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0:08 more than 100,000 years ago the first
0:10 modern humans left Africa and began to
0:13 colonize the world since then human
0:16 history is also a history of migration
0:17 migration has always been a strong
0:20 impetus towards human development these
0:23 days however migration is often seen as
0:26 a problem or threat but what exactly is
0:29 migration what are its underlying causes
0:31 and what problems and opportunities does
0:34 migration present migration is defined
0:36 as the permanent change of residence of
0:39 a person or group it is a natural social
0:41 phenomenon humans have colonized the
0:45 entire world and penetrated its remotest
0:47 areas migration has taken place within
0:50 very different contexts military
0:53 conquest flight of refugees expulsion or
0:55 enslavement but migrants have also
0:57 traveled in search of economic
0:59 opportunities new settlement areas or
1:01 trade routes
1:04 currently approximately 216 million
1:06 people are living away from their place
1:09 of birth this number equals about 3% of
1:11 the world population analyzing the
1:14 reasons for migration one distinguishes
1:17 between push and pull factors often both
1:18 appear together push factors are
1:20 circumstances in the country of origin
1:22 that lead people to immigrate for
1:25 example poverty war or environmental
1:28 disasters pole factors are conditions in
1:30 the destination country that make
1:33 immigration attractive such as Economic
1:39 Freedom considering these reasons one
1:42 distinguishes between different forms of
1:45 migration Asylum Seekers are fleeing war
1:47 or persecution in their home
1:50 country the internationally accepted
1:52 Geneva Convention States no person may
1:54 be sent back to a country where they
1:57 face inhumane treatment torture or the
2:00 death penalty
2:02 labor migration is based on the hope for
2:04 a better economic
2:06 future but it can be difficult for
2:08 people from poor countries to get a work
2:10 or residence visa in a rich
2:12 country migrants who enter the
2:15 destination country in an informal way
2:16 or who do not leave the country after
2:19 the expiration of a tourist visa are
2:21 referred to as illegal
2:23 migrants another case is the
2:24 international migration of highly
2:27 trained professionals it takes place
2:30 both between developed countries and
2:31 between developing and developed
2:34 countries this form of migration is
2:36 often desired and encouraged by the destination
2:38 destination
2:40 countries what are the main migration routes
2:46 today by far most immigrants live in the
2:55 Germany the main countries of origin are
3:08 in proportion to their population
3:10 Persian Gulf countries host the largest
3:19 population they mostly come from South
3:28 Egypt most migrants in the US come from
3:38 Mexico in Europe the origin of
3:40 immigrants differs considerably between
3:42 countries and reflects their historical
3:45 development in Germany and Denmark a
3:47 large share of migrants are of Turkish
3:49 origin most immigrants in France
3:51 Portugal and Spain come from their
3:54 former colonies in addition there is a
3:56 strong migration within Europe This is
3:58 promoted by the eu's principle of free
4:01 movement citizens of the EU are allowed
4:04 to live in any EU member State without
4:06 restrictions nowadays migration is often
4:09 seen as a threat this is caused by a
4:11 number of fears for example the idea
4:13 that immigrants are expensive and a
4:14 burden to the welfare system of the
4:17 destination country especially in host
4:19 countries that offer few opportunities
4:22 of social Mobility to migrants they are
4:29 society another fear is that the host
4:30 country will l lose what is perceived as
4:33 its national identity especially through
4:34 the influx of groups from other
4:36 religions or
4:39 cultures often there's no successful
4:41 integration strategy so different ethnic
4:43 groups live in separate [Music]
4:46 [Music]
4:48 neighborhoods as a result of these fears
4:50 the migration policies in Western
4:52 industrial countries have become increasingly
4:54 increasingly
4:56 restrictive the US has built a giant
4:58 fence with high-tech surveillance to
5:01 seal its Southern border with
5:03 Mexico the European Union is also
5:06 fortifying its borders migration is
5:08 perceived primarily as a security
5:11 problem the EU is trying to block
5:14 migrants before they reach its territory
5:16 this is done by bilateral agreements
5:18 with the departure and Transit countries
5:20 and an ever increasing control of
5:23 refugee routes on land and
5:27 water in 2004 the EU established frontex
5:29 a joint agency to coordinate the
5:32 surveillance and closure of its external
5:35 borders human rights groups point out
5:37 that many refugees with a legitimate
5:39 claim for Asylum are blocked this
5:42 way it is increasingly difficult to
5:44 reach Europe the result is that
5:46 migration attempts are getting more and
5:48 more risky and often end
5:50 disastrously according to conservative
5:54 estimates between 1988 and 2010
5:56 approximately 15,000 people died
5:59 attempting to reach the EU more people
6:01 than at any other Border in the [Music]
6:04 [Music]
6:06 world what is not considered most of the
6:09 time migration also has positive aspects
6:11 migration contributes to the economic
6:13 development in migrants countries of
6:15 origin migrants around the world
6:17 transfer over $300 billion to their home
6:20 country each year that is considerably
6:21 more than the official development
6:23 assistance to these countries in
6:25 European countries as well as in other
6:27 industrialized nations such as Japan the
6:29 birth rate has dropped to a low level
6:32 below the replacement rate the result
6:34 declining population and an aging
6:37 Society experts believe that Europe will
6:39 soon be heavily dependent on migration
6:41 in order to meet its employment needs
6:44 and to stabilize the retirement
6:47 system finally migration contributes to
6:55 countries we see that the debate over
6:58 migration is burdened by fear and
7:01 Prejudice the effect is a restrictive
7:03 immigration policy and strict efforts to
7:05 prevent migration to destination
7:08 countries this is not just a problem in
7:10 terms of Ethics but also politically and
7:13 economically questionable in order to
7:14 deal with the problems attached to
7:16 migration it is especially important to
7:19 develop and Implement a constructive
7:22 migration policy such a policy would
7:24 include regulated immigration as well as
7:26 provide rights for legitimate Asylum Seekers
7:31 [Music] [Laughter]
7:31 [Laughter] [Music]
