Pharmacokinetics describes how the body handles drugs, covering absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), which collectively determine a drug's effectiveness and duration of action. Understanding these processes is crucial for optimizing drug therapy.
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pharmacokinetics is a fundamental aspect
of pharmacology that focuses on the
movement of drugs within the body
encompassing various processes such as
absorption distribution metabolism and
excretion these processes collectively
determine how a drug is absorbed
distributed to tissues metabolized and
eventually eliminated from the body
absorption drug absorption is a critical
pharmacokinetic parameter that defines
how a drug moves from its Administration
set into the
bloodstream this process is influenced
by various factors including the Drug's
physicochemical properties formulation
and root of
administration the chemical
characteristics of a drug impact its
absorption factors like solubility
molecular size and ionization State
affect how easily a drug can cross cell
membranes highly soluble drugs with
faster dissolution rates tend to be
absorbed more readily lipid Sol ability
also plays a significant role in drug
absorption the size and ionization state
of a drug molecule can also affect its
ability to cross cell membranes smaller
non-ionized molecules generally have
better absorption rates the dosage form
of a drug such as tablets capsules or
Solutions can influence absorption rates
for example Solutions generally have a
higher absorption rate compared to solid
forms like tablets different routes of
drug administ ation affect
bioavailability bioavailability is the
fraction of the active drug that enters
the bloodstream and reaches its Target
site intravenous administration provides
100% bioavailability as the drug is
directly delivered to the systemic circulation
circulation
distribution after entering the
bloodstream drugs are distributed to
various tissues in the body factors
affecting distribution include blood
profusion tissue binding and membrane
per ability perfusion is the rate of
blood flow to different tissues and it
determines the rate at which drugs are
distributed tissues with high perfusion
rates such as the heart and lungs
receive drugs more quickly than tissues
with lower perfusion rates like muscle
and fat some drugs can bind to specific
tissues which can affect their
distribution for example drugs that bind
to fatty tissues will have a larger
apparent volume of distribution the
solubility of a drug in water and lipids
also affects its
distribution hydrophilic drugs are more
soluble in water and distribute into the
extracellular fluid while lipophilic
drugs are more soluble in lipids and can
cross cell membranes more easily
metabolism drug metabolism is the
process by which the body converts drugs
into metabolites that are easier to
eliminate this process primarily occurs
in the liver but can also take place in
other organs such as the kidneys lungs
and intestinal tract
metabolism of drugs can include two
phases phase one reactions and Phase 2
reactions phase one reactions involve
oxidation reduction hydrolysis hydration or
or
isomerization which modify the drugs
chemical structure cytochrome p450
enzymes play a crucial role in Phase One
reactions Phase 2 reactions involve
conjugation where the drug or its
metabolites are combined with endogenous
molecules like glucuronic acid forming
more water soluble
metabolites some factors that can affect
metabolism includes genetic variability
age gender and disease conditions
excretion drug excretion is the final
step in the adme process which involves
removing drugs and their metabolites
from the body this process primarily
occurs in the kidneys but can also
involve other organs such as the liver
lungs and intestinal tract mechanisms of drug
drug
excretion most drugs or metabolites are
excreted by the kidneys some drugs and
their metabolites are extensively
excreted in bile other drugs can also be
excreted through the lungs sweat saliva
and breast Mill some factors that can
affect drug excretion includes kidney
failure drug interactions and some drug
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