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HIST 102 #21 - The Origins of the French Revolution

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Summary

Core Theme

The French Revolution was a complex and tumultuous period driven by deep-seated economic inequality, political disenfranchisement, and the spread of Enlightenment ideals, ultimately leading to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic.

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hello welcome back to our lecture series

for Western Civilization 102. we now

turn our attention to the French

Revolution and of course what starts it

the origins of the French Revolution

now remember of course that Louis XIV

you've learned quite a lot about Louis

XIV in previous lectures died and he

left a very young grandson by the name

of a son by the name of Louis XV okay

and of course you know Louis XV was not

his father definitely not his father and

he also doesn't inherit a very stable

France remember all the wars that Louis

XIV had had gotten France involved in

well it depleted the French Treasury

and not to mention the the monarchies

extravagant Lifestyles

peasants paying taxes a lot of the

aristocracy we're getting out of that

and it causes major discontent

now when Louis XVI comes to power this

these Louis XV and Louis XVI they're

called the old regime are they Ashan

regime and

they were not extremely popular

in France at this time

the aristocracy is trying to gain more

power you have weak monarchs during this

old regime period and

and

you also have France France had actually helped

helped

the Americans during the American Revolution

Revolution

you they didn't get involved officially

until the Battle of Saratoga which was

actually the turning point of the

American Revolution

but France had been helping the

Americans because their long-standing enemy

enemy

was Britain

and they were true enemies so obviously

the French will come on the side of the

Americans when they are fighting the

Great British Empire

this cost a lot of money as well but any

of the French soldiers that were that

had come to the North American continent

fighting in the American Revolution um

also read American papers and and read about

the American government we don't need a

monarchy in fact there were arguments

saying that a republic could work we

didn't have to have a king and so the

French are are being exposed to all this

not to mention the fact that one of the

enlightened philosophs or thinkers by

the name of Rousseau talked about what's

called popular sovereignty popular

sovereignty means the people could

decide the people could decide and the

American government that comes out of

the American Revolution we are an experiment

experiment

no one knows if it's going to work or

not but so far it's proving to work and

France also had that huge War debt it

just could not pay it at all

now Louis XVI was not very proactive in

in any effort to reform

or alleviate any suffering in France and

his wife of course was the very famous

Maria Teresa I mean I'm sorry thinking

Austria Marie Antoinette very famous

wife of Louis XVI Marie Antoinette yes

she lost her head

um as part of this French Revolution

you'll see that the American Revolution

was was never radicalized

yet we'll see the French Revolution

going down a path of radicalism and uh

we'll see of course this reign of terror

that will eventually take place during

the French Revolution with thousands of

the nobility in France dying execution

getting their heads cut off

by Mr Guillotine Louis XVI his wife Marie

Marie

Antoinette also died by the guillotine

and I want to say their son mysteriously disappeared

disappeared so

the guillotine was actually invented by

the way thinking of the guillotine it

was invented as a humanitarian gesture

because it was quicker

to execute using the guillotine as long

as you kept the blade sharp and uh you

know when you're using an ax or a sword

sometimes you may miss partly it may

take longer to die and actually a doctor

invented it and it was supposed to be a

humanitarian gesture but the French

found that it was also a very expedient

way of execution you could kill a lot of

people in a short amount of time using

the guillotine

so it seems that Louis XVI and his wife

were not

just they were isolated from reality it

didn't seem like they they were totally

aware of what was going on

you know at the worst part of the France

was suffering and The Peasants were

suffering Marie Antoinette had this

whole village built in her Gardens I

mean you know and had parties and such

not very good message to send at this time

time

also you'll probably learn about in the

upcoming lectures that Louis XVI

obviously needed money

um was we're having a problem

and so he tries to register a royal

edict for a land tax a new land tax

and he had to go before this group of

aristocracy and church members to get it approved

approved

and they said the only way that you can

get this new land tax approved is if you

go through the Estates General and

you've heard about this in previous

lectures I think Dr Price has mentioned

it how you know all these different

countries usually had an advisory body

or an assembly Britain had Parliament

Germany had the diet and of course

France has what's called the Estates General

General um

problem is the Estates General had not met

met since

since

1614. the year 1614 yes we are now in 1789.

1789.

so it's been a long time since they've

actually met

and so

there's no experience there and we're

going to have problems because it's made

up of three Estates the first estate is

made up of the clergy which is

aristocratic the second estate is made

up of the nobility

um which is hereditary and obviously

Aristocrats nobility

and the Third Estate were the elected

common people

uh you know it could be wealthy middle

classes you still had to be able to

afford to serve in this kind of body

okay not everybody could do that but

writers doctors

we had skilled Artisans shopkeepers that

made up this Third Estate and and the

major problem here is how do they vote

the Third Estate is the biggest okay

obviously the Third Estate the common

people want it to go by person each

person gets a vote they would dominate yeah

yeah

the era the aristocratic classes the

first and second estate said no we vote

by a state so Estates one and two

theoretically would always have the vote

over the Third Estate which was the

common people so this was a big big

problem leading up to the French Revolution

Revolution

so much so that the Third Estate will

end up walking out

of the meeting they will set up their

own uh it's called National Assembly and

everything disintegrates from there so

let's learn more about the origins of

the French Revolution

the French Revolution met a perfect

storm in 1789 when the French Revolution

broke out but it was brewing in the

Years leading up to it during the 18th century

century

France as a nation had grown in

population the economy had grown the

monarchy that had been built on

absolutism had been put in place by

Louis the 13th and Louis XIV now was

being ruled during the 18th century by

Louis the 15th and he would leave that

Throne to his son Louis XVI and that's

when the problems begin but in many

respects what happens leading up to that

time is what will send the French

monarchy down and the French system of government

government

into what is known as the French Revolution

Revolution

it's the people of France that will

bring the French monarchy down in the

institutions the old institutions or the

old regime down those feudal

institutions will come crashing down

very abruptly and and it will be at the

hands of the French people themselves

during the 18th century even though the

population had grown from 20 million to

26 million and the economy had grown

quite a bit during those years as well

France Got itself into debt a series of

wars that the French participated in

including the war of the Austrian

secession the Seven Years War the French

also helped out the Americans in the

American Revolutionary War those Wars

helped to put the French more and more

in debt coupled with an inadequate tax

system for France on inadequate banking

system this debt is what will help bring

the monarchy down in the dramatic change

that will take place in the French

government during the 18th century now

Louis the 15th Reigns for a very long

time he's by the by the time that Louis

XV dies in 1774. he's generally uh

unpopular uh he leaves the throne to his

son Louis XVI who's even more unpopular

uh and someone who is seen as not well

suited to be a leader and not well

suited to make decisions he's also Louis

XVI is also married to Marie Antoinette

who is not liked very much in France

because she is an Austrian Habsburg

Marie Antoinette is the daughter of

monorail Teresa of Austria and the

marriage of the king to Queen Marie

Antoinette is not very popular one of

the factors in that is the fact that

Marie Antoinette has not produced an

heir to the throne and as time goes on

that becomes a problem now it's also or

something that will be resolved

eventually but it won't matter because

the monarchy will come Crashing Down now

now

when Louis the 16th takes over the debt

problems begin to mount the

participation of the French in the

American Revolutionary War escalates the

debt and the debt in France is

short-term debt most of it is privately

held the banking system that the French

have not really adequate to transfer or

to transform that debt into more

long-term debt and

bankruptcy really is looming for the

French government now when Louis XVI

takes over in 1774 he's only 20 years

old his wife is even younger she's 17

years old and he himself feels that he's

not up to the job

he's also someone who seems to be

influenced by the last person that he

talked with or that he spoke with or

that that advised him and he seemed to

side with that particular person that's

not something that you usually equate

with leadership someone who's swayed by

the last person that they talk to but

that seemed to be the case with Louis

XVI now he does recognize that France

has this problem the

in the interest for the debt that they

have eats up about 50 percent about half

of the expenditures for France is being

eaten up just by the interest payments

on the debt

so something has to be done uh it can't

really be restructured because the

banking system is not adequate so he

needs a new source of Revenue and the

new source of Revenue has to be with the

French people now most of the French

people are taxed out but there's a group

uh specifically the clergy and the

nobility who is virtually exempt from

paying taxes they are the possible

source of revenue for the French King at

this point now cool

cool

at the same time

the nobility is not being taxed uh

they themselves realize that this might

be an opportunity for them to gain a

little bit of independence from the the

institution of the monarchy which had

developed into an absolute monarchy in

the previous Century under Louis XIII

and Louis XIV that absolutism continued

into the 18th century and that

absolutism of course was

was

established through

taking the power away from the nobility

over time and the nobility wants to

exert their Authority or their

independence from the monarchy

at the same time they see this

opportunity that okay well maybe we will

be taxed

uh but you have to do something for us

in return

now what ends up happening Louis

is finally going to be persuaded in 1788.

1788.

to call a meeting of the Estates General

now this is a pretty significant the

Estates General was a representative

body of sorts that had been sort of like

the Legislative Assembly or the

parliament for

for France but it hasn't met since 1614

the last time that it met was when Louis

the 13th took over as the king and since

absolutism was established that that

time the Estates General this

representative body that France had had

gone away

it's 1788 this is more than a century

and a half later

Louis is being told to call the estate's

General back which hadn't met again in

over 150 years and so he calls for an

election to take place for the Estates

General now the people in France are are

happy about this they they see an

opportunity for themselves to be

represented uh in the French government

something that they hadn't had for

almost two centuries and they go about a

process of electing members

representatives to serve in this Estates General

General

the early the Early part of 1789 is when

the elections will take place and by the

time you get to May of 1789 the Estates

General will meet as an elected body at

Versailles on May 5th 1789

now traditionally

the traditional rules of the Estates

General when you go back to when they

did meet in the previous Century the

Estates General is made up of three

Estates you have the first estate which

represents the clergy or the church the

second estate which represents the

nobility and the Third Estate represents

the commoners or pretty much everybody

else if you're not a member of the

clergy or if you're not a member of the

nobility you're in the Third Estate but

you are represented in that estate now

the way that it worked with the Estates General

General

is that each house or each estate met

separately and made a decision about a

law that they might enact separately and

then they would have one vote so each

estate would have one vote in the

Estates General the clergy the nobility

and the commoners would get one vote uh

it's uh this one Estate One vote system

is the traditional way in which it was done

done now

now

when we get to 1789

the Third Estate which is by far the

largest in fact the Third Estate

represents about 97 percent of the

population of France the nobility in the

clergy represent just three percent and

they have two votes and they can always

out vote the Third Estate but when they

get to Versailles there's an immediate

debate over exactly which or exactly how

to proceed which uh which way are they

going to go with are they going to go

with the traditional way that they used

to use in the previous Century where you

had one estate that would get one vote

or would it be a vote by head in other

words that

since the Third Estate had the most

people represented 97 percent there were

more representatives in the Third Estate

when they finally met in the Estates

General at Versailles and of course the

Third Estate wants to vote by head the

other two Estates are going to want to

vote in the traditional way which means

one Estate One vote the first and second

estate wants to meet separately the

Third Estate though wants to meet as one

unit and then they all just simply vote

by head and of course that would give

you might say power or dominance to the

Third Estate

now they're going to Wrangle with this

for several weeks it comes you know they

start meeting on May 5th it goes for

several weeks and they get into June and

finally by June 17th the members of the

Third Estate just simply Proclaim

themselves to be the National Assembly

uh instead of the Estates General they

are the National Assembly for France

they are essentially the the equivalent

of parliament or the equivalent of

Congress in the United States

uh for the whole nation and they do

invite the other two Estates to join in

with them and some of the members of the

first two Estates some of the clergy and

some of the nobility do sympathize with

the Third Estate some of these people

that are in the first and the second

estate as well as many of the members of

the Third Estate had been influenced by

the enlightenment which of course was uh

centered to a large degree in Paris the

salons of Paris were the location for

the Enlightenment ideas and of course

those Enlightenment ideas included

things like Liberty and equality in

terms like the citizen and the general

will those are things in that sort of

thinking are going to influence the

delegates of the Estates General you

also have the influence of what happened

in America the participation of France

in the American Revolution and the

Declaration of Independence and the

formation just two years earlier of the

new constitution in America the

establishment of a republic which is a

government without a king and these

people are starting to think in a

completely different way than the

traditional or old ways of thinking the

enlightenment of course challenged

traditional institutions traditional

beliefs and focused on things like

reason and that influence of the

Enlightenment heavily influences members

of the Estates General so the Third

Estate proclaims themselves to be the

National Assembly some of the members of

the first and second estate join in with

them they do this on June 17 1789 at

Versailles of course Versailles is the

location of the French government it's

also the house of

Louis the 14th it's the Royal Residence

at the same time it is the seat of

government for France now

when they do this on the 17th

you know there are of course members of

the first and second estate that do not

like this the king is not someone who is

going to like this as well

they go to a meeting three days later on

June 20th 1789 at Versailles and the

meeting Hall is locked up where the

Estates General is is to meet and this

is just after they Proclaim themselves

to be the National Assembly the meeting

Hall is locked and

some of the members of the national the

newly proclaimed National Assembly begin

to look at themselves and say

they've locked us out we don't have a

place to go and they start to think are

they trying to shut us down right now

well what the National Assembly do does

the members they will go into an area

that is an indoor tennis court and it's

it's actually sort of a handball court

but they uh they're going to call it a

tennis court at Versailles and they go

on to this tennis court and they meet

there and they're all congregated there

and they on June 20th 1789 they are

going to take what's known as the Tennis

Court Oath and this National Assembly is

going to vow to meet until they form a

new constitution for France this really

is the point where the French Revolution

begins although it is associated mainly

with another event that will take place

a few weeks later that I'll get to in a

moment but when the National Assembly

vows that they're going to write a new

Constitution that transforms the

government of France that's a pretty big

deal now Louis the 16th uh

he of course is not someone is going to

want this to happen and there are

members of the nobility members of the

clergy of the other two Estates that do

not want this to happen although there

are some members of the first two

Estates that do join in in this effort

to create a new constitution

uh Louis is going to demand that they

meet separately and then he's going to

say okay well you don't have to be

separately you can meet together

um this is all taking place at

Versailles meanwhile out in the

countryside and in the city of Paris

things begin to develop this perfect

storm in in a sense begins to develop in

France coupled with the Enlightenment ideas

ideas

the debt problem that Louis has the

indecisiveness of the of the Monarch himself

himself

couples with the fact that there is a

tremendous shortage of grain and and

flour and therefore bread for the French people

people

to this day bread is a very important

part of the diet of the French a loaf of

bread and a bottle of wine it could be

lunch for someone who lives in Paris

today and it wouldn't be too dissimilar

more than 200 years ago in 1789 the

problem was there was a very big

shortage of bread and the price had

skyrocketed it was said that at this

time this was the main diet I mean the

average French person it was said ate

about two pounds of bread a day and

there was none or I should say a very

very small Supply which jacked up the

price of bread tremendously the price of

bread soared way out of the reach of

people to the tune of two-month salary

for a loaf of bread and that of course

is not something that the people are

going to be able to to deal with and you

start having a clamoring for for bread

for flour for grain bakeries are being

rated uh by the time you get to July of 19

excuse me July of 1789

and you start having a situation where

people are beginning to rise up because

of the hunger that they feel the literal

hunger that they feel and uh to some

extent there's a there's a hunger for

things like Liberty and equality that

had been uh

had been sort of the trademark of the

Enlightenment now

there was also because of what the

National Assembly had done and the

rising tensions in Paris itself

Versailles about 11 or 12 miles away

from the center of Paris uh the king

began to mobilize some of his troops uh

around Versailles bringing them from the

countryside closer to Paris itself and

because of this people in Paris began to

organize a resistance effort

basically mobs going through the streets

going through the bakeries looking for

extra food

they decided that they needed weapons

they did find some weapons thousands of

people got a hold of a storehouse of

weapons which was located in the

basement of a hospital in Paris that had

been put there by the Royal government

they needed gunpowder for the weapons so

someone said that gun powder was located

or could be found at the Royal prison

near the the same river in Paris the

Royal prison known as the Bastille which

was an old fortress this Royal prison

was an old medieval castle that served

as a symbol for uh the past in many ways

a symbol for Royal tyranny and it's

where prisoners were thrown political

prisoners as well as people that would

get into

uh conflicts with the royal family they

could be tossed into the Bastille there

weren't a whole lot of prisoners there

but it was said that there was Gunpowder

there and this mob on July 14 1789 will

enter the present or go up to the prison

and get into an immediate uh fight with

the prison guards who will easily be

overthrown uh the warden of the prison

will finally surrender to this mob

he will be executed pretty much on the

spot by the mob and his head will be

severed and paraded around Paris on a on

a pike and the mob will subsequently

begin to tear this symbol of the royal

family and the symbol of the past down

the Bastille prison Brick by Brick will

be taken down in the subsequent weeks by

this mob now Louis XVI had gone off on a

hunting trip on that day and he comes

back and he wanted to know if there was

any news of what happened in uh in Paris

that day and he was told of what

happened to what happened at the

Bastille and what happened to the warden

uh and reportedly he said is this a

revolt and his aide said no sire this is

a Revolution and the French Revolution

from a symbolic standpoint is with the

storming of the Bastille prison

and what happens with the National

Assembly back at Versailles they are

not going to

condemn the violence that had taken

place in Paris uh or the destruction of

the prison of the Bastille prison in

fact they're going to basically side

with the mob uh and so you have a

joining of the of the

the urban

masses in Paris with the events at

Versailles with the National Assembly in

the subsequent weeks

what happens is the the peasants in the

countryside begin to revolt uh against

the rule of sort of the old Noble ways

out in the countryside you're going to have

have

a Revolt that uh

that takes place throughout the

countryside and they're really this

Revolt of the peasants uh in the French

Countryside in July and August of 1789

uh in in many ways the nobility is going

to wake up and at the National Assembly

you're going to really you're going to

have an event that takes place on the

night of August 4th that really breaks

down the old feudal system that the

peasantry had risen up in the in the

last few weeks against anyway and

basically the peasants rose up against

paying their dues and taxes and minorial

fees and things like that and at the uh

the National Assembly on August the 4th

is going to Proclaim an end to the old

feudal system in France which is a this

is a a huge deal because this breaks

down the the the whole system that

France had been built on for the last

several hundred years and during that

session nobleman after noblemen would

stand up and renounce the Privileges of

the nobility and they would pass a

series of articles article one the

National Assembly hereby completely

abolishes the feudal system it decrees

that among the existing rights and dues

all those originating in or representing

real or personal serfdin or personal

servitudes shall be abolished all

Memorial courts are hereby suppress the

memorial courts are ruled by those are

court systems throughout Paris that are

ruled over by the nobility and the

clergy taxes of every description as

well as the dues have been that have

been substituted for them or hereby

abolished and another method devised to

collect taxes shall be instituted the

sale of Judiciary and municipal offices

privileges personal or real in the

payment of taxes are abolished and this

means the the personal privileges that

the nobility had at the time where they

were exempt from taxes this is being

abolished taxes shall be collected they

say from all citizens and from all

property in the same manner and in the

same form

also the peculiar privileges of the

provinces principalities districts

cities and communes or once and for all

abolished and absorbed into the law that

is common for all French lands in other

words one system in one province that is

established because of the traditions of

the local nobility that's out of the way

and we're going to have common law

throughout the land that was what they

had in England and they're During the

period of the Enlightenment you had

people like Montesquieu who lived in

England who admired the system that was

in England admired to a great extent the

relative religious freedom that they had

there and the system of government the

system of common law that they had in

England so this

this system in in France where you had

all of these different Law Courts and so forth

forth

in different ways of doing things are

going to be stripped down to a common

law all citizens without distinction of

birth and or eligibility are now allowed

to have any office

uh whether civil ecclesiastical or

military and no profession

shall be denied to that person so you're

not going to have these certain

positions within the church certain

positions within the government or or

the military that are restricted just to

certain classes of people the nobility

and so this feudal system is going to

come crashing down on the night of

August 4

1789. so in June you have the National

Assembly being proclaimed the Tennis

Court Oath June 20th the storming of the

Bastille the rise up of the peasants

throughout the provinces of France

August 4th you have the

proclamation of the new of the old

feudal system and really the class

system of abilities being destroyed now

later in that month August 26th and this

is a couple of months after the National

Assembly is proclaimed the assembly will

draft a document known as the

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the

citizen this is the Declaration to some

extent it's similar to the Declaration

of Independence that had been written

about a decade and a half before in

America it proclaims things like equal

rights and that men are born free and

equal it also proclaims certain freedoms

of religion and freedoms of speech and

and press and things like that in the

Declaration of Rights of Man now

uh it is limited by the way to to men at

this time there is a declaration of the

rights of women

and the citizen that will be drafted as

well uh

the king is not going to

sign off on

what the National Assembly had produced

on August the 4th

with the

destruction of the feudal rights or on

the Declaration of Rights of Man and the

citizen he does not sign those documents

he basically is is not signifying that

he agrees with that and so what as time

goes by as we get into September the the

situation with the bread and and the

shortage of grain and flour producing

skyrocketing costs that will

enable the the urban poor of France to

to rise up again and this is going to be

a an event that's led by the women of

France mainly I mean

if you have a situation to where you're

hungry you're starving

um you might be able to endure that at a

certain point but if you're a woman who

also has to feed her children they are

going to be even more passionate about

it than if it was just for themselves

and you have the women of Paris rising

up coming together Banning together and

then in the rain marching the 11 miles

out to Versailles

the headquarters of the French

government the residents of the king and

the Queen and of course a lot of prop a

lot of

information and to a certain degree

propaganda by the people at the time had

been circulating about the extravagant

lifestyle that the Royals had been

leading I mean Versailles is the largest

Palace in the world uh the The Gardens

of Versailles and the fountains of

Versailles and the extravagance of the

parties and the balls and the in the

ceremony all of that information was

being relayed and the fact that Marie

Antoinette was someone who spent her

time at Versailles

in this really Fairy Land World at the

palace all of this was something that

the French people in in the city when

they were hungry

began to resent a great deal and so

these women March out to Versailles of

course the women or the reason that they

go there the the the the pull is not

just that the king and the queen are

there is that they hear that there is

grain and and flower uh that are stored

up there for the use of the for the

palace in the Royals and they want

access to it there's none to be found in

in Paris and an empty stomach is going

to makes is going to motivate people uh

to take action and these women take

action uh bringing with them pikes

um you have the the famous fish ladies

uh down at the fish market uh Burly

women who had been used to carton around

large crates and scaling fish and shark

fish knives they're gonna head out there

uh they're joined by others that have

their own arms you have Lafayette who will

will

organize an armed band of citizens that

will come in after the women march to

Versailles this is in October October

the 5th and the 6th of 1789 is when this

takes place and they get there and the

guards the royal guards at Versailles

realize immediately that they're

outnumbered and they're outgunned to a

certain extent

and the royal family is in real danger

at this point and they're going to get

into the palace and guards are going to

be killed and Marie Antoinette herself

is going to uh have to Scurry from her

residence to the king's residence that

is heavily guarded more heavily guarded

than her residents and of course the the

Marie Antoinette to show how out of

touch the royal family is it was

reported that when she heard that the

people didn't have enough bread to eat

she uttered the famous well the most

famous lines that were never really

uttered by Marie Antoinette were let

them eat cake

that was propaganda something put into

uh you know attributed to Murray

Antoinette that she didn't say and of

course it does show the the out of touch

nature between uh

if you if you for the royal family uh

maybe if you didn't have bread you can

eat cake and of course the materials to

make bread and Cake would be uh would be

what happens with this is

the king and the queen and the royal family

family

will be forced to go back to Paris the

the mob basically says look you live out

here isolated in this bubble in essence

as we would refer to it today and you're

you don't really know what's going on

the people are suffering and they forced

the king and the queen to come to Paris

with them the carriage is

being uh you know the carriage brings

the king and the queen back to the

center of Paris they do have a palace

there that they get to live in uh

the teleres palace is where the king and

the queen will reside in Paris and it's

going to be a virtual prison for them as

they live in Paris because it will

they're not going to be able to really

go anywhere they're just going to have

to sit in this in Pat in this Palace in

the center of town

um and what happens from this point the

National Assembly is going to get the

ball rolling beginning to right the the

new Constitution and establishing this

really new system of government for

France this new way in which France will

operate From This Moment forward what

the National Assembly does is they

establish a constitutional monarchy what

the similar system to what they have in

Great Britain the National Assembly is

the legislative body making the laws the

king is still there as the chief

executive for the state and the symbol

for the State uh signing off on the laws

but of course the heavy presence and the

heavy pressure that he has he is going

to be forced to to go along with the

National Assembly from this point now

the National Assembly will revamp

the the institutions the old

institutions that were torn down what

they will do when they establish this

this uh new Constitution and this new

way of governing is that they will

establish 80 they basically decentralize

the government of France which of course

with an absolute monarchy had become

heavily centralized everything sort of

centralized back at Versailles they

decentralize everything to these 83

departments instead of the French

provinces being divided up by the

nobility the 83 departments will be

these 83

kind of like parishes or states that

they have in France that will have

elected officials where they were

that would run each of these 83

departments through local elections they

would make decisions on what would go on

there through representatives of the

they also reformed the tax system

to where they establish a uniform

tax collection system no one's exempt

from the taxes the judicial system is

also revamped by the National Assembly

the judicial system is taking taken out

of the hands completely of the nobility

and the clergy which had traditionally

run those court systems in a new civil

and Criminal Court

system under common law is established

with elected judges rather than judges

from the noble class or the clergy you

also have the confiscation of church

property and this is to pay off debt the

church property is going to be

confiscated and sold off to help pay off

debt the National Assembly also

dissolves all of the monasteries and

convents throughout France and then at

this point which is something that has

been done in England in two centuries

before but this is where maybe the

National Assembly goes a little bit too

far after they dissolve

the monasteries in the convents and

confiscate the church lands they then

require the clergy

to take this oath of allegiance to the

government this national state of France uh

they are going to say that the clergy is

not in the Bishops and the hierarchy of

the church is not going to be

uh selected anymore by the Roman

Catholic Church they will essentially be

elected by the people and the existing

members of the church the existing

Bishops and the clergy would be able to

keep their job if they took this oath of

allegiance to the the new French State

uh this vow and many of them half of

them roughly half the clergy aren't

going to do it almost none of the

Bishops are going to do it and what is

being established here is this civil

constitution of the clergy where all

members of the clergy are required to

take this oath and again half of them do

not do that and there's this divide that

comes down not only within the church

but within France as a whole the

Catholic church in the institution of

the church the reli the Catholic

religion was a part of the Frat fabric

of the French culture that many people

were not willing to depart with they may

have been willing to have these

tremendous changes within Society

outside of the church but not the

government demanding this action of the

church and that's going to lose some

steam for the National Assembly now this

process of writing this new Constitution

and these new rules goes forward

for the next couple of years

the king is still the king although he

is limited now instead of an absolute

monarchy you have a constitutional monarchy

monarchy

and he's forced to not when he left

Versailles with the

you know when the women go to and March

on Versailles in in October of 1789

that's the last time he sees Versailles

he's again a virtual prison prisoner

inside the palace in Paris where he

lives but he is the monarch and he is

part of the government and he

is giving his support kind of he acts

like he's going along with it but he

doesn't really believe in this whole

constitutional monarchy at all

well he is going to discredit not only

himself and his family and at the same

time he's going to discredit the new

government that is formed under the

National Assembly what he does in June

on June 20th 1791 this is two years

after the tennis court owed he

disguises himself and his family and

leaves Paris in a carriage and he tries

to escape into

out of Paris out of the bounds of Paris

hoping to possibly gain support for uh

gain support in order to form a an army

A Royal Army backing him that would be

able to go into Paris and put an end to

to all of the shenanigans that had gone

on uh but before he gets out he's

recognized by a postmaster uh so the

disguise must have not been all that

great he's recognized and then the king

and his family they're arrested and

brought back to

excuse me Paris brought back to Paris

and forced back in the palace and this

sort of discredits the whole National

Assembly because you have this

constitutional monarchy where the king

is part of it and the King acts like

he's going along with it but then he he

tries to escape and maybe form a an arm

maybe he's going to Austria where Maria

Therese is from maybe he wants the

austrians or maybe he's trying to get

the help from the prussians to to rise

up against the French people uh in favor

of the monarchy

uh he's viewed as a traitor by the

French people

and to some people

some of the more radical elements in the

French society they're starting to look

at this and say you know why do we need

a king anyway I mean what's the point of

establishing this constitutional

monarchy hey in America they don't have

a king they established a republic in

America why and of course the

enlightenment where you travel you know you

you

you basically question the traditional

institutions of you know monarchies and

why we have monarchies why is that the

system that is in place to begin with

and just because it happened to develop

doesn't mean it's the right way there's

a lot of that kind of thinking in in

France and in Paris and you have the

more radical elements of the Revolution

that begin to look at the monarchy

itself as being useless and since the

king doesn't seem to be buying into this

constitutional monarchy they certainly

aren't going to do it and so there's a

lot of pressure now on the National

Assembly is the king really on board

with this constitutional monarchy

apparently not because he tried to

escape uh tried to get out of the country

country

and so by the time you get into the fall

of 1791 there's enough pressure on the

National Assembly to where they're going

to have to call new elections for the

possibility of rewriting the

Constitution and the call for elections

does happen in the fall of 1791 and the

more radical elements or representatives

are going to be put in place now and

they are going to establish essentially

a new government for France uh under a

new body known as the National

Convention this National Convention is

put in place by this election to rewrite

and to establish a new constitution to

throw out the one that they just put in

place the one that established this

constitutional monarchy they're going to

get rid of that and establish not a

constitutional monarchy but the French

Republic and that's what happens by the

time you get to 1792. and

and

once this happens this happens to

coincide with uh

lots of rumors and uh talk in the

streets of Paris about how the austrians

and the prussians are mounting armies to

invade France and to go to war with

France to try to put down this Rebellion

uh to sort of force

the Rebellion down in order to prop up

the monarchy these rumors are swirling

throughout Paris and that plays into the

hands of the radicals

now what happens

is you do have War by the time you get

to April of 1792 you do have a war that

breaks out between France and Austria

and Prussia and things do not go well

for for France and the early going a lot

of the military generals and so forth

are members of the nobility and they had

gotten out of the country long ago and

they're not there and things

to a certain degree or with the old

system or being discredited and so forth

but uh you you see an opportunity here

because the King has been discredited

the National Convention will

end up

helping to strip the king away the title

of King away from the you know this

Republic being established essentially

does that but uh you have a mob that

will break into the palace again the

royal palace in Paris in August of 1792

and the king and the queen are going to

escape with their lives and

end up in the in the legislative

assembly and try to protect themselves

but by this point

um you you have the establishment of the

French Republic the king is out and it's

not going to be long before this radical

element of the French Revolution will

put the King on trial uh for treason and

basically it's a it's an effort to get

rid of the monarchy altogether and by

the time you get to 1793 the king will

be executed and within 9 months the

queen will be executed and you have a

period as we get into 1793 and 1794 of

this reign of terror which is an effort

to get rid of all traces of nobility in

France uh to wipe out not only the royal

family but to wipe out the aristocracy

of France the reign of terror that will

take place will be during this radical

phase of the French Revolution under the

National Convention you have the

establishment of the Committee of Public

Safety that will be led by the the

radical leader of the Jacobin club which

is the more radical group within the

French government

Maximilian Robespierre will lead the

Committee of Public Safety and the

Committee of Public Safety is the

organization that conducts the reign of

terror in 1793 in the 1794. and again

the reign of terror the goal of it is to

wipe out all enemies of the Republic now

who's an enemy of the Republic well the

nobility the noble families the

aristocracy of France must be an enemy

of the Republic because the aristocracy

doesn't fit in with a republic and

you have the invention of the guillotine

which will be called the national razor

uh the guillotine will be a more humane

way of putting people to death but it

will be used extensively and it's not

only a humane way of putting people to

death because the blade always hit its mark

mark

but it would be more efficient and the

execution process could be uh

could gather speed as it went along and

during the reign of terror people would

be gathered up

uh captured arrested in the morning

tried by noon and then executed in the

afternoon literally tens of thousands of

people will be caught up in this reign

of terror and

when the aristocracy is gone

you have other people who are going to

be viewed of in as enemies of

of the Republic and before long I mean

anybody could be accused of being an

enemy of the if you had any words

against the Republic you could be

accused of being an enemy of the

Republican there's a lot of Revenge

that's that takes place with the

Committee of Public Safety with this

reign of terror it's all being led by

Robespierre who

leads this hoping to cleanse France of

all of the elements that uh

had existed in the past and there's even

an effort at this time to

de-christianize not only get rid of the

Catholic church but get rid of

Christianity within France an effort to

renaming the Notre Dame Cathedral the

Temple of reason for example uh

at this point the French Revolution in

1793 1794 spins out of control and it's

going to take another force that will

put it back together to some extent but

that won't come along until Napoleon

Bonaparte comes along

all right well we're definitely not

not Revolution for the next few lectures

of course we will talk about the the

French Revolution we'll talk about the

Warfare the reign of terror and

eventually of course very popular figure

in a western civilization will

eventually discuss the Napoleonic Empire

as well so we have a few lectures to go

discussing specifically the French until

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HIST 102 #21 - The Origins of the French Revolution

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