The core theme is the distinction between venom and poison, how they are delivered, and their diverse roles in nature, including their potential benefits for human medicine.
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Would you rather be bitten
by a venomous snake or touch a poisonous frog?
Wait, what's the difference
between poison and venom, anyway?
Let's say you have the misfortune
to be bitten by a venomous rattlesnake.
When it bites you,
the snake will eject venom
from little sacks behind its eyes,
through its hollow fangs and into your flesh.
That venom will then travel through your bloodstream
and all over your body.
In most cases, snake venom contains neurotoxins,
proteins that can do all sorts of nasty stuff
like make your muscles fire uncontrollably,
burst your blood cells,
and make you go completely numb.
But you might get lucky!
Snakes don't always decide
you're worth wasting venom on.
In fact, between 20 and 80% of snake bites
are so-called "dry bites,"
where the snake is just trying
to send a message without actually killing you.
You see, venom takes energy and resources
for the snake to make,
and they don't want to waste it on a warning shot.
When it comes to poison,
on the other hand,
there's no warning shot.
If you pick up a poisonous dart frog
to admire its beautiful colors,
you've already gotten deadly poison
all over your hands.
As it seeps into your skin
and travels through your blood,
the poison starts to interfere with your nerves,
preventing your muscles from contracting.
If the frog's poison reaches your heart,
it can cause it to stop.
The distinction between venom and poison
is purely in the method of delivery.
Poison has to be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed.
Venom has to be injected into a wound.
Chemically, venoms and poisons
are both considered toxins,
so a snake bite is venomous.
A poison dart frog is poisonous.
Brown recluse spiders are venomous.
Lionfish and pufferfish are poisonous.
And some compounds can be poisons in one animal
and venoms in another.
Tetrodotoxin, a chemical 10,000 times more toxic than cyanide,
is found in pufferfish,
where it makes them poisonous.
It's also found in the deadly blue-ringed octopus,
where it's a venom delivered by bite.
Some animals can even be both poisonous and venomous.
Take the Asian tiger snake, for example.
Not only does it have venom in its fangs
but it also absorbs the toxins
from the poisonous toads it eats,
and then secretes those toxins
from special glands on its neck,
rendering it poisonous, too.
Scientists are constantly finding new animals
that employ toxins in weird, interesting ways.
Recently, researchers discovered
the very first venomous crustacean.
Out of 70,000 species of crustaceans,
only this one little remipede is venomous.
Speleonectes tulumensis has figured out
how to create a cocktail of toxins
that it delivers through its tiny fangs.
Scientists aren't totally sure how this venom works yet,
but they think that it causes the unwitting victims' neurons
to fire over and over and over again
until it becomes paralyzed.
Then, the little remipede closes in,
dissolving away the exoskeleton of its prey
and sucking out the juices.
But poisons and venoms aren't always all bad.
For thousands of years, humans have looked for
ways to harness the power of these toxic compounds for good.
Today, we have all sorts of medicines
that come from toxins.
The poison from cone snails is used as a painkiller.
Many poisonous plants have been used
to treat everything from malaria to irregular heartbeats.
And scorpion venom might one day be used
to treat heart disease.
So, what should you do if something bites or poisons you?
Don't try any of the things you've seen
on the internet or in movies!
Don't try to capture and kill the animal
that bit you,
and don't use a tourniquet or knife on your wound.
Most importantly, don't panic!
Stay calm, and seek medical attention.
Treatment will mostly depend
on what species you encountered.
But if you forget the distinction
between poison and venom,
and tell the parademics
that you were poisoned by a viper,
they'll probably forgive you and treat you anyway.
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