0:02 this is a lecture on structuring
0:04 something that you might not be too
0:06 familiar with but once I explained the
0:08 ideas you're gonna say oh okay this
0:11 makes sense to me it's really a way to
0:15 put your ideas together consciously so
0:17 that it makes sense so it just is a
0:21 process that we that we used create a
0:24 structure or an organization for ideas
0:27 that we can follow as audience members
0:29 I'm sure you'll remember that good
0:31 communication is always about the
0:34 audience so the fact that you can follow
0:36 it but no one else can is probably
0:39 irrelevant the issue is can an audience
0:42 follow your ideas and your ideas are
0:44 important so you want to make sure that
0:45 your audience understands what you're
0:47 doing so we're going to talk about how
0:50 to put those ideas together in a way
0:52 that we can follow and that makes sense
0:55 this requires a process of consciously
0:58 thinking about how am I going to develop
1:00 that idea how am I going to do it and it
1:04 gives you tools or knowing ways to do
1:06 that or for going through that process
1:12 so so we're gonna talk about so this
1:14 helps as I said consciously
1:17 and clearly organize your ideas it's a
1:20 process that's reflective and conscious
1:22 communication should be conscious it
1:25 should be something that you think about
1:27 always before you speak
1:29 you know our mom's told us to always
1:31 think before you speak this is one of
1:33 the things you should think about right
1:35 you know maybe choosing your words
1:36 should be important but choosing how to
1:39 organize is also something that's
1:41 important this also helps your audience
1:43 follow your ideas because you're going
1:45 to plug into a structure or an
1:48 organizational strategy that makes sense
1:51 to them that they can follow you should
1:52 structure your three main points
1:55 certainly but then also the A's and the
1:57 B's the sub points under each of the
1:58 main points you should consciously say
2:00 how am i developing how am i
2:03 structurally each of those ideas
2:06 so to do that you need to know what are
2:08 the common structures I'm going to talk
2:10 about each of these common structures
2:12 and then give some examples that's all
2:15 so there's a chronological structure
2:18 there's a spatial structure causal
2:22 structure topical structure these are
2:24 the ones you'll choose from there's also
2:27 a problem-solution structure which we're
2:28 going to use for the argumentative
2:31 speech as well as for part of the
2:34 persuasive speech but it's not for the
2:35 informative speech so I'm not going to
2:38 talk about problem-solution today so
2:40 let's talk about the first structure
2:43 chronological structure okay I know I
2:44 think I know what she's talking about
2:46 and you do because you know what
2:49 chronological structures are right it
2:51 follows a time sequence that follows
2:53 things in terms of a pattern of
2:57 organization of ideas that follows time
3:00 topics are divided into the history of
3:05 right when you start out in 1960s and
3:07 then you go to the 1980s and then you go
3:10 to the 2000s right now the history of
3:13 would follow a time sequence I'm or the
3:15 steps of like the steps of learning
3:16 something first you have to learn this
3:19 then you learn this then you learn this
3:21 or making a recipe first you do this
3:23 then you do this so you understand the
3:26 sequence of ideas and the sequence of
3:30 ideas matters so questions that fit with
3:32 the chronological structure that you
3:33 might ask because this chronological
3:36 structure is how did it get here right
3:39 60s to the 80s to the 2000s how does it
3:42 work you have first understand this then
3:44 this then this how do I make it right
3:47 how did it get to this point so that
3:50 would explain the sequence that you use
3:54 to build something so is the sequence of
3:57 steps important if you're talking about
3:59 something then you could do the third
4:01 step first it doesn't really matter and
4:02 it's probably not a chronological
4:06 structure if it matters you have to do
4:08 first before you can do two then you do
4:12 three then that matters so for example
4:15 just for these informative lectures I
4:17 couldn't begin with
4:19 make an outline because you don't even
4:21 know what your purpose is right you
4:22 don't even have a topic so you have to
4:24 start with the topic before you can get
4:27 to outlining so the sequence matters and
4:31 so that's true for probably most of your
4:33 classes the sequence of information
4:38 matters so first this then this then
4:40 this that's a chronological structure
4:43 sample topics using chronological
4:45 structures the evolution of rodeos from
4:48 1930 to 2000 these are our speech topics
4:50 that were actually used in my classes
4:53 not things that I've just generated on
4:56 my own brain as it would be a lot how to
4:58 build a haunted house was actually a
5:01 terrific speech major developments in
5:03 the civil rights movement first there
5:04 was this thenn miss than this and it
5:06 happened within a five-year span she
5:09 argued how to make banana pudding how to
5:11 have a perfect golf swing first you have
5:13 to stay in this way then hold the grip
5:15 this way right then make the swing so
5:20 the sequence matters next structure
5:22 spatial this is a parts two whole
5:25 structure right so that you understand
5:28 how the parts fit to make a whole so
5:30 typically when you're talking about
5:33 things organized geographically or
5:36 according to physical proximity or
5:38 objects if you're describing parts of an
5:40 object then you would likely be using
5:43 the spatial structure so questions for
5:45 the spatial structure am I using a
5:47 spatial structure well how does it look
5:50 how does it fit together where is it
5:53 right in relationship to this where is
5:57 it here those would be evidence of a
6:00 spatial structure so the test is does
6:02 your topic emphasize physical
6:05 descriptions or relationships between
6:07 objects and if it does then you're
6:10 probably using a spatial structure or a
6:12 spatial structure might be the best way
6:14 to organize it
6:17 sample topics using spatial structure
6:20 again these actually came from students
6:23 parts of an Egyptian burial tomb right
6:25 she talked about the layout of the
6:29 burial tombs very cool speech parts of
6:32 the space station components of a
6:35 fuel-injected engine where they are in
6:37 relationship to each other and how they
6:39 all fit together to make it a
6:45 fuel-injected engine parts of a drum kit
6:47 Waterfalls to visit in this state park
6:50 one is located here then north of that
6:53 and then east of that that's how this
6:58 was organized next structure causal a
7:01 causal structure is one that traces the
7:03 condition or action from its causes to
7:06 its effects okay the birds plus the bees
7:07 equal a baby
7:10 for example now medical topics are
7:13 really traditionally using the causal
7:18 structure a some sociological topics are
7:21 also presented in this structure causes
7:24 of crime that kind of thing so what
7:27 caused it would be a question what does
7:30 it cause okay or what's the impact of it
7:33 the effects so the tests can this
7:35 condition be best explained in this
7:39 linear fashion these two these two
7:43 causes have this effect for example
7:46 sample topics using a causal structure
7:49 include things like causes of erosion on
7:53 America's sea coasts the student was an
7:57 environmental major and he talked about
7:59 three causes
8:03 causes and effects of sickle cell anemia
8:05 causes of unemployment that was a
8:08 sociological issue that I was talking about
8:10 about
8:12 next structure it's called the topical
8:14 structure this is the final one we're
8:15 going to talk about it's sort of the
8:18 catch-all category it's the pattern says
8:20 here that's broken down into parts that
8:23 are determined by the speaker so if you
8:25 could talk about six types of these but
8:27 you're only talking about three as
8:29 you're making me because three is the
8:32 magic number and it's probably a topical
8:34 structure I've just decided on these
8:36 three things even though there are more
8:40 okay so you're artificially imposing the
8:42 limit that's a topical structure it's
8:45 the most common pattern it's the one
8:47 because you're our topics are generally
8:51 huge and you're just focusing on three
8:53 oh but can I do six instead and I'll say
8:57 no you know why because the rule of
8:58 three because three is the magical
9:01 number so reflects categories that break
9:10 so it's typically used when you are
9:13 returned imposed the rule
9:16 so how can this topic be divided is the
9:19 question here and the test is could you
9:20 include more than three categories
9:22 does it matter the order of the
9:26 categories right did you do it because I
9:29 made you pick three probably then it's a
9:33 topical structure so sample topics using
9:35 topical structures symbols in Native
9:37 American art well there's more than
9:41 three right but three ways to cook potatoes
9:43 potatoes
9:52 best summer songs traits of humpback
9:55 whales could just talk about three kinds
9:59 of whales to talk about three activists
10:02 right so there's many different ways to
10:04 talk about this but I just picked three
10:08 because those are samples using the
10:10 topical structure so think what is your
10:12 three main points your central idea
10:14 statement your thesis statement what's
10:16 the structure of those and then as you
10:18 develop it ideally you'll want to
10:21 develop each of that each main point
10:24 with some points that are similar or
10:27 parallel so I'm going to talk about its
10:29 definition then I'm going to talk about
10:32 two causes and then two effects of each
10:35 of these three things for example I'm
10:37 talking about humpback whales I might
10:38 talk about its physical characteristics
10:43 and then its physical traits what it
10:46 eats and its social traits
10:48 which would be a topical structure of
10:50 the whale so I'm talking about three
10:52 kinds of whales we're going to talk
10:55 about right whales humpback whales blue
10:57 whales and under each of those that's a
10:59 topical structure because I'm not
11:01 talking about orcas right I'm not
11:04 talking about right these other kinds of
11:06 whales so I'm just talking about these
11:07 three it's topical structure then under
11:09 that what am I going to talk about with
11:11 each whale I could talk about dozens of
11:13 things I'm gonna talk about its physical
11:17 traits its diet and its sociological or
11:21 its social traits which is three things
11:25 also a B and C are topical so each of
11:27 your sub-point should also be used
11:30 organizing these ideas and it could you
11:31 could say I'm doing a topical structure
11:34 but then I'm organizing it cause effect
11:37 I'm organizing it spatially right the a
11:41 B and C some points so each structure
11:44 each chunk of information should be
11:46 structured and you should consciously
11:48 think about how you're organizing those
11:51 ideas that will make your ideas more
11:54 clear if you can organize each main
11:57 point in a similar way that will also
12:00 help the audience sometimes that's
12:03 harder depending on your topic talk with
