0:01 I made up my mind. I'm going to be
0:03 Orthodox. Yay. Welcome home, brother.
0:06 Dude, he was talking about me. No, he
0:08 was talking about me. I'm the real
0:10 Orthodox church. You split from me when
0:12 you rejected the council of Calcedon.
0:14 No, I'm the real Orthodox church. You
0:15 split from me when you rejected the
0:18 council of Ephesus. No, I didn't. Let's
0:21 ask him then. Yeah. Who were you talking
0:23 about? Honestly, I was talking about the
0:25 Assyrian Church of the East, which is
0:27 more ancient than either of you guys and
0:29 is truly faithful to the Council of Constantinople.
0:32 Constantinople.
0:34 Early Christianity was spreading rapidly
0:35 across the Roman Empire despite being
0:37 persecuted. It was led by bishops who
0:39 each ruled over the church in a
0:41 particular place. In the very beginning,
0:42 there was a group of bishops over each
0:44 church, but that quickly evolved into
0:45 one bishop over each church, and that
0:47 quickly evolved into one bishop over a
0:49 group of churches in each region. >> [music]
0:49 >> [music]
0:50 >> The early church was decentralized
0:52 partly because of persecution, but the
0:54 bishops all recognized each other and
0:55 were accountable to each other. It
0:57 wasn't like modern Catholicism with one
0:59 bishop over all the others. And modern
1:01 Catholics admit this is a development.
1:02 And it also wasn't like modern
1:04 evangelicalism with a bunch of bishops
1:05 not accountable to each other, each
1:07 going their own separate ways. Except
1:08 they're not called bishops and they tend
1:10 to look like this. Wait, but if it was
1:11 decentralized, how did they deal with
1:13 heresy? [music] Easy. A few bishops
1:15 would get together in a cinnid to
1:17 declare things heretical and agree to
1:19 excommunicate all the heretics since
1:20 there were different heresies in
1:22 different regions. The cinnids that
1:23 addressed those heresies were also
1:25 regional [music] until Constantine took
1:27 over and made the entire Roman Empire
1:29 Christian and there was a heresy brewing
1:31 in [music] Alexandria and the bishop of
1:33 Alexandria asks for help. So Constantine
1:35 has a brilliant idea to unify his
1:37 empire. He thought what if I have a
1:39 sinnate of all the bishops in the world
1:41 [music] to agree on what Christianity is
1:43 for everyone. So he summons all the
1:46 bishops at Nika for the first ecumenical
1:48 council. For the first time there is
1:50 going to be a centralized authority over
1:52 the entire Christian world. The council
1:54 of Nika has to deal with this popular
1:56 pastor Aras who explains the [music]
1:57 father and the son in ways that are easy
1:59 to understand. He says since the son is
2:02 also called the word, the father created
2:03 the word and then created the [music]
2:05 world through the word. So Christ is the
2:07 greatest being God ever created. He's of
2:10 a similar nature to the father and he is
2:13 like God but not truly God the way the
2:15 father is. Arias even wrote songs about it.
2:15 it.
2:17 >> There was a time when the word was not.
2:19 There was a time when the word was not.
2:21 >> "Bro, that's heresy," said Santa Claus,
2:23 punching him in the face. "St. Nicholas
2:24 wasn't alone in this opinion. Most of
2:26 the bishops agreed that it was heresy."
2:28 And after some debate, it was almost all
2:30 of them. So, Aryanism was branded as a
2:32 heresy, and the council produced the
2:34 Nyine Creed to clarify the true doctrine
2:36 of Jesus. It says the father and son are
2:38 both equally god and the son is
2:40 eternally generated by the father but
2:42 not created by the father because he's
2:45 always existed. The father and son share
2:46 the same nature because they have
2:48 everything that makes god god like being
2:51 all powerful, all knowing and eternal.
2:54 Same nature in Greek is homosios.
2:57 Similar nature in Greek is homoyucus.
3:00 It's only one letter or one iota of
3:01 difference. That's where the phrase
3:02 comes from. [music]
3:04 But it made the difference between
3:07 orthodoxy and heresy. So Santa Claus
3:08 insisted that Jesus was ho ho
3:11 homolucioas with the father. Yay. Now
3:13 the issue is solved. Just kidding. You
3:15 see, back then people didn't just
3:17 automatically accept the decisions of a
3:19 council. Especially because this kept
3:21 happening. We just had a council that
3:23 declared Aryanism a heresy. Well, we
3:25 just had a council that rejected your
3:28 council. Well, we just had a council
3:30 that rejected your rejection of our
3:32 council. Well, we just had a council
3:33 that says anyone who rejects our
3:35 council's rejection of your council is a
3:38 heretic. Well, we just had a council
3:40 that says you can all kiss my ass. Since
3:41 councils were the highest authority,
3:42 there was no way to force all the
3:45 bishops to accept a particular council
3:46 except with another council which not
3:48 everyone would accept. [music] So,
3:50 places often switched between nyine and
3:52 Aryan. And eventually, Aryans became the
3:54 majority of bishops. As Jerome said, the
3:56 world groaned to find itself [music]
3:58 Aryan. The Nyine Christians were in a
4:00 bit of an awkward spot. They couldn't be
4:02 completely kicked out of the church, but
4:03 they also couldn't kick the Aryans out
4:05 of the church. So, what were they
4:06 supposed to do? Why don't you just give
4:08 up on the mainstream church and start a
4:10 new church in your basement? No. Why
4:11 don't you just plant your own parallel
4:13 nine bishops in the places that have
4:15 Aryan bishops? This is how a lot of
4:17 modern churches solve disagreements. But
4:19 both of these options were rejected by
4:21 all the church fathers as the sin of
4:24 schism. So, instead, the bishops had to,
4:26 no pun intended, keep playing
4:28 institutional chess with each other. The
4:30 solution came with a bishop named
4:33 Aanasius. He was the successor of
4:35 Alexander who had first raised the alarm
4:38 about the Aryan crisis in Alexandria. He
4:40 was mocked by his opponents as the black
4:42 dwarf. They said the world is against
4:46 you. Then I am against the world.
4:48 Athanasius realized if the Aryans
4:50 weren't going to accept Nika, he would
4:53 have to beat them in debate based on the
4:54 Bible. He said it didn't matter if they
4:56 rejected the nyine councils because
4:58 [music] scripture is sufficient to
5:00 refute heretics. And he did refute them
5:03 again and again and again until all the
5:06 bishops were won back to the trinitarian
5:08 Christian faith and Aryanism only
5:09 lingered amongst the Germanic
5:11 barbarians. That was so cool, dude. I'm
5:13 your biggest fan, said a young bishop
5:15 named Apollina. Thanks. Look how
5:18 anti-Aryan I can be. So you know how
5:20 Jesus is God, right? If he's fully God,
5:22 he can't be fully human. He just has a
5:24 human body. But no human mind. He's a
5:26 divine mind with a human body like a
5:28 video game avatar. He could have done
5:30 quantum physics as a baby if he wanted
5:33 to. Wait, what? There were also some
5:35 people in Macedonia who agreed with the
5:37 Nyine creed that the father and son are
5:39 both God, but didn't believe the Holy
5:41 Spirit was God. Clearly, the Council of
5:44 Nika left some questions unanswered. You
5:45 know what that means, don't you? We need
5:48 a second ecumenical council. The council
5:50 of Constantinople condemned
5:52 Macedonianism and Apollinarianism as
5:54 heresies. The heroes of this council
5:56 were the Capidosian fathers. They
5:58 supported Athanasius in the council of
5:59 Nika, but they thought it needed some
6:02 improvements. They modified the Nyine
6:04 creed to clarify that the Holy Spirit is
6:06 God and they insisted that Jesus was
6:09 also truly human. As Gregory of Nazenza
6:11 said, that which is not assumed is not
6:14 redeemed. In other words, Jesus needs to
6:16 become everything that we are to heal
6:18 everything that we are. So Jesus needs
6:20 to have a human body, a human mind, and
6:22 a human soul to heal our human bodies,
6:24 minds, [music] and souls. They also
6:26 debated the Greek word hypostasis, which
6:28 means something like an individual
6:30 example of a nature. Athanasius had said
6:33 that God was one hypoasis because
6:35 there's only one individual divine
6:37 nature. But the Capidosians thought it
6:39 was wiser to say that the father, son,
6:41 and spirit each have their own hypoasis [music]
6:42 [music]
6:44 because the persons need to be a bit
6:46 more distinct so that the son can have a
6:48 distinct human nature that the father
6:50 doesn't have. They [snorts] agreed with
6:51 Athanasius, but they thought his
6:54 language led to apollinarianism by not
6:55 making the father and son distinct
6:57 [music] enough. It didn't take long for
6:59 the council of Constantinople to deal
7:01 with these heresies. The entire church
7:03 accepted the councils of Nika and
7:04 Constantinople, [music]
7:06 but different schools of thought began
7:08 to emerge. They didn't disagree with
7:09 each other and they weren't different
7:11 denominations, but they had slightly
7:13 different emphases. [music] You see, the
7:15 Alexandrians had a slight preference for
7:17 their local hero Athanasius and the
7:19 Council of Nika, whereas the Antiochines
7:20 had a slight preference for the
7:22 Capidosian fathers in the Council of
7:25 Constantinople. The Alexandrian school
7:27 focused more on the divinity and oneness
7:29 of Christ whereas the Antiochin school
7:31 focused on the humanity and tuness
7:33 [music] of Christ. This was because the
7:35 Alexandrians were more scared of
7:37 Aryanism whereas the Antiochines were
7:39 more scared of Apollinarianism which was
7:42 an overreaction against arenism. The
7:44 Alexandrians interpreted the Bible as a
7:46 more metaphorical divine text whereas
7:48 the Antiochines interpreted the Bible as
7:50 a more literal human text. So if you
7:52 went to church in Antioch, the sermons
7:54 would be something like this.
7:56 Philippians 2 says even though Jesus was
7:58 God, he took on the form of a servant.
8:00 This means you should be willing to
8:02 serve others in your life as well.
8:03 Whereas if you went to church in
8:06 Alexandria, it would be more like
8:07 Philippians says even though Jesus was
8:09 God, he became a servant. This refers to
8:11 how in the person of Christ, the Godhead
8:13 took on human flesh and physical matter
8:14 in order to sanctify it and he serves us
8:16 by bridging the gap between the infinite
8:17 creator and the So even though this
8:18 difference wasn't a huge problem at
8:20 first, it would soon lead to two [music]
8:23 major schisms. The last Apollinarians
8:25 left like to say that Mary was the
8:27 mother of God because they thought Jesus
8:29 was just God wearing a human costume.
8:31 And the patriarch of Constantinople, who
8:33 was a radical Antioch, very scared of
8:35 Apollinarianism, did not like [music]
8:38 that. His name was Notorious. He
8:40 explained, "Mary's just the mother of
8:42 Jesus's human nature. So, it's more
8:43 accurate to call her the mother of
8:46 Christ than the mother of God." "Bro,
8:47 that's heresy," said Sirill, who was
8:49 Pope of Alexandria. Back then, it wasn't
8:51 just the bishop of Rome that was called
8:53 a pope. So, now you have a major leader
8:55 of one school calling a major leader of
8:57 another school a heretic. You know what
8:59 that means? We need a third ecumenical
9:01 council. Ntorious and his followers were
9:04 radical anti-akin. So, Sirill was able
9:06 to turn the more moderate anti-aken
9:07 against them. Notorius taught that
9:09 Christ has two natures. The divine
9:11 nature is called God the [music] Son.
9:13 The human nature is called Jesus. And
9:15 Christ refers to the union of them. So
9:17 if Mary's the mother of Jesus, you can
9:19 call her the mother of Christ, but not
9:20 exactly the mother of God. You can only
9:23 call her that indirectly. Sirill said
9:24 that's heresy because Christ is one
9:27 hypoasis after the incarnation. If
9:28 Christ is really one individual, you
9:30 need to be able to use the names Jesus,
9:32 Christ, and God interchangeably. If
9:34 Mary's the mother of Jesus, you can call
9:36 her the mother of God without any
9:37 trouble. If you think that's even
9:40 slightly improper, Sirill says you're
9:42 splitting Jesus into two persons. Now,
9:43 were the notorians actually saying
9:46 Christ is two persons? No. They said
9:47 Christ is one proapon, which basically
9:49 means person. [music] They were saying
9:52 that Christ has two. Koma is a Syriak
9:53 word, and they said the father and
9:55 spirit each have their own koma. This
9:57 led many people to translate koma as
9:58 hypostasis because everyone already
10:00 agreed God has three hypostasis, which
10:02 could mean [music] person. But in
10:04 reality, Koma just means an individual
10:06 entity. But this was suspicious enough
10:07 for Notorious and his buddies to be
10:09 forced out of the Roman Empire and into
10:11 the Persian Empire where nobody could
10:12 force them to accept the Council of
10:14 Ephesus. They called themselves Church
10:16 of the East and the Ephesian Christians
10:18 Church of the West. And this schism
10:20 lasts to this day. The Assyrian Church
10:22 of the East still exists, but sadly the
10:24 only well-known person vaguely
10:26 associated with it is this guy you might
10:28 have seen on Tik Tok, but he's not a
10:29 good representative because he's split
10:31 from a group that split from them. But
10:33 to this day, they lumped Protestants,
10:34 Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and
10:36 Oriental Orthodox, all under the
10:38 category of Western Christianity because
10:40 they all accept the Council of Ephesus.
10:42 So, everyone loves Sirill cuz he was the
10:44 hero of Ephesus. Oh, wait, he's dead.
10:46 So, he gets replaced by Pope Dascorus,
10:47 who says, "Man, I'm so glad Sirill
10:49 defeated the Ntorians and said Christ
10:52 has one nature." Wait, what? Said Pope
10:54 Leo. Wait, not that one. That one. Jesus
10:57 has two natures. No, Sirill said one.
10:59 No, Jesus is one person, but he has two
11:01 natures. Siriel said one hypoasis which
11:03 means person but it also means nature.
11:05 Two natures is an historian. No it
11:07 isn't. Yes it is time for a pope war
11:09 which means we need a fourth ecumenical
11:12 council. The council of Calcedon was
11:13 literally a debate over how to interpret
11:15 the previous council. What did St.
11:18 Cirill mean by one hypostasis? What did
11:21 Sirill mean by hypothatic union? Leo
11:23 said he meant a union of two natures in
11:25 something else called a hypoasis which
11:27 implies hypostasis means person. This
11:30 position is called diophysitism or two
11:33 natures. But Dascorus said serial meant
11:35 a union of two hypoases in one
11:38 hypotheasis which implies hypoasis means
11:40 individual nature. This position is
11:43 called maphysotism or one nature out of
11:45 two natures. Now the council of Ephesus
11:47 did have a lot of statements that sound
11:49 very maphysite. And serial himself
11:51 believed in one incarnate nature of the
11:53 logos. Some people say that's an
11:55 apollinarian forgery. But what's
11:57 definitely not in apollinarian forgery
11:58 is where he says if anyone divides the
12:01 hypostases after the union let him be
12:03 anathema which implies the hypostases
12:05 are distinct before the union which
12:07 implies hypoasis means nature. It's also
12:09 very unlikely that pope Leo would
12:11 interpret serial better than his own
12:13 students. Still the council sided with
12:14 Pope Leo cuz they thought the
12:16 Meaphysites did not distinguish nature
12:18 in person well enough. Still the
12:20 Maphsites refused to accept Calcidon
12:21 because they said it clearly
12:23 contradicted Ephesus. Calcidon was a
12:26 Notorian council. No, it wasn't. Yes, it
12:27 was. That's crazy. We're nothing like
12:31 Notorious. Hey guys, Notorious, you're
12:34 still alive. I just want to say I fully
12:40 This was a complete disaster for the
12:42 Calcedonians because they looked so
12:44 similar to Ntorians. The Maphsites were
12:46 able to convince more and more people to
12:48 join their side, especially in the East.
12:50 It got to the point where the emperor
12:52 Justinian was calcedonian, but his wife
12:55 Theodora was literally a mophysite. So
12:57 Justinian was motivated to modify
12:59 calcedonianism to make it more
13:01 reconcilable with mophysitism. So
13:04 Justinian calls the fifth ecumenical
13:06 council, which is basically calcedonian
13:08 damage control. [music] After a century
13:10 of fighting the mophysites, they're
13:11 finally going to compromise and make
13:13 sure they distinguish their view from
13:15 notorianism. The reason it was so
13:17 confusing is because everyone was using
13:19 different categories. Calcedonianism was
13:21 more simple because it came from Pope
13:23 Leo who spoke Latin which is a more
13:25 philosophically simple language. They
13:27 only had two categories, nature and
13:29 person. So they could say Jesus has two
13:31 natures and is one person. Easy. But
13:33 both the mapsites and the notorians
13:34 spoke Greek which was more
13:36 philosophically complex. So they each
13:39 had three categories. One for general
13:41 nature, one for individual example of a
13:43 nature and one for outward identity.
13:45 They both agreed Jesus was from two
13:47 general natures and had one outward
13:49 identity. But where they disagreed was
13:52 on the middle category. Was Jesus one
13:54 individual example of two natures or was
13:56 Jesus a union of an individual human
13:59 nature and an individual divine nature?
14:01 So you can see how Caledonianism looks
14:03 in historian from a meapysite
14:05 perspective. The council clarified that
14:08 Jesus is one individual subject and
14:10 therefore we worship Jesus as one
14:12 subject. [music] We don't worship parts
14:14 of Christ separately. Some Eastern
14:16 Caledonians tried to translate
14:18 Calcedonianism into the Greek three
14:20 categories model [music] saying Jesus
14:23 has one hypotheasis and it's a divine
14:26 hypoasis, but it hypoatizes or
14:28 individuates the human nature. There's
14:31 no separate individual human hypoasis
14:33 that Jesus assumes because that would be
14:35 notorian. So it preserves the
14:38 distinctness of the natures while also
14:41 preserving the individual hypostasis.
14:43 That's why we say technically Jesus
14:45 isn't a human person. [music] He's a
14:47 person who's truly human but not a human
14:49 person. He's only one person and that's
14:51 a divine person that has a truly human
14:53 nature and a truly divine nature. So
14:54 once they got that worked out, the
14:57 Calcedonians were able to win back many
14:59 of the moderate mapsites. Yay.
15:01 Compromising with the Meaphysites is
15:02 going well. What if we can think of one
15:04 final compromise that will reunite us
15:07 forever? The patriarch of Constantinople
15:09 has an idea, two ideas, actually.
15:11 [music] Monoenergism and monotheitism.
15:13 Monoenergism is the idea that Jesus's
15:16 two natures perform one action. And
15:17 monothealatism is the idea that Jesus's
15:20 two natures share one will. And everyone
15:22 loves this idea, including the Pope of
15:24 Rome. We're closer than ever now to
15:26 being one big happy Christian family and
15:29 reuniting Christendom just in case a big
15:30 new religion forms and tries to conquer
15:33 us. One small problem. There's this one
15:35 annoying monk, Maximus the Confessor,
15:37 who just won't get with the program. He
15:40 insists on dioenergism and diialtholism,
15:42 meaning Jesus has two energies and two
15:45 wills. He debates Purus, the patriarch
15:47 of Constantinople. Purist thinks that
15:49 will and energy come with personhood,
15:51 not with nature. This is also what the
15:53 average modern person thinks. But
15:55 Maximus thinks that will and energy come
15:57 with nature. Just like Gregory of Nazi
15:59 said, Jesus needs to become everything
16:01 [music] we are to redeem everything that
16:03 we are. Jesus needs to have a human will
16:06 and energy to redeem our human wills and
16:07 energies. Purus thinks that's
16:09 ridiculous. He thinks if Jesus has two
16:10 wills and energies, they're going to be
16:12 in conflict with each other. But Maximus
16:14 assures him that there's no conflict
16:16 between divine working and human
16:18 working. And honestly, Purus' arguments
16:20 are very similar to some popcists who
16:23 believe in radical monarchism. Monergism
16:25 is not a historically reformed term, but
16:28 it's very popular in popcalism. It's
16:30 similar to monoenergism because the
16:32 basic idea is that God's action
16:34 contradicts human action. That's why
16:36 popcanists act like God is completely
16:38 active in our salvation and we are
16:40 completely passive. But that's not the
16:42 historic reformed position. Historic
16:44 reformed and Calvinist theology sees no
16:46 contradiction between God's full
16:48 sovereignty and our participation in
16:50 free will actions. Sadly, nobody listens
16:52 to Maximus and the church cuts out his
16:54 tongue. So, he can't keep teaching his
16:56 views. But he still didn't leave the
16:58 church. So, keep that in mind next time
17:00 you want to leave your church just cuz
17:02 it got a little bit woke. And then he
17:04 dies. But after he dies, more and more
17:05 people begin realizing that he was
17:07 right. So the sixth ecumenical council
17:10 deposes Pope Anonorius as a heretic and
17:13 affirms dioenergism and diiothalitism
17:14 and that will and energy come with
17:16 nature not with person. This is
17:18 necessary to explain certain Bible
17:21 verses like Mark 6:5 where Jesus seems
17:23 to have limited power. This only makes
17:25 sense if he has a human energy distinct
17:28 from his divine energy. Or Matthew 26:39
17:30 where Jesus appears to submit his will
17:32 to the father. This only makes sense if
17:34 he has a human will distinct from the
17:36 divine will. Because of this, the
17:38 glorious reunion with the Meaphysites
17:40 never happens. The Meaphysites are alive
17:42 and well today as the Oriental Orthodox
17:44 churches. But since Christendom is
17:46 divided, when Islam shows up, it's able
17:48 to conquer a lot of Christian lands very
17:50 easily. Because of this, the
17:52 non-caledonian churches mostly faded
17:54 into obscurity and the Byzantine emperor
17:56 was wondering why things had gotten so
17:58 bad for Christendom. He said, "God must
18:01 be punishing us for venerating images."
18:02 In the Old Testament, God punished
18:05 idolatry by letting enemy nations
18:07 conquer his people. So, he ordered
18:09 iconoclasm, which means no images of
18:11 God. Icons were removed from churches
18:13 and replaced with crosses and Bibles.
18:15 But many other people were like, "Dude,
18:17 you can't take away our [music] icons.
18:19 Those are an essential part of Christian
18:20 worship." So, the question of whether
18:22 icons were good or bad divided the
18:24 church for over a century. [music]
18:26 The iconoclasts were able to show that
18:28 iconoclastic tendencies were rampant
18:31 amongst the church fathers. But icon
18:33 like John of Damascus said iconoclasm is
18:34 a denial of the incarnation because
18:36 [music] the invisible god became
18:38 visible. Iconoclasts appealed to earlier
18:41 church historians like who explained
18:42 that many pagan customs were
18:44 Christianized when Constantine [music]
18:46 converted Rome to Christianity such as
18:48 icons, altars, lurggical vestments and
18:50 incense. He said that ancient Romans
18:52 would burn incense before an icon of
18:54 their supposedly divine emperors and
18:56 Christians transferred that practice to
18:58 Jesus. Modern Catholic scholars like
18:59 John Henry Newman admit this is what
19:01 happened historically but they still
19:03 agree with John Damosine's arguments for
19:04 icon veneration based on
19:07 christologology. Damosine says we can't
19:09 depict the divine nature but we can
19:11 depict the human nature. So iconoclasm
19:13 denies the humanity of Christ. The
19:16 iconoclasts argued that Iconulia was
19:18 notorian by splitting Christ's person
19:20 into a nature you can't depict and a
19:22 nature you can depict. Since Christ is
19:24 one divine person, you can't depict him
19:26 even if he has a human nature. Let's
19:28 just have another ecumenical council.
19:30 That'll solve this debate. We just had a
19:33 council that bans all images of God.
19:34 Yeah, well, I just called a council that
19:36 rejects your council and says you'll go
19:39 to hell if you don't kiss icons. Hey,
19:41 Mom. Don't you think that's a bit harsh?
19:43 Oh, you don't like icons? How about I
19:44 take your eyes out so you never have to
19:47 look at them? You guys are both cringe,
19:49 said Charlemagne. I just called a
19:51 council that rejects both of your
19:52 councils and says you can have images of
19:54 Christ for teaching as long as you don't
19:56 venerate them. And so the three sides
19:58 fought well into the 800s. And it didn't
19:59 help that they each had a council
20:01 supporting them. Eventually after
20:04 centuries of bloody conflict, the icon
20:06 emerged on top. But towards the end, the
20:08 iconoclast started criticizing other
20:10 practices, not just icon veneration.
20:12 They said we should stop praying to
20:14 saints because that's also idolatry. If
20:16 that sounds kind of prototestant, it's
20:19 because it is. Iconocclasm would persist
20:20 in small pockets throughout the church
20:23 for centuries following. Iconoclass
20:25 theologians never stopped resurfacing.
20:26 Now you might be wondering, were there
20:28 any other ecumenical councils after
20:30 this? Well, it depends who you ask. You
20:31 see, after this point, people stopped
20:34 agreeing on which councils to accept. To
20:35 this day, every denomination has a
20:37 different number of councils. The
20:39 Assyrian Church of the East has two, the
20:41 Oriental Orthodox have three,
20:42 Protestants have six, the Eastern
20:44 Orthodox have seven, and Catholics have
20:46 21. And in the medieval church, groups
20:48 kept resurfacing that didn't even accept
20:51 Nika 2. The Waldenzians in the 1200s,
20:54 the Lards in the 1300s, the Hussites in
