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Spatial Layout Efficiency with Tim Stonor of Space Syntax

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Summary

Core Theme

This presentation introduces "Space Syntax," a scientific approach to analyzing urban space that demonstrates how spatial layout significantly influences human behavior, economic activity, and environmental outcomes. It argues that urban space is a valuable asset that, when understood and managed through evidence-based design, can generate wealth and improve city life.

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well good afternoon everyone thank you

for coming to today's Brown Bag

presentation we are delighted to have

you here at

ncpc um just a few housekeeping matters

first of all I believe this presentation

is going to be videotaped so we just

wanted to let you uh know that but also

we will post post this presentation on

ncpc's website uh within the next few

weeks if you have other folks that would

like to see this uh I know that many of

you are planners who deal with the

public realm uh with the city's Open

Spaces Parks streets um and I think we

all have a a tremendous job ahead of us

in terms of how to design or maintain

these uh public open spaces which are

very important to the residents of this

city uh to our nation as a whole uh

because they are in fact a lot of them

are ceremonial spaces um and how do you

also adapt these spaces for uh 21st

century needs and I think those are all

important questions that uh many of us

deal with on our day-to-day lives U

through our work and through our

interest uh in cities and uh in this in

this case the city of Washington DC so

today we have a uh incredible guest uh

who's going to present to us today on um

what his work has been in terms of

public open space and the analysis of

that space and how we put um these tools

to use in terms of uh planning public

spaces and uh in our public streets we

have with us Tim Stoner who's the

managing director of the London based

company called space syntax limited it's

a strategic uh consulting company

specializing in evidence-based planning

and design so it's kind of like CSI the

TV show uh for planning um he's an

architect and town planner uh Tim

established space syntax Limited in 1996

with the aim of uh Building Bridges

between professional practice and

academic research at University College

London Tim is the director and founding

member of the Academy of urbanism and

for the last 5 years has served on the

national design review panel of the UK

Commission of architecture and the built

environment between 1996 and 2001 Tim

led the team that advised architect

Norman Foster on the redesign of a

troger square in London transforming the

Square from a card dominated uh

environment to a public Focus Place uh

this project set a new standard for

public space design in the UK that space

inex had helped maintain in projects

including the Regeneration of ninghan

Old Market Square in newcastle's Hay

Market uh in recent years he's also

participated in a number of other

projects including work for the city of

jedah and Saudi Arabia and also in

Beijing CBD over the past year uh Tim

was awarded a l fellowship at Harvard's

Graduate School of Design and he also

was appointed a fellow at at the Lincoln

Institute of land policy in Cambridge so

we are very pleased today uh to have Tim

join us and uh I'd like you to join me

and welcome him to [Applause]

ncpc well thank you Marcel and good

afternoon everyone uh it's a pleasure to

be here and uh an honor uh this is only

my second visit to the capital I was

here with my family a couple of months

ago and did didn't make it much out of

the uh Air and Space Museum so it's nice

to see a few streets and public spaces

uh on this opportunity um if we could

have the first slide up please uh the

uh the aim of my talk today is to share

with you um some experience that Marcel

described in his

introduction uh which comes from its

origins in London uh but

uh is

increasingly uh a worldwide application

and this is uh an approach to the

planning and design of places known as space

space

syntax and space

syntax um measures the efficiency of

spatial layouts which gives me the title

for my talk today

um when it does that it's addressing

some of the key outcome factors that we

are aiming to achieve uh in in our

actions which are social and economic and

and

environmental um and although much of

our work may be about discussions of of

design and materials and historical

Evolution um for me ultimately the

practice of planning and and design uh

is about its impacts its outcomes uh and

how the social and the economic

and the

environmental um are created now I was

trained as an architect I'll I'll admit

that and you can judge me for it uh but

I have also qualified as a town planner

and when I do we have any Architects

here today okay I will I will be

appropriately respectful um because I'm

sure you're not like the rest of them um

when when I when I did my training I'm

joking of course um when I did my

training uh very little of it was about

people very little of it was about the

outcome it was mostly um architecture to

get things built and then look lovingly

at them and ideally take photographs and

have them published so that others can

love look lovingly at them um and that's

something which which disappointed me

and led me in the direction of space

syntax because when I came across Bill

hiler the professor at University

College London who had uh create ated

this new approach this scientific

approach to architecture um he he was

speaking about its social and economic

impacts and more recently its

environmental impacts and that really

excited me so let's see if I can excite

lunchtime and there we go so um what I

want to do is take you through a

discussion of

space and address this question

Urban space so what and uh from

there argue that Urban space is more

than just invisible fluffy stuff that

Urban designers like to color in Black

uh by way of highlighting it and saying

it uh it's more important than the

buildings I want to talk about Urban

space as being a hard noosed currency uh

something which is an asset to the city

that deserves to be invested in and

managed because it is a generator of

wealth and to do that I will show you a

little bit of

science um a few case studies and I want

to end with some speculations which I've

not made either in public or private

before but they were just something that

that came to me as I was putting this

um space syntax is all about modeling

cities and uh showing how the spatial

layout exerts powerful influences on

human behavior how the connectivity of

places in itself influences human

behavior and that means uh behavior in

terms of movement how we flow through

the city but it's more than movement

it's how we come across other people and

interact with

them uh how we're aware of them in space

and ultimately how we

transact how we

transact and do the essential thing that

cities are here to do which is to create

social and economic relations that's why

we are in cities I would argue it's to

transact and and cities are transaction

engines some do it better than

others and uh if they don't do it well

then they're missing out on a huge

amount of value if the connection is

poor the value is being

lost um so what can space do well as

well as organizing movement um I want to

show you how space distributes land use

naturally and I know planners distribute

land use but space is our guide to doing so

um space influences crime and safety uh

some of the people who understand space

best are the

criminals uh they make it their business

to exploit the

mistakes that are made when we design

space and leave it available to uh to

Crime uh space affects the urban carbon

footprint and um ultimately it space

determines land value and land value is

what property Developers and home buyers

are concerned about when they make their

their decisions it's the bottom

line um but it's not just me standing at

a Podium saying this um where what the

reason that I can I can say this so so

strongly um is as a result of a program

of research which as I said earlier

began at University College London about

40 years ago and uh has investigated

methodically scientifically

uh the sorts of relationships I've just

described and the way we organize

ourselves um is between the space intax

laboratory at University College London

at the top there and a company called

space intax limited uh which is at the

bottom there and space syntax limited

provides consultancy using the

technology that comes out of the

research team in return space syntax

limited identifies problems questions

that are then taken back to the

researchers for

investigation and the company in the

laboratory uh exists about four blocks

apart in London and there's a continuous

flow of people and technology and that

creates Innovation between the two uh

this diagram has

been uh replicated throughout the world

there's um there's over 200 universities

globally using space intax in their

research uh several thousands of

researchers and and we we're organized

well now here's here's the here's the

only challenging bit of mathematics of

the presentation so sit up straight and concentrate

concentrate

um to understand space scientifically

we've learned that um it's best to keep

things simple so actually it's not going

to be that that challenging um take a

very simple pair of rooms in a building

room A and B and create two versions of

a layout in which on the left uh A and B

each have a doorway to the outside let's

call the outside

C and you can see there's a ring of

circulation that you could walk if those

doorways were open there's the Ring of

circulation drawn in a slightly

different way it's a mathematical graph

any graph mathematicians in the

room few because I I know really really

basic graph mathematics and that means

there I hope not going to be very

difficult graph mathematics questions

please ask other questions but um by

contrast on the right B doesn't have the

door and has to go through a to get to

the outside which we called C so look at

the graph B goes through a to get to

C what do the numbers mean well the

numbers represent a really important

property called depth graph depth what

they say is if you take B on the right

it has a value of three against it and

what that means is the world is three

steps away from

B uh space a is one step away space c is

two steps away so space from there from

B A is one away C is 2 away 1 + 2 = 3

whereas from space a b is 1 away C is

one step away so the world from a is at

a depth of

two and like wise for C the world is

three steps away from

C in the layout on the left which is has

this equivalence the world is two steps

away from all of those spaces because

each space is one step away from each of the

the

others um is everybody with me here

here

um I won't ask if anybody isn't because

if you aren't you'd have told me

um let's just go a little a little bit

more complicated and perhaps a little

bit more realistic uh in this case we've

got the same spatial

layout uh on the left and on the right

is the spatial layout as seen from two

different spaces so on the left we're

we're looking at the world from this

room here where it has four rooms which

are one step away because they've got

doorways that connect directly to it

there's a couple of three spaces that

are two steps away you have to go

through rooms to get to them from the

gray space and there's a couple of rooms

that are three steps

away whereas on the right um You have to

go through that room to get to any other

rooms from this

space and at the bottom are the graphs

the mathematical graphs that say all of

that in graph mathematics terms and the

reason I I want to suggest this is

useful is that when you measure the

total depth from the space on the left

it's 16 and the total depth from the

space on the right is 30 in other words

the world is different from different

rooms in the same

building uh imagine having a party in

this building

um that is the kind of space that people

might keep coming back into as they

circulate around the house party uh

perhaps that's where they all end up

sitting by the end of the evening

because uh that's the natural Gathering

Point um this is the most cutof space

who knows what might happen there in a

party um but it's the place where just

least likely to have um circulation in

it if all the beer is there then maybe

that's where they end up at the end of

the party you can start to pull through

land use attraction the effect of

configuration but I'll come on to that

in a bit um a really uh helpful way

we've found of representing this graph

of math mathematics is to use color and

to represent those numbers by colors

where using a heat scale uh where the

red rooms are the ones that are closest

to the rest of the system and the blue

rooms are the ones where the system is

furthest away red orange yellow green

blue a rainbow scale we can represent

spacial depth through a

color and what we have here is a pattern

of spatial accessibility for this particular

particular

layout now so what well I've indicated

with my party analogy that perhaps

there's something in this um well let me

show you a real instance

of um a real building

which is the Tate Gallery of Art in uh

London it's our uh uh it houses many

important works of art on the right

sorry on the left let's go left first on

the left is an interesting analysis that

we did where the main entrance to this

Gallery is here and we followed a 100

people walking into the gallery for 10

minutes and their traces are in yellow

and we followed them by doing probably

what what you would imagine we just

walked slowly behind them at a discrete

distance um and tracked where they were

going and converted that into a composite

composite

image on the

right is a computer

analysis that has none of that

information fed into it no information

about where people are flowing instead

it's doing graph mathematics on the

layout it's taking each room breaking it

into little tiles of space if you can

see it's pixelated each of those bits of

spaces about 2 or 3T by 2 or 3 ft and

the computer is analyzing each tile in

the same way it analyzed the rooms in

the previous analysis and it's saying

how many tiles do I connect to how many

can I see at step one and then how many

do they connect to and how many do they

connect to and measuring the graph depth

and representing it as a color and

what's remarkable I hope you can now see

by comparing one with the other is that

the computer analysis on the right almost

almost

exactly uh mirrors predicts the passage

of people on the left now we have found

this to be an absolutely consistent

result in buildings and cities

worldwide that when people are flowing

freely it's different it's not the same

as going down to a train through a

railway station where your movement is

directed by signage um but where you're

freely flowing as you are generally in a

City or in a building like a gallery or

a shopping

center then space

will guide govern influence about 70 to

80% of the movement that occurs in there

it's not the paintings it's the space in

fact some of the most famous paintings

in this building are not being seen

because they're spatially relatively

segregated over in this Wing

architectural mistake uh to have put

them there there because people simply

aren't seeing the nation's

Treasures so okay let's get outside and

do the same thing to that nice figure

ground image that we had of it's Munich

actually Munich in Germany in case you

wondered let's break the pattern of

Munich into a set of spaces long linear

spaces in fact these are the lines of

sight that pass through all the public

space of central

Munich so we've we've done this by uh

putting a ruler on a map or

computer screen and drawing the longest

and fewest spaces that pass through all

the public space of the city and some of

them are more connected some are less

connected when you analyze their graph

some are more accessible and some are

less accessible so this is again the

same analysis graph mathematics

measuring the depth of each space

relative to all the

others and what we can pick out is the

natural spatial hierarchy of the city so

what well when you observe pedestrian

movement and when you observe vehicle

movement and then when you correlate

pedestrian and vehicle movement

pedestrian at the top vehicle at the

bottom with the spatial accessibility

pattern there's a remarkable

correlation it's not perfect if it were

perfect all those red dots which are

streets where we've been able to observe

flow and measure spatial accessibility

they would all line up on in a straight

line but there's a there's a general I'm

sorry there's a general

Trend and this magic number here says

60% of The Pedestrian movement pattern

is explained by differences in the

spatial accessibility pattern for

pedestrians for vehicles 70% of the

vehicle flow in this city is explained

by spatial accessibility this city here

is London um despite all of London's

traffic engineering people are reading

the grid spatially uh this is a very

simple very quick traffic model with one

variable and if there are any traffic

modelers in here that can get a 70%

correlation with a one variable traffic

model you'll know just how uh valuable

that is so movement is the life blood of

the city and if you can explain it you

can start to plan and design it um

because all of the value that's being

generated in cities um much of it is

coming from the passage of people pass C

shops into shops doing deals I mean I

love this Photograph because there's so

much going on there that's about

trade and uh okay second key Discovery

land use that pattern of spatial

accessibility if I flick London's land

use pattern uh retail in red against

spatial accessibility in red then what

this slide is saying is 80% of London's

retail is located on the 20% most accessible

accessible

streets how has that happened well the

retailers haven't done a space syntax

analysis um I wish they all would but

they haven't uh historically the grid of

the city has organized the flow of

people the retailers have identified the

hotspots and gone to them uh some of

them have speculated like Selfridge on

Oxford Street who was the first major

developer of selfes uh department store

on Oxford Street but he was picking up

on the fact that Oxford Street was becoming

becoming

as London evolved the single most

important spatial Connection in the city

it didn't used to be but the space of

the city was being transformed

historically and the retail went with

it um we find exactly the same

relationship between land use and space

in recent cities that have grown up

without the intervention of planners um

I realize I'm sort of in the Lion's Den

here um we find it much less in planned

cities that haven't had time to

historically evolve I'm not thinking of

this one by the way before anybody goes

there this is a slum this is a slum in

jeda Saudi Arabia there's a almost

direct correspondence between the retail

in red on the left and the spatial

access pattern on the right the Traders

know how to read space to locate their

shops and in cities that have been

planned but had time to evolve

historically like Brazilia is a great

example uh shopkeepers in Brazilia

knocked out the back of their shops to

trade from when they realized that's

where the pedestrians were they weren't

on the streets in front of the shops

where the plan had put them had put the

shop fronts um because the planning had

got The Pedestrian movement pattern

wrong people speak with their feet and

the shopkeepers knocked out as I

mentioned earlier criminals exploit

space uh this is an analysis of house

break-ins in Australia and um it's a

it's a long and involved and actually

very complicated aspect of of our work

but there are very direct correlations

between spatial

accessibility uh the orientation of

buildings the degree to which houses can

see other houses from their front doors

and the pattern of crime consistently

not just in Australia not just in the UK

but in the other places where we've

looked at this and so we um work with

authorities to try and prevent that

um and my penultimate key Discovery uh

space organizes the carbon footprint of

the city I mean take this kind of very typical

typical

Suburban uh layout it's not just

American it's all over the world uh uh

makes it incredibly inefficient in terms

of movement you have to drive everywhere

or you have to walk very long distances

uh chances are you drive so um we're

trying to prevent this in in our work

and retrofit it where it happens but

finally the really really important one

is to connect all of this to money uh

which is what this slide's saying and

again times against us but um over the

last few years in London we've been

participating in a study working with

Property Consultants local authorities

to look at house value uh the quality of

Street the the total income of town

centers in London total retail income

and finding and crime patterns and

finding consistent correlations between

where people are spending the money how

much they're spending how much houses

are being bought and sold for where the

crimes occurring and this layout of

space uh space is is this fundamental

piece of infrastructure in the city it

costs a lot of money to provide a new

spatial connection and it will have a

functional impact the key thing for

planners is to make sure that when we

provide this new infrastructure we get

the right

impact um unfortunately we've got too

much of the wrong impact on the right

this form of Highway fast Street on the

right this is again jeda Saudi Arabia

pervades the urban record globally it's

one of the most unfortunate exports of

the uh

UK um and US transport planning

professions uh it's divided our cities

it's severed communities and it's

diminished Real Estate Value so however

you want to look at it it's bad news for

cities um I've been pretty shocked in my

time here in the state seeing degree to

which cities have been SE severed by

highways um I hadn't quite realized that

it's been very sobering um but I've seen

it in other places and it's still

happening it's still the default of um

of the professional

um uh Global Consulting companies it's a

world away from the shaniz on the left

where you have high traffic flow High

pedestrian flow uh pretty decent

landscape value uh great real estate

value and great cultural value and those

are the sorts of streets that I think

are are more in the future of cities

than the ones on the right which are

really about uh the the death of the

city um let me turn to some projects and

show you how we take these principles

this learning This research the science

and act in practice at a whole series of

different scales to intervene with the

city because um about the only thing I

think that you can guarantee in cities

is that they change cities are

continuously changing they're never

sealed um however historic however and

I'll show you travala square first off

the The most significant historic space

in the United Kingdom and I want to go

through the scale from public spaces

through Bridges uh to look at Urban grid

blocks and areas up to the scale of the

entire city and treat each one as a as a

intervention um before you do that it's worth

worth

recognizing uh that every city has its

own unique spatial

signature uh its own unique spatial DNA

this is the look before you leap moment

that all of those principles I've laid

out have to be taken um according to the

flavor of each City you've got to you

got to take the Pulse of each City

analytically before you before you act

uh right at the end I'm going to show an

image of of Washington DC highly

speculative but um just so you know it's

coming I'll just mention that now

um here's London uh uh quick definition

of London uh great

radials um I'll say no more but London

you've got great great radials uh Legacy

of the Roman uh uh engineering program

connecting the capital to uh the empire

in each Direction Roman

Empire and pervading London's becoming

London's High streets

today uh Beijing you've got great

orbitals great

ring circulation uh weak radials strong

orbitals London strong radials weak

orbitals Tokyo strong radials strong

orbitals um so what well London is

really concentrated in its economic

activity on the center the West End and

the city of London that's where all the

principal productive economic energy of

the city is um Tokyo and and those

radials really make it hard for anywhere

but the center to be important

relatively Tokyo has strong radials but

it keeps looping the radials together

with orbitals and that distributes the

heat of the city in a completely

different way and if anybody here knows

Tokyo Tokyo is a poly focal City it has

many important centers not just one and

a different sort of social economic

uh uh profile as a

result and somewhere like s Paulo well I

I don't have a a glib def for it in

terms of um radials and orbitals not

least because it's growing so quickly

and what's what the center one decade

may not be the big Center the next

decade because the city has moved and

this is a real challenge in developing

cities uh worldwide for the real estate

Community to anticipate where's going to

be the next hotspot and these sorts of

models are being used as I'll show you

in jeda in a moment to do exactly that

um we can have fun with space um we can

we can speculate before we commit we can

sketch in space and say well let's just

take this former Railway yard site in

central London uh which is now uh mostly

redundant and leaving a big empty hole

in the fabric of the city and say well

what if what if we added a grid in

where's the heat of the city going to be

or where's the heat of that development

going to be where should we put the

shops are they going be some quiet

streets because we want somewhere the

kids can play um is there going to be

enough heat that we can put all the land

use in that's going to create the

development value that we need to get

the return on our

investment well let's test it um oh no

uh actually uh this development has no

heat why because although it's an

efficient grid locally it's not creating

connectivity globally it doesn't have

Edge to Center connections that will

bring people to and through it it won't

bring the essential passing trade that

makes centers work in

cities so let's go back to the drawing

board before we build it and try another

one and grow a design by teasing

together the lines of movement that go

towards the site and I'm thinking

pedestrian cycling vehicle movement I'm

thinking all modes when I say this um

let's try it wow that's different that's

a lot of heat that's maybe too much heat

um that's competing with other

established Centers do we want that

maybe we do maybe we don't but let's

have a planning discussion according to

the nature of the brief that we've set

for ourselves and if this is too much

let's go back a little bit let's break

up those connections let's dislocate the

grid a little bit lose one or two of

them or move them around that's design

that's Urban Design that's the point

where you can have a intelligent

conversation with the design team and

say we want you to move this a little

bit because of x y and Zed functional

outcomes and this is what we did at

travala Square in London um as Marcel

mentioned this was a competition that um

Was Won by Norman Foster and we assisted

and trala square um is is the principal

public space in London and therefore in

the United Kingdom or let's let's leave

it at England and um uh before it was

redesigned it looked like this um

although you and me originally as

tourists may have wandered around draaga

Square the reality was in 1996

most of that square was empty most of

the time um the National Gallery of Art

is in the background the square is in

the foreground there's a three there's

probably about a four uh

12T grade separation between uh the

upper and lower parts that's really

important because if you know trafala

Square now there's a huge staircase here

which is the punch line of this

presentation I want to show you why that

staircase was put there um at the

competition stage this was the really

key trigger to the design it was the

main piece of our

presentation uh it was an analysis of

how people were using the square before

and we were the only team to have done

this to have taken the care to study how

the place was working before we leapt in

and proposed changing it and we followed

300 people wearing business suits

because there were no suits in traga

square there were no londoners and there

was a perception among the client that

this was was wrong really good

perception the client was the national

and the uh local governance as well as

lots of key stakeholders this a really

tough place to you know move anything an

inch uh everybody's looking at it and we

also looked at pedestrians crossing the

road not using The Pedestrian Crossings

those are the green lines uh we looked

at them all getting onto this traffic

Island and not all getting off

and and speculated where did they end up

well many of them turn around um and

what we found was they were doing that

as tourists to get their MacBooks out

and their cameras out and photographed

down the radial connections that

uniquely intersect at that part of the

square wow we hadn't noticed that that

was something new that the brief hadn't

set out and so we proposed that we we

might do something with that perhaps we

should pedestrianized this bit as well

as the brief had set out pedestrianized

that part take the traffic out of the

gyratory that was one way in the Square

at the time we said well maybe but we

definitely think we should do something

about that and that was a provocation

back to the client that I think got the

client interested in us as a team and we

found two of those suits walk the square

and that really helped to define the

problem um when we built a computer

model of the

square uh spatial graph computer model

no input of The Pedestrian movement but

a really close proxy to those observed

patterns we were able to diagnose that

what the London suits are doing is find

the simplest the path of least

resistance around the edge of the square

the spatial track of least of least

depth uh around the square by contrast

these the the staircases that were there

in the corner of the square were

convoluted you had to dog leg your way

to go down them and that gave us a

design uh provocation it said let's

change those staircases and we we

proposed making diagonal staircases here

and the historic preservation people

said absolutely no way said okay um well

what about a new staircase and That Was

Then the the proposal to say well let's

go away from the situation on the left

let's create the situation on the right

draw people down a new staircase through

the middle of the square and create this

crisscross through the heart of the

square that would bring people in we

modeled that and demonstrated all that

the early design pre-planning stage uh

the benefits of doing so we worked with

the computer graphics people to put the

right number of kids with balloons into

the image based on The Pedestrian

forecasts that we that we' done and uh

and the other thing that you could just

maybe pick out there is we said we think

people are going to sit on these steps

because they'll be a natural Gathering

Place and then planning took an awful

long time this is grade one listed

highest level of historic preservation

of um of any site um so should take a

long time get it right and then we

opened on day one it looked like this

and thank goodness it was working people

were coming down the stairs uh no kids

with balloons sorry um but people

sitting people flowing on day one week

one month one and ever since and this

has been a great result in terms of

making a very significant multi-million

pound uh change to public space and and

actually it working which is not always

what happens and those spaces have

become those stairs have become a

natural Gathering point uh four people

and there are 13 times the number of

londoners using Trafalga Square as there

were before because we did the metrics

we counted before and we counted after

and that that was a the authorities that

commissioned this were then able to

justify their Investments and their

investment planning decisions against

that which then gave them leverage for

future decisions so this process is one

of observing explaining forecasting and

delivering um I'll make this

presentation available I'm conscious of

time so I'm going to keep cycling

through um and you can go back to it at

your at your leisure that's the mayor of

London this is a different project um he

was smiling because the local community

had voted 80% in favor of a fairly

radical um change to its local area um

and that change had come about through

the same sort of process of observing

and explaining I think I've got some

slides of it in a moment and building a

design on the basis of of of science um

this is the bridge that W if you if

anybody knows the Millennium bridge in

London famously wobbled um I'm very

pleased to say we put the wobble in the

bridge uh This was um only going to

happen if it was used by pedestrians it

was the volume of use which created the

oscillations um and we were able to

identify this location as being optimal

for a bridge before Norman Foster won

the competition uh to build it we we

were not working with Foster we were

working with the new take gallery that

was really concerned that this new

bridge would not work and um they

commissioned us and we found actually

yes it's a superb location it was

glowing orange on the map and we were

able by looking at other Bridges uh in

this process to to take to do

observations at all of the London

bridges in the Central Area found this

embarrassingly good correlation between

their spatial accessibility and their

levels of pedestrian use when the

numbers are that high it's a bit

embarrassing because you want them to be

slightly lower otherwise it looks like a

fix it wasn't people are reading space

as they cross Bridges in London and then

we said well let's measure the new

location uh came out with a level of 5.5

let's put it onto the regression line

and project its pedestrian movement flow

and if you go from 1,400 people per hour

at lunchtime up to annual you get

something like 4.4 million people so we

were able to say we think this bridge is

going to deliver at least 4.4 million

people um that was surprising people

thought 1 million people would use the

Bridge a year I don't know where they

got that number from but they said a

million in fact uh between 7 and 8

million people a year are now using that

bridge um at least 4.4 was our advice

building a great Art Gallery at one end

creates addition additional movement but

any development 4.4 million would be uh

the figure and um again a great result

different kind of bridge which I've put

in um just at the last minute because

I've been looking for pedestrian

Crossings in this city and not always

finding them where I wanted them to be

so I've done a lot of jaywalking and I

have I been illegal in DC is it illegal to

jwalk technically okay well I was with

lots of other people I was with lots of other

other

jaywalkers um and

um pedestrian Bridges at surface level

across roads is a big part of the the

work that we're doing and trying to find

beauty in the humble pedestrian Crossing

trying to make them object of landscape

design this is a perfect equilateral

triangle but that just happen to come

out as being the ideal um pedestrian

Crossings for this particular location

and trying to give them as much love as

um other bits of landscape design that

are often given more this actually sits

within this larger master plan as I go

up a scale um a a new system of streets

and spaces that the mayor was smiling

about earlier uh which had been built on

the basis of our analysis but also I

want to make sure everybody

appreciates speculative sketching uh the

intuition the emotion The Poetry the

subjective all of the other bits of the

design and planning process which are

non-scientific there's room for both uh

you work between a Sketchbook and a

laptop in my experience um for what it's

worth this is my sketch so I like to

work like this and I like to work with

all the colored lines as well and craft

the solution uh between the two check

out the sketch you begin to Intuit it

when you've done it for as long as I

have and then commissioned the the fancy

graphics on the basis of um what is

coming out of the initial con uh spatial

analysis ending up with some really

hard-nosed pedestrian flow forecasts

that we then sat down with the

commercial operators the retail

operators and said are these are the

sorts of pedestrian flows that you need

to let a shop in this location so that

we had both a uh an environmental as

well as a commercial strategy for the

development um I think this is my last

project before I I get to DC which is um

jeda looking at the whole of a city this

is a commission from the mayor of the

city uh to fix the sprawl the Decay and

the pollution of the city of jeda the

Gateway City to the two holy cities of

Mecca in the East and Medina in the

north jeda incredibly important Gateway

City uh for trade and and for

pilgrimage and um very long story short

um the plan is based on slowing down

those Urban motorways I showed at the

beginning to create boulevards uh we

were concerned about Pro proposing a

western idiom uh but it was welcomed uh

as being uh in keeping with the historic

character of the city uh we found by

working with the historic analysis that

the sus of the city were linear like

high streets and that the growth of the

Suk into the High Street Boulevard was

it was a natural thing to be proposing

that was working with uh um local

experts as well um this is a piece of

landscape urbanism if you want to call

it that which I normally wouldn't

because there's a great Green Park

through the middle of this and um it's

all based on reconnecting and slowing

down a city that had become severed and

underneath all of these connections is

the hard infrastructure of sewage and

freshwater uh delivery which is going in

at the same time as the greenery above

um taking the city from where it is on

the left not taking the city in the

direction that the former local plan

would have taken it which is great

tracts of blue segregated development to

the North and South you may be aware

it's still uncommon for women to drive

in jeda um it's um it's generally not

tolerated apparently it's legal but not

tolerated for women to drive so imagine

living in a specially segregated piece

of the city fragmented from the rest of

your Society community and economy um

we're trying to avoid that by creating

conditions where first of all the city

connects globally but it also as it is

on the right that heat is if you like

the healthy movement the slow speed

movement um but it also connected The

Pedestrian scale and absolutely critical

to everything I've been talking about in

terms of spatial and water

infrastructure is the green

infrastructure to create the canopy of

trees to create the shade to lower the

street temperature to create a lar

larger walking opportunity during the

year and um although we hadn't expected

it this image here was very provocative

um because a lot of the uh people that

we showed it

to um wondered if it was a historic

image um or or we recreated it from a

historic image and uh we said No it's

it's a Google Google SketchUp based on

the master plan and we just blurred it a

bit to give it a bit of character um

that's interesting they said because um

I remember when Jedi used to look like

this my grandfather we had so many

stories of my grandfather took me around

the m market and I held his hand and we

and it was a generational thing that um

probably in 10 or 20 years time people

would not be able to remember so um I

think the time frame for many of these

interventions is very short in very in

many historic cities that have been

ruined by Transportation insensitive

Transportation because uh often what's

needed as a trigger a memory of

familiarity of an alternative and and

when kids have been growing their whole

lives living in cars without the

alternative it's very hard for them then

to make decisions for the alternative

it's a huge

risk um okay to finish I I I put this

together and make of it what you will um

uh it's an idea which is

that uh on reflection most of the briefs

that I'm given by my clients are about

increasing the spatial layout efficiency

of their of their domains whether it's a

public space or the whole of a city and

um so I've put a graph together where

spatial layout efficiency is on the

horizontal axis low medium

high and the age of the settlement in

years is on a probably an exponential

scale one year 100 years or a thousand

years um which city is only a year old

well actually there's lots of slums that

are just over a couple of years old

there's lots of refugee camps which are

less than a year old so there's room

down there which I'll try and fill later on

uh and just a thought that if you take a

city like

London um and perhaps we can think about

Washington as well in a moment um I

think cities move oscillate in terms of

their spatial efficiency according to

their growth their history and it's

always this dilemma between the city

growing industrially as London did so

take London in the 16th century um it

had a very tight compact grid I've given

it high spatial efficiency this isn't

BAS B on any rigorous research it's

based on me sitting down for a couple of

hours last night okay so everything I

said earlier about rigorous academic

forget for this bit pardon and forgive

me um the industrial overcrowding um as

London became industrial industrialized

created great social and economic

problems the Jos the slums of London

that were then cleared out and replaced

by development especially public

transportation to improve the spatial

efficiency by adding public transport

that made the glob added a global

connectivity to the local then after the

second world war London spatial

efficiency was reduced by the massive

growth and massive failure of its public

housing program most public housing

built in London after the second world

war failed um it's a story which is not

particularly Well published but the fact

that those housing Estates have been

systematically demolished and replaced

and continue to do so and sometimes more

than once uh it shows just what a

problem we we have had in the past

creating public housing and in recent

years as as London's got older uh the

growth of public space projects like

trala square and the cycling uh system

which I'm sure you're familiar with uh

London's cycle uh Boris bikes I think

they're called I've been away in the

last year since it's really opened but

when I have gone back it's phenomenal

how many people are now cycling in

London that they already were in large

numbers but they're now in much larger

numbers um so cities are always trying

to get over to the right as they go up

to the top as they get

older um where would we place the world

cities right now um let me start with

slums I I I know there are different

kinds of slums some have very high

spatial efficiency and should not be

demolished because they're just

wonderful they just need to be improved

in terms of their built Fabric and

sometimes connected to the outside in

slum condition too some of them are

worthy of Demolition and replacement but

to categorize a slum as um uh should

only be demolished is is wrong and a lot

of our work is about getting our clients

to recognize that the United Kingdom

built a lot of new towns between one and

100 years ago um all almost all but one

uh operate below the national average of

economic performance massive failure of

town planning post second world war

again not popularly discussed uh where

would you put Detroit Sydney Washington

on this scale I'm not just trying to be

nice to you I genuinely believe this

this city on a global scale is acting at

the top end of the game and although you

were all trying to push it further um

this is a hugely impressive City I'm

very pleased to say um tell me I'm wrong

because I don't know all the details you

do but my impression is pretty good uh

there's geda that's it's a city that's

um well over a thousand years old um but

it's really been pushed back and its

graph would have shown it going like

that rather than London sort of

oscillating around because early mid

20th century traffic engineering kicked

in and it just went straight down the

scale um that's Bucharest the influence

of communist planning uh severing the

city Bucharest is moving probably uh in

this direction as it's reorganizing it's

public transport and pedestrian movement

Beijing Paris London I'm speculating

again um I think that's it I'd love to

take some questions and hopefully I've

provoked some thoughts on on your behalf

um oh yes uh where's The Pedestrian

Crossing um because there's obviously a

demand for it um I I'm really sorry I'm

just getting to the to the punch lines

here um here's this wonderful City and

um this is a friend of mine who wrote

his PhD thesis about 15 years ago and I

found this in the archive it's a spatial

analysis of of the capital and um I know

from all the work of all the students

I've ever taught that it's full of

mistakes um and Mark would admit that

himself but um I'll leave it up there

perhaps during the discussion because

I'm very open to uh any thoughts you

have as to whether this is telling any

kind of story about the city but um

please let's let's have some general

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คำบรรยาย YouTube:Spatial Layout Efficiency with Tim Stonor of Space Syntax