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The Insane Biology of the Largest Animal to Ever Exist

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The blue whale is the largest animal known to have ever existed, surpassing even the largest dinosaurs, and its immense size is a result of evolutionary adaptations, particularly the development of baleen for efficient feeding, allowing it to thrive in the ocean where gravity's effects are minimized.

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When we think of the

biggest creatures

that have ever lived,

our minds might wander

to the dinosaurs of yore:

Diplodocus, with its neck

reaching up into the sky.

Tyrannosaurus rex,

that enormous

and terrible lizard king

and the longest of them all,

Patagotitan,

which was about the size of

four school busses

parked end to end.

But what if I was to tell you

that the largest known animal

to ever exist lives among us?

They are here and now,

swimming around the depths

of our vast oceans.

This is the blue whale.

Hi, I’m Danielle Dufault

and you’re watching Animalogic.

Today we're talking about the mammal

with the most, the blue whale.

The blue whale is not

just the largest mammal on Earth.

It's very likely

the largest animal to ever exist.

Ever.

No dinos or sea

creatures from the past can compare.

At least not that we know of.

And if there were,

we probably

would have found fossils by now.

So how big are these blue cuties?

Let's try our best

to fully comprehend

just how big a blue whale can be.

is an incredibly long animal.

The largest examples of blue

whales are over 30m long.

That's 20 average

sized humans living end to end.

Next time you're at

your family reunion recruit

your parents, your grandparents,

your weird uncle, your kooky aunt,

and your two favorite cousins

to lay in a line.

Then you simply have to ask

ten more members

of your extended family

to lay down too.

Only now can you truly appreciate

how long a blue whale is?

But their length isn't

even the most impressive thing

about blue whales

when it comes to their sheer size.

One of the largest ever found

weighed over 190,000kg.

Sticking with the family

reunion metaphor.

That's the equivalent

of all the family

you just asked to lay on the ground.

Plus another 2480 people.

To put that into perspective.

That's the weight of you,

your parents,

your four grandparents,

your eight great grandparents,

your 16 great great grandparents,

your 32 great great

great grandparents,

your 64 great great

great great grandparents.

You're 128

great great

great great grandparents.

You're 256.

Great great great great

great great grandparents.

Your 512.

Great great great great great

great great grandparents.

And you are 1024 great great

great great grandparents.

That's like every direct

relative you've had

since the year 1700

plus another 450 people.

This blue human group would equal

just a single blue whale.

The scale of these creatures

is really quite dizzying.

The flippers, for example,

are around three meters

long or about the length of an SUV.

Well, this is certainly enormous.

The blue whales

flippers are considered small

because they only represent

about 12% of their body length.

The longest flippers, relative

to body

length in cetaceans,

goes to the humpback whale,

which sports flippers

that are a third of

their overall body length.

While we're on flippers,

did you know that

flippers are essentially

just modified hands?

If you were to x-ray a flipper,

you would see the distinctive bones

that make up these appendages.

But let's keep going with our body

scan of the big blue.

The eyes of the blue

whale are about the size

of a mini soccer ball.

Compare that to our eyeballs,

which are slightly smaller

than a golf ball.

Although the blue whale

is the biggest creature on Earth,

it doesn't have the

biggest eyeballs either.

That honor goes to the giant squid,

which has peepers

the size of a basketball.

They need those humongous eyes

in order to see in

extremely low light

conditions of the deep sea.

But the blue whale makes do

with a relatively smaller eye,

forging closer to the surface

and singing songs

to communicate with each other.

It would be incredible

to see them in person.

And who knows,

maybe one day we will.

My favorite thing about doing

this show is that it

takes us

to wild places in search of animals.

From looking for the largest land

predator on earth, the polar bear,

to one of the smallest,

the water bear.

We get into nature

in search of the perfect shot,

and when you're in nature for days,

being comfortable is a must.

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Even our trusty producer

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Whether I'm on a shoot or a grabbing

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They're so durable

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of these.

And now,

back to the

larger than life blue whale.

There is so much lore

surrounding the size of blue whales,

including that you could park

a Volkswagen Beetle

in a blue whales

heart and swim through its arteries.

Let's examine that whale of a tail.

Well, not the size of a compact car.

The heart of the blue

whale is still about 180kg,

and a meter and a half tall.

That's about the size of 640

human hearts.

While their arteries are large,

they definitely aren't

big enough to swim through.

You could definitely send

a volleyball

through one of them

with room to spare, though.

Or if you are, say,

an Olympic gymnast,

you might be able to squeeze

through the largest arteries

just as expected

from an animal of their size.

These huge

mammals are also capable

of producing

the loudest sounds of any animal.

They are as loud as a jet engine.

Blue whales

don't have vocal cords like we do.

Instead, their U-shaped voicebox

presses up

against a specialized cushion of fat

and muscle

to produce

these extremely loud sounds

that can be heard up to

thousands of kilometers away.

Some of the sounds they

produce, called infrasonic sounds,

are so low

that we humans

aren't even capable of hearing them.

But if we were close enough,

we would certainly feel

the vibrations in our bellies.

With anatomy this large,

you'd think that

everything on a blue

whale would be enormous.

But one part is actually

surprisingly small.

I am, of course,

talking about it's throat.

The throat of a blue

whale is actually only 10

to 20cm wide.

To compare,

a human throat

is about two centimeters wide,

meaning that it's not even ten times

larger than a human's,

despite the entire animal itself

being 2500 times heavier.

The reason their throat is so small

is simple.

It's because these whales

have adapted to eat very small prey.

Blue whales are what are called

baleen whales,

meaning that they have

baleen plates,

mustached looking structures

made of the same substance

that our hair is made of.

But filters out the tiny krill

that they eat.

It seems unlikely

that the largest animal

would eat one of the smallest,

but when there's a krill,

there's a whale.

To feed

the blue whale will charge

that a group of krill

opening its massive jaws,

the pleats

on the underside of its lower

jaw allow it to take in up to 70

tons of water

and krill in a single mouthful.

The whale will then press its tongue

upwards to the roof of its mouth,

forcing the water out

with their baleen plates,

keeping the krill in.

The only thing left to do

is swallow the krill,

which presents no problem

because the 1 to 2 centimeter krill

go right down

that 10 to 20 centimeter hatch.

It's kind of like

when kids at the pool spit

water through their teeth.

Only in their case,

they're keeping millions

of prey animals in

their cavernous mouths.

It takes a

lot of krill

to power a body of that size.

With blue whales

eating upwards of 14,500kg,

and daily

looks like

eating the equivalent

weight of three elephants

every single day.

Considering that blue whales

are estimated

to live 80 to 90 years,

that's like eating close

to 100,000 elephants

worth of krill in a lifetime.

But with around 700 trillion

Antarctic krill

weighing about 400 million tons

swimming around

at any

given time

in the Southern Ocean alone,

at least we know

their food is in good supply

for now, at least.

For comparison.

that’s about how much

all the humans on Earth weigh, too.

Keeping krill in good supply

is, as you can imagine,

K-rill-tical.

We talked to our friend Diane, who's

been studying blue whales

in the Gulf of California

for over 30 years, to learn more.

The whales are very good gardener

of their own ecosystem.

So the whale feed down,

below the photic zone

where the phytoplankton is.

And then it defecate at surface.

And we also did experiments

with the feces looking at,

you know in

three different big bottle in

at sea,

close to where the whales are

without just the normal water

with the phytoplankton

there, same water

with a little bit of feces

and the same water

with double of feces

and the productivity

after the first bottle, after

a couple of days went down,

there was not enough nutrient.

The phytoplankton just went down

in the second bottle.

It went up after 2 to 3 days

and the other one went way up.

So what happened

is that in the feces,

there's a lot of nutrients.

They spend

one month

and a half in the same place.

They're not going and coming

and they stay there.

And so if they stay there

a month and a half, two months,

maybe what they do by feeding

and defecating in the hands

so they can continue to feed.

In other words,

whales eat krill in deep water,

then they poop out the surface.

Bacteria turn the feces into food

for microscopic plants,

and their numbers explode.

The plants feed krill,

and they also multiply.

And then the whale eats the krill.

So the whales actively

make the surface more productive

by bringing nutrients

from the bottom of the

ocean to the surface.

But eventually it's time to move on.

So where did these whales go?

To find out,

we asked our friend

Doctor John Ryan, who listens

to blue whale songs

to track their numbers.

Blue whales.

They just simply

have to search farther

and wider to find the krill.

We can hear when they migrate.

So we can.

They change depth

because they change how they sing,

so we can hear

when they're migrating,

and therefore we can listen

and know how that migration

changes from year to year.

And they're we've

that's where we learned

that blue whales

will change

the timing

of their migration

by up to a third of the year,

which is the full

length of the migration period

sometimes.

And that's

because they have to adapt.

They have to always take advantage

of when an ecosystem

allows them

to pack on energy stores.

So if there's food,

they'll stick around.

But if not, they'll go

look for it elsewhere.

It sounds simple at first,

until you start

wondering how the heck whales find

krill in the vastness of the ocean.

In a in an environment where,

the physical features

defined by different water

masses can be very small scale,

the whales are

finding them persistently

and consistently with precision,

that is just mind blowing.

And what's important about that

is that

that's the only way

they can survive.

If they can't navigate

a complex environment

that's changing continuously

and find those dense krill swarms,

they won't persist as a species

because they need to consume

so much food every day

just to sustain that massive body.

So the precision of a giant

has blown my mind.

Another problem Blue Whales face

is that, like everyone,

they have

some very annoying relatives.

Another day it was that whale

that was accompanied

by Tursiops, bottlenose dolphin.

And at the beginning we found out.

That's cool,

because then the dolphin,

when they follow the whales,

they come at the surface

before the whale.

So you can it's easy

to follow the whale let’s say so,

especially if it's traveling.

And that whale was

kind of traveling.

It was not making circle or anything.

These dolphin

were it was a group of maybe 25.

They follow that

whale the whole day.

The whale was so upset.

You have no idea. She.

She really tried.

It was a male, actually.

He really tried to get away,

but there was no point.

I mean, they were always on

on the on their head.

On his head.

I felt that nobody has ever

reported that maybe will make.

But, you know, like the frigate bird

that followed gulls or other birds.

So they regurgitate

and they steal very good fish

they had.

I had the feeling

that these dolphins

wanted that

whale to regurgitate, it’s crazy.

Who knew dolphins

were that into krill tartare?

And the worst part is

that blue whales evolved

from toothed whales

similar to dolphins.

We know this from the fossil record,

but what is harder to determine

is just

when these baleen

structures started evolving.

Unlike

teeth, which are made of bone,

baleen are more akin to hair

or fingernails,

meaning that they don't

fossilize as well,

regardless of when it occurred.

It's the evolution of the baleen

that seems to be the key

to becoming so massive.

According to a recent paper,

researchers used advanced trackers

attached to the whales,

analyzing over 10,000 feeding events

of both toothed and baleen whales.

They discovered

that the cap for size

for toothed

whales

is about the size of a sperm whale.

Because of the trade off

between calories,

it takes to hunt down the calories

gained from eating the krill,

baleen whales, like blue

whales on the flip

side, can take in as much as 10

million calories

in a single enormous gulp,

meaning that they can expand

a lot less energy

to intake nutrition, thereby

allowing them to grow

to such epic proportions.

But becoming

so humongous

is actually pretty recent

for whales,

at least in evolutionary terms,

happening in the last

few million years.

And it all seems to be linked

to the ice ages

as nutrients

run off in times of melt, prey

for baleen

whales became super abundant.

It's the same reason

these whales

today still travel long distances

to their summer

feeding grounds in polar climates.

And it's these oscillations

in food availability

caused by the ice ages

that are likely limiting them

from becoming even larger.

Getting that large for a whale

is kind of cheating,

anyway.

Let me explain.

Animals that live

exclusively in water have an easier

time of existing as behemoths,

since their every movement

an ounce of mass doesn't

need to fight against gravity.

Whales in general lack

the skeletal and muscular structure

to hold their shape

outside of water.

This is part of the reason

why beached

whales are doomed to die,

in addition to dehydration

and overheating.

Just like a human lost

in the desert,

stranded whales will suffer

what are called crush injuries.

Crush injuries are just

what they sound like.

Injuries

sustained by a massive

cetaceans, organs

being crushed

internally

by its own weight on land.

Even if humans managed to intervene

and get the whale

back into the water,

they can die a few hours later

anyway

as a result of these crush injuries.

That's because

being back in the water

with the pressure off

it releases toxic products

from their crushed organs

into the whale's body.

All that to say,

it is only because they grow

and evolve

in an environment

in which gravity has little effect.

Are they free to balloon to sizes?

That would be difficult

or even impossible

to reach or maintain on land.

So when we think all the way back

to the biggest dinosaurs

that ever lived,

like Patagotitan,

it actually makes the enormous

feat of growing

so enormous on land

even more impressive.

It stands to reason that if

you're the biggest around,

your babies are going to be

the biggest,

around too.

blue whale newborns win the award

for chunky babies on Earth.

Once out of the womb,

like all mammals,

they rely on mama's

milk to stay chubby.

Blue whale

babies will drink around

200 litres of their mama's

extra fatty milk per day,

while human milk is around 4% fat.

The milk of the blue

whale is about 50% fat.

To help the babies

bulk up and gain 200 pounds a day.

The thick, fatty consistency here

is key for underwater feeding.

Since blue whale babies don't suckle

like other mammals.

Instead, the momma whale releases

milk in a stream

that the baby can drink without also

chugging too much seawater.

Some of the research we've been most

excited to learn about

is whale tagging,

which is basically a GoPro

with extra sensors

and a GPS tracker.

Thanks to the work of groups

like Cascadia Research,

we get to know where they go,

what they do,

who they hang out with,

and how long they stay out at night.

We're finally getting to see life.

From a whale's point of view,

that data

will help us understand them better

and protect them more efficiently.

We're also getting better

at slowing down for whales.

There are amazing initiatives

like blue whales, blue Skies

that work

with shipping companies

to move at a speed, save for whales,

to give them time

to dive out of the way.

Vessel strikes

and entanglement

in commercial

fishing nets are a big problem.

But pollution, habitat degradation,

climate change and even ocean

noise can severely,

negatively impact

these wonders of nature.

Thankfully, organizations like

Blue Whales, Blue Skies, Cascadia

Research, Diane and her team,

NOAA fisheries,

the International

Whaling Commission,

the World Wildlife Federation,

Whale and Dolphin Conservation,

Save the Whales,

the Blue Whale Project

and the Pacific Whale Foundation,

and many others are stepping in

to protect these whales

and their habitats.

If we act now,

we can save these amazing creatures

from becoming

just more gigantic bones

in our museums.

But for now,

if you can support conservation

organizations, sustainable

eco tourism

and tell everyone

about how lucky we are

to live at the same time

as the literally greatest animal to

ever exist.

So what should we talk about next?

Please let me know in the comments

and don't forget to subscribe

for new episodes every week.

Thanks for watching and see you!

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YouTube文字起こし：The Insane Biology of the Largest Animal to Ever Exist

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The Insane Biology of the Largest Animal to Ever Exist

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