0:04 so what is transcripton transcripton in
0:07 a sense is this term defines I mean this
0:12 term refers to all the RNA contents of a
0:15 cell I mean every single bit of RNA
0:17 content that is present in a cell is
0:19 termed as the
0:21 transcripton whatever RNA is present
0:26 TRNA mRNA rrna breakdown content of RNA
0:29 small degraded RNA nonfunctional part of
0:32 the RNA neutrons and all these things
0:35 those all things combined together
0:38 termed as the transcriptor of a cell you
0:41 can Define this transcriptome as a
0:44 transcriptome of a cell but that is not
0:46 completely correct because this
0:49 transcripton varies with time that is
0:51 the most interesting Factor about
0:53 transcriptome so when you are defining
0:56 transcriptome you should know it means
0:58 all the RNA content of a cell at a given
1:00 point of time
1:03 that is the exact answer for what is
1:06 transcripton now why transcriptome is
1:08 important so transcriptor means that
1:11 complete RNA content complete
1:14 complete
1:18 RNA content at a given time so it it
1:20 includes everything it includes coding
1:22 RNA like mRNA
1:24 mRNA rrna
1:26 rrna
1:28 TRNA including the non-coding part which
1:31 is introns there the non-coding parts the
1:32 the
1:36 degraded rnas and so on so all the
1:38 content of rnas are there now the most
1:40 interesting part about this
1:43 transcriptome is that it varies it is
1:46 not stagnant like genome because genome
1:49 is also uh the complete set of genome
1:50 but but the idea is slightly changed
1:53 over the time but still genome is fixed
1:55 the number of genes that are present in
1:58 our body it is fixed that we get from
2:00 our mother and father that is fixed so
2:02 everything is fixed in the genome you
2:05 should not have more than that 23 pairs
2:07 of chromosome in our body so everything
2:10 is fixed and in each cell it is fixed
2:13 same but transcripton varies from cell
2:16 to cell transcripton varies from time to
2:19 time so it is dynamic so this is
2:26 dynamic now have you ever imagined that
2:28 we have different types of cell we have
2:31 muscle cell we have bone cell we have
2:35 liver cell we have nerve cell let's say
2:36 these are the four different types of
2:38 cells completely different functions of
2:42 those cells now all those cells have
2:45 same gene content same genome content in
2:49 each cell every cell but still why one
2:52 cell help us to develop the cognitive
2:54 behavior why the other cell help us to
2:56 lift a weight but the other cell help us
3:00 to digest the food why and how they do
3:03 those things differently why they varies
3:05 if the genome is constant throughout the
3:07 cells in each and every cell of our body
3:10 The genome is the same so why those thing
3:11 thing
3:14 varies the answer for that is it it is
3:17 not about how many genes are there it's
3:18 not about what genes are there it's
3:21 about how the combination of genes are
3:24 expressed in those cells it's all about
3:26 gene expression and when you mean Gene
3:29 to be expressed we mean production of mRNA
3:30 mRNA
3:33 and whenever we talk about RNA all the
3:35 RNA content of the cell we are talking
3:38 about the transcriptome of that cell so
3:41 what is the idea why this thing happens
3:42 why liver cell is different than our
3:45 nerve cell why the bone cell is
3:47 different than our muscle cell the
3:51 answer lies in the varying transcription
3:53 of those genes in the varying expression
3:56 of those Gene in those cells that is the
3:59 answer so in this case of transcriptome
4:02 if you study transcriptome correctly
4:05 then we can find this transcriptome for
4:07 a liver cell is different than the
4:09 transcript of a muscle cell then it is
4:11 different for the transcript of our bone
4:13 cell so all those cells they have
4:16 different transcriptome at different
4:19 time point so two things are very very
4:21 important to use transcriptome as one
4:25 thing we can use it to study to compare
4:28 this complete transcript at a given time between
4:30 between
4:34 compare between
4:37 species and organisms not actually
4:39 species we can we can actually compare
4:42 it between organism if I check it at
4:44 your body and check it in my body it it
4:46 may vary in slightly so these things
4:49 happen there because transcriptome is
4:51 under control of various level it
4:53 depends on the environmental factors and
4:56 many other factors so it is much more
4:58 Dynamic much more changeable so we can
5:01 compare the transcriptome of different
5:04 organisms to see how they actually
5:07 function and which cell functions what
5:09 and how what percentage is going on
5:11 let's say if we measure the transcript
5:14 of a normal cell and of a cancer cell
5:16 we'll find some remarkable difference
5:18 and we can take that difference as a
5:22 standard to measure the molecular
5:24 condition of a cell to be malignant or
5:27 normal so we can do these things using
5:30 transcript analysis and to understand
5:31 the transcript analysis we have
5:33 different techniques developed over the
5:35 year and among those one of the great
5:39 technique is micro DNA microarray which
5:42 helps us to understand the expression
5:44 pattern of the genome and that's what we
5:47 can study so this is one way to study
5:49 compare it between organisms and also
5:52 the another interesting thing about it
5:54 let's say we have a completely different
5:57 uh organism unknown organism or unknown
5:59 cell we don't know we have a transcript
6:01 somebody don't know what kind of cell it
6:03 is what kind of function that cell have
6:06 what we can do again we can compare we
6:08 can do the transcriptor analysis for
6:12 that unknown cell and we need to check
6:14 uh that with the normal one with the
6:17 other references to find out the exact
6:18 function let's say we know the
6:21 transcripton pattern for uh the nerve
6:24 cell for 50 different organisms and then
6:27 we we take that unknown cell transcrip
6:30 to we analyze that and we need to
6:32 uh compare it with the reference the 50
6:34 reference that we have and we can find a
6:36 remarkable similarity with one or two of
6:38 those references so you can find that
6:40 yes it is more similar with uh with the
6:42 nerve cell transcripton than the bone
6:44 cell so we can tell that the
6:47 functionality of that cell is kind of
6:50 using the nerve uh cell functionality so
6:52 we can tell those things by comparing
6:54 this transcriptome with different
6:57 organisms and and also in different uh
6:59 with for the for the detection of
7:01 unknown tissue that we are dealing with
7:03 or or the function of the tissue that we
7:06 dealing with now another thing that this
7:08 transcriptome also varies with time that
7:11 I've told it also varies with time so
7:13 during the development of an organism if
7:14 you find this transcriptome if you
7:17 analyze the transcript you will see this
7:20 transcripton pattern changes a lot and
7:23 during the development it changes hugely
7:25 so you'll see the rise and fall of
7:27 different contents of RNA inside so
7:30 those things is also present there so we
7:32 can also understand the development
7:34 pattern the molecular pattern of
7:37 development using transcript analysis so
7:39 transcript analysis give us a whole new
7:42 dimension a whole new idea to study the
7:45 molecular patterns the molecular
7:48 understanding of biology so now we have
7:50 separate part of transcript analysis in
7:52 biological field and that is called as
7:54 transcriptomics which is combined with B
7:58 informatics as well as proteomics right
8:00 so these are the complete Ultra Modern
8:02 section of biological science so that's
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