0:03 It is just so hard to be on land. Like,
0:04 we're used to it, but it is kind of
0:06 amazing that we are doing it. Out here,
0:09 it's hot. It's bright. Temperatures
0:11 swing wildly. We're constantly being
0:14 bombarded by the sun's radiation. Fish
0:15 don't have to fight gravity to stay
0:17 upright. They have buoyancy. They don't
0:20 need reinforced skeletons or tight skin
0:22 or lungs that won't dry out. Down where
0:24 it's wetter, there are no freezing
0:26 winds, no dry heat, no need to worry
0:29 about desiccating into a crispy fish
0:31 chip. Also, eggs. Eggs are a huge deal
0:33 for a lot of animals. And in the water,
0:34 you don't have to worry about them
0:37 drying out. But land, land strips all of
0:39 this away. We are here. We're used to
0:41 it. We like it this way. But for life,
0:44 life on land, in the air, under the sun.
0:47 At first, it was intolerably harsh.
0:49 Moving from water to the land is like
0:51 moving to an entirely different planet.
0:54 It's a new world out here. A whole new
0:56 world. That's a different movie. It is a
0:58 harder, much harsher world. But that
1:00 didn't stop some fish from getting
1:01 ambitious. I have recently become
1:03 obsessed with this. I think I could
1:05 write a book about this. Unfortunately,
1:07 I am already writing a book and I do not
1:08 have time. So, you get a YouTube video
1:11 instead. The things we needed to do to
1:14 get onto land are so complex that
1:16 sometimes I am amazed vertebrates ever
1:18 did it. And look, it is important to
1:19 note that for a very long time, we
1:21 didn't do it. There were vertebrates for
1:23 tens of millions of years before any of
1:24 them left the water. And then for
1:25 millions of years after that, they
1:27 remained reliant on being near the
1:29 ocean. The earliest land vertebrates,
1:31 like this guy, ate digits and lungs, but
1:34 also gills, a weak rib cage and limbs
1:36 too flimsy to support its own weight on
1:38 dry land. They were still basically
1:41 aquatic, just with legs and lungs. And
1:42 lungs, we're going to get to this, but
1:44 you would think lungs are a very big
1:45 deal. Uh, it turns out not really. I
1:47 mean, obviously you can't leave the
1:48 water without lungs, but as we will see,
1:50 that is not what held us back because
1:52 these environments are so different.
1:54 This was not a single leap from the sea
1:57 to the soil. This was an awkward climb.
2:00 Some lineages tried and failed. Most
2:01 didn't bother. And the transition only
2:03 stuck. Like we only really conquered
2:05 land when we solved a whole bunch of
2:07 problems in parallel. And we're not
2:08 going to talk about all of them, but we
2:10 are going to talk about some of them.
2:12 Each one was its own survival puzzle and
2:14 each one came with its own trade-offs.
2:16 So the question isn't how did fish make
2:17 it onto land. It's how did they
2:20 immediately not die trying? But this is
2:22 the thing about evolution. They did die
2:24 trying. They died so much. Evolution
2:26 happens when organisms die a lot. That
2:28 makes it possible for little advantages
2:30 to win out. And after doing a bunch of
2:32 research on this, you are going to be
2:34 surprised by which thing I think was
2:36 hardest because it was definitely not
2:38 the lungs and it also wasn't the legs,
2:40 though they were pretty hard. And that
2:42 is where we're going to start. So fish
2:44 fingers, not those actual fingers and
2:46 actual fish. Fish that are alive right
2:48 now in the world in the water swimming
2:49 around have fingers kind of. They're
2:51 called lobe finned fish and they're
2:53 built differently from the ones you've
2:55 probably kept in an aquarium or eaten
2:57 for dinner. Instead of thin, flexible
2:59 rays like trout or tuna, their fins are
3:01 thick, fleshy stocks, little muscular
3:03 limbs with robust bones inside. And
3:06 these bones are arranged in a
3:08 suspiciously familiar pattern. That's
3:10 right. You can actually identify the
3:12 radius and ulna of these fish. You could
3:13 see metatarscils. You could see some
3:15 digits. And this isn't just like, well,
3:16 that looks familiar. We actually have
3:18 direct fossil evidence of these bones
3:21 moving from lobefinned fishes through
3:23 time into terrestrial fish-like things
3:25 like tictalic that were pushing
3:26 themselves around on the ground. These
3:27 are animals that were definitely
3:29 spending some amount of their lives
3:30 outside of the water. Now,
3:33 interestingly, ray fish also have made
3:35 some headway into getting onto land, but
3:36 not particularly successfully.
3:38 Mudskippers are perhaps my third
3:41 favorite fish. They are not loed, but
3:42 they can get around on land. They are
3:44 rayfinned fish, which along with the
3:46 loed fininned fish is the other kind of
3:48 bony fish. Mudskippers do actually prop
3:50 themselves up on their little ray fins
3:52 and they push themselves around with
3:53 their little tails. But lacking robust
3:55 bones in their fins, they never really
3:58 ventured much farther from the water.
4:00 They did however evolve some very
4:01 familiar tricks for staying out of the
4:03 water for a long time, but you'll have
4:05 to wait until the eyes section for that.
4:07 Right now, we are talking about limbs.
4:09 These fleshy fins with big bones were
4:11 vital for getting on land, but they
4:13 appeared to have been a drawback since
4:15 there are now only three lineages of
4:17 lobefinned fish. The celicants, the
4:19 lungfish, and a fairly successful
4:22 lineage of all land vertebrates, the
4:24 tetropods, or as I like to call them,
4:27 landfish. You, me, eagles, dinosaurs,
4:29 landfish. This is where the fish don't
4:31 exist science fact came from. If you try
4:32 to create one taxonomic group that
4:34 includes all of the fish, you
4:36 necessarily have to include all of the
4:38 terrestrial vertebrates. Celicants now
4:40 live quite deep. They go nowhere near
4:41 the land, but they evolved from fish
4:43 that spent some of their time on land,
4:45 which is why they evolved those bony
4:47 fins both in the front and the back.
4:49 Limbs were very important. I guess you
4:52 know why, but because of gravity, which
4:54 is a terror. And fish in the water don't
4:56 have to worry about gravity because of
4:58 buoyancy. They can just get as big as
4:59 they want, which is very nice for them.
5:01 So, a secret. We're talking about fish
5:03 moving onto the land in this video, but
5:05 a lot of what we're actually talking
5:07 about is neofunctionalization.
5:09 This is where some old structure or a
5:11 protein or gene in an organism is
5:13 adapted for a new function. I have just
5:14 said the word neofunctionalization too
5:16 many times and now I feel like I need to
5:17 figure out what the root of that word is
5:19 cuz I would think it would be function.
5:21 But shun makes me think that the root is
5:23 funk. So now I need to look that up from
5:26 the nominative Latin funio performance
5:30 on execution noun of action form fund.
5:33 Funct past participle stem of fungi not
5:35 related by the way to the fungus from
5:38 the protoindo-uropean bung to be of use
5:40 or be used and curiosity satisfied. Back
5:42 to the video. Neofunctionalizing the
5:44 loed fins into legs was very hard. The
5:47 bones had to get thick. Lots of muscle
5:48 attachments needed to evolve. It had to
5:50 happen on both the front fins and the
5:52 back. But all of this kind of makes
5:54 sense. You can see the bones and what
5:56 they turned into. Now, let me hit you
5:58 with a harder one. Eyes. So, eyes very
6:00 useful. And it is amazing that we have a
6:03 literal evolved lens in our eyes. And
6:04 look, since we're talking about
6:07 neofunctionalization, the genes that
6:08 coded for the proteins that
6:11 neofunctionalized into the vertebrate
6:13 eye lens are descended from genes that
6:15 coded for proteins called alpha
6:17 crystallins. Did alpha crystallins
6:18 initially evolve to become these
6:21 transparent eyeens proteins? No, the
6:23 eyeens proteins neofunctionalized from
6:25 proteins that help other proteins not
6:27 come unraveled when they get put under
6:29 stress from heat or UV light. So they're
6:31 basically like heat stress protection
6:33 proteins, which has nothing to do with
6:35 eye lenses. We still have these in our
6:37 bodies now, but if you stack them, it
6:38 turns out they're transparent and so
6:40 they got neofunctionalized into lens
6:42 proteins. But more important for this
6:44 story, they did that in such a way that
6:46 bent light basically the same amount as
6:48 water. So when light went from water
6:49 into the eye, that light kept going
6:51 basically straight. But air, air is a
6:53 whole new optical game. It bends light
6:56 less than water. And fish eyes evolved
6:58 to see in water. Fish eyes can't see out
7:00 of the water, just like we can't see in
7:01 the water. The fact that your vision
7:02 gets blurry in water is not because it's
7:04 like putting pressure on your eyes or
7:05 something. It is actually because the
7:08 light bends when it moves from the water
7:09 into your eye. And it bends in a way
7:11 that your eyes are not set up for. So to
7:13 fix the fact that fish couldn't see well
7:15 on land, early land vertebrates had to
7:17 rework the physics of their eyeballs.
7:18 And it turns out that easier than
7:20 changing the refractive index of the
7:23 lens was curving the cornea. So our
7:25 lenses actually are still evolved to see
7:27 in water, but the shape of the eye has
7:29 changed to compensate for that. We also
7:31 developed muscles that squeeze and shape
7:32 the lens. Fish eyes actually focus by
7:34 moving the entire lens forward and
7:36 backward like a camera lens. While
7:38 landfish, like us, squeeze and stretch
7:39 the lens with tiny muscles. We basically
7:42 had to reinvent autofocus. Also, fun
7:44 bonus fact. Air dries things out, but
7:46 your eyes need to be wet. So now you
7:48 need eyelids and tear glands and
7:50 drainage systems for your eyeballs and
7:52 pigmentation to protect your retinas
7:54 from solar radiation. You know, just a
7:56 whole new category of problems. So yeah,
7:58 fins into legs was hard, but turning
8:00 underwater cameras into air adapted
8:02 self-lubricating solar shielded
8:04 shape-shifting binoculars in my opinion
8:06 harder. Also, you know who else
8:08 independently evolved eyelid like
8:10 things? Mudsk skippers. Which is, I
8:12 think, why I like them so much. They
8:14 just look a little more like interesting
8:16 and alive when they can close their
8:17 eyes. But, of course, they did this in a
8:18 totally different way that
8:20 neofunctionalized different parts of
8:22 their body. Mudskipper eyes blink by
8:24 pulling the eye down into the body and
8:26 having a flap of skin that automatically
8:28 covers them when that happens. So,
8:29 there's way more here and I would really
8:30 love to talk about it, but this is a
8:32 YouTube video and not a book. And as
8:34 much as I would love to write this book,
8:35 I don't think it would be particularly
8:37 easy to get people to buy it. So, I'm
8:39 not going to do hearing or eggs or sex
8:42 or heat or protection from UV radiation.
8:44 All of which are definitely interesting.
8:45 And the last one's going to be lungs.
8:46 We're going to get to lungs and it's
8:47 going to be interesting and you're going
8:49 to love it. But the next one, the next
8:51 one is actually, I think, both the most
8:54 interesting and the most difficult of
8:56 all of the evolutions that had to happen
8:58 for us to take on the land. And I don't
8:59 know, perhaps people won't want a book,
9:01 but maybe they will want a shirt. So, I
9:02 didn't actually talk about this when I
9:04 was recording the video, which is the
9:05 kind of mistake I would make. But, I
9:07 commissioned an artist to make a shirt
9:09 featuring a bunch of fish going about
9:10 their daily business being like doctors
9:13 and vacationers and crossing guards and
9:15 business people. And I didn't record
9:16 that during the video. So, here I am
9:18 recording this right before I upload
9:20 from my brother's guest room. But only
9:21 for the next two weeks. After years of
9:23 owning a merch company, I know how to do
9:24 this. You can order the shirt for two
9:25 weeks. At the end of those two weeks, we
9:26 close orders and then we print that
9:28 exact amount. That way, we don't print
9:30 too few and we don't print too many and
9:31 there's no waste. However, this does
9:32 mean that it will not be available after
9:34 the pre-order window is over. Okay, and
9:35 now you know that it's time to go back
9:37 and explain these words and also the
9:38 part of this story that I am most
9:40 excited about. Harder than seeing or
9:43 breathing or defying gravity. Land is
9:47 dry. It is so dry. And life, as everyone
9:49 knows, is wet. The fundamental solvent
9:52 of all living chemistry starts
9:53 evaporating the moment you step out of
9:56 the water. And life needs it. Every cell
9:58 in your body is basically a squishy
10:00 little aquarium full of the ocean we
10:02 originally evolved in. But if there's
10:04 water on one side and air on the other,
10:06 the natural equilibrium is going to push
10:08 toward the same amount of water inside
10:10 and outside. And that means instant
10:12 death on land. You don't just need to
10:15 drink water. You have to hold on to it
10:17 constantly. As landfish moved away from
10:19 the water, their entire existence became
10:21 a game of minimizing leaks and
10:24 evaporation. This is a massive problem
10:25 because remember, evolution doesn't
10:27 build new things from scratch. It
10:29 remodels. Your ancestors weren't blank
10:31 slates crawling out onto the beach. They
10:33 were fish covered in scale and skin
10:36 designed to let water flow through it,
10:38 gasping in an atmosphere that evaporated
10:41 their bodies one molecule at a time.
10:43 Life couldn't happen without water. So,
10:45 our ancestors had to somehow carry the
10:47 ocean with them out of the water and
10:49 onto the land. As the shirt says, we
10:52 never left the water. So, how do you do
10:53 that? Well, if you need to carry the
10:55 ocean out of the water with you, you
10:57 have to make your skin waterproof. You
10:58 have to build yourself into a water
11:00 balloon. And nothing in the biochemical
11:03 arsenal of fish was up to this task. But
11:05 there is a protein-based structure that
11:08 all land vertebrates have. All of us,
11:11 frogs, birds, snakes, people. And no
11:13 fish have it. This is by my account
11:16 actually the most important evolutionary
11:18 adaptation that allowed fish to take
11:20 over the land. It is the adaptation that
11:22 made it possible for us to carry the
11:25 ocean out of the ocean. Caratinized
11:28 skin. This is keratin, a tough fibrous
11:30 protein stuffed into the outermost layer
11:32 of skin where the cells are already dead
11:35 and sealed shut. It along with collagen
11:36 and some other structures forms a
11:39 flexible armor against evaporation. It's
11:42 waterproofish, microbresistant,
11:44 flexible, and surprisingly expendable.
11:46 And when I found out about this, I
11:48 assumed that keratin would have evolved
11:50 from some other structural protein like
11:52 collagen. But collagen could not do this
11:54 on its own. It's too squishy. It's too
11:55 porous. It's not strong enough.
11:57 Apparently, there was no path to
12:00 neofunctionalize collagen into something
12:02 as strong as keratin. But fish also have
12:05 bone, but that is too stiff. And if you
12:06 just make bone plates, the spaces
12:08 between the plates would lose too much
12:10 water. We needed something that was
12:12 flexible and stretchy and that was tough
12:15 and waterproof. We had to invent an
12:17 entirely new structural system seemingly
12:19 from scratch. And this was a huge
12:21 mystery for a while. Collagen and
12:22 keratin are just too different to be
12:24 coded for by related genes. So, we knew
12:27 that it wasn't that. What we found blew
12:30 my mind. Fish actually do kind of have
12:32 keratin, but it has a very specific
12:34 purpose that has nothing to do with the
12:37 skin and hair and nails that we use it
12:38 for. Fish scales are not made out of
12:40 keratin, but there is keratin in their
12:43 bodies somewhere. Their cells have it in
12:45 long strands that build the internal
12:47 structure of their cells. It's part of
12:49 the stuff that gives cells their shape
12:51 and their mechanical strength. Our cells
12:53 have this cell skeleton keratin inside
12:56 of them too. Doing this, these keratens
12:58 are a vital part of cellular structure.
13:00 But when fish needed to take over the
13:02 land, a weird new function evolved. Fish
13:04 whose skin cells had more keratin in the
13:07 cell could carry more water around,
13:08 evaporating less. Eventually, that
13:10 evolved into an even more structural
13:12 function where the cells would fill
13:14 almost entirely with keratin and then
13:16 release all of their water into the
13:18 body, sticking together along with some
13:20 collagen binding proteins to form this
13:24 tough, thick, but still flexible skin.
13:26 Keratinized skin is, in my opinion, the
13:28 most important adaptation that allowed
13:30 fish to conquer land. Evolution took the
13:32 initial cellular scaffolding and started
13:34 plastering it onto the surface of the
13:36 organism. That's neofunctionalization
13:38 again. Your inner support beams
13:41 repurposed into outer armor. I love this
13:42 so much. And once keratin started being
13:44 used in this way, evolution just went
13:46 nuts with it. Scales, claws, beaks,
13:49 feathers, horns, hair, foot pads, little
13:51 toe beans. If it's solid and it came out
13:52 of the skin, it's probably keratin. And
13:54 the best part, even frogs have it. Just
13:56 enough to keep them from leaking, but
13:58 not enough to stop some air exchange
14:00 through the skin. Amphibians usually
14:02 don't have lungs or skin good enough to
14:04 handle land on its own. They make it
14:06 work with a thin leaky compromise that
14:08 they periodically shed and consume.
14:09 That's not really related to anything in
14:11 this episode, but it's a good fact cuz
14:13 you know, life sometimes means recycling
14:15 your own raincoat by putting it inside
14:17 of you and turning it into fuel. Now, I
14:18 need you to know that this is not an
14:20 exhaustive list. There are a bunch of
14:22 things that I know and I'm not telling
14:23 you. And also, I'm sure stuff that I
14:25 don't know about this transition and the
14:27 physical, genetic, and biochemical leaps
14:29 required. But this video is already
14:30 getting quite long. But I feel like it
14:32 would be a real problem if I did not
14:33 bring up lungs. But the thing I didn't
14:35 realize about lungs until I started
14:36 researching this is that they didn't
14:38 initially evolve to help with the
14:41 transition to land. Lungs evolve as
14:44 early as 420 million years ago in the
14:48 ancestor of all bony fish. This blew my
14:50 mind. But this makes a ton of sense. It
14:52 takes time for oxygen to diffuse into
14:54 water. There's way more oxygen in the
14:55 air than there is in the water. And
14:57 sometimes, especially in muddy, shallow
14:59 areas, all the oxygen in the water can
15:01 get used up. If you're a fish, living in
15:03 that muck, having a little air sack that
15:06 lets you gulp atmospheric oxygen is a
15:08 massive survival advantage. But you can
15:10 still ask, what structure was
15:12 neofunctionalized to form the lungs, and
15:14 it's just the gut. It's the digestive
15:16 system. Crazy thing, this actually works
15:18 a little bit for people right now. In
15:20 certain very strange circumstances when
15:22 ventilating the lungs isn't possible,
15:23 scientists have investigated whether
15:26 filling the rectum with oxygen could
15:28 help keep a patient alive. Just
15:31 oxygenating some wet internal tissue
15:32 that has lots of blood vessels can
15:34 result in some gas exchange that could
15:36 help keep a person alive. But our
15:38 ancestors didn't do this through the
15:39 rear end. They did this through the
15:41 mouth and into the gut. Which is why to
15:43 this day we breathe and eat out of the
15:44 same hole. Even though this does
15:46 sometimes cause problems, even with
15:49 basically zero change, gulping some air
15:50 into the gut would result in some small
15:52 amount of extra oxygen in a fish's
15:54 blood. This is why I say this wasn't
15:55 actually that big of a deal. It's
15:57 evolutionarily very obvious and a small
15:59 increase in function leads to a large
16:00 survival advantage. So, you would expect
16:02 to see it, which is why it happens so
16:05 early and so many times, which we will
16:07 get to in a moment. That air sack off
16:09 the digestive system is the proto lung.
16:12 just pouches branching off the gut with
16:14 enough blood vessels to absorb oxygen
16:15 from the air. But the weirdest thing
16:17 possibly in this whole video is that
16:18 obviously lots of fishes don't need
16:20 lungs. But it turns out to be super
16:22 useful to have a pouch of air inside of
16:24 them for controlling their buoyancy,
16:26 which is why they have swim bladders.
16:27 And if you had asked me a couple of
16:28 months ago, I would have definitely
16:30 said, "Well, lungs must be a
16:32 neofunctionalized swim bladder." Swim
16:34 bladders are things that water fish
16:36 have, and lungs are things that landfish
16:38 have. and water fish came first. So,
16:40 swim bladders must have come first. But
16:42 no, y'all, swim bladders are
16:44 neofunctionalized lungs. I don't know if
16:46 this is as cool to you as it is to me,
16:48 but I literally ran to my wife when I
16:50 found out about this. But then fish that
16:52 had lost their lungs, sometimes turning
16:54 them into swim bladders, occasionally
16:57 would need lungs again, which is why air
16:59 breathing in fish has evolved like
17:01 dozens of times. There are many
17:02 different ways that they do it. Catfish
17:04 have a gut pouch that isn't related to
17:06 the original lungs. Mud skippers can
17:08 trap air in their gill areas and have
17:10 special muscles that stop their gills
17:12 from collapsing in air. Betta fish have
17:15 a special high surface area pouch that
17:17 branches off from the interior of the
17:18 gill that fills with air. But the lungs
17:21 that we breathe into are based on the
17:23 same lung structure that evolved in the
17:26 original bony fish more than 400 million
17:28 years ago. Lungs were around for so long
17:30 before vertebrates got on land that even
17:31 though I think most people would
17:33 consider them the number one thing fish
17:34 would need, I'd actually put it pretty
17:37 much last on the list cuz it wasn't just
17:39 evolutionarily inevitable. There have
17:40 been fish with lungs for as long as
17:42 there have been fish with bones. Oh,
17:44 also this is why sharks don't have swim
17:46 bladders because swim bladders evolved
17:48 from lungs and lungs evolved in bony
17:50 fish and sharks aren't bony fish and
17:52 only fish with lung ancestors have swim
17:54 bladders today. The reason I got
17:55 obsessed with this is that there's
17:56 something really beautiful behind this
17:58 quirky little science fact that either
18:00 people are fish or fish don't exist.
18:02 Like if you're in sciency spaces, fish
18:04 don't exist is one of the best little
18:05 fun little science facts. It's just
18:06 three words long and it sounds really
18:07 fake, but it turns out that it's
18:09 basically true. And there are ways in
18:11 which this fact isn't even true. Like if
18:13 you instead of looking at ancestry, you
18:15 look at physiology or lifestyle. Fish
18:17 are just aquatic vertebrates. Though
18:18 people are generally pretty big
18:20 sticklers about whales not being fish.
18:22 So, like if whales aren't fish, then
18:24 fish don't exist. That's my opinion. You
18:25 could complexify the physiological
18:27 definition of fish and say that they
18:29 can't breathe air, but that doesn't work
18:30 cuz there's lots of air breathing fish.
18:32 I say, and I'm sorry for getting into
18:33 this. I could do a whole video on it.
18:34 Doesn't really belong in this
18:36 conversation. I think whales are
18:37 definitely fish. They're either fish
18:39 because we're using a physiological
18:41 definition, in which case, whales are
18:43 aquatic vertebrates, or they're fish
18:44 because we're using a taxonomic
18:46 definition that's based on ancestry, and
18:48 they, like us, are evolved from fish.
18:49 And so I'm comfortable saying that if
18:51 whales aren't fish, then yeah, fish
18:53 don't exist. But that's not my point.
18:54 That's not the thing that's like filling
18:57 me with this excitement of knowledge
18:59 right now. My point is that there's this
19:01 cute little fact that because we are
19:02 more closely related to bass than bass
19:04 are to sharks. Then the reality is that
19:06 humans and dinosaurs and frogs and
19:08 eagles are all just super weird fish
19:11 covered in keratin and sucking air into
19:12 their lungs. But there's something
19:14 really big there that every one of those
19:17 species and every one of us originated
19:19 in the ocean. And we can see that not
19:21 just in the salty water we lock inside
19:24 of our bodies to carry around our entire
19:26 lives, but also in our physiology, in
19:28 our eye lens that has the wrong
19:30 refractive index, in our lungs that
19:32 branch off from our digestive system,
19:35 and in our skin built out of a protein
19:37 that originally evolved not to hold
19:39 together a body, but to hold together a
19:40 cell. If you see this whole story the
19:42 way it really is, you realize that fish
19:45 don't exist isn't the fact. The fact is
19:47 you are a fish and you never really left
19:50 the water. You carry the ocean with you
19:52 everywhere you go. Physically in
19:54 yourselves, but also ancestrally in your
19:57 genes and your physiology. I am obsessed
19:59 with this and I hope that you are too.
20:01 We never left the water. Also, if you
20:03 have questions about any of this or
20:04 corrections or things you'd like to
20:06 argue with me about, please leave them
20:07 in the comment. I'll make a follow-up
20:09 video. And also because this was such an
20:11 information dense episode, I do actually
20:12 have references for this one. That's all
20:14 in the description. Again, the shirt
20:16 designed by Matias Ball is available for
20:18 the next two weeks. You order it during
20:20 the pre-order window, we close it down,
20:21 we have all the orders, we know exactly
20:22 how many we have to ship and there's no
20:24 waste. It looks really good and it is
20:26 cozy and it tells this story that I have
20:28 become so obsessed with. And I really do
20:29 honestly love that I get to commission
20:32 artists to make things that I want there
20:34 to be in the world. So check it out.
20:35 There is of course a link in the description.
