitely

beginners struggleing with so definitely make sure you fully understand this

make sure you fully understand this anytime you see that error again make

anytime you see that error again make sure to come back to this lecture in

sure to come back to this lecture in order to fully understand why it's

order to fully understand why it's happening next we're going to learn

happening next we're going to learn about something very simple but also

about something very simple but also very important comments so let's learn

very important comments so let's learn about those in the next

about those in the next lecture hello and welcome I'm your Cod

lecture hello and welcome I'm your Cod monkey in this lecture we're going to

monkey in this lecture we're going to learn all about comments these are

learn all about comments these are basically just some text annotation that

basically just some text annotation that you can add to your code to provide some

you can add to your code to provide some extra clarification on anything you need

extra clarification on anything you need okay so comments are really super simple

okay so comments are really super simple this is how you can pretty much write

this is how you can pretty much write any text you want directly inside your

any text you want directly inside your code however that text is not

code however that text is not interpreted as text meaning comments are

interpreted as text meaning comments are just for you the programmer the compiler

just for you the programmer the compiler completely ignores them so as the code

completely ignores them so as the code is executing line by line it is

is executing line by line it is executing it gets to the comment and

executing it gets to the comment and skips it and continues executing so as

skips it and continues executing so as far as the compiler is concerned the

far as the compiler is concerned the comment literally does not exist in

comment literally does not exist in terms of syntax they are really simple

terms of syntax they are really simple you just write two for slashes and then

you just write two for slashes and then write whatever code you want like I said

write whatever code you want like I said this is not interpreted as any

this is not interpreted as any instruction or any code or anything the

instruction or any code or anything the compiler completely ignores all of this

compiler completely ignores all of this so I could write some kind of valid code

so I could write some kind of valid code but nope this is not registered as code

but nope this is not registered as code as far as the compiler is concerned this

as far as the compiler is concerned this line over here does not exist so you can

line over here does not exist so you can make single line comments with two

make single line comments with two forward slashes or you can make

forward slashes or you can make multi-line comments with a forward slash

multi-line comments with a forward slash and any Star and then you end it with

and any Star and then you end it with another star and another forward slash

another star and another forward slash so with this anything you put anywhere

so with this anything you put anywhere inside of this all of this is considered

inside of this all of this is considered a comment all of this is ignored by the

a comment all of this is ignored by the compiler also comments do not have to be

compiler also comments do not have to be just in their online you can write some

just in their online you can write some regular code and then afterwards write

regular code and then afterwards write some kind of comment so Yep this is

some kind of comment so Yep this is valid code and alternatively for this

valid code and alternatively for this multi-line comment you don't technically

multi-line comment you don't technically need to do it in multi-line so you can

need to do it in multi-line so you can just you open up that one and close it

just you open up that one and close it and write anything right inside there

and write anything right inside there then also this comment right after the

then also this comment right after the forward slashes anything afterwards is

forward slashes anything afterwards is considered a comment meaning that you

considered a comment meaning that you can't actually make a comment before so

can't actually make a comment before so this do not work the compiler is going

this do not work the compiler is going to ignore all of this it is not going to

to ignore all of this it is not going to execute this instruction so technically

execute this instruction so technically if you absolutely need to do this you

if you absolutely need to do this you would simply do the for/ star then close

would simply do the for/ star then close it and yep now this would indeed work

it and yep now this would indeed work this is a common order by the compiler

this is a common order by the compiler this is a normal instruction which would

this is a normal instruction which would run another comment although you

run another comment although you probably really don't want to do this

probably really don't want to do this comments right before any kind of

comments right before any kind of instruction that just makes the code

instruction that just makes the code really hard to read so whilst

really hard to read so whilst technically you can do this you probably

technically you can do this you probably really shouldn't with this we can see

really shouldn't with this we can see how in technical terms comments are

how in technical terms comments are really super simple to understand

really super simple to understand there's a super simple syntax and then

there's a super simple syntax and then you can write whatever text you want now

you can write whatever text you want now the more important thing when it comes

the more important thing when it comes to comments is knowing what to comment

to comments is knowing what to comment something that we understand to do is

something that we understand to do is pretty much just explain what the code

pretty much just explain what the code is doing so here's an example of some

is doing so here's an example of some really bad comments these are bad

really bad comments these are bad because they are completely useless they

because they are completely useless they are really just repeating what the code

are really just repeating what the code is doing so by looking at the code we

is doing so by looking at the code we can see we've got a variable with the

can see we've got a variable with the name a being defined with type int so

name a being defined with type int so this comment is completely useless all

this comment is completely useless all of this just adds just some needless

of this just adds just some needless noise and comments like this also have

noise and comments like this also have the problem that you might simply forget

the problem that you might simply forget to updated for example if I update the

to updated for example if I update the codes over here instead of incrementing

codes over here instead of incrementing by two increment by one and all of a

by two increment by one and all of a sudden now this comment is completely

sudden now this comment is completely wrong so in general the general rule is

wrong so in general the general rule is your comments should focus on the why

your comments should focus on the why and not the how meaning instead of

and not the how meaning instead of saying what the code is doing line by

saying what the code is doing line by line instead of that you should write

line instead of that you should write why you wrote that code what problem is

why you wrote that code what problem is trying to solve although at the same

trying to solve although at the same time comments are actually something you

time comments are actually something you should aim to avoid what I mean by that

should aim to avoid what I mean by that is your code should have good names for

is your code should have good names for your variables your functions and

your variables your functions and classes all that should have great names

classes all that should have great names so that just by reading their name you

so that just by reading their name you should be able to understand what it's

should be able to understand what it's actually doing that means that your code

actually doing that means that your code should ideally be self-documented in

should ideally be self-documented in many cases if you find that your code

many cases if you find that your code has a whole bunch of comments chances

has a whole bunch of comments chances are that's a sign that you should

are that's a sign that you should refactor your code for example over here

refactor your code for example over here if we were to rename name this to use

if we were to rename name this to use some terrible names so I named the

some terrible names so I named the function just to say let's rename this

function just to say let's rename this parameter to just p and this parameter

parameter to just p and this parameter to just H beginners might do this

to just H beginners might do this because for some reason beginners like

because for some reason beginners like to make their parameters as small as

to make their parameters as small as possible and then they might say prints

possible and then they might say prints out a hello to a player and then need to

out a hello to a player and then need to clarify P this one means the player name

clarify P this one means the player name and how a this one means the age so this

and how a this one means the age so this is an example of comments that are

is an example of comments that are technically not as useless as the ones

technically not as useless as the ones up here but at the same time these are

up here but at the same time these are very clearly telling you that instead of

very clearly telling you that instead of having these comments you should

having these comments you should refactor this code in order to make the

refactor this code in order to make the function in order to make what this is

function in order to make what this is doing much much more understandable you

doing much much more understandable you can just do a direct comparison between

can just do a direct comparison between this and what we had previously and

this and what we had previously and obviously this version with no comments

obviously this version with no comments this one is much easier to read much

this one is much easier to read much easier to understand that is why being

easier to understand that is why being able to come up with good names when

able to come up with good names when writing good C though that is why that

writing good C though that is why that is so important that's a very important

is so important that's a very important topic and something that I'm going to

topic and something that I'm going to cover in detail in a future lecture so

cover in detail in a future lecture so for now when it comes to comments I just

for now when it comes to comments I just want you to learn what comments are how

want you to learn what comments are how you can write them and also to encourage

you can write them and also to encourage you to avoid writing any useless

you to avoid writing any useless comments all right so those are comments

comments all right so those are comments and with that by now we have already

and with that by now we have already learned quite a lot about the absolute

learned quite a lot about the absolute basics of programming we are now ready

basics of programming we are now ready to take it one step further and learn

to take it one step further and learn about some more complex types we're

about some more complex types we're going to learn about arrays and lists so

going to learn about arrays and lists so let's do that in the next

let's do that in the next lecture hello and welcome I'm your codm

lecture hello and welcome I'm your codm in this lecture we're going to learn

in this lecture we're going to learn about arrays and lists this is how you

about arrays and lists this is how you can store multiple pieces of data

can store multiple pieces of data together okay so previously we covered

together okay so previously we covered the basic data types for example you've

the basic data types for example you've got int B string and so on the variables

got int B string and so on the variables are essentially just containers for data

are essentially just containers for data and for example if you make an in

and for example if you make an in variable and then you can store some

variable and then you can store some kind of int or whole number value like

kind of int or whole number value like for example the number 56 I can take it

for example the number 56 I can take it and I can indeed put it inside an INT

and I can indeed put it inside an INT variable however when I want to store

variable however when I want to store more than one number so now let's say I

more than one number so now let's say I want to store this one nope that does

want to store this one nope that does not work I can only store one value

not work I can only store one value inside a single int variable so when you

inside a single int variable so when you want to store multiple values that is

want to store multiple values that is where arrays come in you define an array

where arrays come in you define an array of a certain type like for example an in

of a certain type like for example an in Array you give it some sort of size

Array you give it some sort of size which is going to be fixed you define

which is going to be fixed you define that size when you create the array and

that size when you create the array and that basically creates multiple boxes

that basically creates multiple boxes multiple containers on which you can put

multiple containers on which you can put any kind of data you want of that type

any kind of data you want of that type so for example now on index zero I can

so for example now on index zero I can place this value and on the next one I

place this value and on the next one I can place this one then I can place this

can place this one then I can place this one and so on Sample like this I can

one and so on Sample like this I can place multiple pieces of data on a

place multiple pieces of data on a single variable one important thing

single variable one important thing about arrays are the indexes note how

about arrays are the indexes note how the array has a length of five meaning

the array has a length of five meaning it has five elements but for these five

it has five elements but for these five elements the first one is over here on

elements the first one is over here on index zero then the second one is on

index zero then the second one is on index one and so on so the positions in

index one and so on so the positions in the array are always index space and

the array are always index space and they only start at zero using the index

they only start at zero using the index we can individually either set or read

we can individually either set or read values directly from the array okay

values directly from the array okay that's e theory now let's see the syntax

that's e theory now let's see the syntax the way that we Define an array is

the way that we Define an array is actually really simple we Define the

actually really simple we Define the data typ as usual so for example let's

data typ as usual so for example let's say an in Array where we want to store

say an in Array where we want to store ins so we Define data type and then open

ins so we Define data type and then open and close the square braces important it

and close the square braces important it is this one it is not parentheses is not

is this one it is not parentheses is not curring braces Noe it is the square ones

curring braces Noe it is the square ones so you do this and yep that's it this

so you do this and yep that's it this variable is now defined as an interray

variable is now defined as an interray let's give it some kind of name like

let's give it some kind of name like numbers array so Yep this is our

numbers array so Yep this is our interray and afterwards we can

interray and afterwards we can initialize the array and for this there

initialize the array and for this there are actually several ways to do it if we

are actually several ways to do it if we want to initialize it with some elements

want to initialize it with some elements the simplest way we can do it is just

the simplest way we can do it is just open currently braces and inside put any

open currently braces and inside put any kind of elements like let's say a whole

kind of elements like let's say a whole bunch of numbers so if there you go like

bunch of numbers so if there you go like this we are initializing the array

this we are initializing the array alternatively you can be a little bit

alternatively you can be a little bit more explicit with the tab creation you

more explicit with the tab creation you can do new int array and then pass in

can do new int array and then pass in all of the elements personally for me

all of the elements personally for me this is my preferred method like I said

this is my preferred method like I said I like my code to be as explicit as

I like my code to be as explicit as possible so personally I do like to be

possible so personally I do like to be very explicit with how I Define the

very explicit with how I Define the array the exact type that I'm using or

array the exact type that I'm using or alternatively you can simply create an

alternatively you can simply create an array without any elements and just give

array without any elements and just give it a certain size like this there's an

it a certain size like this there's an error you have to give it a size so for

error you have to give it a size so for example let's say with five and there

example let's say with five and there you go this creates an array the numbers

you go this creates an array the numbers array this is an array with five

array this is an array with five elements and like this if you don't

elements and like this if you don't initialize to anything then pretty much

initialize to anything then pretty much all the elements will be initialized to

all the elements will be initialized to zero so speaking of the size this

zero so speaking of the size this actually brings up a very important

actually brings up a very important topic about AR Rays there size is fixed

topic about AR Rays there size is fixed and after being created the size cannot

and after being created the size cannot be changed over here we are creating an

be changed over here we are creating an array with size of five and that's it

array with size of five and that's it that cannot change if you want to check

that cannot change if you want to check the side of the array we can see that

the side of the array we can see that through the length property and the way

through the length property and the way we do that is first we access our

we do that is first we access our variable so that see numbers array and

variable so that see numbers array and then we write a DOT and this dot

then we write a DOT and this dot basically means that we want to access

basically means that we want to access something inside this variable inside

something inside this variable inside this variable type and in this case this

this variable type and in this case this variable is an array so by tying dot we

variable is an array so by tying dot we are accessing all the functions and

are accessing all the functions and properties that exist in the array type

properties that exist in the array type so it's kind of similar to how

so it's kind of similar to how previously we saw console. right line

previously we saw console. right line basically right Line This is a function

basically right Line This is a function that exists inside the console class

that exists inside the console class that's what the dot means it means we

that's what the dot means it means we are accessing something on the symbol

are accessing something on the symbol previously defined okay so like this we

previously defined okay so like this we are accessing something on the array and

are accessing something on the array and if we want to get the size the array for

if we want to get the size the array for that we can access the property for the

that we can access the property for the link so if we just do a console right

link so if we just do a console right line on this one just to see what this

line on this one just to see what this says let's see and if there it is it

says let's see and if there it is it says five which is exactly the size that

says five which is exactly the size that we Define for our array if we modify

we Define for our array if we modify this to three and run and yep now it

this to three and run and yep now it says three so the length this is going

says three so the length this is going to return the size of the array then

to return the size of the array then another thing you are going to do quite

another thing you are going to do quite a lot with arrays simply accessing them

a lot with arrays simply accessing them to read an element on a certain index

to read an element on a certain index and the way we do that is we simply

and the way we do that is we simply write the array so numbers array and

write the array so numbers array and then we write the square brackets and

then we write the square brackets and inside it we put some index like for

inside it we put some index like for example let's say index zero again

example let's say index zero again remember how in C indexes start with

remember how in C indexes start with zero so the one on index zero is going

zero so the one on index zero is going to be the first element the one on index

to be the first element the one on index one is the second element and so on so

one is the second element and so on so if first let's initialize the array so

if first let's initialize the array so let's initialize it with something let's

let's initialize it with something let's put a whole bunch of numbers okay so we

put a whole bunch of numbers okay so we initialize with a bunch of numbers and

initialize with a bunch of numbers and now let's print out the one on index

now let's print out the one on index zero so let's do a console d right line

zero so let's do a console d right line on that and let's just get rid of this

on that and let's just get rid of this previous log okay let's see and if there

previous log okay let's see and if there you go it do print out the number 56

you go it do print out the number 56 which is indeed the very first element

which is indeed the very first element on this array however also something

on this array however also something very important is that we actually

very important is that we actually initialize array first and like I said

initialize array first and like I said we can initialize like this with some

we can initialize like this with some values or we can simply omit this and

values or we can simply omit this and simply initialize with a certain size if

simply initialize with a certain size if we run this code yep we return zero

we run this code yep we return zero basically the array initializes

basically the array initializes everything to zero however if we don't

everything to zero however if we don't do this if we just find the array then

do this if we just find the array then nope here we have a compiler error so we

nope here we have a compiler error so we need to actually initialize the array

need to actually initialize the array before we can use it and like I said the

before we can use it and like I said the arrays have a fixed size so when

arrays have a fixed size so when accessing an index that also becomes

accessing an index that also becomes important for example if we try to

important for example if we try to access after the size so for example

access after the size so for example over here we have three elements if we

over here we have three elements if we try and access the one on index five

try and access the one on index five which does not exist if we do this then

which does not exist if we do this then yep we get an index out of range

yep we get an index out of range exception that is because the index

exception that is because the index index five that does not exist that is

index five that does not exist that is outside the boun Z array same thing if

outside the boun Z array same thing if we try to go the other way so if we try

we try to go the other way so if we try to go minus three if we do this then yep

to go minus three if we do this then yep same thing same error now if we do want

same thing same error now if we do want to change the size the array like for

to change the size the array like for example if we want to add another

example if we want to add another element to the array like I said that

element to the array like I said that literally cannot be done the size cannot

literally cannot be done the size cannot change so the only thing we can do is

change so the only thing we can do is simply make yet another array add it

simply make yet another array add it with one more element of space and then

with one more element of space and then copy all these elements on the new array

copy all these elements on the new array and then add the new element so you'd

and then add the new element so you'd have to make all that logic manually if

have to make all that logic manually if you wanted to add an element to this

you wanted to add an element to this array or alternatively for removing an

array or alternatively for removing an element once again same thing you cannot

element once again same thing you cannot change the size so You' create a new

change the size so You' create a new array with one less length and then copy

array with one less length and then copy the remaining elements onto that array

the remaining elements onto that array you can manually write that logic with

you can manually write that logic with the help of Loops which we're going to

the help of Loops which we're going to learn about in the next lecture or in

learn about in the next lecture or in order to add or remove elements to an

order to add or remove elements to an array you can simply use a different

array you can simply use a different collection type namely the list the list

collection type namely the list the list is actually built on top of the arrays

is actually built on top of the arrays and basically has a bunch of helper

and basically has a bunch of helper functions to make it super easy to add

functions to make it super easy to add or move elements or do a bunch more

or move elements or do a bunch more things and to use a list first we write

things and to use a list first we write list and then we write the angle bracket

list and then we write the angle bracket so this is a less than sign then we

so this is a less than sign then we write the data type that we want to

write the data type that we want to store in the list like for example an

store in the list like for example an INT and then the closed angle brackets

INT and then the closed angle brackets so the greater than S again don't

so the greater than S again don't confuse the symbols make sure you are

confuse the symbols make sure you are using these symbols like for example

using these symbols like for example there is a double character it is not

there is a double character it is not this one it is a single one the same one

this one it is a single one the same one you use for mathematical comparisons now

you use for mathematical comparisons now the technical term for what we have

the technical term for what we have written here inside the brackets the

written here inside the brackets the technical term for this is a generic

technical term for this is a generic which we're going to cover later on in

which we're going to cover later on in detail in the intermediate section for

detail in the intermediate section for now just make sure you write this syntax

now just make sure you write this syntax exactly so with this we have have

exactly so with this we have have defined the list of ins so let's call it

defined the list of ins so let's call it int list or actually to keep it the same

int list or actually to keep it the same name let's call it numbers list okay and

name let's call it numbers list okay and then to create our list we have pretty

then to create our list we have pretty much the same options we have for the

much the same options we have for the array we can do the full type

array we can do the full type declaration so over here put any kind of

declaration so over here put any kind of values Yep this is our list however on

values Yep this is our list however on this one we cannot initialize it just

this one we cannot initialize it just like this this specific initializer only

like this this specific initializer only works for AR Race So for list we cannot

works for AR Race So for list we cannot use this one but we also have the third

use this one but we also have the third option of Simply initializing a list

option of Simply initializing a list just like this and here note how I did

just like this and here note how I did not put any number inside the

not put any number inside the parenthesis whereas over here when

parenthesis whereas over here when defining a new interray we have to give

defining a new interray we have to give it a size but for a list like I said

it a size but for a list like I said lists don't have a fix size they can

lists don't have a fix size they can grow and Shrink so when creating a brand

grow and Shrink so when creating a brand new one you don't have to give it a size

new one you don't have to give it a size although technically if we actually

although technically if we actually inspect this Constructor we can see

inspect this Constructor we can see there is a version that does take a

there is a version that does take a capacity now this is a more performance

capacity now this is a more performance optimization thing if you know you're

optimization thing if you know you're going to need a certain number of

going to need a certain number of elements you can preset that capacity

elements you can preset that capacity but in most cases and especially right

but in most cases and especially right now on this beginner section you can

now on this beginner section you can just ignore it just do it like this and

just ignore it just do it like this and to create a brand new empty list so we

to create a brand new empty list so we have created on list and now we can do

have created on list and now we can do let's say the same thing that we did on

let's say the same thing that we did on the numbers array let's first print out

the numbers array let's first print out how many elements are on this list it's

how many elements are on this list it's pretty much the same thing we just

pretty much the same thing we just access the same number of list except

access the same number of list except right now on a list this one is actually

right now on a list this one is actually not called length if we find links we

not called length if we find links we can't find anything so it doesn't have

can't find anything so it doesn't have that name in length it is instead called

that name in length it is instead called count for counting the number of

count for counting the number of elements in the list but in terms of

elements in the list but in terms of logic it's really the same thing so it

logic it's really the same thing so it Returns the amount of elements within

Returns the amount of elements within that list so let's do a right line on

that list so let's do a right line on this one and since we just created this

this one and since we just created this one should return zero and if there it

one should return zero and if there it is this one does have zero okay great

is this one does have zero okay great then like I said one of the big benefits

then like I said one of the big benefits of lists as opposed to arrays is we can

of lists as opposed to arrays is we can very easily add or remove elements the

very easily add or remove elements the way we do that is we just access the

way we do that is we just access the list and then use the add function and

list and then use the add function and this one takes an item that we want to

this one takes an item that we want to add so let's add the number 12 and if we

add so let's add the number 12 and if we do this and afterwards let's print out

do this and afterwards let's print out the right line on the numbers list.

the right line on the numbers list. count let's see this and yep that one

count let's see this and yep that one does indeed have one element and if we

does indeed have one element and if we access the list on the Zero index in

access the list on the Zero index in order to see our first element and if we

order to see our first element and if we do see our list contains the number 12

do see our list contains the number 12 okay great so just like this we can

okay great so just like this we can already see just how much better it is

already see just how much better it is to work with list as opposed to Ray with

to work with list as opposed to Ray with this there's no need to manually create

this there's no need to manually create a new array with the size plus one we

a new array with the size plus one we don't need to do that and copy all data

don't need to do that and copy all data basically all of that is handled

basically all of that is handled automatically by the list we just call

automatically by the list we just call add or alternatively we go inside the

add or alternatively we go inside the numbers list and we call remove either

numbers list and we call remove either one of these and we'll either add or

one of these and we'll either add or remove an element over here on the

remove an element over here on the remove the way this one works is you

remove the way this one works is you give it some kind of item so in this

give it some kind of item so in this case the only element inside is the

case the only element inside is the number 12 so if we call 12 this is going

number 12 so if we call 12 this is going to remove the number 12 or alternatively

to remove the number 12 or alternatively there's another one there's the remove

there's another one there's the remove at which then takes an index so if we do

at which then takes an index so if we do this and pass in the index zero it is

this and pass in the index zero it is going to remove the element on index

going to remove the element on index zero and related to the ad there's also

zero and related to the ad there's also another one which is the insert

another one which is the insert basically the ad that one is always

basically the ad that one is always going to add the new element to the end

going to add the new element to the end of that list whereas with insert over

of that list whereas with insert over here you can pass in an index where you

here you can pass in an index where you want to insert that new element another

want to insert that new element another Super useful function in our list is for

Super useful function in our list is for finding elements let's add some more

finding elements let's add some more elements just a test so let's add 12 0

elements just a test so let's add 12 0 and let's say 89 so we did this and now

and let's say 89 so we did this and now let's say we want to find if the number

let's say we want to find if the number 89 exists inside this list if so we can

89 exists inside this list if so we can go through the list and we can call the

go through the list and we can call the contains function and like name implies

contains function and like name implies this one tests if it contains a certain

this one tests if it contains a certain element so if we test for 89 and c and

element so if we test for 89 and c and it returns true because does have that

it returns true because does have that element whereas if we put some different

element whereas if we put some different number and nope does not have that

number and nope does not have that element another similar way to find

element another similar way to find elements within a list is to use the

elements within a list is to use the index of this basically going to return

index of this basically going to return the index of an item if it finds it so

the index of an item if it finds it so for example the index of 89 this one is

for example the index of 89 this one is the third element on the list so it

the third element on the list so it should return two and if there it is

should return two and if there it is does have a two or if we include

does have a two or if we include something that is not found so if you

something that is not found so if you include something does not exist if so

include something does not exist if so then yep when it doesn't find anything

then yep when it doesn't find anything it Returns the index minus one since

it Returns the index minus one since minus one is not a valid index minus one

minus one is not a valid index minus one usually means not found and by the way

usually means not found and by the way actually over here on the array you can

actually over here on the array you can also do something similar to this you

also do something similar to this you can do an index of however it's a bit

can do an index of however it's a bit different so it is not like this. index

different so it is not like this. index of this does not exist there's no

of this does not exist there's no function called index of within the

function called index of within the array however it actually exists as a

array however it actually exists as a static method again don't worry what

static method again don't worry what static means right now we'll explain in

static means right now we'll explain in detail in a later lecture but basically

detail in a later lecture but basically we just need to access through the

we just need to access through the system. array we access through that and

system. array we access through that and we can do index of and this one takes

we can do index of and this one takes our array so the numbers array and then

our array so the numbers array and then whatever we're trying trying to find

whatever we're trying trying to find let's say we want to find the element 23

let's say we want to find the element 23 and if we do a console. log on this do a

and if we do a console. log on this do a right line let's see and if that one

right line let's see and if that one does find it on index one and yep number

does find it on index one and yep number one to three is over here indeed on

one to three is over here indeed on index one so as you can see arrays and

index one so as you can see arrays and lists are really excellent really very

lists are really excellent really very useful tools for handling multiple

useful tools for handling multiple pieces of data the technical term for

pieces of data the technical term for these are collections an array is a

these are collections an array is a collection and a list is also a

collection and a list is also a collection there's a bunch more

collection there's a bunch more collection types for more advanced use

collection types for more advanced use cases you have stacks dictionaries hash

cases you have stacks dictionaries hash hats and a bunch more I cover all those

hats and a bunch more I cover all those in detail in the lecture in the

in detail in the lecture in the intermediate section section for now

intermediate section section for now just knowing about arrays and lists it

just knowing about arrays and lists it is going to be more than enough whenever

is going to be more than enough whenever you need to store multiple pieces of

you need to store multiple pieces of data you can use either one of these in

data you can use either one of these in most case you probably want to use a

most case you probably want to use a list just because they are so easy to

list just because they are so easy to use and when you need absolute maximum

use and when you need absolute maximum performance for that arrays can be quite

performance for that arrays can be quite useful all right so here we learn about

useful all right so here we learn about something very useful arrays and lists

something very useful arrays and lists you won't be using these a lot in your

you won't be using these a lot in your programming career and now in the next

programming career and now in the next lecture we're going to learn about one

lecture we're going to learn about one of the core tools of just about any

of the core tools of just about any programming which are Loops so let's

programming which are Loops so let's learn that in the next

learn that in the next lecture hello and welcome I'm your cod

lecture hello and welcome I'm your cod mck in this lecture we're going to learn

mck in this lecture we're going to learn learn one of the more fascinating and

learn one of the more fascinating and Powerful features of any programming

Powerful features of any programming Loops this is how we can run certain

Loops this is how we can run certain logic multiple times okay so let's learn

logic multiple times okay so let's learn everything about loops this is another

everything about loops this is another really crucial core part of pretty much

really crucial core part of pretty much any programming there are so many

any programming there are so many scenarios where Loops are used it can be

scenarios where Loops are used it can be a little bit tricky at first for

a little bit tricky at first for beginners especially since the code

beginners especially since the code jumps a little bit so we do pay close

jumps a little bit so we do pay close attention normally the code runs from

attention normally the code runs from top to bottom and when it comes to Loops

top to bottom and when it comes to Loops that is still true although it also

that is still true although it also jumps and runs the same instructions

jumps and runs the same instructions multiple times for example if this Loop

multiple times for example if this Loop over here was defined to run three times

over here was defined to run three times if so then it was run this line then

if so then it was run this line then this line then this line and then

this line then this line and then instead of exiting and continuing down

instead of exiting and continuing down it would jump back to the beginning and

it would jump back to the beginning and run this line again this one again jump

run this line again this one again jump back run this one this one and then

back run this one this one and then finally exit the loop we're going to see

finally exit the loop we're going to see how this is very useful especially when

how this is very useful especially when combined with the arrays that we learned

combined with the arrays that we learned in the previous lecture it's how you

in the previous lecture it's how you don't even have to know the size the

don't even have to know the size the array in advance you don't need to copy

array in advance you don't need to copy paste a whole bunch of code to itray

paste a whole bunch of code to itray through each element you can just write

through each element you can just write a loop that will jump through all the

a loop that will jump through all the elements of the array and then you can

elements of the array and then you can do whatever logic you want on each

do whatever logic you want on each element we're going to learn about these

element we're going to learn about these four Loop types so we've got wild do

four Loop types so we've got wild do while four and a four each let's begin

while four and a four each let's begin by learning the most basic Loop possible

by learning the most basic Loop possible which is a simple while loop this one

which is a simple while loop this one simply has a condition and it will

simply has a condition and it will basically execute the code inside the

basically execute the code inside the currently braces while that condition is

currently braces while that condition is true as soon as the condition becomes

true as soon as the condition becomes false the code stops executing and jumps

false the code stops executing and jumps after to write a one loop it's really

after to write a one loop it's really simple we just write the keyword while

simple we just write the keyword while then we put some kind of condition

then we put some kind of condition inside parentheses like for example

inside parentheses like for example let's just put true and then we put a

let's just put true and then we put a code block with currently braces all

code block with currently braces all right so that's it basically now with

right so that's it basically now with this we are going to run the code inside

this we are going to run the code inside this code block for it as long as this

this code block for it as long as this condition is true now what I have

condition is true now what I have written here is actually something that

written here is actually something that usually you want to avoid for the

usually you want to avoid for the condition I just wrote through and like

condition I just wrote through and like I said this code block will run for as

I said this code block will run for as long as the condition is true which

long as the condition is true which right now is forever since true this

right now is forever since true this will never change by itself so what we

will never change by itself so what we have here is an endless loop if we try

have here is an endless loop if we try putting in log here console. right line

putting in log here console. right line and we try to see what this does and if

and we try to see what this does and if there it is the log is simply printing

there it is the log is simply printing towards Infinity forever and ever until

towards Infinity forever and ever until the end of time so usually this is

the end of time so usually this is something you don't want to do and by

something you don't want to do and by the way quick tip over here if you want

the way quick tip over here if you want to cancel this you can either click on

to cancel this you can either click on the button over there or you can press

the button over there or you can press contrl C and that will automatically

contrl C and that will automatically stop the code from executing okay so

stop the code from executing okay so here we made our well with an infinite

here we made our well with an infinite Loop now sometimes this is actually

Loop now sometimes this is actually desirable like for example in a game

desirable like for example in a game engine you do want your update code to

engine you do want your update code to run every single frame until the player

run every single frame until the player quits the game but right now we want the

quits the game but right now we want the loop that actually ends so for that we

loop that actually ends so for that we just need some kind of condition that

just need some kind of condition that eventually becomes false and the most

eventually becomes false and the most basic one is just having some kind of

basic one is just having some kind of counter so before let's just Define a

counter so before let's just Define a simple in I by the way usually when

simple in I by the way usually when working with loops the variable I is

working with loops the variable I is commonly used it stands for the iterator

commonly used it stands for the iterator variable and usually we want to

variable and usually we want to initialize this one at zero and not at

initialize this one at zero and not at one techically you don't have to but

one techically you don't have to but usually you want to start things with

usually you want to start things with zero that comes back to what we covered

zero that comes back to what we covered with arrays on the previous lecture how

with arrays on the previous lecture how array indexes always start at zero so

array indexes always start at zero so for iterator variables usually you do

for iterator variables usually you do the same thing now over here one very

the same thing now over here one very important thing is make sure you are

important thing is make sure you are defining the variable before the loop

defining the variable before the loop meaning don't place this code inside of

meaning don't place this code inside of here if you do then you are basically

here if you do then you are basically always defining the variable with the

always defining the variable with the same value so every time the loop runs

same value so every time the loop runs it is always going to have the same

it is always going to have the same value it would never increment and the

value it would never increment and the loop would never end so make sure you

loop would never end so make sure you define this one outside of the loop so

define this one outside of the loop so right before now over here instead of

right before now over here instead of true let's cycle while I is under three

true let's cycle while I is under three and in order to make sure that this

and in order to make sure that this condition actually ends that it

condition actually ends that it eventually becomes false because right

eventually becomes false because right now it is still infinite in order to do

now it is still infinite in order to do that at the end of our one Loop let's

that at the end of our one Loop let's simply increase our iterator by one so

simply increase our iterator by one so just I ++ okay so that's it pretty

just I ++ okay so that's it pretty simple let's see what this is doing over

simple let's see what this is doing over here let's just print out Loop and then

here let's just print out Loop and then let's print out the I okay so let's see

let's print out the I okay so let's see and if there is Loop 0 1 and two so y

and if there is Loop 0 1 and two so y that is correct the code inside this

that is correct the code inside this code block is running while this is true

code block is running while this is true and when we first run the iter rate is

and when we first run the iter rate is going to be zero so is zero and three

going to be zero so is zero and three the answer is true so the first time it

the answer is true so the first time it is going to execute this one and then

is going to execute this one and then this one which is going to increment the

this one which is going to increment the I into one then it goes back loops and

I into one then it goes back loops and test the condition once again so now is

test the condition once again so now is one under three it's still yes so once

one under three it's still yes so once again runs increases it next Loop is two

again runs increases it next Loop is two under three still yes so it still prints

under three still yes so it still prints for the third time but now it increase

for the third time but now it increase this one increase the I to three so the

this one increase the I to three so the next time goes is three lower than three

next time goes is three lower than three the answer is no 3 equals 3 so at that

the answer is no 3 equals 3 so at that point it drops out of the loop and

point it drops out of the loop and continues executing down here also by

continues executing down here also by the way what we just did here is

the way what we just did here is actually a great tip for when you're

actually a great tip for when you're confused about loops just go through

confused about loops just go through them in your head line by line to see

them in your head line by line to see exactly what things are doing and of

exactly what things are doing and of course always write some logs in order

course always write some logs in order to remember what you're doing with your

to remember what you're doing with your iterator variable like for example here

iterator variable like for example here if you made the simple mistake of doing

if you made the simple mistake of doing iusus instead of i++ if you did that yep

iusus instead of i++ if you did that yep there you go the loop never ends it's an

there you go the loop never ends it's an endless loop again or alternatively if

endless loop again or alternatively if you did increase but for some reason you

you did increase but for some reason you forgot and you increased it just after

forgot and you increased it just after the loop and you once again still an

the loop and you once again still an endless loop it's constantly at zero so

endless loop it's constantly at zero so always pay very close to your conditions

always pay very close to your conditions and how exactly you are eventually

and how exactly you are eventually exiting that Loop also let me mention

exiting that Loop also let me mention another common mistake that beginners or

another common mistake that beginners or really every programmer makes which is

really every programmer makes which is off by one errors meaning they think

off by one errors meaning they think they're running a certain amount of

they're running a certain amount of times but it's actually running that

times but it's actually running that many times plus one so usually the

many times plus one so usually the mistake is instead of doing for example

mistake is instead of doing for example lower than lower than or equals so let's

lower than lower than or equals so let's say you wanted to run this three times

say you wanted to run this three times but if you put less than equals if so

but if you put less than equals if so then yep the loop actually runs four

then yep the loop actually runs four times so always double check that your

times so always double check that your condition is correct exactly as you

condition is correct exactly as you intended so that the Loop runs as many

intended so that the Loop runs as many times as you actually think it does now

times as you actually think it does now one really important thing about the one

one really important thing about the one Loop is how it tests condition before

Loop is how it tests condition before going inside the loop so for example for

going inside the loop so for example for the iterator variable If instead of

the iterator variable If instead of initializing on zero let's initialize it

initializing on zero let's initialize it on five which is immediately going to

on five which is immediately going to have false on this one so let's see if

have false on this one so let's see if our code prints anything to the console

our code prints anything to the console and Noe the answer is it does not if

and Noe the answer is it does not if this condition is false right away then

this condition is false right away then the code inside the loop never runs not

the code inside the loop never runs not even once so related to that let's see

even once so related to that let's see the other similar Loop the do while this

the other similar Loop the do while this one is very similar to the while loop

one is very similar to the while loop the only difference is really when the

the only difference is really when the condition is is teson so for this one

condition is is teson so for this one first we write the keyword do and then

first we write the keyword do and then we open and close our col braces so we

we open and close our col braces so we have our code block and then we have the

have our code block and then we have the while and then parenthesis our condition

while and then parenthesis our condition so let's put the same condition I under

so let's put the same condition I under three so yep just like this and let's do

three so yep just like this and let's do a console. right line do one Loop and

a console. right line do one Loop and let's print out the iterated variable

let's print out the iterated variable and inside the loop again always

and inside the loop again always remember to increase your iterated

remember to increase your iterated variable okay so here we can directly

variable okay so here we can directly compare is this one going to run the one

compare is this one going to run the one inside well which I already saw is not

inside well which I already saw is not going to run and then let's see if this

going to run and then let's see if this one does run let's test and y there's

one does run let's test and y there's the result so the regular well Loop this

the result so the regular well Loop this one did not run not even once but the do

one did not run not even once but the do well even though this condition is

well even though this condition is always false even on the first iteration

always false even on the first iteration it is already going to be false despite

it is already going to be false despite that it is still going to run the code

that it is still going to run the code block inside the loop at least once so

block inside the loop at least once so that's the difference between these two

that's the difference between these two Loop types this one tests in the very

Loop types this one tests in the very beginning so it might not even run once

beginning so it might not even run once whereas this one tests the condition at

whereas this one tests the condition at the end so it is guaranteed that the

the end so it is guaranteed that the code inside of here is always going to

code inside of here is always going to run at least once and if we put the I

run at least once and if we put the I back into zero and then remember to

back into zero and then remember to reset it on this one and if there it is

reset it on this one and if there it is both them be similarly both them run

both them be similarly both them run three times okay so while and do while

three times okay so while and do while these are the most basic Loops you just

these are the most basic Loops you just have a condition and then you do

have a condition and then you do something while that condition is true

something while that condition is true but another one that you're probably

but another one that you're probably going to use most of the time is the for

going to use most of the time is the for Loop this one can sometimes look complex

Loop this one can sometimes look complex with beginners so definitely pay close

with beginners so definitely pay close attention this one is split into three

attention this one is split into three parts the first part is the initializer

parts the first part is the initializer so here usually we initialize some kind

so here usually we initialize some kind of iterator variable then we have the

of iterator variable then we have the condition so same thing it is going to

condition so same thing it is going to continue running while this one is true

continue running while this one is true and finally we have the increment so

and finally we have the increment so usually over here you increase the

usually over here you increase the iterate variable by one so let's see the

iterate variable by one so let's see the syntax let's just comment this out and

syntax let's just comment this out and let's go up here and write our four so

let's go up here and write our four so first We Begin by writing the keyword

first We Begin by writing the keyword for and then let's open and close the

for and then let's open and close the parenthesis and now in here the for Loop

parenthesis and now in here the for Loop has three components and they are split

has three components and they are split by semicolon so the first component is

by semicolon so the first component is going to be where we're going to

going to be where we're going to initialize our iterator variable like I

initialize our iterator variable like I said the very common thing is usually

said the very common thing is usually just Define an INT name it I and

just Define an INT name it I and initialize it on zero okay so then we do

initialize it on zero okay so then we do a semicolon and then we can write the

a semicolon and then we can write the second component the second one is going

second component the second one is going to be the condition so let's put the

to be the condition so let's put the same thing we had in ouri so I under

same thing we had in ouri so I under three and yet again another semicolon

three and yet again another semicolon and now we have the third component this

and now we have the third component this is going to be the increment so here

is going to be the increment so here usually you want to increase the

usually you want to increase the iterator variable by one so i++ yep so

iterator variable by one so i++ yep so just like this we have our three

just like this we have our three components then we just have our regular

components then we just have our regular code block now over here we can do

code block now over here we can do whatever we want like the right line for

whatever we want like the right line for the for Loop and print out the it

the for Loop and print out the it variable all right so let's test and Y

variable all right so let's test and Y once again the same result it runs the

once again the same result it runs the code inside the loop three times now

code inside the loop three times now let's go through this piece by piece to

let's go through this piece by piece to see exactly how the code is executing so

see exactly how the code is executing so basically when the code gets to this

basically when the code gets to this line over here when it does the first

line over here when it does the first thing it's going to run is this part

thing it's going to run is this part over here which is going to initialize

over here which is going to initialize the iterated variable right after that

the iterated variable right after that it is going to test for the condition so

it is going to test for the condition so very much like the one Loop meaning if

very much like the one Loop meaning if it is false it is going to skip it

it is false it is going to skip it entirely but if it is true then the next

entirely but if it is true then the next thing it goes is it goes inside the for

thing it goes is it goes inside the for Loop and runs all of the code inside the

Loop and runs all of the code inside the code block and then after running the

code block and then after running the entire code block after that it runs the

entire code block after that it runs the third component which is going to

third component which is going to increment the iterator variable and

increment the iterator variable and after doing that then it jumps back and

after doing that then it jumps back and tests for the condition once again then

tests for the condition once again then again keeps doing the same thing if it's

again keeps doing the same thing if it's true continue running this one and then

true continue running this one and then jump back to the iterator test again and

jump back to the iterator test again and so on until finally it becomes false and

so on until finally it becomes false and then it jumps outside basically the one

then it jumps outside basically the one great benefit for the for loop as

great benefit for the for loop as opposed to something like a while or a

opposed to something like a while or a do while the one big benefit is how it

do while the one big benefit is how it makes it much easier to handle the

makes it much easier to handle the iterator variable although I should also

iterator variable although I should also note that while this does help handle

note that while this does help handle the iterator variable a bit more easily

the iterator variable a bit more easily the same issues that we had with infin

the same issues that we had with infin loops those can also occur here so for

loops those can also occur here so for example if for the itat instead of doing

example if for the itat instead of doing app Plus you do IUS minus then Yep this

app Plus you do IUS minus then Yep this one now becomes an infinite Loop or if

one now becomes an infinite Loop or if you put i++ but then over here for some

you put i++ but then over here for some reason you put some condition that is

reason you put some condition that is always true then once again this is also

always true then once again this is also going to be an infinite Loop so really

going to be an infinite Loop so really the potential for an infinite Loop that

the potential for an infinite Loop that is always there regardless of what Loop

is always there regardless of what Loop type you're using but generally since

type you're using but generally since the4 Loops since that one at least force

the4 Loops since that one at least force you to use an iterator variable and

you to use an iterator variable and increment it for that it should help

increment it for that it should help avoid those unwanted infinite loops and

avoid those unwanted infinite loops and also remember what we covered on the

also remember what we covered on the electure on scope the iterator variable

electure on scope the iterator variable over here the in I this one is being

over here the in I this one is being defined in this special place inside the

defined in this special place inside the for Loop and doing it like that makes it

for Loop and doing it like that makes it a local variable specifically local to

a local variable specifically local to this for Loop so we can access it in

this for Loop so we can access it in here so here we are printing it but if

here so here we are printing it but if we try accessing out here then nope this

we try accessing out here then nope this does not happen this variable only

does not happen this variable only exists inside the code block inside the

exists inside the code block inside the for Loop so after ending the loop this

for Loop so after ending the loop this variable no longer exists whereas for

variable no longer exists whereas for example over here on the while on this

example over here on the while on this one we Define the in iterator outside of

one we Define the in iterator outside of the while so after the while we can

the while so after the while we can still do anything we want with that

still do anything we want with that variable this is actually usually

variable this is actually usually something you don't want to do so that's

something you don't want to do so that's another reason why the for Loop is one

another reason why the for Loop is one of the most useful ones now now the for

of the most useful ones now now the for Loop can be used for running some code a

Loop can be used for running some code a certain number of times or something

certain number of times or something very useful is when used with what we

very useful is when used with what we covered in the last lecture arrays or

covered in the last lecture arrays or list so here let's define a string array

list so here let's define a string array for the name array and let's just create

for the name array and let's just create the new string array all right so here

the new string array all right so here we have a nice array of various strings

we have a nice array of various strings and now if we want to cycle through this

and now if we want to cycle through this array then a for Loop is one of the

array then a for Loop is one of the great ways to do it we use usual

great ways to do it we use usual iterator variable we increment by one

iterator variable we increment by one and then over here for the condition we

and then over here for the condition we want to iterate through the array for as

want to iterate through the array for as long as we have elements so for that we

long as we have elements so for that we can check if I is under and then go

can check if I is under and then go inside the name array and access the

inside the name array and access the arrays like this property is going to

arrays like this property is going to contain the number of elements inside

contain the number of elements inside the array and once again don't make the

the array and once again don't make the mistake of the one off by one errors so

mistake of the one off by one errors so over here make sure it's always less

over here make sure it's always less than the length and not less than equals

than the length and not less than equals because this length for example this one

because this length for example this one is going to return four we have four

is going to return four we have four elements but again remember how the

elements but again remember how the indexes start at zero so this is index 0

indexes start at zero so this is index 0 1 2 and three so there is nothing on

1 2 and three so there is nothing on index 4 and if you put it less than and

index 4 and if you put it less than and equals then the final one is going to be

equals then the final one is going to be on I of4 and on I of4 would give an

on I of4 and on I of4 would give an array because nothing exists on index

array because nothing exists on index four so always pay attention to that

four so always pay attention to that very common error and now with this we

very common error and now with this we can just print out just this name so

can just print out just this name so let's just go inside the name array and

let's just go inside the name array and access on the I index yep like this

access on the I index yep like this let's test and if there it is we are

let's test and if there it is we are printing all the elements in our array

printing all the elements in our array all right awesome also one quick note to

all right awesome also one quick note to cycle through a list is pretty much the

cycle through a list is pretty much the same thing so here if we make this a

same thing so here if we make this a list of string instead of an array so a

list of string instead of an array so a list of string let's do it like this and

list of string let's do it like this and initialize our list and the only

initialize our list and the only difference is like we saw in the

difference is like we saw in the previous one instead of the list calling

previous one instead of the list calling length it is called count so y just like

length it is called count so y just like this and yep the code is running the

this and yep the code is running the same way okay so this is great this is

same way okay so this is great this is how you can cycle through all the

how you can cycle through all the elements in an array or a list however

elements in an array or a list however there's actually an even simpler method

there's actually an even simpler method specifically designed for lists and

specifically designed for lists and arrays instead of a four in handling the

arrays instead of a four in handling the iterator variable ourselves instead of

iterator variable ourselves instead of that we have the 4 in and for this one

that we have the 4 in and for this one we Define an iterator which in this one

we Define an iterator which in this one instead of being an index it is actually

instead of being an index it is actually going to be an iterator of the type that

going to be an iterator of the type that contains our collection elements we have

contains our collection elements we have an iterator in some kind of collection

an iterator in some kind of collection so basally this one helps us

so basally this one helps us automatically handle all that Cy logic

automatically handle all that Cy logic without keeping need of some kind of

without keeping need of some kind of index doing a for each is really simple

index doing a for each is really simple we just write for each and then over

we just write for each and then over here we write the name for our iterator

here we write the name for our iterator variable however this time again it is

variable however this time again it is not an index so we're not going to use

not an index so we're not going to use an INT we're going to use whatever type

an INT we're going to use whatever type we're cycling so in this case we are

we're cycling so in this case we are cycling through an array of strings so

cycling through an array of strings so for each string then give it some kind

for each string then give it some kind of name so in this case let's call it

of name so in this case let's call it name then the keyword in and then the

name then the keyword in and then the name array and yep now here we can just

name array and yep now here we can just do console the right line and just print

do console the right line and just print out this name variable let's see what it

out this name variable let's see what it does and you basically these same thing

does and you basically these same thing so the four and the 4 in work the same

so the four and the 4 in work the same way basically over here this is going to

way basically over here this is going to loop as many times as we have elements

loop as many times as we have elements in our array and every time it Loops the

in our array and every time it Loops the 4 each itself is going to handle

4 each itself is going to handle updating this name variable over here so

updating this name variable over here so when this runs the very first time it is

when this runs the very first time it is going to assign Code Monkey to that name

going to assign Code Monkey to that name then the second time it runs it assigns

then the second time it runs it assigns Airmen and so on so it basically handles

Airmen and so on so it basically handles updating everything updating the

updating everything updating the iterator variable without you needing to

iterator variable without you needing to keep track of indexes or anything like

keep track of indexes or anything like that now technically I should also say

that now technically I should also say that the 4 in this one works with

that the 4 in this one works with anything that is enumerable like any

anything that is enumerable like any collection it works with arrays it works

collection it works with arrays it works with list and a bunch more I cover more

with list and a bunch more I cover more collection types and how to make your

collection types and how to make your own custom types inumerable in a lecture

own custom types inumerable in a lecture in the intermediate section here is the

in the intermediate section here is the demo for this lecture this is kind of

demo for this lecture this is kind of like a mini RTS game so I've got a list

like a mini RTS game so I've got a list of all my units and over here are the

of all my units and over here are the various units in the world here in the

various units in the world here in the code the units are simply a list of

code the units are simply a list of units and then I have the simple code

units and then I have the simple code that just test when the player presses

that just test when the player presses the left Mouse button when it does then

the left Mouse button when it does then does a 4 each through the entire unit

does a 4 each through the entire unit list and tells each unit to go to that

list and tells each unit to go to that Target position so with all the units

Target position so with all the units inside the list if I click if there you

inside the list if I click if there you go they all move straight towards the

go they all move straight towards the Target and now by using the exact same

Target and now by using the exact same code if I modify the list and remove all

code if I modify the list and remove all kinds of units so let's remove a bunch

kinds of units so let's remove a bunch of them and leave just one unit if I do

of them and leave just one unit if I do that and now I click and if there you go

that and now I click and if there you go the same logic is now moving just one

the same logic is now moving just one unit so this is a great practical

unit so this is a great practical example of how useful Loops are and

example of how useful Loops are and specifically the for each Loop you can

specifically the for each Loop you can write some kind of logic that applies to

write some kind of logic that applies to some kind of list and that logic will

some kind of list and that logic will work regardless of how many elements are

work regardless of how many elements are on that list also a note it is perfectly

on that list also a note it is perfectly fine to do a four each or even a four on

fine to do a four each or even a four on a list or array with no elements so if

a list or array with no elements so if we raises so that it's pretty much just

we raises so that it's pretty much just an empty array and if there you go

an empty array and if there you go everything still runs there's no errors

everything still runs there's no errors basically over here if the length is

basically over here if the length is zero then zero under zero that is

zero then zero under zero that is already fall so it's going to skip it

already fall so it's going to skip it and over here on the 4 in if the array

and over here on the 4 in if the array is empty then it's also going to skip so

is empty then it's also going to skip so these are the main four Loops while is

these are the main four Loops while is the simplest one but personally I never

the simplest one but personally I never really use it and same thing for du

really use it and same thing for du while I very very rarely use these two

while I very very rarely use these two then down here the four this one is

then down here the four this one is extremely useful in tons of scenarios

extremely useful in tons of scenarios and for each this one is perfect for

and for each this one is perfect for doing any kind of logic on list or array

doing any kind of logic on list or array all right so that's Loops it's another

all right so that's Loops it's another really important core component of

really important core component of programming so definitely make sure you

programming so definitely make sure you fully understood everything in this

fully understood everything in this lecture before moving on next we're

lecture before moving on next we're going to learn one of the core pillars

going to learn one of the core pillars of objectoriented programming which are

of objectoriented programming which are classes so let's learn that in the next

classes so let's learn that in the next lecture hello and welcome I'm your Cod

lecture hello and welcome I'm your Cod Mony in this lecture we're going to

Mony in this lecture we're going to learn about classes what they are how we

learn about classes what they are how we Define them how we create objects of a

Define them how we create objects of a type of class and what we can do with

type of class and what we can do with them all right so let's learn about

them all right so let's learn about classes this is one of the Core Concepts

classes this is one of the Core Concepts about C and other objectoriented

about C and other objectoriented languages a class is really just a type

languages a class is really just a type for example the list that we saw a while

for example the list that we saw a while ago the inist type is a class and an

ago the inist type is a class and an object is simply an instance of that

object is simply an instance of that type so in any of those objectoriented

type so in any of those objectoriented languages you define an object type

languages you define an object type meaning some kind of class and then

meaning some kind of class and then create individual instances or objects

create individual instances or objects of that type for example we can define a

of that type for example we can define a class named player and inside of it we

class named player and inside of it we can define a field for a string name and

can define a field for a string name and an in health and then we can create two

an in health and then we can create two instances of that class and on this one

instances of that class and on this one let's say we set the name equals Code

let's say we set the name equals Code Monkey on this one name equals Iron Man

Monkey on this one name equals Iron Man so importantly note how each instance of

so importantly note how each instance of this type each instance is completely

this type each instance is completely separate the class defines the structure

separate the class defines the structure of the type but then the instances that

of the type but then the instances that are created from that type each of those

are created from that type each of those has their own memory with whatever that

has their own memory with whatever that is inside those fields so the class

is inside those fields so the class definition is kind of like a blueprint

definition is kind of like a blueprint and using that blueprint to then create

and using that blueprint to then create different objects so here we are in our

different objects so here we are in our code let's begin by defining our class

code let's begin by defining our class and again it's very important where you

and again it's very important where you write the code for example you cannot

write the code for example you cannot start writing a class directly here

start writing a class directly here inside a function this throws an error

inside a function this throws an error because we cannot define a class

because we cannot define a class directly inside a function so make sure

directly inside a function so make sure you are writing outside the function and

you are writing outside the function and now we can either write inside the

now we can either write inside the program class or we can make it

program class or we can make it separately either one works in this case

separately either one works in this case let's make it inside the program code

let's make it inside the program code block so WR in here if you write inside

block so WR in here if you write inside the program class code block if so then

the program class code block if so then we're basically making a n class which

we're basically making a n class which in this case is perfectly fine so let's

in this case is perfectly fine so let's do this we start writing the keyword

do this we start writing the keyword class and then the name of our class

class and then the name of our class let's say we're defining a player and

let's say we're defining a player and then open and close our currently braces

then open and close our currently braces all right so this is it just with this

all right so this is it just with this we have already defined our class which

we have already defined our class which like I said a class is really just a

like I said a class is really just a type so it's similar to like an ENT or

type so it's similar to like an ENT or something so up here usually we've seen

something so up here usually we've seen Define for example an in for the age and

Define for example an in for the age and over here we can Define our custom

over here we can Define our custom player type player and if there it is

player type player and if there it is just like this this works perfectly note

just like this this works perfectly note how the color over here is different

how the color over here is different that is because this one is correctly

that is because this one is correctly identifying the player type and again if

identifying the player type and again if you're seeing compile errors once again

you're seeing compile errors once again the unlikely culprit is due to being

the unlikely culprit is due to being case sensitive so here if instead of

case sensitive so here if instead of player I just write player this is an

player I just write player this is an error there is nothing named player with

error there is nothing named player with p on lowercase so always remember that

p on lowercase so always remember that code is case sensitive and of course

code is case sensitive and of course just to clarify the name over here can

just to clarify the name over here can be whatever you want doesn't have to be

be whatever you want doesn't have to be named player the name of the class can

named player the name of the class can be whatever you want and the name of the

be whatever you want and the name of the variable that you create from that class

variable that you create from that class that can also be whatever you want so

that can also be whatever you want so with this we have defined a variable of

with this we have defined a variable of our custom type however we just defined

our custom type however we just defined it we didn't actually initialize it just

it we didn't actually initialize it just yet if we try doing a console. right

yet if we try doing a console. right line then here nope we have an error we

line then here nope we have an error we cannot do this so it's the same thing as

cannot do this so it's the same thing as if we try printing the age we also

if we try printing the age we also cannot do it we need to First initialize

cannot do it we need to First initialize it now in order to initialize it usually

it now in order to initialize it usually for something like an in for this you

for something like an in for this you can usually just sign a value and Yep

can usually just sign a value and Yep this works but our custom type isn't a

this works but our custom type isn't a number like I said it's some kind of

number like I said it's some kind of object so to initialize we need to

object so to initialize we need to create our object and the way we do that

create our object and the way we do that is with a new keyword so pretty much

is with a new keyword so pretty much Exel like we saw with the list so we

Exel like we saw with the list so we just do new and then our type so in this

just do new and then our type so in this case it's called player and then just

case it's called player and then just add the parenthesis so open and close

add the parenthesis so open and close and yep just like this and if we do a

and yep just like this and if we do a log on our player variable let's see and

log on our player variable let's see and yep it does say it does print a log and

yep it does say it does print a log and it pretty much prints the type and the

it pretty much prints the type and the type is inside Code Monkey C course.

type is inside Code Monkey C course. program inside the program class and

program inside the program class and then it's finally called player so y we

then it's finally called player so y we have indeed created a new player object

have indeed created a new player object and we assigned it to this player field

and we assigned it to this player field so here we have created an instance of

so here we have created an instance of our type and now you might be hearing me

our type and now you might be hearing me say that word instance without fully

say that word instance without fully understanding what I mean by that so I

understanding what I mean by that so I mean goes back to the idea of the class

mean goes back to the idea of the class definition being some kind of blueprint

definition being some kind of blueprint and then when we do new player we are

and then when we do new player we are essentially creating a new object of our

essentially creating a new object of our type so we're using that blueprint to

type so we're using that blueprint to create an instance of that type meaning

create an instance of that type meaning that we can create as many instances as

that we can create as many instances as we want like for example let's rename

we want like for example let's rename this into the Code Monkey player and

this into the Code Monkey player and then let's make another one another one

then let's make another one another one of type player let's call it Iron Man

of type player let's call it Iron Man player and let's also do new player and

player and let's also do new player and Y just like this we have two completely

Y just like this we have two completely separate objects that both share the

separate objects that both share the same class so both were made from the

same class so both were made from the same blueprint but each of these two

same blueprint but each of these two objects is are complete separate object

objects is are complete separate object if you want you can actually verify this

if you want you can actually verify this so let's print out the code monkey

so let's print out the code monkey player and then let's print out the get

player and then let's print out the get hash code this is a default built-in C

hash code this is a default built-in C function that every object has by

function that every object has by default it basically returns a hash code

default it basically returns a hash code for that object so we can print this one

for that object so we can print this one out and then print out the one for the

out and then print out the one for the Iron Man player so Iron Man player.

Iron Man player so Iron Man player. getet Has code we can print this and Y

getet Has code we can print this and Y we can see our two objects are indeed

we can see our two objects are indeed two different objects since they have

two different objects since they have different hashes so this part is really

different hashes so this part is really important for you to understand the type

important for you to understand the type definition itself is kind of like a

definition itself is kind of like a blueprint and then we use that blueprint

blueprint and then we use that blueprint to create instances of that type each

to create instances of that type each instance is different and each instance

instance is different and each instance has their own memory and their own

has their own memory and their own Fields their own values and so on okay

Fields their own values and so on okay so now that we've seen the absolute

so now that we've seen the absolute Basics defining a class and creating an

Basics defining a class and creating an instance of it let's see what else we

instance of it let's see what else we can do one of the main things is

can do one of the main things is actually what we're already doing over

actually what we're already doing over here when creating a brand new player

here when creating a brand new player this kind of looks like we're calling a

this kind of looks like we're calling a function and it kind of is now

function and it kind of is now technically this isn't a function this

technically this isn't a function this is what is called a Constructor which is

is what is called a Constructor which is basically what constructs an object of

basically what constructs an object of AR type by default any class that you

AR type by default any class that you define it will automatically have a

define it will automatically have a Constructor just like this so one with

Constructor just like this so one with zero parameters but if you want you can

zero parameters but if you want you can also explicitly Define it you just write

also explicitly Define it you just write the exact same name as a class so in

the exact same name as a class so in this case player and then open the

this case player and then open the parenthesis and then we can add whatever

parenthesis and then we can add whatever parameters we want or none so let's just

parameters we want or none so let's just close the parenthesis and then just

close the parenthesis and then just write a code block all right so Yep this

write a code block all right so Yep this is a Constructor and over here you can

is a Constructor and over here you can write whatever logic you want now again

write whatever logic you want now again it's very very important that the name

it's very very important that the name perfectly matches the class name if it

perfectly matches the class name if it does not match there won't be an error

does not match there won't be an error if it does not match and this assumes

if it does not match and this assumes we're just defining a regular function

we're just defining a regular function and requires a return type in order to

and requires a return type in order to define a Constructor which again is a

define a Constructor which again is a kind of like a special function for that

kind of like a special function for that one it has to be named exactly the same

one it has to be named exactly the same name as the class okay so here we have

name as the class okay so here we have our Constructor and here we can pretty

our Constructor and here we can pretty much build whatever logic we want that

much build whatever logic we want that is going to be run whenever the player

is going to be run whenever the player is created up here for example we can

is created up here for example we can add a console. right line and over here

add a console. right line and over here let's just say creating player okay

let's just say creating player okay great like this except we are actually

great like this except we are actually seeing some errors over here it says

seeing some errors over here it says that player is inaccessible due to which

that player is inaccessible due to which protection level now this has to do with

protection level now this has to do with access modifiers which is a topic that

access modifiers which is a topic that I'm going to cover in a few lectures for

I'm going to cover in a few lectures for now let's not worry too much about it

now let's not worry too much about it just know that over here on the player

just know that over here on the player Constructor over here before we need to

Constructor over here before we need to add the keyword public so it has to be

add the keyword public so it has to be like this public player and then the

like this public player and then the parenthesis so make sure you write that

parenthesis so make sure you write that and there are no errors now and if we

and there are no errors now and if we test and if there it is we can see we

test and if there it is we can see we are indeed creating two players all

are indeed creating two players all right awesome now another thing we can

right awesome now another thing we can do is Define functions inside of our

do is Define functions inside of our class and we Define them just like we

class and we Define them just like we already saw the only difference is right

already saw the only difference is right now we actually don't need to Market as

now we actually don't need to Market as static I won't cover what static means

static I won't cover what static means in detail in the next lecture but for

in detail in the next lecture but for now just know that if you're writing a

now just know that if you're writing a function directly inside the program

function directly inside the program that you call it from Main for that you

that you call it from Main for that you need to mark it as static because main

need to mark it as static because main itself is marked as static but down here

itself is marked as static but down here when working with our class over here we

when working with our class over here we don't need to mark it as static so for

don't need to mark it as static so for example let's define some kind of

example let's define some kind of function let's return nothing so void

function let's return nothing so void and let's call it say hello and over

and let's call it say hello and over here pretty simple we just do a console

here pretty simple we just do a console d right line and just print out hello

d right line and just print out hello okay great so with this our custom type

okay great so with this our custom type now has a function as to how we're going

now has a function as to how we're going to call this well up here we have an

to call this well up here we have an instance of our player class so we

instance of our player class so we created our object we can simply access

created our object we can simply access that object and then press on dot which

that object and then press on dot which again the dot means that we are

again the dot means that we are accessing something inside the previous

accessing something inside the previous Sy so we're accessing something inside

Sy so we're accessing something inside the Code Monkey player which is of the

the Code Monkey player which is of the player type and now we can call our

player type and now we can call our function except actually right now we

function except actually right now we can't again it's the same thing that I

can't again it's the same thing that I mentioned a while ago it has to do with

mentioned a while ago it has to do with the access modifiers that I'm going to

the access modifiers that I'm going to cover in detail in the few lectures so

cover in detail in the few lectures so again for now in order to make this

again for now in order to make this testing work let's just make sure to

testing work let's just make sure to mark this one as public so public void

mark this one as public so public void say hello and now if we go up here and

say hello and now if we go up here and press on thatt yep we do see our say

press on thatt yep we do see our say hello function and now we can call it

hello function and now we can call it just like we call any other function yep

just like we call any other function yep just like this now importantly is we are

just like this now importantly is we are going through an instance of our object

going through an instance of our object so we're not going through the object

so we're not going through the object class itself rather an instance of it if

class itself rather an instance of it if instead you do write the class name so

instead you do write the class name so you do player. say hello then know this

you do player. say hello then know this is an error this does not work to call

is an error this does not work to call this function we want to call it through

this function we want to call it through the actual object that is created of the

the actual object that is created of the player type and now at this point

player type and now at this point perhaps you might be noticing that for

perhaps you might be noticing that for example over here the console not right

example over here the console not right Line This one is different for this one

Line This one is different for this one we are not actually creating a console

we are not actually creating a console object we simply access the function the

object we simply access the function the right line function directly through the

right line function directly through the console class and again that has to do

console class and again that has to do with static which I'm going to cover in

with static which I'm going to cover in detail later on so for now just make

detail later on so for now just make sure that the say hello function this

sure that the say hello function this one is is not marked the static and up

one is is not marked the static and up here make sure we are calling say hello

here make sure we are calling say hello on the created Code Monkey player okay

on the created Code Monkey player okay so with this if we test and if there it

so with this if we test and if there it is creating the player and then calls

is creating the player and then calls hello okay great here we can see we are

hello okay great here we can see we are running a custom function inside of our

running a custom function inside of our custom type so since we can Define

custom type so since we can Define functions another thing we can do is

functions another thing we can do is also Define some class variables and for

also Define some class variables and for that we write them inside the class

that we write them inside the class block so not inside a function we don't

block so not inside a function we don't want to create a local variable we want

want to create a local variable we want to define a class variable so let's go

to define a class variable so let's go up here just before the Constructor

up here just before the Constructor let's Define a variable like for example

let's Define a variable like for example string name and if we want we can even

string name and if we want we can even give it a default value so let's say

give it a default value so let's say Code Monkey okay great so here we have

Code Monkey okay great so here we have defined a name variable and now if you

defined a name variable and now if you remember from the scope leure from that

remember from the scope leure from that one basically anything that we Define in

one basically anything that we Define in a code block like a variable over here

a code block like a variable over here defined inside the class code block that

defined inside the class code block that means we can access this variable inside

means we can access this variable inside any of these nested code blocks so for

any of these nested code blocks so for example over here inside the hello

example over here inside the hello function over here let's print out so

function over here let's print out so let's use the string interpolation

let's use the string interpolation method and let's print out the player

method and let's print out the player name okay so like this let's see and yep

name okay so like this let's see and yep it does say hello Code Monkey okay great

it does say hello Code Monkey okay great so far so good now by the way I'm

so far so good now by the way I'm calling this a class variable or member

calling this a class variable or member variables but sometimes I use the term

variables but sometimes I use the term Fields again it's another example of

Fields again it's another example of interchangeable names technically the

interchangeable names technically the more correct name for this is actually a

more correct name for this is actually a field the word variable is more used for

field the word variable is more used for when it's a local variable defined

when it's a local variable defined inside a function but those terms are

inside a function but those terms are pretty interchangeable so if you show

pretty interchangeable so if you show someone this code and you call this a

someone this code and you call this a variable they will understand what you

variable they will understand what you mean okay so here we have defined a

mean okay so here we have defined a class variable or a field and like we

class variable or a field and like we saw up here we can access our object and

saw up here we can access our object and call this function and we can access

call this function and we can access this field in the same way however again

this field in the same way however again the same thing in order for that to work

the same thing in order for that to work we need to mark this field also has

we need to mark this field also has public so we can access it from up here

public so we can access it from up here so over here we can go through the Code

so over here we can go through the Code Monkey player and access the name and I

Monkey player and access the name and I can set it to something I can read it or

can set it to something I can read it or modify it so for example for this one

modify it so for example for this one let's set it to code monkey and then for

let's set it to code monkey and then for this other player down here for the Iron

this other player down here for the Iron Man player let's set it to Iron Man and

Man player let's set it to Iron Man and then let's call the say hello function

then let's call the say hello function on this one okay so let's test and see

on this one okay so let's test and see what this does and if there it is

what this does and if there it is creating player then says hello Code

creating player then says hello Code Monkey creating the second player and

Monkey creating the second player and says hello Iron Man so here we are

says hello Iron Man so here we are creating objects modifying values inside

creating objects modifying values inside of it and also calling some functions

of it and also calling some functions with this we can also go back and see

with this we can also go back and see exactly what I covered in the diagram in

exactly what I covered in the diagram in the beginning on how the objects that we

the beginning on how the objects that we create these are essentially objects

create these are essentially objects that are separate from one another they

that are separate from one another they are created from the same blueprint

are created from the same blueprint class but each of them are different

class but each of them are different each of them can have different values

each of them can have different values that is why over here we are creating

that is why over here we are creating two instances of our player type and

two instances of our player type and then on one of them we are setting the

then on one of them we are setting the name to Code Monkey the other one to

name to Code Monkey the other one to Iron Man and that works because they are

Iron Man and that works because they are completely separate objects each with

completely separate objects each with their own data so when over here we are

their own data so when over here we are modifying the name inside the Ironman

modifying the name inside the Ironman player we are only modifying the name

player we are only modifying the name inside this specific object meaning it

inside this specific object meaning it does not modify the name on The Code

does not modify the name on The Code Monkey and does not modify the name on

Monkey and does not modify the name on any other player object we have when we

any other player object we have when we modify this we are only modifying this

modify this we are only modifying this data on this object this is another

data on this object this is another really crucial thing to understand how

really crucial thing to understand how each object each instance of a class

each object each instance of a class each of those has its own data stored in

each of those has its own data stored in memory Okay so we've already learned

memory Okay so we've already learned quite a lot about functions fields and

quite a lot about functions fields and Constructors another thing we can do

Constructors another thing we can do over here on the Constructor is we can

over here on the Constructor is we can Define some parameters so pretty much

Define some parameters so pretty much like we would for a function for example

like we would for a function for example let's say we receive a parameter for the

let's say we receive a parameter for the string name then over here let's print

string name then over here let's print out the name so creating player and then

out the name so creating player and then pass in that name okay like this and now

pass in that name okay like this and now up here when constructing our players

up here when constructing our players for this one let's pass in Code Monkey

for this one let's pass in Code Monkey and for this other one let's pass in

and for this other one let's pass in Iron Man and for now let's just get rid

Iron Man and for now let's just get rid of this other code so let's just leave

of this other code so let's just leave those two so just doing this just

those two so just doing this just constructing a Code Monkey player and an

constructing a Code Monkey player and an Iron Man player and yep it works

Iron Man player and yep it works creating each of them okay good so now

creating each of them okay good so now here's an interesting scenario let's say

here's an interesting scenario let's say we want to define the name over here on

we want to define the name over here on the Constructor and then we want to

the Constructor and then we want to update this field and then we want to

update this field and then we want to use that field down here right now that

use that field down here right now that is actually not going to work so let's

is actually not going to work so let's put the default name to something else

put the default name to something else let's put it just a dash just to make

let's put it just a dash just to make sure that it isn't updating on the first

sure that it isn't updating on the first one let's test let's just go here Code

one let's test let's just go here Code Monkey player and let's call say hello

Monkey player and let's call say hello and same thing on the iron man. say

and same thing on the iron man. say hello and yep look at that so it does

hello and yep look at that so it does create the player and does receive the

create the player and does receive the Code Monkey string but then when saying

Code Monkey string but then when saying hello it just has the default Dash that

hello it just has the default Dash that is because even though we called all of

is because even though we called all of these we call them all name even though

these we call them all name even though these are actually two separate symbols

these are actually two separate symbols when we receive the name over here as a

when we receive the name over here as a parameter in the Constructor this

parameter in the Constructor this parameter over here is just a local

parameter over here is just a local variable by itself this parameter has no

variable by itself this parameter has no connection to this variable even though

connection to this variable even though the name is exactly the same that still

the name is exactly the same that still does not mean that they have any

does not mean that they have any connection we need to explicitly Define

connection we need to explicitly Define that connection also by the way here's a

that connection also by the way here's a quick tip on visual studio if you just

quick tip on visual studio if you just place the cursor on top of a symbol it

place the cursor on top of a symbol it automatically highlights all instances

automatically highlights all instances of that symbol so note how over here it

of that symbol so note how over here it is highlighting this one and this one

is highlighting this one and this one and does not highlight this one and this

and does not highlight this one and this one that is a clue that these are two

one that is a clue that these are two completely separate symbols even though

completely separate symbols even though they do have the same name if we click

they do have the same name if we click on this one yep it does highlight this

on this one yep it does highlight this one and this one but not these two so

one and this one but not these two so these are completely disconnected piece

these are completely disconnected piece of data in order to connect them

of data in order to connect them basically we just need to assign this

basically we just need to assign this variable to the one that we receed here

variable to the one that we receed here so over here you might think to write

so over here you might think to write name equals name with the assumption

name equals name with the assumption that the first name is going to refer to

that the first name is going to refer to this one and the second one is going to

this one and the second one is going to return to this one but nope this doesn't

return to this one but nope this doesn't really work we have a green squiggling

really work we have a green squiggling line if and if we put it inside

line if and if we put it inside assignment made to the same variable so

assignment made to the same variable so here once again we can use the cursor

here once again we can use the cursor trick in order to see yep here we are

trick in order to see yep here we are referencing the same symbol we have no

referencing the same symbol we have no reference to this one itself so one

reference to this one itself so one option that we have here is choose a

option that we have here is choose a different name sometimes people like to

different name sometimes people like to solve this problem by adding an

solve this problem by adding an underscore n their parameters so you

underscore n their parameters so you could add underscore here then one here

could add underscore here then one here and one here and doing so yep now this

and one here and doing so yep now this works so now these three instances are

works so now these three instances are instances of this symbol but if we

instances of this symbol but if we select that one yep now that one is that

select that one yep now that one is that one and if we run this code and yep now

one and if we run this code and yep now it does work creates the player and says

it does work creates the player and says hello with the correct name so this

hello with the correct name so this works this is one option you can simply

works this is one option you can simply Define your parameter names to have

Define your parameter names to have different names from your class

different names from your class variables or another alternative method

variables or another alternative method the one that I actually prefer is to

the one that I actually prefer is to write the exact same name so over here

write the exact same name so over here let's name this one exactly the same

let's name this one exactly the same name name and also this one also name

name name and also this one also name but here we have the problem we're

but here we have the problem we're always accessing the same thing so the

always accessing the same thing so the way we change that the way we access

way we change that the way we access this field specifically the way we do

this field specifically the way we do that is with a keyword this this is a

that is with a keyword this this is a special keyword that like name implies

special keyword that like name implies refers to this object it refers to the

refers to this object it refers to the object itself where the code is running

object itself where the code is running on so by using this we can essentially

on so by using this we can essentially reference this object and doing that we

reference this object and doing that we can reference this class variable again

can reference this class variable again we can put the cursor over in order to

we can put the cursor over in order to highlight and Y now we do see these

highlight and Y now we do see these three are referencing this symbol and

three are referencing this symbol and these three are referencing this symbol

these three are referencing this symbol and if we run this any if now this word

and if we run this any if now this word creates both players and correctly

creates both players and correctly assigns their name so once again we have

assigns their name so once again we have two separate instances of our player

two separate instances of our player class each with their own data and each

class each with their own data and each with their own name we are setting that

with their own name we are setting that data through the Constructor itself and

data through the Constructor itself and then we are using that data in some kind

then we are using that data in some kind of function okay great so here we learn

of function okay great so here we learn about classes this is one of the core

about classes this is one of the core building blocks of any object-oriented

building blocks of any object-oriented language like C this is yet another

language like C this is yet another topic that you must make sure you fully

topic that you must make sure you fully understand rewatch this lecture if you

understand rewatch this lecture if you need to classes are one of those things

need to classes are one of those things you are going to use a ton through your

you are going to use a ton through your programming career so definitely make

programming career so definitely make sure you fully understand it now in this

sure you fully understand it now in this lecture I briefly mention two things

lecture I briefly mention two things access modify and static so let's

access modify and static so let's finally learn about those beginning with

finally learn about those beginning with static in the next

static in the next lecture hello and welcome I'm your kmy

lecture hello and welcome I'm your kmy in this lecture we're finally going to

in this lecture we're finally going to learn what is the static keyword and

learn what is the static keyword and what does it do okay so since the very

what does it do okay so since the very beginning we've been working with this

beginning we've been working with this default code in the beginning I told you

default code in the beginning I told you to just ignore the static over here but

to just ignore the static over here but now since we have already learned what

now since we have already learned what are classes now we can finally start to

are classes now we can finally start to learn what is static in the previous

learn what is static in the previous video we wrote this code and I told you

video we wrote this code and I told you to make sure not to write static inside

to make sure not to write static inside any of this either the field or the

any of this either the field or the function what it means is when you

function what it means is when you define something as static when you do

define something as static when you do that you are making that belong to the

that you are making that belong to the class itself as opposed to any instance

class itself as opposed to any instance of that class so if you make something

of that class so if you make something static like a static score field if you

static like a static score field if you do that then now that symbol that score

do that then now that symbol that score that only exists on the class itself and

that only exists on the class itself and does not exist as a separate copy for

does not exist as a separate copy for each individual object you create of

each individual object you create of that type so here when we made our

that type so here when we made our custom class we wanted this function and

custom class we wanted this function and this field we wanted that to belong to

this field we wanted that to belong to each instance of that class we wanted

each instance of that class we wanted that as opposed to belonging to the

that as opposed to belonging to the class itself so that is why we made

class itself so that is why we made these intentionally non static and by

these intentionally non static and by doing that we made it so that up here in

doing that we made it so that up here in order to call this function we need to

order to call this function we need to call the function on some kind of

call the function on some kind of instance of our type so that is why we

instance of our type so that is why we need to create a Code Monkey player in

need to create a Code Monkey player in order to call the say hello and if we

order to call the say hello and if we try doing player. say hello nope this

try doing player. say hello nope this does not work this is an error because

does not work this is an error because we marked this as non-static means that

we marked this as non-static means that we need an instance of our type in order

we need an instance of our type in order to call this function and it's the same

to call this function and it's the same thing for the console. right line that

thing for the console. right line that we've been using for this one we can

we've been using for this one we can inspect this function so we can right

inspect this function so we can right click in here and then let's go into

click in here and then let's go into this one go to definition and if you do

this one go to definition and if you do that yep it opens up this window which

that yep it opens up this window which basically shows the code inside the

basically shows the code inside the right line function and over here we can

right line function and over here we can see this function is indeed marked as

see this function is indeed marked as static that is why when we use it we use

static that is why when we use it we use it through the console class itself

it through the console class itself meaning we never do a new console and

meaning we never do a new console and then using that console we call right

then using that console we call right line we don't do that since that one is

line we don't do that since that one is Mark as static we access the console

Mark as static we access the console class itself and then call the function

class itself and then call the function directly on the class itself so static

directly on the class itself so static means this belongs to the class itself

means this belongs to the class itself and not any instance of that class as to

and not any instance of that class as to when would you use this one example is

when would you use this one example is over here on the console it's super easy

over here on the console it's super easy to just write console. right line write

to just write console. right line write something to the console is much easier

something to the console is much easier as opposed to having to create a new

as opposed to having to create a new console object having to keep track of

console object having to keep track of that object in order to call the

that object in order to call the function we just access the function

function we just access the function directly makes it super easy to use and

directly makes it super easy to use and then it can make sense if you have some

then it can make sense if you have some kind of behavior or some kind of data

kind of behavior or some kind of data that you want to belong to the class

that you want to belong to the class itself and not all the instances of that

itself and not all the instances of that class like for example if you have some

class like for example if you have some kind of score that is meant to be shared

kind of score that is meant to be shared between all the other objects if so then

between all the other objects if so then it might make sense to Define that in

it might make sense to Define that in class that way we have just one score

class that way we have just one score field that is shared between all the

field that is shared between all the various players in order to make

various players in order to make something static it's really simple we

something static it's really simple we just add the static keyword like for

just add the static keyword like for example over here on the say hello

example over here on the say hello function let's mark this as static

function let's mark this as static however in doing so we can already see

however in doing so we can already see two errors there's one over here on the

two errors there's one over here on the name and one up here on our players so

name and one up here on our players so let's actually for now just comment out

let's actually for now just comment out this code and let's just do player. say

this code and let's just do player. say hello yep now this one does work because

hello yep now this one does work because that function is now marked as static

that function is now marked as static but now the are down here on the name

but now the are down here on the name like it says here an object's reference

like it says here an object's reference is required for a non-static field

is required for a non-static field object reference is really just another

object reference is really just another word for object instance this basically

word for object instance this basically means that we cannot access non-static

means that we cannot access non-static Fields whilst inside a static function

Fields whilst inside a static function that is because again static means that

that is because again static means that it belongs to the class itself and not

it belongs to the class itself and not any instance so since this function does

any instance so since this function does not belong to any instance naturally we

not belong to any instance naturally we cannot access any instance variables

cannot access any instance variables that is also why quite a while ago on

that is also why quite a while ago on the variables lecture when we were

the variables lecture when we were creating some class variables up here I

creating some class variables up here I said that if you want to create a

said that if you want to create a variable that you wanted to access

variable that you wanted to access inside main you need to mark it as

inside main you need to mark it as static if we just make an in age over

static if we just make an in age over here and over here try to access age

here and over here try to access age equals something and over here try to

equals something and over here try to access age equals something nope this

access age equals something nope this does not work we cannot access it in

does not work we cannot access it in order to make it work this needs to be

order to make it work this needs to be static because main is static so whil

static because main is static so whil inside a static function we can only

inside a static function we can only access static fields in order to make

access static fields in order to make our code would work here we can really

our code would work here we can really just mark this one as static with the

just mark this one as static with the obvious side effect which is like I said

obvious side effect which is like I said this field now belongs to the class

this field now belongs to the class itself so with this we could not have

itself so with this we could not have multiple players each with different

multiple players each with different names by doing this there's pretty much

names by doing this there's pretty much just one name field regardless of how

just one name field regardless of how many player instances we have and by

many player instances we have and by adding static over here we created yet

adding static over here we created yet another error right here and once again

another error right here and once again it has to do with this keyword which

it has to do with this keyword which like I said this one refers to the

like I said this one refers to the object that this code is running on but

object that this code is running on but once again this one is a static field

once again this one is a static field meaning it does not belong to any

meaning it does not belong to any instance so we cannot access it through

instance so we cannot access it through a this which refers to a specific

a this which refers to a specific instance and if we remove this then we

instance and if we remove this then we have the exact same problem we had which

have the exact same problem we had which is all of these are referring to the

is all of these are referring to the same symbol so we want to access this

same symbol so we want to access this one and as how we access a static field

one and as how we access a static field if we can't do it through this the

if we can't do it through this the answer is we access it through the class

answer is we access it through the class name so over here player. name and once

name so over here player. name and once again put the cursor over in order to

again put the cursor over in order to highlight and yep now it is correctly

highlight and yep now it is correctly referencing these two okay so we have no

referencing these two okay so we have no more errors now let's see what this is

more errors now let's see what this is doing so first let's call player. hello

doing so first let's call player. hello and then let's create a new code monkey

and then let's create a new code monkey player and let's print player. say hello

player and let's print player. say hello again and then let's create an Iron Man

again and then let's create an Iron Man player and now let's print say hello

player and now let's print say hello again now if you want a quick challenge

again now if you want a quick challenge try to pause the video right now and try

try to pause the video right now and try to guess what all of this is going to

to guess what all of this is going to print on the console so which name is

print on the console so which name is going to be printed over here on this

going to be printed over here on this function call which one on this one and

function call which one on this one and which one on this one so if you want

which one on this one so if you want pause the video right now and try to

pause the video right now and try to give that a go try to get a guess over

give that a go try to get a guess over here let's run the code and see what

here let's run the code and see what this says and yep it says hello nothing

this says and yep it says hello nothing then hello code monkey and finally hello

then hello code monkey and finally hello Iron Man here we can clearly see how

Iron Man here we can clearly see how static data belongs to the class itself

static data belongs to the class itself and not any instance of that class

and not any instance of that class basically the first time we say hello

basically the first time we say hello the name is going to default to a dash

the name is going to default to a dash so that is why print Dash then we create

so that is why print Dash then we create code monkey and when creating that

code monkey and when creating that object that individual instance of that

object that individual instance of that object is going to access the global

object is going to access the global name field that is inside the player

name field that is inside the player class so the static field so we're going

class so the static field so we're going to update that one from Dash into code

to update that one from Dash into code monkey that is why it prints that and

monkey that is why it prints that and finally create an Iron Man and again

finally create an Iron Man and again same thing that is going to modify and

same thing that is going to modify and update and override the name so the name

update and override the name so the name no longer says Code Monkey by the end it

no longer says Code Monkey by the end it only says Iron Man the important

only says Iron Man the important takeaway here is that even though we are

takeaway here is that even though we are creating two instances of that object

creating two instances of that object since over here we are accessing a

since over here we are accessing a static field remember the static field

static field remember the static field belongs to the class itself so we have

belongs to the class itself so we have just one of these even though we have

just one of these even though we have two instances of our player now it might

two instances of our player now it might seem like I'm repeating myself a little

seem like I'm repeating myself a little bit too much in this lecture but this

bit too much in this lecture but this really is a crucial thing to understand

really is a crucial thing to understand the difference between making a field

the difference between making a field static or non-static the difference

static or non-static the difference between how many instances of a field

between how many instances of a field you have this is really crucial to fully

you have this is really crucial to fully understand so you don't get confused if

understand so you don't get confused if it's static you have just one field that

it's static you have just one field that is shared between all the classes and if

is shared between all the classes and if it's non-static then each instance of

it's non-static then each instance of that type will have its own field like

that type will have its own field like back here in the diagram we Define a

back here in the diagram we Define a static in score and this one is

static in score and this one is basically shared between all the other

basically shared between all the other objects but then we have a non-static

objects but then we have a non-static string name and inal and each object has

string name and inal and each object has their own copy has their own data within

their own copy has their own data within that field now we already saw how we

that field now we already saw how we cannot access a non-static field from a

cannot access a non-static field from a static function but the opposite is

static function but the opposite is valid so here on say hello if I remove

valid so here on say hello if I remove the static to make this a non-static

the static to make this a non-static function and if there is no eror down

function and if there is no eror down here while on a non-static function we

here while on a non-static function we can indeed access static Fields although

can indeed access static Fields although again remember how a static field This

again remember how a static field This one belongs to the class itself and

one belongs to the class itself and there's really only one field that is

there's really only one field that is shared between all instances of that

shared between all instances of that class so for example up here let's

class so for example up here let's create a new Iron Man Code Monkey so

create a new Iron Man Code Monkey so let's SE Al uncommon this code up here

let's SE Al uncommon this code up here for example let's create a new code

for example let's create a new code monkey player then let's create an Iron

monkey player then let's create an Iron Man player and then let's print hello on

Man player and then let's print hello on the Code Monkey player itself so once

the Code Monkey player itself so once again if you want a mini challenge try

again if you want a mini challenge try pausing the video right now and try to

pausing the video right now and try to guess what this one will say and if we

guess what this one will say and if we test and yep look at that it says hello

test and yep look at that it says hello Iron Man even though we are calling the

Iron Man even though we are calling the say hello on the code mplayer object and

say hello on the code mplayer object and the reason is once again because this

the reason is once again because this field is static so when we create a new

field is static so when we create a new Iron Man that One is updating that

Iron Man that One is updating that static field to just say Iron Man so

static field to just say Iron Man so down here when we access static field we

down here when we access static field we are accessing the only field that exists

are accessing the only field that exists within the entire class now let's just

within the entire class now let's just learn one more tiny thing about static

learn one more tiny thing about static which is how you can mark the class

which is how you can mark the class itself as static so here you can write

itself as static so here you can write static class and basically by doing this

static class and basically by doing this the compiler forces you to make

the compiler forces you to make everything inside that class as static

everything inside that class as static so we cannot have a regular instance of

so we cannot have a regular instance of our player Constructor we cannot have

our player Constructor we cannot have this and we cannot have a non-static

this and we cannot have a non-static function it needs to be marked as static

function it needs to be marked as static so just like this so this can be helpful

so just like this so this can be helpful for example when you want to make sure

for example when you want to make sure that everything is static if there are

that everything is static if there are some kind of class like for example the

some kind of class like for example the console here if we once again right

console here if we once again right click and go to the definition we can

click and go to the definition we can see yep the console is smart as static

see yep the console is smart as static you are never ever intended to create a

you are never ever intended to create a new object of type console that is never

new object of type console that is never supposed to happen everything inside

supposed to happen everything inside this console class all of this should be

this console class all of this should be static all the functions all the fields

static all the functions all the fields all of this should be static and use as

all of this should be static and use as static so in order to enforce that you

static so in order to enforce that you can just add the static keyword and

can just add the static keyword and basically the compiler won't force you

basically the compiler won't force you to make everything within that class

to make everything within that class marked as static so when you want that

marked as static so when you want that add static but when you want to mix

add static but when you want to mix between static and nonstatic then just

between static and nonstatic then just don't add it and simply add static to

don't add it and simply add static to the things that you do want to make

the things that you do want to make static all right so that's static now if

static all right so that's static now if you're a beginner and you're slightly

you're a beginner and you're slightly confused go ahead and watch this lecture

confused go ahead and watch this lecture again learning the difference between

again learning the difference between static and non-static is really

static and non-static is really important you need to fully understand

important you need to fully understand the difference between what belongs to

the difference between what belongs to an object and what belongs to a class

an object and what belongs to a class itself next let's learn about access

itself next let's learn about access modifiers this is something that is

modifiers this is something that is extremely important in order to write

extremely important in order to write good clean code so let's learn that in

good clean code so let's learn that in the next

the next lecture hello and welcome I'm your Cod

lecture hello and welcome I'm your Cod monkey in this lecture we're going to

monkey in this lecture we're going to learn all about access modifiers

learn all about access modifiers specifically private and public learn

specifically private and public learn what they do and just how important they

what they do and just how important they are okay so access modifiers like name

are okay so access modifiers like name implies it controls what kind of access

implies it controls what kind of access we have with something we've already

we have with something we've already seen them a little bit a while ago when

seen them a little bit a while ago when we defined these functions inside our

we defined these functions inside our class I told you that you need to make

class I told you that you need to make this public this is the access modifier

this public this is the access modifier in general you have two access modifiers

in general you have two access modifiers you have public and private now

you have public and private now technically there are more there's also

technically there are more there's also protected and there's also internal and

protected and there's also internal and a bunch more so technically there are

a bunch more so technically there are more but most case you will only be

more but most case you will only be using either private or public now here

using either private or public now here I told you to make this public because

I told you to make this public because if we don't Define the access modifier

if we don't Define the access modifier if we just do this just like this then

if we just do this just like this then up here we can see our function has an

up here we can see our function has an error it is saying the say hello

error it is saying the say hello function is inex accessible due to its

function is inex accessible due to its protection level that is because if we

protection level that is because if we don't specifically say public if we omit

don't specifically say public if we omit the access modifier then this one

the access modifier then this one basically defaults to private so if we

basically defaults to private so if we write nothing is the same thing as if we

write nothing is the same thing as if we explicitly write private and like the

explicitly write private and like the eror says we cannot call the function

eror says we cannot call the function because we have no access it is private

because we have no access it is private when we make something private it is

when we make something private it is only accessible to that class and

only accessible to that class and nothing else so up here we cannot call

nothing else so up here we cannot call the sayell function but for example over

the sayell function but for example over here inside any code inside of the

here inside any code inside of the player class over here we can call say

player class over here we can call say hello and Yep this one works perfectly

hello and Yep this one works perfectly so by making something private it means

so by making something private it means it can only be accessed by that class

it can only be accessed by that class where it's been defined and what I'm

where it's been defined and what I'm saying here applies to functions but

saying here applies to functions but also to fields for example if this one

also to fields for example if this one is public then up here on the main we

is public then up here on the main we can access Iron Man player. name and we

can access Iron Man player. name and we can set it to something so this works

can set it to something so this works this is valid code however again if we

this is valid code however again if we omit this which again is going to

omit this which again is going to default into private if so then yep now

default into private if so then yep now this one is inaccessible if we do want

this one is inaccessible if we do want this field or this function to be

this field or this function to be accessible from outside then we do need

accessible from outside then we do need to mark them as public so public string

to mark them as public so public string and over here public void now if you a

and over here public void now if you a beginner you might be thinking this is

beginner you might be thinking this is just adding needless confusion to the

just adding needless confusion to the code you might be thinking why wouldn't

code you might be thinking why wouldn't you just make everything public so you

you just make everything public so you can access everything from everywhere

can access everything from everywhere and that is one of those questions that

and that is one of those questions that is perfectly reasonable for a beginner

is perfectly reasonable for a beginner to ask and as you grow your skills you

to ask and as you grow your skills you will actually see just how valuable this

will actually see just how valuable this is the next two lectures are going to be

is the next two lectures are going to be on the theory behind how and why to

on the theory behind how and why to write good clean code and one of the

write good clean code and one of the main clean code principles is simply to

main clean code principles is simply to limit access the reason why public and

limit access the reason why public and private exists the reason for this is

private exists the reason for this is all about helping you manage complexity

all about helping you manage complexity and the best way to manage complexity is

and the best way to manage complexity is to limit accessibility so access

to limit accessibility so access modifiers are really extremely important

modifiers are really extremely important like I said I'm going to cover this

like I said I'm going to cover this topic in much more detail in the next

topic in much more detail in the next few lectures for now just know these are

few lectures for now just know these are extremely important and as a general

extremely important and as a general rule you should always default to making

rule you should always default to making everything private and only make it

everything private and only make it public when you have a very good reason

public when you have a very good reason to do it so by default we should Define

to do it so by default we should Define all of these as private so this one is

all of these as private so this one is private this one make it private and the

private this one make it private and the public string make it private yep so by

public string make it private yep so by default we should start writing our code

default we should start writing our code like this and then for each piece of

like this and then for each piece of code we write we should be able to ask

code we write we should be able to ask ourselves okay does this need to be

ourselves okay does this need to be public and if so like for example over

public and if so like for example over here we do intentionally want to create

here we do intentionally want to create some player objects so we do want this

some player objects so we do want this one to be public then for the function

one to be public then for the function we also want this code up here to be

we also want this code up here to be able to call the function so this one

able to call the function so this one should be public however for the name

should be public however for the name field this one is meant to be an

field this one is meant to be an internal piece of data that is only used

internal piece of data that is only used by this class so this one should be

by this class so this one should be marked as private and out here we should

marked as private and out here we should not have access to that field so as

not have access to that field so as general rule just follow that basic

general rule just follow that basic guideline default to making everything

guideline default to making everything private and only make it public if you

private and only make it public if you absolutely need to if you just follow

absolutely need to if you just follow that one very simple rule you will write

that one very simple rule you will write much better much more high quality code

much better much more high quality code and like we saw technically we don't

and like we saw technically we don't need to write the access modifier if you

need to write the access modifier if you want it private you can just submit it

want it private you can just submit it and this is going to default to private

and this is going to default to private however personally I like being as

however personally I like being as explicit as possible so even though

explicit as possible so even though technically you don't have to write it

technically you don't have to write it personally I always write it every time

personally I always write it every time I want to be very very clear that I want

I want to be very very clear that I want this to be private I don't want to have

this to be private I don't want to have to remember where are the defaults

to remember where are the defaults because actually defaults default to

because actually defaults default to different things depending on what code

different things depending on what code you're working on there is a great guide

you're working on there is a great guide on the C docs that goes into this topic

on the C docs that goes into this topic in a lot more detail so you can see all

in a lot more detail so you can see all the various access modifiers and from

the various access modifiers and from where you can call some kind of thing or

where you can call some kind of thing or access some kind of variable and then

access some kind of variable and then down here if we scroll down we can see

down here if we scroll down we can see yep the default access summary table and

yep the default access summary table and you can see how for some things if we

you can see how for some things if we omit it it defaults to private but for

omit it it defaults to private but for other things it defaults to public and

other things it defaults to public and for others defaults to internal I'm

for others defaults to internal I'm going to cover all this in detail in

going to cover all this in detail in future lectures interface strs inom and

future lectures interface strs inom and so on since the default actually

so on since the default actually defaults to various different things

defaults to various different things depending on what type we're working

depending on what type we're working with that is yet another reason why I

with that is yet another reason why I really believe you should be as

really believe you should be as extremely explicit as possible so over

extremely explicit as possible so over here do not just submit this let's write

here do not just submit this let's write properly private and now that I've

properly private and now that I've taught you what are access modifiers I

taught you what are access modifiers I can finally explicitly Define them over

can finally explicitly Define them over here on this code honestly this is

here on this code honestly this is something that has been driving me crazy

something that has been driving me crazy throughout this whole course I didn't

throughout this whole course I didn't want to use them until I explained them

want to use them until I explained them I really don't like how this default

I really don't like how this default code is set up but but now that you know

code is set up but but now that you know what they are now I can finally refactor

what they are now I can finally refactor this code over here for the player class

this code over here for the player class this one is only going to be used inside

this one is only going to be used inside the program class so let's make it as

the program class so let's make it as private Again by defining this one as

private Again by defining this one as private means that we can use it inside

private means that we can use it inside of anything within this program class

of anything within this program class code block then for main let's also

code block then for main let's also default this to private this our main

default this to private this our main entry point for our code so we don't

entry point for our code so we don't want any other code calling this

want any other code calling this function and then for our program class

function and then for our program class instead of making internal let's make it

instead of making internal let's make it public public because in this case this

public public because in this case this one is a global class inside this

one is a global class inside this namespace and if we try making this as

namespace and if we try making this as private then no this actually throws

private then no this actually throws error basically elements defined in a

error basically elements defined in a name space itself these need to be

name space itself these need to be either internal or public so let's put

either internal or public so let's put it as public okay so now the code is

it as public okay so now the code is much more explicit everything is much

much more explicit everything is much more clear we can know for certain that

more clear we can know for certain that the main is only going to be the entry

the main is only going to be the entry point and it's never going to be called

point and it's never going to be called from anywhere else we can see that this

from anywhere else we can see that this player class is only going to be used

player class is only going to be used inside the program class and within the

inside the program class and within the player class we can see that the

player class we can see that the Constructor is meant to be accessible

Constructor is meant to be accessible from outside this function also

from outside this function also accessible outside but this name field

accessible outside but this name field this one is meant to be only used by

this one is meant to be only used by this class okay so with that we have

this class okay so with that we have learned about the basic access modifiers

learned about the basic access modifiers and this pretty much concludes the

and this pretty much concludes the absolute Basics so now like I said in

absolute Basics so now like I said in the next few lectures let's learn a

the next few lectures let's learn a little bit more on the theory behind how

little bit more on the theory behind how to write good clean code starting with

to write good clean code starting with one of the most important guidelines for

one of the most important guidelines for that which is naming rules so let's

that which is naming rules so let's learn that in the next

learn that in the next lecture hello and welcome I'm your Cod

lecture hello and welcome I'm your Cod Maki in this lecture we're going to

Maki in this lecture we're going to learn something extremely important

learn something extremely important let's learn about naming rules this is a

let's learn about naming rules this is a very very important lecture that you

very very important lecture that you should definitely refer back to whenever

should definitely refer back to whenever you have any questions following good

you have any questions following good naming rules is something that will make

naming rules is something that will make you a 10 times better program so first

you a 10 times better program so first what exactly are naming rules these are

what exactly are naming rules these are really just rules you define and then

really just rules you define and then follow while writing your code it is

follow while writing your code it is extremely extremely important that you

extremely extremely important that you are consistent in applying your rules

are consistent in applying your rules you don't want one class in your project

you don't want one class in your project to be written a certain way and a

to be written a certain way and a different class using a completely

different class using a completely different naming scheme that would

different naming scheme that would create a ton of confusion make it really

create a ton of confusion make it really hard to read the code so naming rules

hard to read the code so naming rules and writing code correctly is very very

and writing code correctly is very very important one mistake that I see a lot

important one mistake that I see a lot of beginners do is they send me some

of beginners do is they send me some code and ask why it's not working then I

code and ask why it's not working then I take a quick look and see all the code

take a quick look and see all the code written in a very messy way some

written in a very messy way some functions are in lower case others using

functions are in lower case others using snake case some fields are in Pascal

snake case some fields are in Pascal case some in camel case always remember

case some in camel case always remember remember code is case sensitive so it is

remember code is case sensitive so it is really extremely important that you

really extremely important that you write the code correctly if you change a

write the code correctly if you change a character from lowercase to uppercase

character from lowercase to uppercase then you are suddenly referring to

then you are suddenly referring to something completely different if you

something completely different if you are a beginner always keep that in mind

are a beginner always keep that in mind code is case sensitive so don't just

code is case sensitive so don't just write code semi-randomly write it

write code semi-randomly write it properly as if you were doing some kind

properly as if you were doing some kind of English test now with that said when

of English test now with that said when it comes to naming rules you can use

it comes to naming rules you can use whatever rules you want different people

whatever rules you want different people like different rules for example some

like different rules for example some people like to use a prefix and

people like to use a prefix and variables they like to add an underscore

variables they like to add an underscore or M underscore or other people like to

or M underscore or other people like to use a postfix some people like capitals

use a postfix some people like capitals for Capal case for properties St case

for Capal case for properties St case for fields which by the way here are the

for fields which by the way here are the definitions for those terms Pascal case

definitions for those terms Pascal case this one starts with a capital letter

this one starts with a capital letter and then it is lower case and then a

and then it is lower case and then a capital for every word afterwards then

capital for every word afterwards then chemel case this one also has a capital

chemel case this one also has a capital for every second word but the first one

for every second word but the first one is lowercase and finally snake case for

is lowercase and finally snake case for this one you just use an underscore to

this one you just use an underscore to separate the various words these are

separate the various words these are usually the various ways you have of

usually the various ways you have of naming some kind of symbol and like I

naming some kind of symbol and like I said the specific rules you follow don't

said the specific rules you follow don't necessarily matter every rule can be

necessarily matter every rule can be valid the most important thing is just

valid the most important thing is just that you are consistent and always

that you are consistent and always always following through your rules so

always following through your rules so Define some kind of code style and

Define some kind of code style and always stick with it for me here are the

always stick with it for me here are the rules that I follow and the code style

rules that I follow and the code style that I use for function names I like to

that I use for function names I like to use Pascal case this is also the C

use Pascal case this is also the C standard so always capitalize the first

standard so always capitalize the first letter of every word then for the

letter of every word then for the function parameters for that I use

function parameters for that I use chamel case so it starts lower case and

chamel case so it starts lower case and then upper case after every word then

then upper case after every word then for properties this is something that

for properties this is something that I'm coming to cover in detail in the

I'm coming to cover in detail in the intermediate section for these I use

intermediate section for these I use Pascal case for Conant again another

Pascal case for Conant again another thing I cover in the intermediate for

thing I cover in the intermediate for this one normally use uppercase snake

this one normally use uppercase snake case so everything is upper case and use

case so everything is upper case and use a little underscore to separate the

a little underscore to separate the words events are in Pascal Cas and then

words events are in Pascal Cas and then Fields these are in cam then another one

Fields these are in cam then another one of my personal rules is something that I

of my personal rules is something that I mentioned in the beginning lectures

mentioned in the beginning lectures which is a position for the opening of

which is a position for the opening of the curly braces now personally I do

the curly braces now personally I do like opening it on the same line but

like opening it on the same line but some people prefer to place the opening

some people prefer to place the opening on new line I know some people have some

on new line I know some people have some really strong opinions about this but

really strong opinions about this but really this is just the visual style

really this is just the visual style that I personally prefer it's probably

that I personally prefer it's probably due to the fact that when I started

due to the fact that when I started learning programming when I was 10 years

learning programming when I was 10 years old I was writing some Mir scripts which

old I was writing some Mir scripts which you use this style so I'm very used to

you use this style so I'm very used to it and I like it but it's really just a

it and I like it but it's really just a visual thing if you like the currently

visual thing if you like the currently brace on new line then by all means go

brace on new line then by all means go ahead and use it and for some more very

ahead and use it and for some more very useful general rules first is spend time

useful general rules first is spend time deciding on a proper name don't just use

deciding on a proper name don't just use the first name that comes to your head

the first name that comes to your head actually think what would be the proper

actually think what would be the proper name for this symbol also do not use

name for this symbol also do not use single letter names a lot of beginners

single letter names a lot of beginners like use this just because for some

like use this just because for some reason they want to be as compact as

reason they want to be as compact as possible but remember the goal with code

possible but remember the goal with code is not really to be compact it's to be

is not really to be compact it's to be understandable and single letter names

understandable and single letter names usually are terrible the only exception

usually are terrible the only exception for that would be it reads on a for Loop

for that would be it reads on a for Loop for those it's perfectly fine to use

for those it's perfectly fine to use just an i or a j but for Prem much

just an i or a j but for Prem much anything else use a proper name and not

anything else use a proper name and not a single letter related to that also

a single letter related to that also don't use acronyms or abbreviations

don't use acronyms or abbreviations those might seem really clear to you

those might seem really clear to you right now when you're writing the code

right now when you're writing the code but in a few weeks when you yourself get

but in a few weeks when you yourself get back to the code you might not remember

back to the code you might not remember what those mean again don't be afraid of

what those mean again don't be afraid of being verbose if the most accurate name

being verbose if the most accurate name you can come up with is somehow 20

you can come up with is somehow 20 characters long then really that's a

characters long then really that's a name remember you don't get bonus points

name remember you don't get bonus points for writing extremely compact code so

for writing extremely compact code so always always value making your code

always always value making your code readable and understandable even if it

readable and understandable even if it requires functions and variables with

requires functions and variables with very long names and the final extremely

very long names and the final extremely extremely important rule is simply don't

extremely important rule is simply don't be afraid to rename things if you come

be afraid to rename things if you come up with a name and later on you come up

up with a name and later on you come up with a much better name then just take a

with a much better name then just take a second to rename it with Visual Studio

second to rename it with Visual Studio shortcut it's insanely easy you just

shortcut it's insanely easy you just place the cursor over something like for

place the cursor over something like for example the player class let's say

example the player class let's say instead of this being used just for

instead of this being used just for Players let's say it was also used for

Players let's say it was also used for enemies so I want to really name this

enemies so I want to really name this unit the shortcut is Control Plus RR and

unit the shortcut is Control Plus RR and it shows up this window and now we can

it shows up this window and now we can easily rename it and yep look at that it

easily rename it and yep look at that it renames every instance of this type so

renames every instance of this type so renaming things is really super easy so

renaming things is really super easy so definitely make sure to do it if you

definitely make sure to do it if you come up with a better name come back and

come up with a better name come back and rename that symbol always remember code

rename that symbol always remember code is not fixed it is meant to adapt and

is not fixed it is meant to adapt and grow as you work on it and part of

grow as you work on it and part of working on it is refactoring and

working on it is refactoring and renaming things so don't be afraid to do

renaming things so don't be afraid to do that okay so these are my general rules

that okay so these are my general rules and the code style that I personally

and the code style that I personally follow like I said you don't have to

follow like I said you don't have to follow my rules figure out what works

follow my rules figure out what works for you and follow your own rules but

for you and follow your own rules but naturally here in this course I won't be

naturally here in this course I won't be using my code style so if when following

using my code style so if when following this course you're not sure how to write

this course you're not sure how to write some type of code come back to this

some type of code come back to this lecture and watch it again like I've

lecture and watch it again like I've mentioned many times the code that I

mentioned many times the code that I teach you how to write in my courses

teach you how to write in my courses that is on the same level of quality as

that is on the same level of quality as my Professional Steam games so as such

my Professional Steam games so as such this lecture this topic on Main rules

this lecture this topic on Main rules this is extremely important if you just

this is extremely important if you just follow these rules or whatever rules you

follow these rules or whatever rules you can come up with if you just do that you

can come up with if you just do that you will save yourself a ton of

will save yourself a ton of headaches hello and welcome I'm your

headaches hello and welcome I'm your codm in this lecture we're going to

codm in this lecture we're going to learn more on the theory on how to write

learn more on the theory on how to write good clean code so first of all what

good clean code so first of all what exactly is clean code now there are many

exactly is clean code now there are many definitions for this for me it simply

definitions for this for me it simply means writing code that is easy to

means writing code that is easy to understand and easy to modify with bat

understand and easy to modify with bat code you need to look at it for a real

code you need to look at it for a real long time to try and work out what on

long time to try and work out what on Earth that code is doing whereas with

Earth that code is doing whereas with clean code the intent of the code should

clean code the intent of the code should be immediately obvious everything is

be immediately obvious everything is very clear and straightforward and

very clear and straightforward and requires no effort to understand what

requires no effort to understand what exactly it's doing that's the goal the

exactly it's doing that's the goal the most important thing is simply following

most important thing is simply following a good set of naming rules like I

a good set of naming rules like I covered in the previous lecture always

covered in the previous lecture always always choose good descriptive names for

always choose good descriptive names for all your variables all your functions

all your variables all your functions classes and really anything if you just

classes and really anything if you just do that then your code won't be

do that then your code won't be infinitely higher quality than someone

infinitely higher quality than someone who does not follow any naming rules

who does not follow any naming rules beyond that here's some more General

beyond that here's some more General guidelines starting off with a simple

guidelines starting off with a simple one try to avoid magic numbers these are

one try to avoid magic numbers these are numbers that are used directly in the

numbers that are used directly in the code with no context for what exactly

code with no context for what exactly they mean like for example in this code

they mean like for example in this code this one has a bunch of numbers and just

this one has a bunch of numbers and just by looking at it you can't really tell

by looking at it you can't really tell what those numbers are supposed to mean

what those numbers are supposed to mean after studying the code for a little bit

after studying the code for a little bit you might be able to tell that for

you might be able to tell that for example over here this is supposed to be

example over here this is supposed to be the Super bonus damage amount and for

the Super bonus damage amount and for example over here if you see an if

example over here if you see an if testing if the distance is under five

testing if the distance is under five and if so call the attack then probably

and if so call the attack then probably this means this is the attack distance

this means this is the attack distance and over here test tesing if the

and over here test tesing if the distance is above 10 then go to jump so

distance is above 10 then go to jump so this should be some kind of jump

this should be some kind of jump distance so it requires spending some

distance so it requires spending some time in order to understand what the

time in order to understand what the code is doing so by using magic numbers

code is doing so by using magic numbers it alus skates what the code is actually

it alus skates what the code is actually doing so instead of this we can improve

doing so instead of this we can improve this code by quite a bit by simply

this code by quite a bit by simply defining proper named local variables so

defining proper named local variables so over here just Define NT for the super

over here just Define NT for the super damage amount multiplier just set it to

damage amount multiplier just set it to two and over here instead of that just

two and over here instead of that just use this one and now it is very clear

use this one and now it is very clear what exactly this line of code is doing

what exactly this line of code is doing same thing over here let's def find n

same thing over here let's def find n for the attack distance and over here n

for the attack distance and over here n for let's say the jump distance and Y so

for let's say the jump distance and Y so now the code is much more clear much

now the code is much more clear much more understandable you can literally

more understandable you can literally just read this and it makes perfect

just read this and it makes perfect sense as if it's in proper English so if

sense as if it's in proper English so if the distance is under the attack

the distance is under the attack distance you attack if the distance is

distance you attack if the distance is above the jump distance you jump super

above the jump distance you jump super simple so with this there's no need to

simple so with this there's no need to waste any brain power trying to

waste any brain power trying to understand the code all of it is

understand the code all of it is immediately understandable another

immediately understandable another simple one is how you should never ever

simple one is how you should never ever use strings as identifiers strings are

use strings as identifiers strings are terrible as identifiers because they

terrible as identifiers because they make it extremely easy to make all kinds

make it extremely easy to make all kinds of mistakes for example look at this

of mistakes for example look at this code over here I'm using a string

code over here I'm using a string identifier in order to find the name of

identifier in order to find the name of a chall object and here in unity you can

a chall object and here in unity you can see that this code actually throws an

see that this code actually throws an error it throws a non reference

error it throws a non reference exception here the code is doing a

exception here the code is doing a transform. fine to get the CH Sprite

transform. fine to get the CH Sprite then goes gets the Sprite run and

then goes gets the Sprite run and changes the color so quick question can

changes the color so quick question can you spot the air instantly and I'll give

you spot the air instantly and I'll give you a hint the a is actually not in here

you a hint the a is actually not in here the is actually over here in the editor

the is actually over here in the editor so again Can you spot it and the answer

so again Can you spot it and the answer is no I know for certain that you cannot

is no I know for certain that you cannot spot it because the air is literally

spot it because the air is literally invisible here in the code I'm looking

invisible here in the code I'm looking for a child that is named exactly Sprite

for a child that is named exactly Sprite and here in the editor doesn't look

and here in the editor doesn't look correct over here looking in the

correct over here looking in the hierarchy it does look like it has a

hierarchy it does look like it has a child name Sprite however if I go on the

child name Sprite however if I go on the inspector and I click over here on the

inspector and I click over here on the name y look at that that's the issue it

name y look at that that's the issue it turns out that this child name this one

turns out that this child name this one has an invisible space at the end so the

has an invisible space at the end so the code is indeed perfectly correct there

code is indeed perfectly correct there are no compiler errors here because

are no compiler errors here because everything is correct but it is looking

everything is correct but it is looking for a child with this exact same name

for a child with this exact same name just Sprite and since the actual object

just Sprite and since the actual object has an invisible space at the end it

has an invisible space at the end it does not 100% match the Sprite name

does not 100% match the Sprite name identifier this exact mistake is

identifier this exact mistake is something that has happened to me

something that has happened to me several times and drove me insane every

several times and drove me insane every time it happened or here is another

time it happened or here is another example look at all of these strengths

example look at all of these strengths so can you quickly add a glance on the

so can you quickly add a glance on the difference between all of these it

difference between all of these it probably takes you a little bit because

probably takes you a little bit because visually they all look quite similar but

visually they all look quite similar but identifiers are case sensitive so

identifiers are case sensitive so looking quite similar does not matter if

looking quite similar does not matter if it is now 100% exact it will not work so

it is now 100% exact it will not work so if you had an object with any of these

if you had an object with any of these names and you accidentally mistyped or

names and you accidentally mistyped or wrote any of these other names if you

wrote any of these other names if you did that you would get an error and you

did that you would get an error and you would not know what exactly is going

would not know what exactly is going wrong whereas if you don't use strings

wrong whereas if you don't use strings like for example over here I've got a

like for example over here I've got a variable named player 10 I construct a

variable named player 10 I construct a brand new player and I call some kind of

brand new player and I call some kind of function on the player if I use this

function on the player if I use this instead of using a string if so if over

instead of using a string if so if over here I mistype like for example I change

here I mistype like for example I change this one into a lowercase L which looks

this one into a lowercase L which looks quite similar but right away the

quite similar but right away the compiler tells me there's an error so

compiler tells me there's an error so with this I can fix the eror without

with this I can fix the eror without ever needing to run the code strings

ever needing to run the code strings should pretty much only ever be used for

should pretty much only ever be used for text so you use them to store the player

text so you use them to store the player name or the name of some kind of object

name or the name of some kind of object but never ever use a string to identify

but never ever use a string to identify an object if you need to identify an

an object if you need to identify an object use a direct reference or some

object use a direct reference or some kind of strip long object or an enum or

kind of strip long object or an enum or a tack component literally anything

a tack component literally anything except a string name now as always with

except a string name now as always with every rule there are exceptions

every rule there are exceptions sometimes especially when working with

sometimes especially when working with things like web development that usually

things like web development that usually involves a lot of Json and some simple

involves a lot of Json and some simple HTTP text requests sometimes times you

HTTP text requests sometimes times you really have no choice and have to use

really have no choice and have to use some kind of string identifier in those

some kind of string identifier in those case you should still avoid strings

case you should still avoid strings whenever possible if you need a string

whenever possible if you need a string to Define some type of data consider

to Define some type of data consider defining a consant and never use the

defining a consant and never use the string itself only use the Conant if you

string itself only use the Conant if you do that and you mistype the Conant name

do that and you mistype the Conant name the compiler will tell you but basically

the compiler will tell you but basically try to avoid using strings that

try to avoid using strings that identifiers at all costs then one

identifiers at all costs then one extremely important principle in writing

extremely important principle in writing good clean code is the concept of

good clean code is the concept of managing complexity that's really the

managing complexity that's really the main difficulty as you write bigger and

main difficulty as you write bigger and more complex projects the difficulty is

more complex projects the difficulty is in successfully avoiding becoming

in successfully avoiding becoming overwhelmed by managing that complexity

overwhelmed by managing that complexity as the project grows and for that your

as the project grows and for that your best tool is called information hiding

best tool is called information hiding meaning for any code that you write like

meaning for any code that you write like a class you should only expose as little

a class you should only expose as little as possible in order for the class to be

as possible in order for the class to be usable for example specifically in unity

usable for example specifically in unity a lot of unity tutorials tget that

a lot of unity tutorials tget that beginners teach you to make every single

beginners teach you to make every single fi public but this is absolutely a

fi public but this is absolutely a terrible Code Practice I made the entire

terrible Code Practice I made the entire video on this subject by making it

video on this subject by making it public it makes this field easily

public it makes this field easily accessible in the unity editor which is

accessible in the unity editor which is usually the goal however it has a side

usually the goal however it has a side effect because it makes it also

effect because it makes it also accessible from any other script now for

accessible from any other script now for a beginner this might sound like a good

a beginner this might sound like a good thing you can easily access anything

thing you can easily access anything from anywhere but that means that every

from anywhere but that means that every single class in your entire code base

single class in your entire code base which could be a thousand classes long

which could be a thousand classes long every single one of those could

every single one of those could potentially access and modify that field

potentially access and modify that field so as you write your code you have to

so as you write your code you have to constantly keep in mind that scenario so

constantly keep in mind that scenario so that's a lot of Wast of brain power so

that's a lot of Wast of brain power so like I said the simple but extremely

like I said the simple but extremely important guideline to follow is simply

important guideline to follow is simply only exposed as as much as you need to

only exposed as as much as you need to and no more so do not default to making

and no more so do not default to making everything public all the time instead

everything public all the time instead default everything to private and only

default everything to private and only use public when absolutely necessary if

use public when absolutely necessary if a field is only ever used in that class

a field is only ever used in that class then there's no reason to make it public

then there's no reason to make it public it should always be private that way

it should always be private that way when working inside of this class you

when working inside of this class you don't have to keep in mind the entire

don't have to keep in mind the entire code base you can just focus on this one

code base you can just focus on this one single class since you know for certain

single class since you know for certain no other class can ever touch any of

no other class can ever touch any of these fields you could have a project

these fields you could have a project with a million classes but but if this

with a million classes but but if this field is marked as private then it does

field is marked as private then it does not matter nothing else can touch this

not matter nothing else can touch this field other than this class same thing

field other than this class same thing for functions if you have a function

for functions if you have a function that is only ever used by a single class

that is only ever used by a single class then keep that function private do not

then keep that function private do not make it public if you do then some other

make it public if you do then some other class in your thousands of classes some

class in your thousands of classes some other one could call that function which

other one could call that function which could cause some unintended results and

could cause some unintended results and if there is some kind of field that you

if there is some kind of field that you need to access instead of making it

need to access instead of making it public consider instead keeping it

public consider instead keeping it private and simply exposing some

private and simply exposing some functions to get it and set it that way

functions to get it and set it that way you have a lot more control control over

you have a lot more control control over how the underlying field is modified and

how the underlying field is modified and you can even add some logs over here if

you can even add some logs over here if you need to alternatively properties

you need to alternatively properties work as well you can make it a property

work as well you can make it a property and add some code in the getter or

and add some code in the getter or Setter I cover properties in the lecture

Setter I cover properties in the lecture in the intermediate section so in

in the intermediate section so in general whenever you write a field or

general whenever you write a field or function or anything always default to

function or anything always default to making it private always switch to

making it private always switch to public if you absolutely need to just

public if you absolutely need to just following this one simple guideline will

following this one simple guideline will help you limit how much access different

help you limit how much access different pieces of your codebase have towards

pieces of your codebase have towards other parts of your codebase which in

other parts of your codebase which in turn helps you minimize the total number

turn helps you minimize the total number of connections which in turn helps you

of connections which in turn helps you manage complexity even as the project

manage complexity even as the project grows one great principle is the single

grows one great principle is the single responsibility principle this means that

responsibility principle this means that each class or functions should do one

each class or functions should do one thing and one thing only so if you have

thing and one thing only so if you have a game and you have some kind of player

a game and you have some kind of player class you probably should not keep any

class you probably should not keep any kind of enemy logic directly inside that

kind of enemy logic directly inside that class that should probably exist in a

class that should probably exist in a separate enemy class same thing for

separate enemy class same thing for functions each function should do one

functions each function should do one thing and one thing only don't write a

thing and one thing only don't write a thousand line functions that do 10

thousand line functions that do 10 different things at once one good heris

different things at once one good heris for seeing if a function is too big is

for seeing if a function is too big is simply if the best name that you can

simply if the best name that you can come up with contains the word and if so

come up with contains the word and if so that probably means that function is

that probably means that function is doing more than one thing and would

doing more than one thing and would probably be best split into separate

probably be best split into separate functions another related one is to keep

functions another related one is to keep your functions short so this kind of

your functions short so this kind of follows the same as the previous

follows the same as the previous principle if your functions only do one

principle if your functions only do one thing they will probably be quite short

thing they will probably be quite short if they are big then chances are they

if they are big then chances are they are doing more than one thing but this

are doing more than one thing but this is also a very adaptable guideline that

is also a very adaptable guideline that you should adapt to the situation for

you should adapt to the situation for example in my game dinky Gardians I have

example in my game dinky Gardians I have quite a few relatively large functions

quite a few relatively large functions breaking those apart into smaller

breaking those apart into smaller functions would actually make the code

functions would actually make the code hard to understand instead of easier so

hard to understand instead of easier so all of these guidelines do depend on the

all of these guidelines do depend on the specific use cases but on average your

specific use cases but on average your function should be relatively short if

function should be relatively short if your program is mainly composed of five

your program is mainly composed of five underline functions chances are there's

underline functions chances are there's some room for improvement remember that

some room for improvement remember that refactoring is your friend and a

refactoring is your friend and a Perfectly Natural part of the process

Perfectly Natural part of the process another good one is group logic together

another good one is group logic together meaning for example let's say I have

meaning for example let's say I have some stats in my player class I've got

some stats in my player class I've got these in my player class and let's say

these in my player class and let's say I've got some sort of UI class that I

I've got some sort of UI class that I want to display these since these three

want to display these since these three separate Fields these are all really

separate Fields these are all really part of the same thing these are all

part of the same thing these are all player stats instead of working with

player stats instead of working with three separate Fields instead of having

three separate Fields instead of having to for example call some function on the

to for example call some function on the UI that takes in three separate

UI that takes in three separate parameters instead of that consider

parameters instead of that consider making a custom type just to hold these

making a custom type just to hold these stats so something like player stats

stats so something like player stats that inside contains all those and then

that inside contains all those and then you would simply have a field just one

you would simply have a field just one field of typ player sets that contains

field of typ player sets that contains all of the player sets that way data

all of the player sets that way data that belongs together is actually

that belongs together is actually together this simplifies things and

together this simplifies things and makes it quite easier to understand in

makes it quite easier to understand in terms of comments the guidelines are the

terms of comments the guidelines are the ones that already mentioned in the

ones that already mentioned in the comments lecture in general you should

comments lecture in general you should avoid using comments if you need a

avoid using comments if you need a comment before you actually write that

comment before you actually write that comment see if you couldn't just rename

comment see if you couldn't just rename some variables to make the code intent a

some variables to make the code intent a bit more clear in most cases

bit more clear in most cases well-written code is going to be

well-written code is going to be self-documenting but at the same time

self-documenting but at the same time comments can be useful if your code is

comments can be useful if your code is already extremely clear but you'd still

already extremely clear but you'd still like to provide some extra information

like to provide some extra information on something like for example why you're

on something like for example why you're doing doing that code or how that

doing doing that code or how that function should be used another good one

function should be used another good one is simply called dry or don't repeat

is simply called dry or don't repeat yourself basically if there's some code

yourself basically if there's some code that you need to run three times you

that you need to run three times you probably should have a dedicated

probably should have a dedicated function instead of copy pasting that

function instead of copy pasting that code three times although remember these

code three times although remember these are just guidelines meant to help you so

are just guidelines meant to help you so don't look at these as some unbreakable

don't look at these as some unbreakable laws in general code should be unique

laws in general code should be unique although sometimes you might need to

although sometimes you might need to copy paste twice in some scenarios

copy paste twice in some scenarios that's fine but if you find that you

that's fine but if you find that you need the exact same code copy pasted

need the exact same code copy pasted three or four times chances are that's a

three or four times chances are that's a signal for some refactoring and speaking

signal for some refactoring and speaking of refactoring this is an extremely

of refactoring this is an extremely important process that you should be

important process that you should be doing at all times refactoring is the

doing at all times refactoring is the act of rewriting or reorganizing code to

act of rewriting or reorganizing code to keep the code quality as high as

keep the code quality as high as possible this is a very very important

possible this is a very very important topic and there is a dedicated lecture

topic and there is a dedicated lecture on refactoring in the beginning of the

on refactoring in the beginning of the intermediate section so these are just a

intermediate section so these are just a handful of nice guidelines to keep in

handful of nice guidelines to keep in mind to help you write good clean code

mind to help you write good clean code that will help you a lot as your

that will help you a lot as your projects grow in scale and complexity

projects grow in scale and complexity although also do keep in mind these are

although also do keep in mind these are just guidelines they are not holy rules

just guidelines they are not holy rules that must never be broken the ultimate

that must never be broken the ultimate goal of all of these guidelines is to

goal of all of these guidelines is to help you achieve your goals always

help you achieve your goals always remember that it is always up to you as

remember that it is always up to you as a programmer to figure out when to

a programmer to figure out when to follow the guidelines and when it's okay

follow the guidelines and when it's okay to break them there are some people that

to break them there are some people that follow some specific code rules so

follow some specific code rules so rigidly that it actually makes the code

rigidly that it actually makes the code worse so don't be like that follow these

worse so don't be like that follow these guidelines which will help you in most

guidelines which will help you in most scenarios but also always be willing to

scenarios but also always be willing to adapt to the specific code you're

adapt to the specific code you're writing now on this topic personally I'm

writing now on this topic personally I'm a huge believer in writing good clean

a huge believer in writing good clean code if you're a regular on my YouTube

code if you're a regular on my YouTube channel certainly you've heard me talk

channel certainly you've heard me talk quite a lot about it the reason why I

quite a lot about it the reason why I love it so much is because I spent a lot

love it so much is because I spent a lot of time writing a ton of code where I

of time writing a ton of code where I did not care about code quality I've

did not care about code quality I've been writing code since I was 10 years

been writing code since I was 10 years old and I really only started being very

old and I really only started being very careful with the code that I write since

careful with the code that I write since I was some like 25 so I've already

I was some like 25 so I've already suffered quite a lot because of code

suffered quite a lot because of code that I would write with some nonsense

that I would write with some nonsense variable names or some obscure acronyms

variable names or some obscure acronyms and then later on when getting back to

and then later on when getting back to that code I would have no idea what I

that code I would have no idea what I wrote or how I could expand upon it

wrote or how I could expand upon it because that I really hope to help you

because that I really hope to help you avoid the suffering that I went through

avoid the suffering that I went through if you are a beginner I hope you can

if you are a beginner I hope you can start off with on the right foot by

start off with on the right foot by focusing on writing good clean code

focusing on writing good clean code right from the start if you do that it

right from the start if you do that it will help you learn faster and grow your

will help you learn faster and grow your skills by a massive amount now if you're

skills by a massive amount now if you're looking for some more info on this topic

looking for some more info on this topic there are tons of sources to learn from

there are tons of sources to learn from the one that I highly High recommend is

the one that I highly High recommend is the book code complete reading this book

the book code complete reading this book alone massively improved my code skills

alone massively improved my code skills by 100 fold it really is that good it's

by 100 fold it really is that good it's a pretty massive book it's over 800

a pretty massive book it's over 800 pages long and all really technical so

pages long and all really technical so it takes quite a while to get through it

it takes quite a while to get through it but if you do read through it and you

but if you do read through it and you fully understand everything

fully understand everything if so you will come out the other side

if so you will come out the other side an excellent programmer capable of

an excellent programmer capable of building any program or any game you can

building any program or any game you can think

think of hello and welcome I'm your Cod monkey

of hello and welcome I'm your Cod monkey in this lecture we're going to see a

in this lecture we're going to see a nice beginner project that incorporates

nice beginner project that incorporates everything we've learned so far okay so

everything we've learned so far okay so let's inspect this project to see how

let's inspect this project to see how everything we've learned so far is being

everything we've learned so far is being used it's in the unity project so just

used it's in the unity project so just go inside lectures then inside the

go inside lectures then inside the beginner project and load up this scene

beginner project and load up this scene then let's go ahead head on play and yep

then let's go ahead head on play and yep so here is the mini game running there

so here is the mini game running there is a player and I can move it by

is a player and I can move it by pressing either the arrow keys or W ASD

pressing either the arrow keys or W ASD every time I press I move a certain

every time I press I move a certain amount we can see the player is

amount we can see the player is currently holding zero coins so I can

currently holding zero coins so I can move around and as I approach and touch

move around and as I approach and touch one of these coins yep it picks it up so

one of these coins yep it picks it up so I can pick up a whole bunch of them yep

I can pick up a whole bunch of them yep that works then there are two buildings

that works then there are two buildings I can approach to interact with them and

I can approach to interact with them and when I'm Clos enough I can press space

when I'm Clos enough I can press space and this building this gives me one coin

and this building this gives me one coin and if I go onto the other building so I

and if I go onto the other building so I go straight to the right and once again

go straight to the right and once again I interact and yep now this one gives me

I interact and yep now this one gives me three coins all right awesome so this is

three coins all right awesome so this is a super simple demo and importantly it's

a super simple demo and importantly it's using everything that we've learned so

using everything that we've learned so far so let's inspect how this is working

far so let's inspect how this is working here in the project files we can see how

here in the project files we can see how this demo is really pretty simple we

this demo is really pretty simple we just have two files for our two classes

just have two files for our two classes and the coin file this one is super

and the coin file this one is super small let's go ahead and open it this

small let's go ahead and open it this one is mostly meant to just tag an

one is mostly meant to just tag an object as of being of the coin type by

object as of being of the coin type by the way right now you can ignore this

the way right now you can ignore this syntax where it has a colon that says

syntax where it has a colon that says mono Behavior this is a Unity specific

mono Behavior this is a Unity specific thing and this column here has to do

thing and this column here has to do with class inheritance I'm going to

with class inheritance I'm going to cover that in detail in a lecture in the

cover that in detail in a lecture in the intermediate section but for now don't

intermediate section but for now don't worry about this here coin this one is

worry about this here coin this one is really just a simple class so just like

really just a simple class so just like we covered and inside we can see the use

we covered and inside we can see the use of a nice function it is called destroy

of a nice function it is called destroy self returns nothing and has no

self returns nothing and has no parameters and in turn really this one

parameters and in turn really this one just destroys this game object if we

just destroys this game object if we look in the editor over here in the

look in the editor over here in the hierarchy we can see a whole bunch of

hierarchy we can see a whole bunch of coins so all the coins spread out

coins so all the coins spread out throughout the world each coin is really

throughout the world each coin is really just a game object and in turn it has a

just a game object and in turn it has a spread render in order to show the coin

spread render in order to show the coin Visual and then just has a coin script

Visual and then just has a coin script that we attached so on this function all

that we attached so on this function all we're doing is just destroying that game

we're doing is just destroying that game object and also note how the function is

object and also note how the function is marked as public this is important

marked as public this is important because we're not going to call this

because we're not going to call this function from inside the coin class but

function from inside the coin class but rather from the player class so let's

rather from the player class so let's look at that one here is the player

look at that one here is the player class so most Logic for this little mini

class so most Logic for this little mini games over here inside this class so

games over here inside this class so first of all the player itself is yet

first of all the player itself is yet another class then we can see up top we

another class then we can see up top we have some nice class fields we have a

have some nice class fields we have a field for a text mesh Pro object looking

field for a text mesh Pro object looking in the inspector we can select the

in the inspector we can select the player and we can look in the inspector

player and we can look in the inspector looking in the editor we can select the

looking in the editor we can select the player game object and look in the

player game object and look in the inspector and again this one also has a

inspector and again this one also has a Sprite render for the visual and then we

Sprite render for the visual and then we have our player script here we have the

have our player script here we have the reference to the coin textmesh object

reference to the coin textmesh object and that's really just a child object of

and that's really just a child object of the player this is really just what

the player this is really just what shows the text then we can also see that

shows the text then we can also see that we have a float for the move spein and

we have a float for the move spein and the movement logic that one is handled

the movement logic that one is handled over here inside the update function now

over here inside the update function now this update this is a special Unity

this update this is a special Unity thing that runs automatically on every

thing that runs automatically on every single frame so don't worry about the

single frame so don't worry about the fact that technically we're not calling

fact that technically we're not calling this function from anywhere as you can

this function from anywhere as you can see this is actually called

see this is actually called automatically by Unity on their backend

automatically by Unity on their backend so we have the update function and then

so we have the update function and then over here we have some examples of some

over here we have some examples of some simple ifs so we're doing an if and then

simple ifs so we're doing an if and then for the condition here we have two

for the condition here we have two conditions and first we are testing for

conditions and first we are testing for the input get key down for the double

the input get key down for the double key this is a function from Unity that

key this is a function from Unity that checks if the player is pressing some

checks if the player is pressing some key so in this case pressing the double

key so in this case pressing the double key and this function we can expect and

key and this function we can expect and see this one is going to return a

see this one is going to return a bullion so when the player presses the

bullion so when the player presses the double key this is going to return true

double key this is going to return true and then here we also see an example of

and then here we also see an example of a logical or so we are testing if the

a logical or so we are testing if the player is pressing the double key or if

player is pressing the double key or if they are pressing the up Arrow this way

they are pressing the up Arrow this way the game is playable with either W ASD

the game is playable with either W ASD or with the arrow keys so it evaluates

or with the arrow keys so it evaluates these two conditions and when the player

these two conditions and when the player presses either W or the up Arrow when so

presses either W or the up Arrow when so this is going to return true so we're

this is going to return true so we're going to run the code inside if and over

going to run the code inside if and over here this logic simply takes the

here this logic simply takes the transform this refers to the transform

transform this refers to the transform that this script is attached to so in

that this script is attached to so in this case the player transform the

this case the player transform the transform field itself this is another

transform field itself this is another Unity specific thing so don't worry

Unity specific thing so don't worry about the fact there's no reference of

about the fact there's no reference of it up here that is actually inside the

it up here that is actually inside the monob behavior based class which again

monob behavior based class which again I'm going to cover inheritance in detail

I'm going to cover inheritance in detail in a future lecture so here we access

in a future lecture so here we access the transform and we're going to modify

the transform and we're going to modify the position we do plus equals meaning

the position we do plus equals meaning we're going to add onto that position

we're going to add onto that position and then we are creating a vector three

and then we are creating a vector three which is a type inside the position so

which is a type inside the position so this really just a strug that contains

this really just a strug that contains an x y and Zed again it's another Unity

an x y and Zed again it's another Unity type so we take that and we're going to

type so we take that and we're going to increase it by zero on the X zero on the

increase it by zero on the X zero on the Zed but plus one on the Y meaning we're

Zed but plus one on the Y meaning we're going to move our player upwards and for

going to move our player upwards and for the movement amount we're going to

the movement amount we're going to multiply it by move speed which is our

multiply it by move speed which is our variable that we have exposed in the

variable that we have exposed in the editor that way we can easily modify how

editor that way we can easily modify how fast we move so that's logic just a

fast we move so that's logic just a basic if some conditions and doing some

basic if some conditions and doing some basic movement applying that to all of

basic movement applying that to all of the keys ws and D so moving up down left

the keys ws and D so moving up down left and right and here in the game we can

and right and here in the game we can test it so like this if I move I moving

test it so like this if I move I moving by this amount and if over there in the

by this amount and if over there in the move speed I modify this let's say put

move speed I modify this let's say put it on five and if now it moves quite a

it on five and if now it moves quite a lot more Okay so we've already seen

lot more Okay so we've already seen classes functions variables and if

classes functions variables and if statements In Action Now up here we can

statements In Action Now up here we can also see two lists there is a list of

also see two lists there is a list of type coin for our coin list and a list

type coin for our coin list and a list of type transform for the building

of type transform for the building transform list here in the editor again

transform list here in the editor again selecting the player and we can see both

selecting the player and we can see both of our lists and these are referencing

of our lists and these are referencing the objects that are assigned in the

the objects that are assigned in the hierarchy so basally what I did is this

hierarchy so basally what I did is this list started off as empty and I just and

list started off as empty and I just and I just dragged and dropped each element

I just dragged and dropped each element individually so I dragged all the

individually so I dragged all the references to all the coins as well as

references to all the coins as well as all these buildings so back in the code

all these buildings so back in the code here we have our lists and then over

here we have our lists and then over here on the update we are calling this

here on the update we are calling this function handle coins and the function

function handle coins and the function does exactly what it says it handles all

does exactly what it says it handles all the coin logic it is being called up

the coin logic it is being called up here on update meaning that this

here on update meaning that this function is going to run on every single

function is going to run on every single frame and inside here we have an example

frame and inside here we have an example of Loops we are cycling through all the

of Loops we are cycling through all the coins in the coin list using a 4 in and

coins in the coin list using a 4 in and then first we do a test to check if the

then first we do a test to check if the coin is not null and then first we do a

coin is not null and then first we do a test to check if the coin is not null

test to check if the coin is not null meaning that the coin has not been

meaning that the coin has not been destroyed just yet so here we see an

destroyed just yet so here we see an example of a useful comment it is easier

example of a useful comment it is easier to understand this code by reading the

to understand this code by reading the comment rather than the code the comment

comment rather than the code the comment provides some extra clarification on

provides some extra clarification on what exactly this code is doing since

what exactly this code is doing since checking for n that could technically

checking for n that could technically mean a bunch of things so in this case

mean a bunch of things so in this case we are checking if it hasn't been

we are checking if it hasn't been destroyed we do that and then we're

destroyed we do that and then we're going to test the distance so we're

going to test the distance so we're going to use the static function inside

going to use the static function inside the Vector three this tests the distance

the Vector three this tests the distance between two points so we're testing

between two points so we're testing distance between transform. position

distance between transform. position meaning the position of the actual

meaning the position of the actual player and then the coin. transform.

player and then the coin. transform. position meaning the position of the

position meaning the position of the coin if that is under a certain amount

coin if that is under a certain amount so again over here we're keeping our

so again over here we're keeping our code clean and using a proper local

code clean and using a proper local variable in order to make this much

variable in order to make this much easier to understand so it test it and

easier to understand so it test it and if it is under this amount if so then

if it is under this amount if so then we're going to pick up the coin so here

we're going to pick up the coin so here we add a coin to the player and then we

we add a coin to the player and then we tell the coin to destroy itself so again

tell the coin to destroy itself so again this is why it's important that the

this is why it's important that the destroy itself is marked as public it's

destroy itself is marked as public it's so that the player class can call it if

so that the player class can call it if this function was marked as private then

this function was marked as private then the player would not be able to call it

the player would not be able to call it so we have this and on the add coin

so we have this and on the add coin function it's all super simple it just

function it's all super simple it just increments a coin amount so this is just

increments a coin amount so this is just a simple INF field that we have up here

a simple INF field that we have up here so just a coin amount we have that and

so just a coin amount we have that and then we assign the coin amount to the

then we assign the coin amount to the text object in order to update the text

text object in order to update the text however also note how coin amount is an

however also note how coin amount is an INT whereas the text field this one

INT whereas the text field this one expects a string so that is why we need

expects a string so that is why we need to convert our in into a string which we

to convert our in into a string which we can do by calling two string so here in

can do by calling two string so here in the game I can move around and as I

the game I can move around and as I approach a coin yep I can pick it up any

approach a coin yep I can pick it up any up it works it increments the text and

up it works it increments the text and everything works okay great then here on

everything works okay great then here on the update another function we have is

the update another function we have is over here the interact action for this

over here the interact action for this we're doing the same thing that we were

we're doing the same thing that we were doing up here so we're testing if the

doing up here so we're testing if the player is pressing down the space bar

player is pressing down the space bar and if so we're going to run this code

and if so we're going to run this code so we're going to run our handle

so we're going to run our handle building interaction function and this

building interaction function and this function like it says is going to handle

function like it says is going to handle the building interaction over here we're

the building interaction over here we're cycling through all the buildings now

cycling through all the buildings now here I went with a for Loop instead of a

here I went with a for Loop instead of a 4 each normally I would also use a 4

4 each normally I would also use a 4 each over here but I just want to use

each over here but I just want to use different Loops in this demo so just do

different Loops in this demo so just do a simple for cycling through the entire

a simple for cycling through the entire list so we cycle through it and we

list so we cycle through it and we access the list on that index in order

access the list on that index in order to get the current building transform

to get the current building transform then does pretty much the same distance

then does pretty much the same distance logic that we saw so it has the current

logic that we saw so it has the current player position against the building

player position against the building position if it's under a certain

position if it's under a certain interact distance and the player is

interact distance and the player is close enough to interact with this

close enough to interact with this building and then over here we have an

building and then over here we have an example of a switch so this one does a

example of a switch so this one does a switch on the building transform. name

switch on the building transform. name here in the editor in the hierarchy we

here in the editor in the hierarchy we can see our two buildings and we can see

can see our two buildings and we can see they have different names directly on

they have different names directly on the game object so we're doing a switch

the game object so we're doing a switch on that and if it is named this building

on that and if it is named this building coin one if so then we're going to add

coin one if so then we're going to add just one coin case it is named building

just one coin case it is named building coin 3 if so then we're going to add

coin 3 if so then we're going to add three coins and then on default if it

three coins and then on default if it does not match any of these two names if

does not match any of these two names if so that shouldn't happen so over here I

so that shouldn't happen so over here I just fire the unlog error so over here

just fire the unlog error so over here if I move towards this building and I'm

if I move towards this building and I'm close enough and I press on space and if

close enough and I press on space and if there you go it does add one coin and if

there you go it does add one coin and if I go here and I press on space and if

I go here and I press on space and if this one adds three coins okay so that's

this one adds three coins okay so that's really it for this simple demo here we

really it for this simple demo here we can see examples of variables being used

can see examples of variables being used we can see how we're using various data

we can see how we're using various data types we have both simple types like ins

types we have both simple types like ins and floats as well as more complex types

and floats as well as more complex types like list then we see some simple if

like list then we see some simple if statements these are going to make sure

statements these are going to make sure that we only run the move logic if the

that we only run the move logic if the player is actually pressing a button

player is actually pressing a button then on the buildings we can see a

then on the buildings we can see a switch in action doing different types

switch in action doing different types of logic depending on the name of the

of logic depending on the name of the building we can also see how we define

building we can also see how we define various functions we can see how those

various functions we can see how those functions have different access

functions have different access modifiers so all of these that are only

modifiers so all of these that are only used by the player class these are all

used by the player class these are all marked as private whereas this one on

marked as private whereas this one on the coin this one is marked as public so

the coin this one is marked as public so player can call it then we also see how

player can call it then we also see how we're using multiple different classes

we're using multiple different classes and then we also see how we're using

and then we also see how we're using different types of Loops A4 each and A4

different types of Loops A4 each and A4 and very important note how throughout

and very important note how throughout this whole script there are only a

this whole script there are only a handful of comments very few there are

handful of comments very few there are really no useless comments instead all

really no useless comments instead all the code was written carefully with good

the code was written carefully with good names every function variable has a

names every function variable has a proper name that makes it very clear

proper name that makes it very clear what exactly it represents so this way

what exactly it represents so this way all the code is self-documenting there's

all the code is self-documenting there's no need for comments you can just read

no need for comments you can just read the code directly itself and easily

the code directly itself and easily understand what exactly it's doing so

understand what exactly it's doing so here in this nice Syble project we have

here in this nice Syble project we have indeed Incorporated everything we have

indeed Incorporated everything we have learned so far now here let me also make

learned so far now here let me also make a quick note just in case you're a more

a quick note just in case you're a more experienced user and not a beginner I

experienced user and not a beginner I made this demo intentionally as simple

made this demo intentionally as simple as possible normally for building a demo

as possible normally for building a demo like this properly I would use multiple

like this properly I would use multiple classes to separate all kinds of logic

classes to separate all kinds of logic instead of putting it pretty much all in

instead of putting it pretty much all in just one player class I would use events

just one player class I would use events and various other things to massively

and various other things to massively increase the code quality and

increase the code quality and readability I would make these fields

readability I would make these fields serialized private I would make these

serialized private I would make these serialized private Fields instead of

serialized private Fields instead of making them public I would remove coins

making them public I would remove coins from the list when they were destroyed

from the list when they were destroyed or I would simply use continue to skip

or I would simply use continue to skip them I would perhaps use collisions

them I would perhaps use collisions instead of distance checks so there are

instead of distance checks so there are plenty of ways to improve upon this code

plenty of ways to improve upon this code but on this demo I wanted to all use as

but on this demo I wanted to all use as much as was taught by this point so that

much as was taught by this point so that is why I simplified it so much if you

is why I simplified it so much if you are an intermediate user and you want a

are an intermediate user and you want a simple challenge then perhaps try

simple challenge then perhaps try refactoring this demo to make it work

refactoring this demo to make it work with some good clean code and if you are

with some good clean code and if you are a complete beginner and you have no idea

a complete beginner and you have no idea what I'm talking about and don't worry

what I'm talking about and don't worry about it just keep watching the course

about it just keep watching the course and after you get to the end of the

and after you get to the end of the intermediate section maybe come back

intermediate section maybe come back here and do that mini challenge all

here and do that mini challenge all right so that's our beginner project

right so that's our beginner project hopefully you fully understood

hopefully you fully understood everything in this beginner section and

everything in this beginner section and had no problem understanding everything

had no problem understanding everything in how this project works if there is

in how this project works if there is something you found confusing maybe go

something you found confusing maybe go back and rewatch that lecture or just

back and rewatch that lecture or just post a question in the comments I highly

post a question in the comments I highly encourage you to make sure you fully

encourage you to make sure you fully understand absolutely everything in this

understand absolutely everything in this beginner section before continuing on to

beginner section before continuing on to the intermediate

the intermediate section hello and welcome I'm your Cod

section hello and welcome I'm your Cod Maki and congrats on completing the

Maki and congrats on completing the beginner section in this section we'll

beginner section in this section we'll learn a lot of stuff starting with

learn a lot of stuff starting with installing and setting up visual studio

installing and setting up visual studio and unity we also learned the absolute

and unity we also learned the absolute basics of unity which isn't necessarily

basics of unity which isn't necessarily needed if all you want is just learn C

needed if all you want is just learn C but I really hope you've been following

but I really hope you've been following the course using the companion project I

the course using the companion project I really hope you've been doing all the

really hope you've been doing all the interactive exercises answering all the

interactive exercises answering all the quiz and reading all the frequently

quiz and reading all the frequently asked questions you really learn so much

asked questions you really learn so much more by doing rather than just watching

more by doing rather than just watching then we learned about various common

then we learned about various common errors what they mean and how to solve

errors what they mean and how to solve them like I said this one is a great

them like I said this one is a great lecture that works as a general

lecture that works as a general reference so even in the intermediate

reference so even in the intermediate and Advance section still come back to

and Advance section still come back to this one if you get stuck on some kind

this one if you get stuck on some kind of error then we start learning from the

of error then we start learning from the basis of programming learning how code

basis of programming learning how code executes line by line what is a code

executes line by line what is a code block and just how important it is that

block and just how important it is that code is case sensitive then we start

code is case sensitive then we start writing some code and learn about

writing some code and learn about variables how they store some data and

variables how they store some data and what are those data types then was about

what are those data types then was about if statements which help us do some

if statements which help us do some conditional logic related to that we'll

conditional logic related to that we'll learned about the switch statement very

learned about the switch statement very useful to have tons of conditions after

useful to have tons of conditions after that we learned about functions one of

that we learned about functions one of the crucial components of any kind of

the crucial components of any kind of programming then we learned about scope

programming then we learned about scope this one of those things that's a little

this one of those things that's a little bit tricky for beginners so I truly hope

bit tricky for beginners so I truly hope you understood this one after that was a

you understood this one after that was a lecture on comment what they do and

lecture on comment what they do and importantly whether you should and

importantly whether you should and should not use them next was the lecture

should not use them next was the lecture on arrays and lists this is a really

on arrays and lists this is a really important data type for storing multiple

important data type for storing multiple piece of data then was another crucial

piece of data then was another crucial thing in all of programming we learn

thing in all of programming we learn about loops this is how we can execute

about loops this is how we can execute logic multiple times and then since C is

logic multiple times and then since C is an objectoriented language we finally

an objectoriented language we finally learned about objects which we build

learned about objects which we build using classes then we learned about the

using classes then we learned about the static keyword and what it means also

static keyword and what it means also what are the access modifiers public and

what are the access modifiers public and private after that we had one of the

private after that we had one of the most important lectures of all it's all

most important lectures of all it's all about what makes a good name and how to

about what makes a good name and how to define some good naming rules and then

define some good naming rules and then yet another really important one about

yet another really important one about how to write good clean code by

how to write good clean code by following some simple guidelines and

following some simple guidelines and finally in the end we put it all

finally in the end we put it all together in a nice beginner project

together in a nice beginner project involving every single element that we

involving every single element that we learned about so congrats again on

learned about so congrats again on completing the beginner section I really

completing the beginner section I really hope you did all the exercise and all

hope you did all the exercise and all the questions I hope you learned a ton

the questions I hope you learned a ton and I'll see you on the intermediate

and I'll see you on the intermediate section hello and welcome I'm your kmy

section hello and welcome I'm your kmy all right so congrats on watching this

all right so congrats on watching this whole video I hope you really took your

whole video I hope you really took your time and focus on learning all the

time and focus on learning all the contents over here for this beginner

contents over here for this beginner section if so then hopefully you are

section if so then hopefully you are much more skilled now than when you

much more skilled now than when you started if you're watching this in the

started if you're watching this in the future then check the pen comment down

future then check the pen comment down below to see whether the intermediate

below to see whether the intermediate section video is already available like

section video is already available like I said my goal is to make that video

I said my goal is to make that video section free over here on YouTube if the

section free over here on YouTube if the premium core sells over 100 copies and

premium core sells over 100 copies and I'm happy to report it thankfully

I'm happy to report it thankfully there's already been over 100 people

there's already been over 100 people picking it up so one month after the

picking it up so one month after the launch of this video that video should

launch of this video that video should be out or if you want you can just go

be out or if you want you can just go ahead and pick up the premium version

ahead and pick up the premium version right now and continue on to the

right now and continue on to the intermediate section right away along

intermediate section right away along with all of the awesome bonuses that the

with all of the awesome bonuses that the premium version also has if you haven't

premium version also has if you haven't been forcing yourself in order to put

been forcing yourself in order to put what you learn into practice throughout

what you learn into practice throughout this video then now would be a great

this video then now would be a great time to pick up the premium version and

time to pick up the premium version and go through all the content in the

go through all the content in the companion project especially doing all

companion project especially doing all the interactive exercises you only truly

the interactive exercises you only truly learn by doing so that is why I designed

learn by doing so that is why I designed those exercises to put your skills into

those exercises to put your skills into practice in order for you to truly learn

practice in order for you to truly learn and the first session of the weekly live

and the first session of the weekly live study group that one is happening this

study group that one is happening this Saturday March 9th so if you can't

Saturday March 9th so if you can't afford then check out the premium

afford then check out the premium version with a link in the description

version with a link in the description if not then stay tuned for the free

if not then stay tuned for the free video covering the intermediate section

video covering the intermediate section one month from now also if you haven't

one month from now also if you haven't already go ahead and like like this

already go ahead and like like this video and hit the Subscribe button it's

video and hit the Subscribe button it's a tiny thing but it really does help all

a tiny thing but it really does help all right so thanks for watching and I'll

right so thanks for watching and I'll see you next time

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