0:03 [Music]
0:07 well hi there this is a primate and so
0:10 is this and so is this and so is this
0:13 and this primate is a monkey and so is
0:18 this and so is this and so is this
0:21 hey that's
0:23 me what's what's going on here from a
0:25 pho genetic standpoint humans can be
0:27 considered a type of monkey within the
0:30 larger primate clade okay well thank you
0:34 AI so humans are monkeys in modern
0:37 taxonomic and common usage humans are
0:39 not referred to as monkeys the
0:41 distinction reflects significant
0:43 evolutionary morphological and cognitive
0:45 differences that have emerged since the
0:47 human lineage diverged from other
0:51 primates oh okay so organisms can evolve
0:53 out of a clay no an organism cannot
0:55 evolve out of a clay in
0:57 phenetics uh a clade represents a group
1:00 of organisms that includes a single
1:04 common ancestor and all its descendants
1:05 once an organism is part of a particular
1:07 Cay all of its descendants will also
1:10 belong to that clay regardless of how
1:13 much they change or diversify over time
1:16 okay well um Chad GPT was a bit
1:18 conflicted about whether or not humans
1:21 are monkeys but this is a question that
1:24 hits me real close to the heart it cost
1:27 me a year of my life I've just sapped
1:30 one year of your life away because I got
1:33 into a debate about this very point with
1:35 a member of my PhD committee right in
1:38 the middle of my dissertation defense
1:39 who else is part of the smallest
1:42 monoptic group that includes both the
1:44 Old World and New World
1:46 monkeys okay I think you're ready to
1:48 chat chat with each other now all right
1:49 so who who else would be part of this
2:01 have so anybody else by the way
2:04 gor or and all of their ancestors and
2:07 all of their ancestors does that make
2:10 sense okay so now here's the question
2:11 just discuss this immediately with the
2:14 person next to you do we come from
2:17 monkeys in fact if there's a monoptic
2:19 group a bad question who's in it you
2:21 should be more specific what you mean by
2:23 monke well if there's such a thing as a
2:25 mon grp for monkeys that includes all
2:28 the monkeys so what do you guys think I
2:30 say no you said no all right let's have
2:32 it why not because you're not sure that
2:34 that ancestor is a monkey okay is it
2:36 part of the group
2:38 monkeys that's why I said you more
2:40 specific about what you mean by monkeys
2:41 well I'm in this case I would just be
2:43 talking about the monoptic group that
2:45 includes all monkeys that would be the
2:48 smallest group I can make called monkeys
2:49 are they in it is your common ancestor
2:52 that you share in it or not I guess what
2:54 at the point I'm making is you don't
2:56 know what those ancestors are are those
2:58 ancestors all monkeys
3:02 too that was a bit hard to watch
3:06 so that is the question are those
3:09 ancestors all monkeys too and since this
3:11 question has cost me so much and because
3:14 the answer is so
3:16 interesting let's talk about all of the
3:19 primates how they're related and whether
3:23 or not you might be a monkey's uncle and
3:24 since we're going to be digging into the
3:26 philogenetic relationships of primates
3:28 and trying to answer some very
3:30 controversial questions what's better a
3:34 monoptic group or a paraphilic group
3:36 monoptic groups or clades are favored in
3:37 phog gentics because they include a
3:40 common ancestor and all its descendants
3:42 providing a complete picture of
3:45 evolutionary relationships paraphyletic
3:47 groups include a common ancestor but not
3:49 all its descendants and polyphilic
3:51 groups don't include the most recent
3:53 common ancestor of its members both
3:56 paraphilic and polyic groups give an
3:58 incomplete or misleading view of
4:00 evolutionary history making monoptic
4:04 groups more valuable for understanding
4:05 and representing evolutionary
4:08 relationships accurately okay so what we
4:12 want are monoptic groups clades a common
4:15 ancestor and all of its descendants well
4:19 good news primates are a cla a monoptic
4:21 group a common ancestor and all of its
4:24 descendants and as we learned earlier no
4:25 matter how different The Descendants
4:28 become from their shared ancestors it is
4:31 impossible to evolve out of a clade that
4:34 would be paraphile we don't want that
4:36 primates themselves are part of a larger
4:39 CA called primat amorpha which includes
4:41 all of the primates a group called
4:43 dermoptera often called Flying lemurs
4:46 the last common ancestors of primates
4:48 and dermapteran and everything in
4:51 between and guess what those common
4:53 ancestors and all of their descendants
4:56 are all primmorphs that's the way
4:58 monopile works one of the major
5:00 advantages of monopile is that it
5:01 teaches me things about the members of
5:03 the groups that I didn't know before I
5:06 put them into the groups it has massive
5:08 predictive power I didn't need to know
5:09 all of their names to know that they
5:12 were all primat amorphs including all of
5:14 the primates and that is the way that a
5:17 nested hierarchy works the primates are
5:20 a large CLA that is nested within larger
5:22 clades such as primat amorpha all
5:25 primates are primat amorphs but not all
5:27 primat amorphs are primates primates are
5:29 also nested within many other other
5:32 larger groups such as the eutheria the
5:36 mamalia the tetrapoda the vertebrata the
5:38 Cordata and the Animalia and most people
5:40 don't seem to have a problem with the
5:42 fact that humans are nested Within These
5:44 groups it is entirely controversial that
5:46 humans are mammals vertebrates or
5:48 eutherians for example but if you bring
5:51 up that humans are bony fishes or
5:54 animals some people and even artificial
5:56 intelligences push back and saying that
5:59 we are monkeys is a bridge too far even
6:02 for some evolutionary biologists
6:05 apparently but are we monkeys well let's
6:07 start with primates primates can be
6:09 identified by their relatively large
6:12 brains large forward-facing eyes
6:14 opposable digits on their hands and or
6:18 feet and Nails as opposed to claws the
6:22 primates form two clades the haini and
6:25 the strep serini and right here I want
6:27 to address a major misconception that
6:31 many people have the h arini and the
6:36 strip serini are both equally evolved
6:39 because Evolution only has one goal the
6:41 survival of genes and since all
6:44 individuals die this means that the goal
6:47 of organisms is to pass their genes on
6:50 to Future Generations many individuals
6:52 may not know that this is the goal and
6:54 they may not succeed at doing so and the
6:57 result of this is that the genes of
6:59 individuals that stink at achieving this
7:01 goal are not well represented in future
7:03 Generations the genes that make it to
7:04 Future Generations are
7:07 disproportionately and non-randomly the
7:10 genes that assist with that one goal
7:12 though random forces can have an impact
7:14 too especially in small populations or
7:16 with respect to what mutations occur and
7:20 when but by and large Gene variants that
7:22 increase the likelihood of an individual
7:24 possessing them achieving the goal of
7:26 passing on its genes become more
7:29 prevalent over Generations importantly
7:32 being a human is not the only way to
7:34 achieve this goal and the more similar
7:37 you are to humans the more directly you
7:39 compete with them what I'm saying is
7:41 that other organisms are not failed
7:44 attempts at becoming humans nor is there
7:46 a particular evolutionary pressure to
7:49 become more like humans if anything the
7:52 opposite is true humans are great at
7:55 being humans but they make lousy strip
7:58 serines strip serines are identifiable
8:01 by their wet not noes like those of a
8:03 dog or a cat though strip serini means
8:06 something like turned around nose or
8:08 turned around nostrils in reference to
8:10 their comma-shaped nostrils they also
8:13 make their own vitamin C remember that
8:14 it's important and not just because you
8:17 need Vitamin C though you do you scurvy
8:19 dog which is an odd thing to call
8:21 somebody because dogs make their own
8:24 vitamin C in fact almost all mammals
8:27 make their own vitamin C very few do not
8:28 but we'll talk more about them in a
8:31 moment so like dogs strip serines make
8:34 their own vitamin C and have wet noses
8:36 which greatly increases olfactory
8:39 ability and the strip serine CLA itself
8:41 is divided into two large groups the
8:45 Lemur oidia lemur endemic to Madagascar
8:48 and the Loris oidia the lorises and bush
8:50 babies of Africa and Asia lemur are such
8:52 a rad group that they could definitely
8:54 get their own video at some point now
8:56 lemur means ghost there are around a
8:59 hundred species in Madagascar eight
9:01 distinct families ranging in size from
9:04 about 30 G about a 15th of a pound to
9:08 around 9 kilos 20 lb that's now when
9:10 humans arrived on the island around
9:13 2,000 years ago there were lemurs the
9:16 size of gorillas they are basically the
9:18 monkeys of Madagascar though they aren't
9:20 monkeys but they're rather convergently
9:22 similar in many ways since there were no
9:24 monkeys in Madagascar until we showed up
9:27 so all of the monkey Niche space was
9:30 wide open and the Lemurs filled it now
9:32 you're unlikely to confuse most lemurs
9:34 with monkeys and not just because of
9:36 their location wet comma noses and
9:38 vitamin C synthesis but because their
9:41 faces tend to look more like those of
9:44 carnivorans than those of monkeys with
9:46 long pointed snouts and ears that look
9:49 more like a dogs than they do like well
9:52 yours generally though that breaks down
9:55 a bit with some groups like The sportive
9:58 lemurs and my favorite lemur the I ey
9:59 which looks more like a ground Gremlin
10:01 and not one of those happy Gremlins it's
10:05 a monster I love it now most lemurs have
10:07 front teeth called tooth Combs not just
10:09 them but also the lorid that we will
10:12 discuss soon and the flying lemurs so it
10:14 may be the ancestral condition of the
10:18 primat amorpha anyway the I I it doesn't
10:20 have one instead they have some crazy
10:23 paired continuously growing in sizers
10:25 the skull looks like what you would get
10:27 if you crossed a rodent with a parrot
10:30 Len czers be crazy but why be they crazy
10:34 Clint oh I'm so glad you asked because I
10:37 eyes are woodpeckers but instead of
10:39 pecking holes and trees they chew holes
10:42 and trees and why make holes and trees
10:43 because there are tasty insect morsels
10:45 in there but how do they know where they
10:49 are you ask the best questions they
10:51 listen for them with their hideous
10:54 grumpy grumling ears and their long
10:56 freaky knocking finger look at that
10:58 finger it isn't really so much long as
11:01 it is is skinny and terrifying and it is
11:04 terrifying that knock is one of the
11:06 scariest sounds a grub could ever hear
11:09 that in Hakuna Matata once it is located
11:11 to Grub it chews a small hole in the
11:14 tree and then inserts the spider leg
11:15 death finger into the hole hooks the
11:17 disappointed larvae within and then
11:19 hauls it out so that it can be
11:22 masticated and ingested what a wonderful
11:24 Beast now I mentioned that the largest
11:26 of all lemurs was about the size of a
11:29 gorilla that's true they were called
11:31 sloth lemurs but the largest extant
11:34 lemur is the indry a close relative of
11:37 the extinct giant sloth lemur and in
11:39 addition to being large and colored like
11:43 a panda they also have a very short tail
11:46 like a bear but interestingly not much
11:48 like a panda pandas have huge tales for
11:50 Bears but I want to ask you a question
11:52 if the descendants of injuries
11:55 eventually lost all external vestages of their
11:56 their
11:59 tails would they cease to be lemur no an
12:02 organism cannot evolve out of a clay oh
12:05 yeah thank you okay so we have a pretty
12:07 good idea how to distinguish lemur from
12:09 monkeys but what about from their
12:11 closest relatives the members of the
12:14 clay laures soia well a good place to
12:17 start is by asking yourself the age-old
12:20 question am I in Madagascar that should
12:23 handle the question but to be perfectly
12:24 honest unless you have the ability to
12:27 examine its DNA or look at its internal
12:30 anatomy it's otherwise pretty difficult
12:33 to answer this question this is a bush
12:36 baby also called a galago it's adorable
12:39 it obviously has big front-facing eyes
12:41 somewhat opposable thumbs and
12:43 fingernails it's a primate it has a pair
12:45 of wet commas so you can probably guess
12:47 about whether or not it can synthesize
12:50 vitamin C it can and you could double
12:51 check yourself by looking for a tooth
12:54 comb it has one this is a slow lorus
12:56 same deal but in addition to that it
12:59 also has a toxic bite used primarily in
13:01 slow motion battles with other slow
13:03 lorises but you know what it doesn't
13:05 have a visible tail and you know what
13:07 that means it's no longer a member of
13:09 the luris oidia it evolved right out of
13:12 that CLA
13:14 right of course not it just doesn't have
13:16 a tail they could evolve to not have a
13:17 head and that wouldn't change the fact
13:19 that the descendants of the first lores
13:22 oids will always be lores oids if you're
13:25 in Asia or Africa and you find a soggy
13:28 commoner with or without a tail you'll
13:30 know that you have a member of the Loris
13:33 oidia but the strip seren is really not
13:35 the primate lineage that we're most
13:37 interested in exploring because the
13:40 monkeys are part of the other big
13:43 primate lineage the haini the simple
13:47 noosed primates with dry non-common
13:50 noses and no ability to synthesize
13:54 vitamin C these are the scurvy primates
13:56 and scurvy probably doesn't increase
13:58 your likelihood of passing on your jeans
14:01 so why hasn't this been a problem well
14:04 largely because most primates have diets
14:07 rich in vitamin C Haines might not make
14:10 it but that wasn't really an issue they
14:12 didn't need to make their own not an
14:14 issue at least until primat started to
14:17 live in places where foods rich in
14:20 vitamin C were uncommon especially say
14:22 at sea for months at a time but there is
14:24 a reason that I bring it up what is the
14:27 simplest explanation for why this entire
14:30 CLA would lack the ability to synthesize
14:32 vitamin C all of them now it could have
14:34 happened multiple times and been
14:36 successful or at least not devastating
14:39 repeatedly but the simplest explanation
14:40 is that the mutation occurred in the
14:44 Haine lineage somewhere after the split
14:46 from the strip Serene and reached
14:49 fixation in the population before the
14:51 first split within that lineage of
14:53 course just because it's the simplest
14:56 that doesn't make it true so how would
14:57 you know well the enzyme needed to
15:01 synthesize vitam vamin C is coded for by
15:05 a gene called G and the guo gene is roughly
15:07 roughly
15:10 202,000 base pairs long if it is
15:13 broken it won't make vitamin C and the
15:16 likelihood of the same exact break
15:18 happening independently in two different
15:22 lineages is astronomically small guinea
15:23 pigs are one of a small number of other
15:27 mammals that have a mutation to their G
15:30 Gene resulting in a lack of vitamin C
15:32 production unsurprisingly it is a
15:34 different break from that found in
15:36 Haines which makes sense same thing goes
15:38 for the bats that don't produce vitamin
15:40 C it's a different break from the one
15:42 that you find in guinea pigs or in
15:46 Haines but what about among the hings
15:50 well it's the exact same break straight
15:52 across the board and again it happened
15:54 before the first Haine lineage
15:56 Diversified from the rest that first
15:58 lineage to diversify away after this
16:02 break would be the taries today
16:05 represented exclusively by the family
16:08 Tara day of Maritime southeast Asia the
16:10 Tarsiers now the first thing that you
16:13 might notice about Tarsiers is that
16:16 their Rostrum is much more flat than
16:18 that of the strep serini reflecting the
16:22 fact that these are less reliant on Old
16:24 faction but that's not the first thing
16:26 that you noticed was it it was those
16:28 colossal freaking eyeballs that they've
16:30 got if not you're probably just
16:32 listening to this video because how
16:36 could you miss them they are enormous in
16:39 fact in many cases each individual eye
16:42 is larger than their entire brain and
16:44 these guys are Haines they aren't small
16:48 brained they're just giante eyed I mean
16:50 look at the skull of this thing where
16:53 would you even put a brain but somehow
16:55 that wasn't the feature that caught the
16:57 proportionately tiny eyes of the
17:00 researchers who named them tarsier is
17:01 due to their long foot bones called
17:05 tarsel which give them very long legs or
17:08 more accurately very long feet but I'm
17:10 not done with those eyes yet because if
17:13 you look at them they are always looking
17:16 directly forward with the most intense
17:18 stare you have ever seen in your entire
17:20 life though owls may give them a run for
17:24 their money because owls like Tarsiers
17:27 are always looking straight ahead you
17:30 have never never seen such determination
17:32 in the eyes of anything else and there
17:35 is a good reason that they never side
17:38 eye anything they can't their eyes are
17:41 too big the muscles required to move
17:45 those eyes would be huge and heavy not
17:47 good for a bird or a primate so they
17:51 can't they can see really well but only
17:53 what is straight in front of their faces
17:55 which means that if they're going to see
17:59 say uh behind them well they will need
18:02 to turn their whole head backwards like
18:04 some sort of possessed white-eyed Cowboy
18:13 everything now they can't do the full
18:15 Cowboy but they can spin it all the way
18:18 to the rear 180° giving them the ability
18:21 to see in any direction without moving
18:24 their bodies and somehow Vision might
18:27 not be their primary tool when hunting
18:29 like owls Tarsiers are nocturnal and
18:32 rely heavily on their hearing they have
18:35 big thin ears like a bat and their
18:38 brains are particularly Adept at
18:40 processing auditory information it
18:42 really is like a wizard tried to make an
18:44 insect eating owl out of a leaping
18:48 monkey mission accomplished but it is a
18:52 monkey and that gets us to our mission
18:56 monkeys and uh are you a monkeyy uncle
18:59 oh and just by the way all of our
19:01 patrons get access to a video that
19:04 includes an epic rant about the scam
19:06 that is the modern education system so
19:08 if you're interested in seeing that
19:10 video please consider checking us out on
19:13 patreon everything we have discussed so
19:16 far can easily be excluded from the
19:18 smallest Cade that includes all of the
19:21 monkeys but now we are moving into the
19:25 Cade sories and the group of sories
19:28 least related to all of the others is a
19:31 clade of monkeys and I think it is fair
19:35 to say that a clade of monkeys cannot be
19:38 removed from the smallest CA that
19:40 includes all of the monkeys do we need
19:43 to verify that with AI or are we all on
19:45 the same page so monkeys are monkeys
19:46 okay I'm going to work under the
19:49 assumption that we can agree that
19:52 monkeys are monkeys and this CA the
19:56 plini the flat or broad-nosed monkeys
19:59 are monkeys because flatos monkeys live
20:01 exclusively in the Americas and because
20:03 they are the only simeons native to the
20:06 Americas they are often referred to as
20:08 new world monkeys the other clay in the
20:12 sories the katerini being entirely from
20:14 the old world are often called the
20:16 katarine monkeys or the oldw world
20:19 monkeys though the latter is often
20:22 applied exclusively to one single clay
20:24 of katarine monkeys and uh we'll get to
20:27 them soon enough but what we can see is
20:29 that the two remaining clades in this
20:32 lineage they're both Monkeys new world
20:35 and Old World monkeys for the moment
20:37 let's talk about New World monkeys the
20:39 platan today there are five living
20:42 families of New World monkeys like all
20:44 simeons new world monkeys have large but
20:48 not insanely large and therefore movable
20:51 eyes with great daytime color vision
20:54 accompanied by large brains that
20:56 specialize in visual perception more
20:58 than old faction interestingly while
21:01 both the new world and Old World monkeys
21:03 have large brains even for primates they
21:06 seem to have evolved those larger brains
21:08 independently from one another which
21:10 isn't the case for their lack of ability
21:12 to synthesize vitamin C they both seem
21:14 to have inherited that from the same
21:17 Haine ancestor and I know that because
21:20 once again all of the Haines look to
21:23 have inherited it from the same common
21:25 ancestor and the last common ancestor of
21:28 all hains as well as all of their
21:30 descendants so everything from that
21:34 point until now have all been Haines and
21:37 I know this because that's how monoptic
21:39 groups work you probably get this but I
21:41 have encountered evolutionary biologists
21:43 that seem to still struggle with this
21:45 concept so I'm just being really
21:48 explicit so what makes new world monkeys
21:50 unique from Old World monkeys other than
21:53 geography well let's start with their
21:56 noses their names both refer to their
21:59 noses New World monkeys are the plini
22:01 the flat-nosed monkeys and the oldw
22:04 world monkeys are the katerini the down
22:07 noosed monkeys it really just has to do
22:09 with the position of the nostrils New
22:11 World monkeys have side pipes like a
22:14 Dodge Viper a Shelby Cobra or a 427
22:18 Corvette American cars American monkeys
22:20 not every American car has side pipes
22:23 but face it you'd be shocked to see side
22:26 pipes on a Ferrari a BMW or a Toyota now
22:28 why because the old world doesn't do
22:32 side pipes oldw World monkeys Point down
22:34 well unless they're snub-nosed monkeys
22:36 that have the same plastic surgeon as
22:38 Michael Jackson and Skeletor and He Who
22:40 Shall Not Be Named and Red Skull those
22:43 last two are from the old world really
22:45 not sure if the first two are even from
22:48 this world great dancing [Music]
23:03 [Music]
23:06 but the point is that new world monkey
23:10 nostrils point out the side not down and
23:13 so there is a much greater space between
23:15 the nostrils they are also the only
23:18 monkeys that have prehensile tails not
23:20 all of them have prehensile taals but
23:23 you'll never see a prehensile tail with
23:24 down pipes prehensile Tales have
23:26 actually evolved two different times in
23:29 New World monkeys but never in the old
23:31 world they also have 12 premolar instead
23:33 of eight but that can be difficult to
23:35 count at the zoo it would be fun to do a
23:37 whole video just about this group but
23:40 right now we're on a mission and that
23:42 mission will require us to dig into the
23:45 down noosed old world monkeys of the
23:47 katerini now you probably already know
23:49 how to distinguish these guys they have
23:52 all of the attributes of other simeons
23:54 and can be distinguished from the new
23:56 world monkeys by their nostrils that
23:58 don't point out the sides as well as the
24:00 fact that they have eight premolar and
24:02 they never have prehensile tails some
24:04 don't have tails at all which as you
24:06 know means that they've evolved right
24:08 out of the cay no an organism cannot
24:11 evolve out of a clay oh yeah silly me
24:14 anyway they also tend to have flatter
24:16 finger and toenails and much more
24:18 opposable thumbs unless they've lost
24:20 their thumbs which means that they have
24:23 lost their thumbs that's it cbus monkeys
24:24 are still monkeys because you can't
24:26 evolve out of a Cay no matter what you
24:29 lose unless it's all of your ancestors
24:30 it's a heck of a thing to lose so you
24:33 can identify a katarine monkey with or
24:35 without a tail or thumbs thumbs up got
24:38 them so what's in this group well these
24:42 and these monkeys see the narrow septum
24:44 between the nostrils now did you notice
24:47 that one of them didn't have a tail and
24:50 remember what that means yeah it means
24:52 that it doesn't have a tail now there
24:54 are two different lineages of katerine
24:59 monkeys the copath aidia and and the
25:03 homonoia this guy is a copid and this
25:06 guy is a hominoid the easiest way to
25:08 distinguish between the two is to look
25:12 for the tail hominoids don't have them
25:15 copds do there are other differences if
25:17 you get a good look at the cusps of
25:20 their molers but the presence or absence
25:22 of a tail is the best giveaway though
25:24 it's not exactly foolproof barbery maacs
25:27 and crested black maacs for example are
25:30 C opoids and their tals are tiny to
25:33 non-existent which means that they they
25:36 have no tals anyway the copics are often
25:39 referred to as the oldw world monkeys
25:42 but as you may recall that name was
25:44 already taken by the caterini and given
25:48 that copds are part of this group and
25:51 that all of the katerini is an entirely
25:53 oldw World group The question as to
25:56 which group most deserves the title is
25:58 simply whether or not all members of the
26:01 katerini are monkeys or if only the
26:02 cercopithecoids are monkeys and so we're
26:05 going to need to back up and take a look
26:07 at the philogyny for just a
26:10 second what is a monkey I think before
26:13 we agreed that monkeys are monkeys and
26:16 therefore New World monkeys the plini
26:18 are monkeys and I've never seen anybody
26:20 contend that the
26:22 cercopithecoids are not monkeys can we
26:24 agree that both of these groups are
26:26 monkeys now we could very easily say
26:29 that all primates are monkeys or all
26:31 mammals but that seems a bit over broad
26:34 let's instead make the smallest possible
26:37 monoptic group that we can from monkeys
26:39 the smallest group that can be created
26:41 that includes all of the animals that we
26:43 all agree are monkeys they're most
26:47 recent common ancestors and everything
26:50 that came from those ancestors and
26:53 absolutely nothing else we will exclude
26:56 every animal that we possibly can
26:57 without creating a parap phytic or
27:01 polyphilic group the smallest monkey CLA
27:03 possible so what's the last common
27:07 ancestor shared by both the plini and
27:10 the copath aidia well that would be uh
27:13 these guys right here the first true
27:15 monkeys I'm sure that whatever came
27:18 before them was very Monkey likee but I
27:21 can exclude everything before this point
27:23 from the monkey group at least if I want
27:27 to but not these These are monkeys and so
27:28 so is
27:29 is
27:32 everything that came from them because
27:35 that's the way that monopile works and
27:37 if we look at who came from them you
27:39 will notice that the plini came from
27:42 them the copi
27:45 aidia they came from them and so did the
27:47 homonoia I can't exclude the homonoia
27:50 from the monkey CLA because they share
27:53 ancestors more recently with the copath
27:56 aidia than the copath aidia do with the
27:59 plini this means that while I could
28:01 potentially justify excluding the plini
28:05 from the monkey CLA I cannot exclude the
28:08 homonoia from any clade that includes
28:12 both plini and copi aidia it is
28:14 impossible in a nutshell the
28:19 copds are not the only old world monkeys
28:21 they are just the only old world monkeys
28:23 with tails even though not all of them
28:26 have one so that brings us to the
28:29 tailess old world monkeys the homonoia
28:32 the manlike oldw world monkeys and what
28:35 is so manlike about them well like men
28:37 they have all of the basic attributes of
28:39 primates not to mention the attributes
28:42 of eutherians mammals synapsid
28:44 vertebrates chordates duter batarians
28:47 Etc so they have relatively large brains
28:49 large forward-facing eyes opposable
28:51 digits on their hands and or feet and
28:54 Nails as opposed to claws like men and
28:55 every other primate that we've discussed
28:57 so far but that is not where their
29:00 similarities to men and they also have
29:02 all of the attributes of Haine primates
29:04 so they have dry noses and can't make
29:06 vitamin C and they can't make vitamin C
29:09 due to the same change in the goo Gene
29:12 as the one that we see in uh men and
29:14 women just in case you were wondering
29:16 but that isn't where the similarities
29:19 end either like men they also have all
29:21 of the attributes of simeons which is
29:22 the smallest clay that can be created
29:24 that includes all of the monkeys
29:26 attributes such as even larger brains
29:29 that prioritize Vision over all faction
29:31 and movable eyes with great color vision
29:33 and that's not where it ends the
29:35 hominoids also share all of the
29:37 attributes of catarine monkeys with men
29:39 so their nostrils Point down and have a
29:41 small septum between them they also
29:43 don't have prehensile tails and their
29:46 thumbs are fully opposable uh and eight
29:47 prolar but that's not where the
29:50 similarities end either because they
29:52 also share all of the attributes of
29:54 hominoids for example they don't have a
29:57 tail but more than that they don't have
30:00 a a tail for the exact same reason they
30:02 all share the same insertion mutation to
30:05 the tbx T Gene that plays a big role in
30:07 tail vertebrae formation do you think
30:09 that's the same mutation that you see in
30:11 tailess Maca I don't think that analysis
30:14 has been done just yet but I'd be very
30:16 surprised if it is and that's not the
30:18 full extent of the similarities between
30:20 hominoids and men just some of the most
30:22 conspicuous ones but plenty enough to
30:24 help you identify a homonid when you see
30:26 one and plenty enough to justify calling
30:29 them man like so let's dig into these
30:31 manlike monkeys and let's start with the
30:33 least manlike of the manlike monkeys the
30:37 Hyo badade the forest Walkers as opposed
30:38 to the forest
30:43 runners run forest run run forest hob
30:46 baded is composed of the roughly 20
30:48 species of Gibbons and just at a glance
30:50 you can probably distinguish a hyob
30:53 baded from the other hominoids in the
30:56 family hominid hyob beds look much more
30:58 like the monkeys that we've discussed so
31:00 far just typical tailess katarine
31:03 monkeys that aren't maacs maacs have a
31:05 very distinctive face in case you're
31:07 struggling they're smaller than the
31:09 other hominoids and they tend to be
31:11 built more for swinging around in the
31:14 trees than are the hominids their long
31:16 arms and ball and socket wrists make
31:19 them the fastest of all brachiators tree
31:21 swingers and one of the silliest of forest
31:22 forest
31:25 Walkers they also have some key
31:27 behavioral differences compared to H IDs
31:29 they tend to parir bond more than
31:31 hominids probably leading to reduced
31:33 levels of sexual difference sexual
31:35 dimorphism compared to hominids they
31:38 also do not tend to build nests like the
31:40 hominids do and on that note let's talk
31:42 about the nest building tailess old
31:46 world monkeys in the family hmin the
31:49 manlike manlike monkeys manlike monkeys
31:52 are often referred to as apes and the
31:54 manlike manlike monkeys are often
31:57 referred to as great apes possibly
32:00 because they are bigger possibly because
32:02 they're a little more Hanky Panky and
32:05 possibly because the more manlike a
32:07 manlike monkey becomes the greater we
32:09 think it is though I think it has more
32:10 to do with the size because in my
32:12 opinion gorillas are greater than
32:15 bonobos even though they're not quite as
32:19 manlike and nothing is more Hanky Panky
32:22 than a bonobo except for ducks they're
32:24 screwed up anyway today there are only
32:27 eight or nine species of manlike manlike
32:28 monkeys those are in order of
32:31 relatedness to the Pinnacle of creation
32:34 orangutans three species honin three
32:37 species and the Pinnacle of creation
32:40 gorillas two or three species we should
32:42 do a whole video just diving into these
32:45 nine species but right now we need to
32:48 dig a bit deeper into the closest
32:50 relative to the Pinnacle of creation the
32:54 hini the manlike manlike manlike monkeys
32:56 not the greatest of the Apes but the
33:00 most most manlike there are three extent
33:01 species of manlike manlike manlike
33:05 monkeys in two lineages Pan the
33:09 chimpanzees and bonobos and Homo the
33:12 well us while chimpanzees and bonobos
33:14 are more closely related to one another
33:16 than they are to us and they aren't the
33:18 closest relatives to us known to have
33:22 ever existed they are our closest living
33:24 relatives and are more closely related
33:25 to us than they are to gorillas
33:29 orangutans iibb any other monkeys any
33:31 other primates or anything else alive
33:34 today other than the women they are the
33:37 most manlike of all prime Apes that
33:41 aren't men and the men while tailess are
33:44 nonetheless still great apes which are
33:45 still Apes which are still catarine
33:47 monkeys which are still monkeys which
33:50 are still primates because that's the
33:54 way that monil works and now you know as
33:56 always like And subscribe and we hope to
33:57 see you real soon
34:00 do we mention the name of no that
34:03 Professor he took a real bad position
34:06 and wrecked a year of my life over it I
34:07 didn't I deliberately didn't say his
34:09 name in this good
34:14 video um or say where he is what his
34:15 institution is or anything like that I
34:18 don't I don't want anybody to know that
34:22 his name is he no no no
34:29 stop we're not adding that to patreon
34:31 extras his address
34:34 is Doc [Laughter]
34:50 [Music] sucker
