0:04 [Applause]
0:21 sky gleaming towers of
0:25 Steel a bold new Urban landscape and
0:29 maybe America's greatest invention the
0:36 City we are pioneers and
0:39 Trailblazers We Fight For
0:44 Freedom we transform our dreams into the
0:53 [Applause] nation
0:55 nation
0:57 America land of
1:02 invention hot dogs jazz the elevator
1:04 skyscrapers this is the story of the
1:07 greatest innovation of all the modern vertical
1:09 vertical
1:13 City one world famous icon has come to symbolize
1:14 symbolize
1:23 it it's
1:33 a magnificent gift but with some assembly
1:39 required scattered across bed's Island
1:43 in New York Harbor in 214
1:46 crates they contain the largest statue
1:48 in the western
1:51 world it's been donated by the people of
1:54 France to celebrate the Centenary of the
1:55 Declaration of
1:58 Independence built in Paris broken down
2:01 into 350 massive pieces for the journey to
2:03 to
2:05 America that's the
2:08 problem the cost of reassembling it will be
2:09 be
2:13 astronomical money New York does not
2:16 have at least six other US cities are
2:23 home New York city is in danger of
2:31 Liberty not if this man can help
2:33 Joseph Pitzer tenacious newspaper
2:37 magnate immigrant self-made man he owns
2:41 the biggest paper in the US the New York
2:44 world and he's determined to keep
2:46 Liberty in New York
2:49 Harbor through his chain of newspapers
2:51 Pitzer launches the biggest fundraising
2:57 America it would be an irrevocable
2:59 disgrace to New York City and the
3:02 American ameran Republic to have France
3:04 send us this Splendid gift without our
3:06 having provided even so much as a
3:08 landing place for
3:15 money more than a million people read
3:19 pitzer's papers every day enclosed
3:22 please find 25 cents is my cont the
3:24 contents of our little Savings Bank which
3:25 which
3:27 weer resolved to send you the contents
3:30 of the first jackpot you will find and
3:32 clothes $4 the money we save to go to
3:35 the circus with donations flood in from
3:38 all across the country rich and poor
3:41 East and West pennies and nickels fives
3:45 and tens even thousands of
3:48 dollars in all a staggering 121,000
3:54 donations more than enough to keep this
3:56 iconic statue in New
3:59 York I think a statue is not just a
4:03 statue I think symbols really matter I
4:08 think they signify in a big way in fact
4:10 maybe they do more than Reams and Reams
4:15 and reams of legislation and paper and
4:18 print now the real work
4:22 begins to hold a statue 150 ft High the
4:24 pedestal will be the biggest concrete
4:26 structure in the
4:30 world over 200 men work through a ruling
4:37 it as the last of the cement dries
4:39 workers toss in their own silver dollars
4:54 luck next Liberty's enormous iron skeleton
5:07 it's designed by Gustav Eiffel who build
5:10 the famous Eiffel Tower in Paris the
5:14 skeleton is 151 ft tall and with the
5:16 pedestal it's the height of a 30-story
5:51 [Music]
5:53 now for the outer
5:56 layer wrapping around the skeleton are
6:01 60,000 lb of hand sculpted copper
6:03 the sandal is 32 times bigger than a
6:08 human foot the equivalent of a size 879
6:12 shoe it's on the job training often at
6:15 300 ft in the air it's as difficult as
6:17 it is dangerous [Music]
6:35 [Music]
6:38 they need to fix 300 pieces of copper
6:40 shell to the framework with more than 300,000
6:43 300,000
6:46 rivets her robes have over 4,000 square
6:48 yards of
6:51 copper her outstretched arm is 42 ft
6:55 long a fingernail weighs 3 1/2
7:13 [Music] [Applause]
7:20 after 6 months of hazardous construction
7:23 there are no fatalities and Liberty's 17
7:26 foot face is finally winched into position
7:40 Rushmore it said the sculptor Frederick
7:43 August boldi modeled the face on his own mother
7:45 mother [Music]
8:25 [Music] [Applause]
8:27 [Applause] [Music]
8:39 it takes 25 years for Liberty to oxidize
8:40 and turn
8:43 green a functioning Lighthouse until
8:46 1902 the statue's official name is
8:49 Liberty enlightening the
8:51 world at first a symbol of the alliance
8:54 and friendship between France and the 13
8:56 colonies in the American Revolution it
8:59 will come to represent much more at the
9:02 entrance to New York Harbor the Statue
9:05 of Liberty becomes a beacon to the world
9:07 and a welcome to
9:10 Millions later a poem by Emma Lazarus in
9:15 her base celebrates America as a land of
9:19 refugees give me your tired your poor
9:22 your huddled masses yearning to breathe
9:26 free The Wretched refu of your teeming
9:29 Shore send these the homeless temp
9:33 tossed to me I lift my lamp beside the golden
9:40 door over the next two decades more than
9:42 12 million immigrants passed the Statue
9:45 of Liberty on their way to Ellis Island
9:48 the first stop for most new
9:50 Americans imagine what it took for
9:55 someone to leave Eastern Poland or
9:58 Lithuania or some Village in the
10:01 mountains of Northern Italy and come all
10:09 nothing today more than 100 million
10:12 Americans can trace their Roots back to
10:15 ancestors who came through Ellis
10:21 Island if you go back only 150 years in
10:24 our 20 almost 50 year history
10:26 history
10:31 95% of the people were not here uh there
10:33 there are no roots they all came from
10:39 someplace else so to me uh America
10:42 represents the the best of the human
10:45 Spirit a guide book prepares arrivals
10:48 for a new life in a new
10:51 world forget your customs and ideals
10:53 select a goal and pursue it with all
10:56 your might you will experience a bad
10:58 time but sooner or later you will
11:00 achieve your goal
11:09 run and from Ellis Island they spread
11:11 out across the continent for the most
11:14 part Irish Russians and Italians to big
11:17 cities Germans to the Midwest
11:19 Scandinavians to
11:23 Farmland at the dawn of the 20th century
11:25 eventually there will be more Italians
11:27 in New York than in
11:32 Rome from 18 80 to 1930 nearly 24
11:34 million new immigrants arrive in the
11:45 begin by the early 20th century new
11:47 Urban mega cities around America are
11:50 bursting to the seams and look to expand
11:52 in a New Direction
11:54 Direction
11:57 up but building these great Towers
11:59 Demands a critical ingredient that's is
12:04 expensive
12:08 steel one man will change all that and
12:11 with it the face of America he'll risk
12:21 all it's 1872 and Andrew
12:25 Carnegie a 5'3 Scottish immigrant iron
12:42 future a revolutionary way to make steel
12:44 steel has been around for thousands of
12:48 years but so expensive to produce it's
12:50 always been a luxury
12:54 item 2,000 years ago it's used in
12:57 Oriental swords is even used in designer
13:00 jewelry but a America stands at the
13:03 brink of a new age to build it they need
13:07 steel and lots of it it's the only
13:10 material strong enough for the towers
13:19 sky an English bullet maker is showing
13:21 Carnegie a new but simple method of producing
13:23 producing
13:31 stunned blast hot air through molten
13:35 iron carbon impurities burn
13:38 off you get the Wonder material
13:40 material
13:43 steel for the first time it can be
13:45 produced quickly and
13:48 inexpensively if Carnegie can use this
13:50 besser process to mass-produce
13:53 it he'll own the
13:57 future Carnegie returns to the states to
13:59 Pittsburgh to start building the biggest
14:02 steel plant in the world it'll be larger
14:06 than 80 football fields it's a massive
14:09 gamble Carnegie risks everything he's
14:11 got on the new
14:14 plant but only months into construction
14:17 construction
14:26 collapse the economy is in
14:28 freefall he has to borrow even more money
14:29 money
14:40 1875 Against All Odds Carnegie's giant
14:51 test steel production is phenomenally
15:08 seconds if it works it will make
15:16 world but there's a lot more at stake
15:19 skyscrapers cars washing machines
15:23 airanes even space travel none of it can
15:54 it's a success [Music]
16:06 Carnegie is the first ever to mass-produce
16:08 mass-produce
16:12 steel prices plummet by over
16:15 80% output Rockets from a few thousand
16:19 tons in 1860 to 11 million by [Music]
16:21 [Music]
16:25 1900 so many American stories of
16:29 success uh are diligence uh
16:30 uh
16:32 perseverance but there's an awful lot of
16:35 luck involved too his timing couldn't
16:37 have been better it was steel that built
16:39 American cities it was steel that built
16:41 American railroads it was steel that
16:42 built American
16:45 shipping by the beginning of the 20th
16:46 century he was one of the wealthiest men in
16:51 America Pittsburgh transforms from a
16:55 sleepy town the industrial Heart Of The
16:59 Nation its population triples
17:01 driven by a new Steel Railroad millions
17:04 of tons of steel are transported Across
17:07 America the raw material to build the modern
17:13 city and the grandest of all is New [Music]
17:14 [Music]
17:18 York it's an era of obscene
17:20 opulence New York is a playground for
17:23 Super Rich industrialists and
17:26 financiers wildly extravagant they smoke
17:29 cigars rolled in $100 bills their wives
17:37 diamonds this is the Gilded Age land
17:39 values are the highest in the world
17:43 there's only one place to go
17:47 up by 1902 65 skyscrapers are being
17:49 constructed in
18:03 it's called Walking the
18:07 steel this man is 30 stories above the
18:10 street his first time at this
18:14 height no harness or safety
18:17 rope one
18:20 slip and he's
18:23 dead veterans are called fixers the
18:24 novices are
18:27 snakes because working with them can be deadly
18:28 deadly
18:31 the old hands know just how dangerous it can
18:32 can
18:35 be thing I hate worse than poison is to
18:37 take on a new man when we're near the
18:51 killed no hard hats just a 280 ft
18:54 drop a sudden gust of wind and it's all over
19:04 they're up here 8 hours a day meals when they
19:05 they
19:13 breaks they're called rough necks
19:16 European immigrants and Mohawk
19:18 Indians many were Sailors and Bridge
19:47 the guy's balancing on the beams I think
19:48 it took a lot of Bravery I think it took
19:51 a lot of skill a lot of you know
19:53 physically um physically challenging but
19:57 I also think it you had to be a little
20:00 crazy the stakes couldn't be higher it's
20:03 a risk they are willing to take the pay
20:06 is $4 a day twice the going rate for
20:09 manual labor Foreman William starit sums
20:11 up his dangerous
20:15 job building skyscrapers is the nearest
20:18 peacetime equivalent of War even to the
20:20 occasional Grim reality of an accident
20:23 where named body even death remind us
20:25 that we are fighting a war of
20:27 construction against the forces of nature
20:30 nature
20:33 he makes it many aren't so lucky two
20:36 rough necks out of five die or are
20:42 job whether it's a builder or an
20:45 architect or whatever whoever had the
20:48 imagination to design and build some of
20:51 the great structures of New York I'm inspired
20:53 inspired
20:57 by In 1902 in New York this is what the
20:59 future looks like
21:02 the flat iron building its triangular
21:04 footprint determined by the intersection
21:11 two the steel frame means the outside
21:14 can be hung in sections like a suit of
21:16 clothes now the walls don't take the
21:25 [Music]
21:28 does it's so radical when people first
21:30 see it they think it will blow over and kill
21:38 them a lawsuit is filed claiming winds
21:40 focused by the Flat Iron's extreme shape
21:54 buildings inside the other breakthrough
21:58 that lets Towers rise into the clouds the
22:00 the
22:03 elevator before it the tallest buildings
22:05 sto mostly at five floors no more
22:09 walking upstairs now so the sky is the
22:12 limit for the first time the higher the
22:15 floor the higher the rent you think it's
22:18 a fairly humble invention but uh when
22:20 Otis invented the first really safe
22:22 elevator it enabled the growth of the
22:24 modern city where people could come in
22:26 build much taller buildings get a much
22:29 higher density of people and sure enough
22:32 by the end of the 19th century the urban
22:35 population has increased 87 times
22:39 over in Chicago alone in just 10 years
22:42 they build 50 steel frame buildings and
22:44 in 20 years its population more than
22:48 doubles to almost 1.7 million American
22:57 exploding but for many living in the
23:00 shadow of these new Towers will prove
23:02 even harder than building them in
23:05 America in 1890 crime and poverty are
23:11 streets but these Mavericks are about to
23:19 difference gangsters murderers thieves
23:23 and fear are on the streets new tabloid
23:25 newspapers Splash crime all over the front
23:26 front
23:30 pages in Chicago you can rent a gun by
23:33 the hour in the Sears catalog you can
23:35 buy one for
23:38 $12 in New York a policeman finds a list
23:41 on a murdered gangster his rate card
23:46 punches $2 Nos and jaw broke $10 ear
23:48 chewed off
24:04 detective bureau chief Thomas Burns a
24:16 rude and he's very
24:19 tough among his methods is a technique
24:22 his detectives call the third
24:26 degree first degree persuasion second
24:30 degree intimidation
24:44 pain in four years Burns claims he's
24:46 arrested 3,300
24:48 criminals he solved the biggest Heist of
24:49 the 19th
24:52 century nearly a $3 million Manhattan
24:55 bank robbery reporters call him the
24:57 greatest crime Buster in the history of
25:04 Force his very
25:08 manner size of him his menacing
25:11 shoulders and arms the bark of his voice
25:14 Pick Pockets forgers whoever cracked a
25:17 safe unscrupulous Rogues crooks are now
25:20 afraid of their Shadows they lead double
25:23 lives but tracking down criminals isn't
25:27 easy there's no official ID no birth
25:30 certificates or driver's licenses if a
25:32 criminal is known in one town he just
25:35 moves to the next criminals are
25:39 Anonymous Burns is tackling this problem
25:42 headon and bringing police work into a new
25:43 new
25:47 age this is his Rogues Gallery mug shots
25:50 of 7,000 known law
25:53 Breakers using photography to identify
25:56 criminals will change detective work
25:59 forever Annie royy
26:03 Alias Little Annie deceitful servant the
26:05 mug shots are distributed to police
26:08 departments around the country but these
26:11 are more than just pictures Burns is
26:14 also building psychological profiles of
26:17 criminals Rufus Miner he comes from a
26:20 very good family it's a pity he's a
26:23 thief this is the first attempt to
26:25 create a National Crime
26:29 register a city as diverse as ours is
26:32 going to have a significant crime
26:35 problem that you've got to be on top of
26:44 criminals 12 million are taken every year
26:45 year
26:47 Nationwide that's more than the entire
26:49 population of
26:51 Ohio and it all began with the Rogues
27:00 any [Music]
27:02 [Music]
27:04 questions but crime isn't the only
27:07 problem plaguing Urban
27:10 streets in many cities slums are
27:12 reaching epidemic
27:15 proportions multiple families crammed
27:16 into one small
27:20 room human waste pours into the streets
27:23 alleys and open
27:26 courtyards people were crowded in they
27:28 were windowless tenaments sometimes you
27:30 had no internal Plumbing just privies in
27:32 the basement in the backyard and the
27:34 Lower East Side during these years was
27:37 the single most crowded place in the entire
27:39 entire
27:43 world Jacob Reese Danish immigrant crime reporter
27:46 reporter
27:48 photographer he gets leads for stories
27:51 from Chief Inspector
27:55 Burns now he's about to expose the hell
27:58 of tenements
28:01 Jacob ree knows what it's like to be
28:04 poor 15 years ago he lost his job in a
28:07 stock market
28:10 crash it's midnight but Reese has a new
28:12 technology that will change the public
28:14 perception of poverty
28:17 forever an explosive powder that
28:19 produces enough light to photograph in
28:31 this is one of the first ever
28:42 life it shocks
28:45 Millions ladies and gentlemen my name is
28:48 Jacob a Reese and this is how the other
28:51 half Live and Die in New York City
28:54 magazines refus to print his work so
28:56 Reese puts on his own Magic Lantern shows
28:58 shows
29:01 his mission to show the nation's wealthy
29:03 something they've never seen before
29:07 filth and Desperation on their
29:11 doorstep at this block Nine Dead were
29:13 carried out this year
29:21 coffins what he demonstrated was that
29:24 there is another reality um that all
29:27 that Prosperity didn't trickle down all
29:29 the way to the bottom and there were
29:32 some deplorable living conditions and
29:34 this country was not just forced to
29:37 confront those conditions but then was
29:40 moved to begin to deal with them ree
29:42 publishes his pictures in a book called
29:45 How the Other Half Lives it will sell
29:52 copies within two decades the worst of
29:54 New York's slums are torn
29:57 down tenaments sell at auction for as
29:59 little as a dollar
30:02 Reese's campaigning forces all New York
30:05 schools to build playgrounds and
30:07 landlords to install toilets inside
30:09 Apartments not
30:12 outside it is the first step in tackling the
30:14 the
30:17 slums but as cities keep on growing an
30:24 remains in New York alone nearly 40,000
30:28 die in one year from diseases
30:30 because of this
30:32 this
30:36 filth but one clean Crusader is about to change
30:38 change everything
30:40 everything
30:44 1895 our major cities are drowning in
30:48 filth 120,000 horses dump half a million
30:50 pounds of manure into the New York
30:52 streets every
30:55 day wagons are blocked by 3T High piles
30:59 of human and animal waste
31:01 into this world steps a man on a white
31:04 horse Colonel George
31:07 wearing Civil War veteran legendary
31:14 cleanliness he's the head of New York sanitation
31:20 department the city stinks with the
31:23 emanations of putrifying organic
31:26 matter black rottenness is seen and
31:29 smelled on every hand
31:37 hell wearing recruits an army of 2,000
31:45 uniforms some dismiss him as a
31:49 crank they call his men white ducks but
31:51 wearing means
31:54 business tons of garbage normally dumped
31:56 into the river is
31:59 recycled Ash becomes landfill on Riker's
32:02 Island organic waste boiled into oil and
32:06 grease wearing is America's first Eco
32:11 Warrior his men clean 433 Mi of
32:15 Street death rates decline water quality
32:19 improves wearing saves the lives of
32:22 thousands the measures spread across
32:25 America just 16 years after kernel
32:28 wearing half of all cities have waste
32:32 ction and it is not just
32:35 waste by 1907 every large city in the
32:39 nation has sewers by 1909 there are
32:43 42,4 Mi of sewers in
32:46 America the battle against filth crime
32:48 and poverty has
32:50 begun but one of the city's greatest
32:53 Innovations is still in its
32:56 infancy one man will change the urban
33:12 1879 Thomas Edison inventor entrepreneur
33:15 showman he was taken out of school as a
33:17 boy but that won't stop him from
33:19 becoming synonymous with inventions that
33:21 Define the modern
33:25 era he pushes his team hard
33:28 247 in one of the world's first first
33:31 R&D Labs it will generate more than a thousand
33:38 patents America still lights the knif in
33:41 the dangerous flicker of candles gas and
33:44 kerosene Edison thinks he has a better
33:46 idea if he can get a filament to burn
34:10 Edison locks himself in his lab doesn't
34:17 days the stakes are
34:20 high his backers have sunk
34:24 $130,000 into his research millions in today's
34:25 today's
34:27 money he claimed to have gone through
34:31 6,000 materials from uh the plant world
34:35 alone in his search for the the perfect
34:53 beard fish
34:55 line thread
34:59 teak boxwood s ly [Music]
35:31 a piece of carbonized cardboard Burns
35:37 hours it's going to change the way
35:39 people live
35:42 forever what Edison
35:46 does is nothing less than to banish the
35:48 darkness now think of the meaning of
35:52 that think of what that means to daily
35:55 life New Year's Eve
35:59 1879 Edison shows off his new invention
36:01 thousands of people flock to his lab to
36:04 see the future take shape the
36:06 Pennsylvania Railroad arranges special
36:14 crowds when Thomas
36:16 Addison invented that light bulb that
36:19 electric light bulb what a how magical
36:21 that must have been you know to sit
36:23 there and just all of a sudden like
36:26 without a match without kerosene or gas
36:33 light in Just 2 years Edison builds more
36:35 than 5,000 power plants generating
36:38 electricity for cities like New York
36:43 Boston Chicago Detroit St Louis and New
36:46 Orleans over the next 5 years he builds over
36:46 over
36:51 127,000 more by 1902 18 million light
36:54 bulbs are in
36:57 use the impact is massive
37:01 Sports entertainment factories stores
37:13 night and as electricity comes to the
37:16 cities more and more people arrive with
37:19 it by 1900 nearly 4 million women are
37:21 working in US
37:24 cities in just 40 years that figure has
37:26 more than
37:29 quadrupled Urban factories are pounding
37:33 out 75% of all consumer products in the
37:36 US places like this modern steel frame
37:39 buildings equipped with all the latest
37:42 technology otus electric elevators Bell
37:51 machines but packing so many people into
37:54 tll buildings is a disaster waiting to happen
37:57 happen [Music]
38:00 [Music]
38:02 the United States is hurtling into the
38:06 Modern Age symbolized by mega cities
38:08 rising up all across the
38:11 continent by 1909 Americans are spending
38:15 nearly $23 billion a year on ready-made
38:18 clothes this Factory is producing 12,000
38:22 garments a week known as shirt waste
38:23 they're the latest fashion for the
38:34 New York City March 25th
38:39 1911 4:45 p.m. the Triangle shirt waist
38:41 Factory 8th
38:55 teenagers someone we don't know who
38:58 tosses a match or maybe a cigarette into
39:13 burning there's a fire Mr
39:16 barstein production manager Samuel
39:27 pales but the fire is already spreading [Music]
39:29 [Music]
39:32 there's a Mad Dash for the exit but it
39:35 is too narrow only one at a time can
39:37 pass through it's been designed that way
39:40 so their bags can be checked for stolen
39:42 fabric come
39:45 on there's a fire
39:47 hose but it's not
39:50 working there's no
39:52 water the only way to warn the floors
39:54 above is through the switchboard two
40:05 switchboard 10th floor fire there's a
40:09 fire put me through to the ninth
40:11 floor she drops the phone and runs to get
40:13 get
40:16 help the message never reaches the ninth
40:20 floor Samuel Bernstein races up the main
40:23 stairs to help the60 workers trapped
40:26 there but blocking the front door
40:36 oil on the ninth floor Flames are
40:45 windows the girls on nine rush to the
40:49 fire escape but it's
40:51 locked only two Escape Routes are left
40:53 on the ninth
40:56 floor the elevator and the metal fire escape
41:00 Kate weiner makes it to the elevator
41:03 door but she's lost her
41:05 sister everyone was knocking him crying
41:08 for the elevator to come up Suddenly the
41:16 in I was searching for my sister Rose
41:22 her the Flames were coming toward me and
41:25 I was being left behind I felt the
41:27 elevator was leaving the ninth floor for
41:29 the last
41:32 time she's the last person to get to the last
41:45 elevator more than 100 girls are left
41:51 Die the only Escape Route left is the
41:59 firemen arrived with the biggest ladder
42:14 Short 4:58 p.m. the girls trapped on the
42:28 in
42:42 jump 5:15
42:46 p.m. the entire Blaze is over in less
42:47 than half an [Music]
42:49 [Music]
42:52 hour 146 people die in the Triangle
42:55 shirt waist factory
43:03 free it Remains the deadliest workplace
43:06 disaster in New York City history until
43:09 September 11th
43:12 2001 but some good does come out of
43:15 it this dramatic tragedy Sparks a wave
43:17 of Reform so you begin to get new
43:20 restrictions uh and a new conversation
43:23 about uh what to do to prevent this kind
43:26 of tragedy from happening but uh it did
43:33 itself unions Force management to take
43:36 responsibility for the lives of their
43:39 workers the Life Safety Code now used in
43:42 all 50 states is a direct result of this
43:45 fire it's why doors now open outwards in public
43:46 public
43:48 buildings why automatic sprinkler
43:51 systems or multiple exits are now the [Music]
43:54 [Music]
43:57 law the US and the modern city grew up
44:01 together typically new enormous and
44:04 fast-paced the mega city is one of
44:08 America's greatest inventions [Music]
