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Virtual Museum After Hours - Redlined: Cities, Suburbs, and Segregation

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Summary

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This presentation details the historical and ongoing impact of redlining, a discriminatory practice that systematically devalued and disinvested in certain neighborhoods and populations, primarily based on race, which evolved from private action into federal policy.

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good evening

and welcome to museum after hours i'm

your host this evening i'm mary madden

i'm director emeritus of the kansas

museum of history

and i'm very pleased to be with you this

evening and to be here tonight with our

guest speaker alex christensen

alex is the curator of interpretation at

the johnson county museum in overland

park kansas where he served as project

lead for their newest special exhibit

redlined cities suburbs and segregation

he has worked in the museum field for a

decade and currently serves as the

president of the heritage league of

greater kansas city

tonight's presentation will be focusing

on redlining the divestment of some

neighborhoods and populations in favor

of others

often on the basis of race

which began as a private practice but

became enshrined in federal policy

during the great depression

you will learn how the system of redlining

redlining

shaped the kansas city area and also how

it was shaped by people and events in

johnson county

uh alex is going to examine the legacies

of redlining that continue to impact our

communities and populations

in the cities and across the nation

throughout the presentation

please use the q a button at the bottom

of your screen to pose questions and

we'll get to as many as we can afterwards

afterwards

so please join me in welcoming our

speaker alex gustafson

thanks so much mary glad to be here

tonight i'm going to go ahead and start

sharing my screen and jump right into a

presentation that i have prepared

well first i'm going to talk a little

bit about johnson county museum and then

i'll go into um the history of redlining

and then at the end talk a little bit

about how we

made the exhibit uh that's currently on

display at the johnson county museum so

what you're seeing here um is imagery um

from the exhibits the becoming johnson

county exhibit our signature exhibition

at johnson county museum we're located

on metcalf avenue in overland park sort

of the

main street of the county if you will

and what was king louis west an old

bowling alley on the upper floor and

where the museum sits with those

beautiful wooden beams you can see in

those top three images that was an ice

skating rink well known to johnson countians

countians

and the exhibits

explore the whole history of johnson

county from before the county was

founded in 1855 all the way up to the

modern day with special emphasis

on the post-war era this urbanization of

johnson county if you're not familiar

with johnson county there's a large

suburban area outside of kansas city

missouri just over the state line here

in kansas

in my role as curator of interpretation

at the johnson county museum i am

somebody who gets to help people access

history and i do that in several

different ways one of which is focusing on

researching writing and producing exhibitions

exhibitions

and so let's go ahead and jump into

the topic at hand

lots of animations our graphic designers

helped us create this so i hope you

enjoy the animations this evening uh the

exhibit opened on kansas day in january 29th

29th

and is up for almost an entire year all

the way through january 7th of 2023

provides a lot of opportunity for folks

to engage with the exhibition with the

programming that we offer at the johnson

county museum and partner programming

like this

happening with about 24 cultural

organizations universities libraries

historical organizations throughout a

bi-state area who are offering

programming at their locations related

to redlining and its continuing legacies today

today

so i hope you have a chance to come see

so we'll start tonight

as mary already did defining

what redlining is

and so we say it's a systematic

disinvestment of some neighborhoods and

populations in favor of others

most often on the basis of race it was a

private practice that turned into a

federal policy started as far back as

maybe the civil war or even earlier with

private industry but by the time we get

to the great depression it turns into a

federal policy we're going to talk about

that a lot tonight

uh and it was integral to the build up

of the nation's suburbs so johnson

county is a prime example as a suburban

community outside of kansas city missouri

missouri

and it was to the detriment of urban

neighborhoods in cities across the

united states

especially communities of color

who were as one historian uh phrased it

contained in cities by these redlining

practices and policies

so let's jump in

i'm going to go back in time as a

historian you probably realize through

presentations like this we can never

just start with the topic at hand we

always have to go back in time to talk

about the foundations of the topic and

the foundations for redlining we trace

back in the exhibition to just after the

civil war the american civil war um

there are three new constitutional

amendments uh

freedom not to be enslaved as an african-american

african-american

the right to vote and equality under the

law and for about a 10-year period until

1877 those new constitutional amendments

are enforced by federal troops

throughout the south

but when reconstruction ends and those

troops are withdrawn a new system begins

to descend on the south and descend on

african americans in the south jim crow

we're probably familiar it's an official

and unofficial system of violence and

intimidation and repression

meant to revert african-americans back

to a second-class citizenship to remove

those new rights um in the post-civil

war era and jim crow becomes a very

oppressive system it starts in the south

but it spreads throughout the united states

states

and becomes uh the norm living under

that for african americans and it's a

very oppressive system so by the time we

get to the early 1900s we start to see a

slow trickle of african-americans moving

from the agricultural south which is

shaded brown on the map here moving to

industrial cities in the northeast and

the midwest and when we get to world war

one that trickle turns into

a steady stream of migrants from the south

south

between 1910 and the 1970s we see about

6 million african-americans as part of

what historians call the great migration

this mass movement black migrants from

the south to these industrial cities

it continues in the post-war uh

post-world war one era post world war ii

um so for about six decades and it

changes the cityscapes in places like

harlem in new york city cleveland

chicago detroit and yes kansas city

kansas city receives tens of thousands

of migrants over this period chicago

receives hundreds of thousands of

migrants over this period

and there is a reaction against these

migrants in cities almost immediately

for one they're

they're

coming from the south they're used to an

agricultural lifestyle they're very

impoverished and they're often

uneducated because of jim crow and so

there's a reaction against them

and uh people post signs in

neighborhoods saying this is a white

neighborhood whites only in this

neighborhood the second ku klux klan

forms largely in response to the great

migration and other jazz age culture

things that are spreading through the

great migration

and so overall we start to see hard-line

segregation in cities there had always

been segregation to a degree but often

cities were arranged by economic class

but with the great migration and this

harsh reaction against these migrants we

start to see true hardline segregation

if you're from the kansas city region

we're talking about troost avenue a

north south avenue that separates a

white western kansas city from a growing

uh district uh the segregated district

on the east side of kansas city the east

side of troost avenue

and so places like 18th and vine or what

was 12th to 18th and vine street in

kansas city missouri

become a black mecca

it's referred to that way at the time

it's a cultural hub it is a center of

black excellence and professionalism and

achievement but it is necessary because

the main downtowns and cities become off

limits to african americans and that

second downtown serves only the black

population living there

and so as these things are starting to

change the cityscapes across the united

states we also have the real estate

industry and the progressives coming together

together

prior to this there really was no real

estate industry anybody could buy land

and build a house on it or buy land and

subdivide it into lots and sell them off

and so there was varying uh it meant

different things to different people in

different places to be a realtor

but the progressives were trying to

order society and they're trying to put

like things with like things they're

setting up codes of ethics and protocols

and membership organizations for sharing

best practices and so in 1908

nareb the national association of real

estate boards meets in chicago and they

create essentially what is today the

real estate industry

and as part of their code of ethics um

there's number 34. section 34 of their

code of ethics says a realtor should

never be instrumental in introducing

into a neighborhood a character

uh or a member of any race or

nationality or any individual whose

presence will clearly be detrimental to

property values in that neighborhood

there is a belief coming from the

founders of nareb the national

association of real estate boards that

skin color and property value are tied together

together

there's never any proof offered for this

there's never any statistical reports or

any analyses

it's made up by the leadership saying

that if you're black or from a community

of color

you devalue not only your own property

but the entire neighborhood in which you live

live

and that is that idea is spread through

nareps literature they have a monthly

publication they have national conferences

conferences

in their interpersonal dealings with

people who are buying and selling homes

so that this becomes a fact for most

people in the united states um and so

we see things like henry ford saying

who's a known progressive saying the

city is doomed we'll we'll uh leave the

city behind uh and and move out to the

suburbs right

we'll solve the city problem by leaving

the city he says and so we start to see

uh suburbs really springing up around

cities for the first time in the 1910s

1920s we had streetcar suburbs certainly

before that but it's new

automobile-based suburbs as you can see

in this image here this is talking about

the country club district a well-known

area of kansas city and eventually

in johnson county kansas as well

jc nichols a well-known name in this

region uh was instrumental in building

lots of the first real automobile based

suburbs in this area

and planning for permanence

which we're going to talk a little bit

more about

before i talk about that though i want

to mention that jc nichols has been in

the news a lot lately

and people are debating his legacy he's

built country club plaza country club

district which is residential district

of beautiful

you know uh suburban developments for

homes and things uh

he is a product of his time certainly in

the things that he believes and what we

would call discriminatory practices

today but he is also on the national

scale he is somebody who is creating the

products of his time who is creating the

policies shaping the policies that will

uh govern the real estate industry for

the next century so you can see here on

a national scale he's a director seven

times the kansas city real estate board

he's a

founder of the urban land institute he's

a founder of the national association of

homebuilders he is on the board of

directors for nareb several times

he chairs various organizations he's on

the cover of

business week he has an entire issue of

the national real estate journal which

you see on the screen dedicated to

the country club district after he

finishes that so he is well known across

the united states he is well known to

people in the real estate industry who

look up to him as a model uh for real

estate development and are following the

things that he's doing the things that

he's prescribing for the industry [Music]

[Music]

and so what are those things that he's

prescribing for the industry he

gives several speeches and publications

he talks about planning for permanence

and community building so when it comes

to something like prairie village which

you see in ariel there of a residence

district and the shopping center before

nicholls ever broke ground or his

company ever broke ground on a on a subdivision

subdivision

it was already planned out on paper

where every road would be where the

shopping district would be where the

school and park and all the trees

everything about it was planned out

that's community building what we would

call master planning today it's also

planning for permanence to make sure his

neighborhoods aren't going to experience

the turmoil that urban neighborhoods are

experiencing which i'll talk more about

just a second and so he's doing things

like the four things you see on your

screen there he's putting racially

restrictive covenants on his property

and he's certainly not the first person

to do this and certainly not the only

person to do this um this is

pretty typical in the 19 teens and 20s

all the way until 1950

but he's doing some other things

racially restrictive covenants by the

way i should say

say things that

the property could only be sold conveyed

used rented or owned by caucasians or it

may say uh cannot be owned by african

americans or if you're in houston it

might say uh latinos or mexicans or in

san francisco might say chinese outside

of new york city and sometimes in kansas

city missouri it says

jewish families

there are some developers in johnson

county who after world war ii include a

full list of the big refugee populations

after the war who would be restricted

from ever living there prohibited from

living within those communities

other things that nichols are doing that

that he's doing um that are really

innovative and he's spreading through

the organizations that he's in

is automatically renewing restrictions

and declarations of restrictions so that

racially restrictive covenant would be

number one or number two in that list of

things but other things would say you

know you can only build a single family

residence so no apartment buildings no

quick trips right in his subdivisions um

single-family residence it must be at

least fifteen hundred square feet it

must cost at least ten thousand dollars

to build the front door has to be at

least twenty feet from the street

you cannot have a chicken coop you could

not build a pergola

and then also write the racially

restrictive covenant that's a

declaration of restrictions a list of

rules for using your property or how not

to use your property

and instead of being an individual

restriction on on a single property it's

applied to the entire community by being

filed with the community plat the map

for the community that's filed with

whichever county or municipality he's

homes associations he creates the idea

of a compulsory membership hoa

essentially if you bought into a

neighborhood that nichols developed

while he was still living you had to

become a member of that neighborhood um

there was no

no choice and as you sign on to that

saying that you will become a member

you're saying that you all pulled the

bylaws of the community and what are the

bylaws of the community well the

founding bylaws are the declaration of

restrictions so all those things about

no chicken coops only single family

residences and no black purchasers those

are things that individual homeowners

are signing on that they will uphold

what's important about that is um if

you know you're paying dues to the

the homes association the hoa

you're you could be fined if you're

breaking the rules if you build a

chicken coop you could be fine but if

you sell your home to a black family

then the organization can can sue you in

court to stop the sale you can be sued

by the entire neighborhood and finally

going back to automatically renewing restrictions

restrictions

nichols makes this list of restrictions

automatically renew every 25 years in

perpetuity essentially forever every 25 years

years

and you would have one opportunity um

each set of 25 years five years before

that date to go in and make a change if

you wanted to get 67 percent of your

neighbors to vote on making a change

propose new language or new rules for

the community or subtracting rules if

you want

get them to vote again 67 on the change

file them in the deed for each property

and in the bylaws for the community

paying a fee for that as well

and so if you're able to do that you've

made a change but if you miss any of

those steps

within that time frame you've missed it

and you have to wait another 25 years to

make a change

and that is planning for permanency all

of these things these three things

automatically renewing restrictions

declarations of restrictions and homes

associations are ensuring for jc nichols

and for many many other developers who

then eventually use these tools they're

ensuring that the communities will be

permanently high value permanently

desirable permanently exclusive and

permanently white

by including those racially restricted covenants

up to this point everything we've talked

about is private action

real estate developers deciding to build

a community setting the rules for it and

then selling those homes and creating a

homes association

but when we get to the great depression

we see the federal government step in

and create some homes programs some

housing programs

by 1933 there's a 1 000 home

foreclosures per day in the united

states people are not able to afford

their homes they can barely afford

groceries and to take care of their

children right

to feed their children and things

they're trying to find jobs and make

sure they have income and so people

aren't worried about buying and building

homes but the federal government steps

in narib has lobbied the federal

government to step in and create a

program it's called hulk the homeowner's

loan corporation it's the first

intervention of the federal government

into the private real estate market hulk

comes in

using taxpayer money through the u.s

treasury and issues new mortgages to

homeowners pays off the previous

mortgage to the bank makes the bank hole

and then issues this new mortgage and

it's revolutionary so before this time

before the great depression if you

bought a house you would have to put

down 50 of the cost of the home at the

time of purchase

and then pay off the other 50

over the next three to five years

pretty unattainable i would not be a

homeowner today if those were the terms

still um there were also balloon

payments and so your last payments were

often very large and so it was typical

to be a homeowner for four or four and a

half years and then lose your house

because you couldn't afford to make the

payments hulk comes in and they say uh

we're going to do a 20-year mortgage so

much longer period of time low interest

rates low monthly payments amateurized

so every payment is equal across the

life of the loan it makes it much more

accessible for people who are already

living in homes

the program is so popular that then the

federal government creates

and these are new deal programs by the

way by the roosevelt administration then

they create the federal housing

administration the fha and we're

probably familiar with this one it's

still around it's still offering

mortgages what the fha does is actually

it offers insurance on mortgages so that

the banks will lend money without having

any risk

but they do the same thing the fha

offers these mortgage loans for 20 years

low money down low monthly payments low interest

interest

you can even use the equity you've paid

in as a loan back to yourself if you

need to so what we expect out of a

mortgage today is created by the federal

government coming out of the great depression

depression

part of this program though before hulk

goes away they they disband in the late

1930s after they've done their their job

the organization's job

the program goes out and maps cities and

so what you're seeing on the screen here

for greater kansas city is a 1939

redlining map properly called a

residential security map

so hulk worked with real estate

appraisers and developers and bankers

and agents in localities for 239 cities

around the united states to create maps

to reflect investment risk within a

community what neighborhoods would be a

good place to invest in giving a

mortgage to a family what places would

be a bad place to do this would be a

risky investment which neighborhoods

would gain or maintain value over the

life of the loan and which ones would

not which ones would lose value over

time and so what you're seeing in the

upper right left-hand corner is kansas

city kansas wyandotte county today

no green there notice that lots of red

the lower left-hand corner we see

johnson county not yet developed into

the suburbs that it will become very few

you can see mission hills and some of

the original overland park suburbs

and then on the kansas city side

the left or left portion of the screen

you can see a lot of red and yellow

about 52 or 55 percent of the map is

shaded red

and so let's talk about what the colors meant

meant

first let's talk i'm sorry first let's

talk about appraising so

as as they're going through creating

these maps uh the people who are who are

working with hulk are for the first time

thinking about

20 years out in the future these are not

short-term mortgages anymore short-term

loans we're thinking about

this house now what is its condition

this house in 20 years what will its

condition be what will the neighborhood

look like in 20 years its context is

very important so you can see from the

three orange arrows we have 65 percent

tied up in relative economic stability

protection from adverse influences and

freedom from special hazards these are

coded language for talking about

who is moving into the neighborhood and

who currently lives there talking about

populations like jewish families

sometimes neighborhood group

descriptions will talk about low-grade

italians moving in or mexicans moving in

or african-americans and so these three

65 percent of the appraisal these three

these three criteria make up 65 percent

of the appraisal and that is all based

on race and ethnicity and who's living there

there

and so you can see

the fha and the federal government and

eventually private industry private

banks expect that properties will be

restricted that you will have deed

restrictions to

racially restrictive covenants to

maintain white communities where

property values going back to what narep said

said

about skin color and value being tied together

together

where value will be maintained by having

only a white community and the thing

about all this is is nareb lobbies the

federal government for this program

the leadership of that organization

becomes advisors to the government when

they're creating the fha and eventually

they become the people you see in that

picture in the upper right people who

are running the fha program

are from the narab organization and so

they're bringing those discriminatory

practices to a federal policy

and you can see in the lower right it

says if you're going to retain stability

in a neighborhood it's necessary that

all properties shall continue to be

occupied by the same social and racial

classes a change in social or racial

occupancy generally contributes to

instability in a decline in values and

that is what they're mapping in these

these maps so let's take a look a green

neighborhood would be the best in this

investment or the least risky investment

so this is the ward parkway area country

club district in kansas city missouri

mission hills just across the state line

in kansas uh in johnson county kansas

is also shaded green uh this is a jc

nichols neighborhood and the

neighborhood description for this uh

says large mansions artistically located

in rolling hills the gold coast of

kansas city so we know we have large

homes we have racially restrictive

covenants declarations of restrictions

and homes associations to control this

neighborhood it is permanently desirable

right it would be a good investment for

the federal government to risk taxpayer

money but also be a good investment risk

for a bank to risk their shareholder money

money

and so a mortgage would be a good thing

they would maintain or gain value over

the life of the loan

if you talk about a blue area somewhere

like brookside in kansas city missouri

some of the neighborhoods uh outside of

overland park on this map from 1939 are

also shaded blue slightly smaller homes

single-family homes still still

restricted still homes associations

still going to maintain or gain value

over time when we talk about yellow

neighborhoods this is really the first

time we start to see risk

this is highlighting hyde park this is

midtown kansas city missouri this is a

victorian era neighborhood built in the

1880s through about 1910

very large homes but by 1939 they've

been chopped up into rooming houses and

apartments um you have absentee

landlords you have the first mention of

ethnicities here talking about a large

jewish population nearby in manheim park

or in other areas of the city talking

about low-grade italians moving into the

neighborhood these populations were not

quite white in the 1930s whiteness is

fluid and it changes over time for for

different ethnic groups and so these

would be risky investments immigrant

communities homes that may not be

maintained properly um and that life of

that loan your value may go down

and finally we have a red line district

like what is called 18th and buying

today that 12th to 18th in vine district

and a red coating meant that you have

small homes that are often in disrepair

they're older typically rented as

opposed to owned you have mixed uses so

you may have industrial use right next

to a residence

that would be obnoxious right um odors

or sounds or conditions

and then you have those risky

populations that i was describing both

from narep and from the fha program

communities of color and people who

themselves were considered risky by the

federal government and by private industry

industry

who would not be eligible for a loan

from the fha the fha preferred to give

loans to suburban communities new

communities where all of these

restrictions could be controlled as

opposed on to older properties in urban neighborhoods

neighborhoods

richard rothstein who wrote the color of

law a book that details the overall

history of redlining has called the fha

program federally mandated segregation

another historian has said that not

every single person living in a redlined

area was black but almost every single

black person living in urban america in

the 1930s was coated red on these maps

if there was even one black family in a

neighborhood the entire neighborhood

would be coated red because going back

to what i read before it was integrated

which meant it was unstable which meant

it was a bad investment risk right

and so if you lived in a downtown

neighborhood that was coated red or

yellow you would be hard pressed to get

a mortgage from the fha program

which again is a very popular program in

its time especially in the 30s through

the 60s and you would be very

hard-pressed then to also have a loan or

mortgage from a private bank

these maps are not directing policy

they're reflecting policy and the way

people are thinking about race and skin

color and property value and value over

time and so they become a

self-fulfilling prophecy if you say this

area is not worth an investment because

it's not economically sound you're not

going to invest in that neighborhood

that this investment is going to become

cyclical and it's going to become a

neighborhood that is very difficult to

these maps as i had mentioned were made

for 239 cities across the united states

this map is from mapping inequality

which is a wonderful interactive website

where many of these maps have been

scanned it's fully interactive you can

click on the neighborhoods and read the

descriptions they talk about

demographics and who uh what types of

jobs the people in the neighborhood have

the home values descriptions of the neighborhoods

neighborhoods

and so you can see the amount of the

different colors uh in these cities so a

place like kansas city has a lot of red

place like chicago has a lot of red and

a lot of yellow

there are not many

areas that have a lot of blue or green

and bringing this to other cities in

kansas you know the exhibit at the

johnson county museum focuses on kansas

city and johnson county that regionalism

is strong in our main exhibit and it's

very strong in the red line exhibit of

course but these maps were made for

wichita and topeka as well wichita was

made in 1937 you can see most of what

surrounds downtown that kind of

cross-hatched area in the center uh is

redlined that would be areas with older

housing low-grade housing and uh risky

populations black populations and

latinos in wichita and in topeka as well

you can see most of the area around

downtown is yellow or red in topeka

we'll come back to these maps when we

so there are some major implications of

the redlining programs here what becomes

redlining right away and one is white

flight this is what historians refer to

uh this is how historians refer to the

mass movement of white families from

downtown neighborhoods redlined and

yellow line neighborhoods two new

suburban areas

the idea is that a realtor would say

your neighborhood would be difficult to

sell in and so the family a white family

sells their home in a downtown

neighborhood at a loss

at a low value and then moves to a new

home out in the suburbs probably through

the fha program maybe through the

veterans program eventually

and then that home is turned

around and sold to often to a black

family at a much higher price

segregated areas were always more

expensive because there's such a demand

for goods and housing there

and so few such a small supply so few

places that black families were able to

move because of restrictions because of racism

racism

and discrimination and segregation

and that change from in that house going

from a white family to a black family

like that as part of white flight is

referred to as racial turnover

and i'll talk about that in just a

second but white flight you can see what

this looked like for johnson county

between 1940 and 1960 on that population

list there the

white population of johnson county

increases in that 20-year period 110 000 individuals

individuals

the black population in that same period

increases 150 individuals

a massive movement of white population

from downtown kansas city to the suburbs

of johnson county kansas same is true in

clay and platte counties and missouri

and also eastern jackson county by independence

independence

in kansas city missouri

what this looks like for kansas city

missouri is a loss of nearly 180 000

people between 1950 and 1970 uh

180 000 white individuals i should say

leaving the boundaries of kansas city

missouri four suburban neighborhoods

outside of downtown

a mass movement of people and that

racial turnover i started to describe is

sometimes induced by unscrupulous

realtors in cities across the united

states and so we see blockbusting uh

notes like this saying don't you know

don't come here essentially this is a

white neighborhood

but those realtors might walk a black

family down that city block and then

call every homeowner saying did you see

who's looking for a home you should sell

now before values go down you're not

able to sell

that induces what's called panic selling

people selling their homes for

ridiculously ridiculously low prices

and moving out to suburbs

and then that allows for that racial

turnover which to give you a visual of

that turnover in kansas city in 1950 on

the left you can see what's essentially

the 18th and vine district um the core

of segregated kansas city in that small

area but by the time you move to the

right side of the screen in 1970 you can

see that

through white flight and home selling to

black families outside of that district

that racial turnover the segregated area

of kansas city has become essentially

the entire east side of this of the city

never though with that one exception in

downtown never crossing over that troost

avenue hard-line segregation boundary i

talked about earlier and you can also

see that the population grew much denser

and blacker if you will over that period

as the great migration continued more

and more people were moving into these

neighborhoods and with nowhere else to

to i i mentioned that some historians

talk about the redlining system as

containment um for black populations in

urban neighborhoods and that's because

of things like you're seeing on the

screen now those racially restrictive

covenants there's a good example of one

from the leawood estates area in leeward kansas

kansas

uh a terrible example but it's a a

pertinent example um

are on many many communities and so

black populations even if they had the

money to purchase a house which of

course they're doing through racial

turnover right they're not able to

access those new suburban neighborhoods

the fha won't lend to them

homeowners associations and realtors

won't show them homes in these areas and

so what you see is a map on the right

there all that shaded yellow is racially

restricted and so

this is 1947 for johnson county we're

talking about 148

out of 154 subdivisions

racially restricted that's a rate of 96

percent it is as you can see the highest

rate by 20 points in the kansas city area

area

johnson county uh by 1947 or by 1950

really is essentially a whites only

community when it comes to the suburban

neighborhoods very few places would be

accessible to any community of color but especially

especially

the black community

very restrictive

and so this system this two-part system

we really end up with a dual market we

end up with the suburban experience the

what would be referred to probably as

the primary market this is white

families leaving downtowns or soldiers

returning from war because importantly

here i failed to mention

uh after world war ii the veterans

administration through the gi bill is

offering uh insurance on mortgages just

like the fha is right for veterans and

they accept the fha manual the

underwriting manual we saw some excerpts

from about how to be a homeowner or a

developer they accept all those things

wholesale so the poor the part about

having to have racially restrictive

covenants about only selling or going uh

giving investment to white families and

new suburban housing

that all applies to the va as well

and so many many black veterans were

denied mortgages one sociologist has

said as many as four hundred thousand

black veterans

four hundred thousand more black

veterans would have been homeowners had

they been able to receive home home

mortgages at the rate of their white uh

white veteran brothers

and so now we see the primary market the

suburban experience through either the

va or the fha families are moving into

probably a starter house a two-bedroom

home a small one-car garage you can see

an example from prairie village in the

early 1950s

excuse me

they're able to access that home because

the fha makes the

mortgage very low monthly you know low

monthly payments low interest rate low

money down to begin with so families who

had previously not been able to afford

to buy a home could now access home buying

because those monthly payments

are so low

families are able to save up money and

so they can save up to buy a new car or

a second car

excuse me they can save up and buy a

washing machine they can save up and

send their kids to college or better

schools private schools they can

save up and make repairs to their homes

if they need to they can access the

equity on their loan to enlarge their

home or maintain the chimney that you

see there on that house if they sell

this starter house and buy a larger one

for their growing family they can be

reasonably sure that they're going to

make a profit because the fha said that

home over the life of its loan will

maintain or gain in value right and so

that family earns a profit by selling

that starter home

they buy a larger home lived there for a

number of years and then sell that one

too and also gain a profit on that

they're accessing the american dream

right they have a home they have cars

they have a washing machine they have children

children

um they're able to save up money they're

generating money by owning property

right there's wealth being generated

wealth is being created and the american

dream is being achieved

through what is essentially a social

benefit program from the great

depression the fha experience

on the other hand you have redlined

experiences if you cannot access the fha

program and you cannot access uh private

bank loans conventional mortgages how do

you buy a house

most didn't most people living in

redlined and and yellow-lined areas

downtown neighborhoods communities of

color most people were renting for life

giving their money to someone else to

live in a in a facility a place not um ever

ever

becoming a property owner right not an investment

investment

if they could purchase they were often

purchasing with cash um or through a

contract sale which is a really risky

thing a contract sale

for the second tier market the second

market for segregated areas

a contract sale is between two

individuals basically rent to own so

maybe a 10-year period you're making

monthly payments and when that last

payment is made the renter becomes the owner

owner

but as you can see from the picture the

seller is not interested in maintaining

spending any money on maintaining a home

the renter may not have the money to

maintain that home again very expensive

in segregated areas of towns and cities

it's also probably not their

responsibility as a renter to do

physical maintenance

to for a home and so often in a contract sale

sale

that house would be worth less money

than what was just paid for it so that

if the

owner tries to sell it the black family

tries to sell that home and they'll

they'll lose money on that sale the

other thing about a contract sale is

there it's a contract between two

individuals and if you miss a payment

you've breached contract

and the owner could evict you and you

would lose all the money paid in there's

no equity and there's no way to recover

that money you've breached your contract

and so while what we see in the suburbs

is wealth generation

and wealth being created the american

dream being experienced in red line

neighborhoods in urban neighborhoods

communities of color especially we're

seeing exploitation and wealth loss a

cycle a downward cycle

four properties that their conditions

would maybe started out as something

like a three-bedroom apartment might be

chopped up into a six-bedroom apartment

for doubling and tripling up of families

and then maybe turned into a tenement

for housing warehousing as some

historians call it black families in

downtown neighborhoods and so this

two-tier market

really is driving the united states and

by 1950 half of all home sales are

happening through the fha and the va 51

actually to give you an idea of what

this looks like we're talking about 1.7

million new home starts in 1950

those are only the new homes being

started not selling an already existing

house so 900 000 of those homes would be sold

sold

through the fha and the va meaning

they're only open to white families so

again mass movement of people into the suburbs

suburbs

now the conditions you just saw with

that home

leads to what people were calling what

people have called blight in those

neighborhoods economic conditions that are

are

very depressed

housing stock and business fronts that

are in poor condition or falling apart

in dilapidated condition

and so the federal government steps in

with a program not to invest in those

communities but to demolish them and

start sort of new essentially urban

renewal is the program you've probably

heard of this before it takes place in

many many u.s cities

and there are three types of urban

renewal programs essentially one is slum

clearance which is just what it sounds

like tearing down that block that has

those apartments i was just talking

about maybe a thousand people live in a

city block in apartments or tenement houses

houses

torn down um to the ground and new homes

are built for 250. that's 750 people who

are displaced if it's a federal program

they'll be rehoused often they're

supposed to be if it's a local program

or state program

there's no guarantee of rehousing those

people will be displaced public housing

is also being built especially in

segregated areas for black people these

are housing projects as we might call them

them um

are built for urban renewal and then

highway construction and you can see

kansas city from the 1950s on the screen here

here

those clover leafs and highways ringing

downtown i know topeka and wichita both

have very similar experiences kansas

city kansas has been

essentially dissected by bisected by a highway

highway

as well and so these circles around

downtown and all these spokes coming off

going out to the suburbs

you can see in the bottom left corner

talking about fast safe travel from home

to work

but not taking into account the

communities that are being displaced for

building the highways you can see the

anti-highway slogan on the screen as well

well

thinking about something like highway 71

in kansas city missouri 8 to 10 lane

proposed express highway with no exits

going through the middle of the

segregated east side tearing out three

blocks on all sides

and it takes 30 years for the highway to

be built it's built as four to six lanes with

with

pedestrian bridges and things but still

there's a massive amount of people about

8 000

households are displaced for that

highway which is an incredible number

and in kansas city we're talking about

white families black families and also

latino families being displaced for

so is redlining and these associated

things um there it's attendant uh issues

is it still a thing in the united states

are we still seeing um this type of

disinvestment in downtown neighborhoods

and preference for suburban

neighborhoods well um

technically no um

we have of course 1948 the shelley v

kramer case says racially restrictive

covenants are unenforceable that you

cannot uh you cannot discriminate and

who you're selling to

unenforceable is not the same as

unconstitutional by the way they're

never declared unconstitutional 1954

coming out of topeka of course we have

brown v board integrating schools we get

to the 1960s we have the civil rights movement

essentially reinforcing those amendments

that came after the civil war right in

1968 the 1968 civil rights act says that

the private practice of redlining and

the federal policy of discriminatory

lending through the fha through hud

which has been created by then housing

and urban development um and by other

programs is unconstitutional you cannot

discriminate in lending discriminate who

the program will work with based on race

which is lovely language

but by that time we have 35 years

of a program a framework built up a

system created

that is a two-tier

real estate system

35 years of disinvestment in some areas

and preference

for others and so that system does not

go away easily and so we see programs

like section 235 come out in the late

1960s um and there's no re-education

campaign for white homeowners to to

understand that a black family moving

into a neighborhood will not lower your

home value and so there's new rounds of

white flight in the 1970s there's no

education campaign for

communities of color and impoverished

homeowners who are accessing a home for

the first time through section 235 about

no education campaign about how do you

budget for being a homeowner how do you

budget for having to pay property taxes

for the first time how do you budget for

having to maintain your home if your ac

goes out when it's 90 degrees how do you

budget for that cost and how do you

physically maintain a home from

landscaping to interior things that

doesn't exist and so many many folks who

get a home through section 235 lose that

home in a matter of months or years

and we also see it through loan denial

rates that continue to be much higher

for communities of color when they're

trying to get a mortgage than that than

those rates are for whites um we also

see it through uh subprime mortgages and

in just the recent well 20 years ago 15

years ago at this point

and those programs the subprime mortgage

high interest rate high monthly payments

flexible interest rates uh changeable um

targeted to african-american communities

who had been disinvested and they're

marketed these inferior products and

when the bubble burst in 2008 and 2009 a

quarter of a million black families lose

their homes because they cannot afford

the new high interest rates to come on

their mortgages turns out a study from

the government shows that about 41 of

those black families

could have qualified for a conventional

mortgage um they didn't need to have

that other inferior product but there

was an assumed risk because they were

black and because they had not been

homeowners before so these types of

legacies are how redlining um continues

in unequal lending discriminatory lending

lending

in johnson county and the system changes through

through

the civil rights era through these

individuals you see on the screen ruth schechter

schechter

who just looks like she's so fed up with

your crap in that picture i love it um

she is a fair housing advocate

at the state level in kansas well-known

and part of the anti-defamation league

she's on

the civil rights advocacy commission for

kansas she's in the shawnee mission fair

housing organization she works with

reverend mcneely who's on the far right

from village presbyterian church in

prairie village even though she's a

jewish woman she calls herself a jewish

housewife with a conscience right um

they work together for the good neighbor

pledge uh fair housing pledge that you

won't move if a black family moves into

your neighborhood that you'll be a good

neighbor um reverend manily comes at

this uh from the pulpit as a christian

saying you'll be christ-like and be kind

to the people you live around love your

neighbor who regardless of who they are

don sewing is a black realtor who buys

into a jc nichols neighborhood in the

1960s the first black family in fairway

kansas and then over the next 10 years

he works from the office you see in the

lower left there

in overland park to settle 60 other

black families in all white suburban

neighborhoods in johnson county

using what he calls a scatter approach

to avoid panic selling and blockbusting

and we also have things uh like the very

famous uh south park school case this is

uh school district number 90 versus webb

the webb family

web versus school district 90 excuse me

the webb family had several children

that you see in that picture who were

being taught by corinthian nutter on the

left the upper left and hazel mcrae

weddington the other teacher in the

upper right

and they the school district builds a

new school and we're using all taxpayer

money but they only make it open to

white students and so the black teachers

and those black students you see in that

picture have just walked out of the

school in 1948 and refused to go back

until they have a separate but equal

facilities what they asked for jim crow

rules right well the kansas supreme

court finds and that the school district

is in violation of that and they must

create a separate but equal facility and

if they cannot afford to do it the

school must be integrated and so it is

the school is integrated

um and so is the high school shawnee

mission rural at the time is integrated

um through this supreme court case it

cain's a supreme court case that comes

out in 1949 five years before brownbee board

board

really interesting stuff [Music]

[Music]

and so if all of these changes have

happened then why do we have maps like this

this

this is a 2020 real estate value map for

kansas city missouri and purple and blue

and green are the best colors you can

see high values

and your lower values are oranges and

yellows it almost almost mirrors exactly

the redlining maps from 1939 the same

areas of town on this map are shaded

yellow and orange that experienced redlining

redlining

and were redlined on that map

or this map for economic hardship

again using unfortunately the same

colors but we're seeing legacies in

these maps aren't we we're seeing values

that are depressed for homes

because of this investment and

dilapidated conditions we're seeing

economic hardship for the populations

that remained in those redlined areas

and then this one

is especially hard to look at this is

life expectancy by zip code and to break

this down the lightest color ones along the

the

state line there towards overland park

and such

those are the jc nichols neighborhoods

longboard parkway on the kansas city

missouri side but it's true for mission

hills as well you would expect to live

about 85 years at birth there on average

and yet less than two miles away in the

darkest shaded colors and the previously

redlined and segregated communities of

east side kansas city you can expect to

live about 69 years on average at birth

it's a difference of 16 years of life

two miles apart it's based on your

opportunities these are called social

determinants of health and the idea that

your opportunities and your surroundings

contribute to your overall health just

as much as your genetic code do you have

access to

as a child to safe transportation to

safe schools and good schools do you

have access later to a good paying job

or um college access to affordable

college you have access to banking not

payday and payday loans and check

cashing establishments but actual bank

branches healthy foods from grocery

stores fresh foods you have access to

healthcare facilities

do you have access to air that's not

polluted by highways

running through the middle of your

community all of these things

make up your opportunities in life and

these are the legacies um that we see

impacting communities around the nation

not just kansas city missouri and not

just the kansas city metro area but

cities across the nation

you can see the racial dot map this was

created uh using the 2010 census census

information the green dots which are the

ones to the left of that red line the

red line is truest avenue

is the black population in kansas city

orange dots that you see uh in the north

part and also in wyandotte county the

other side of that purple uh dashed line

are latino populations there are a few

pockets uh of red dots those are asian

uh populations and then all the blue

dots that you see especially along the

state line and over into overland park

and johnson county that is the white population

population

so here we are

nearly a century after the redlining

program started through the fha and the holc

holc nearly

nearly

over 50 years since the end of the

programs almost 50 years

since 1968 and we still have

starkly segregated populations that are experiencing

experiencing

housing and investment and opportunities

opportunities

for life at this disparate

proportions right

taking this back out to

wichita you can see

we can see the same sorts of things in

this 2020 uh racial map for wichita

so on the left we have our 1937

redlining map residential security map

for wichita showing those redlined areas

and on the right hand side we have a map

that shows uh whiteness of communities

the darker the green the more white the

population is by percent and so the less

green or the closer we get to yellow the

map where the darkest colors are on the

map meaning the most white populations

those correspond

quite surprisingly still to the green

line and blue lined areas on that

redlining map

we can take it out to

to property values in topeka looking at

it's not dated it says 1927 but that's

the map itself these maps were made in

the 1930s on the left for the red lining

map for topeka and on the right property

values if you're red or pink your values

are low and if you're blue your values

are considered healthy in the way they

created this map and so you can see again

again

around downtown and just over the river

areas that were redlined and yellow lined

lined

continued to be redlined and pink lined

right essentially on this map

and the areas that were blue or green or

turquoise on this map

are the darkest blue color on on the

2020 property values map

and in the exhibit we ended with um this

uh image uh the unintended consequences

of redlining and i as things i mentioned

pollution rates vulnerability for um

sickness food deserts

tree cover higher temperatures coming

from lack of tree cover all of these

things are are consequences implications

of redlining of that disinvestment

for 35 years under these government

programs but then in the meantime

through continuing disparities in communities

so i'm going to change um

uh tac now for a second and talk about

how we created this program uh briefly

because i know i've gone a little bit

over my 45 minutes so

we've talked about redlining in the main

exhibit becoming johnson county at the

johnson county museum

for as long as we've been in this

particular building which is five years

last month

and about a decade before that so we use

the gallery that you see behind this

image we use that to take deep dives on

topics that we think are important to

johnson county's history

uh and so we started researching um

about a year and a half before the

exhibit opened i went through about 150

books and scholarly articles looked at

thousands of pages of primary sources

and archives and online resources

including the kansas state historical

society uh created about an 85-page

footnoted research paper for staff to

read through that we then work together

to edit down into about a 40-page

exhibit script which is about twice as

long as our our typical special exhibits

there's a lot of information in this

exhibit is a complex topic and we got it

to a point where we thought if we cut

any more we're going to lose important

chunks of of the the story

we then start to work combining images

we've selected

um and and documents and things graphics

with um with that text

here are some images

of the archives and things that i went

to to to research across kansas city the

black archives was instrumental

missouri valley room the kansas city

public library the state historical

society of missouri and the kansas city

public libraries microfilm room for the

kansas city called newspaper

which is the historic black newspaper for

for

we worked to conserve objects that would

be put on display

you can see our our emerging museum

professional intern uh ryan pritchard

they went through um

almost a thousand uh property abstracts

in order to pull out examples of

racially restrictive covenants and

declarations of restrictions and to sort

of map them so we had an idea

of where

this language was being included in

so it's going through the process of

graphically designing and testing you

can see tim bear our main graphic

designer also the artistic producing

director for theater in the park laying

on the floor next to a life-size

representation so we can get an idea for scale

and most importantly we recognized that

we are an all-white staff um and so we

worked with an outside reviewer dr

carmiletta williams the director of the

black archives of mid-america in kansas

city um who reviewed the script for us

who worked with us workshop that script

we also worked with johnson county vibe

voices of inclusion belonging in equity

and the dei committee for the county um

to workshop some of the topics and the

exhibit title uh we'd originally wanted

to call the exhibit invisible lines and

we were reminded that for folks who had

experienced redlining and disinvestment

nothing about this was invisible and so

that gave us a second to stand back and

say okay we need to think about this

more deeply and came up with a different

title we included black voices

and voices from other communities of

color wherever we could through direct

quotes original documents we have the

kansas city call newspaper stories in

there to show that this these issues

have been reported on for a century even

though we may not know these things

folks coming into the gallery may not be

familiar with this topic other

newspapers may not have been reporting

on these communities who are being

affected by these policies were

absolutely crying out about these things

far before the civil rights era

and then importantly we worked with the

african-american artists collective in

kansas city

to incorporate artwork you know there's

a lot of words in this exhibit it's a

lot of

high level government policy and

faceless documents right from government

policy um and private action and things

and so having artwork that represents a

human experience a human perspective a direct

direct

relationship to the issues of redlining

um that was really important to us uh

and so we've included that as well as a

video we didn't want to leave folks um

leaving the exhibit thinking um you know

gosh i never want to go to a redlined area

area

that's not what we wanted to do those

areas are vibrant people live there and

work there and love their communities

they've just been disinvested and they

need something

in order to

make them equitable to other communities

and so we worked with dr carmelo

williams marvin robinson from quindaro

and gloria ortiz fischer from the west

side housing organization to talk about

truth experiences in red line

communities what what do your

communities need what do you love about

your communities and what policies would

you like to see

in your communities to help

and then going through the process as we

finish up here uh final approvals

reading re-reading and re-rereading i'm

going through again and again finding

all the mistakes that we can we

fabricate we install um and then we

train staff and things and prepare for

field trips and tours and

which we've had a lot of for this exhibit

exhibit

it was quite a process to install an

exhibit like this lots of these are

these graphics are essentially massive

stickers that go on the wall so when

this exhibit comes down in january

it will go away we're hoping that we

will be able to secure grant funding to

turn this into a digital exhibit

something online so it lives somewhere

beyond this exhibit but it is not meant

to travel unfortunately this exhibit

will disappear when it's done but here

you can see just images of the entire

so as i mentioned at the start of this program

program

we have lots of community partners who

are doing programming as well as our own

you can take a picture using that qr

code or go to jcprd.com

redline to find these partners find out

about their programs find out about our programs also more resources for

programs also more resources for learning about

learning about redlining if you want you can give

redlining if you want you can give feedback on there as well there's lesson

feedback on there as well there's lesson plans and resources for teachers on that

plans and resources for teachers on that website as well jcprd.com

website as well jcprd.com redlined

redlined and here are some more resources if you

and here are some more resources if you want to jot them down or take a

want to jot them down or take a screenshot going from books and articles

screenshot going from books and articles down to

down to mapping in a quality project i mentioned

mapping in a quality project i mentioned those redlining maps you can access

those redlining maps you can access access not even past is another project

access not even past is another project they have comparing those redlining maps

they have comparing those redlining maps to modern vulnerability maps

to modern vulnerability maps to show community vulnerability

to show community vulnerability and then some great videos at the bottom

and then some great videos at the bottom as well

as well so i think at this point

so i think at this point i will say thank you so much for your

i will say thank you so much for your time tonight and for paying attention

time tonight and for paying attention for 59 minutes and four seconds i'm

for 59 minutes and four seconds i'm sorry i ran a little long

sorry i ran a little long as i so often do my contact information

as i so often do my contact information is on the screen i'm happy to answer

is on the screen i'm happy to answer questions here of course if you have

questions here of course if you have questions later or want to find out more

questions later or want to find out more or want to visit and have questions

or want to visit and have questions about the exhibition feel free to send

about the exhibition feel free to send me an email you can plan your visit at

me an email you can plan your visit at jocomuseum.org or jcprd.com

jocomuseum.org or jcprd.com museum this exhibit is up through

museum this exhibit is up through january 7th we are open monday through

january 7th we are open monday through saturday 9 a.m to 4 30 p.m and we do

saturday 9 a.m to 4 30 p.m and we do offer uh private tours as well for

offer uh private tours as well for groups um typically 10 to 20 or 25

groups um typically 10 to 20 or 25 people is is our range for those tours

people is is our range for those tours and you can set those up through me if

and you can set those up through me if you'd like so

you'd like so happy to take questions now and i'll

happy to take questions now and i'll stop talking for a second and welcome

stop talking for a second and welcome mary back into the screen

thank you um i want to say it was a wonderful

um i want to say it was a wonderful presentation but it also

presentation but it also was a very difficult

was a very difficult program to hear and very disconcerting

program to hear and very disconcerting um

um that

that um

um you know we've we as a nation created

you know we've we as a nation created um

um this oh

this oh yeah i need to see andrew now

yeah i need to see andrew now that we created this system

that we created this system um

um you know you wonder if the gi bill had

you know you wonder if the gi bill had not sided

not sided with the policy how different things

with the policy how different things would have been

would have been um you know there's steps along the way

um you know there's steps along the way where

where you know if president wilson hadn't

you know if president wilson hadn't banned blacks from government jobs or

banned blacks from government jobs or from

from um the gi bill um

um the gi bill um so you end with showing what

so you end with showing what you know has resulted from redlining

you know has resulted from redlining i'm really going to put you in the hot

i'm really going to put you in the hot seat now um how do we get out of this

seat now um how do we get out of this yeah that's such a difficult thing it's

yeah that's such a difficult thing it's such a huge system encompassing not just

such a huge system encompassing not just the real estate industry and government

the real estate industry and government programs but now so many legacies that

programs but now so many legacies that are you know impacting things like the

are you know impacting things like the amount of trees you can expect the green

amount of trees you can expect the green space is the amount of banking and and

space is the amount of banking and and it's it's uh it's overwhelming and i

it's it's uh it's overwhelming and i know this program is very heavy and i i

know this program is very heavy and i i know i rolled through it um i've given

know i rolled through it um i've given this presentation many times and worked

this presentation many times and worked with this topic very closely for several

with this topic very closely for several years now so um not that i am immune to

years now so um not that i am immune to um what can be the awfulness of this

um what can be the awfulness of this topic but uh i do recognize that it's

topic but uh i do recognize that it's very heavy to to hear in an hour like

very heavy to to hear in an hour like that um

that um and the system's very entrenched

and the system's very entrenched um now and um

um now and um it's hard to make changes um

it's hard to make changes um when

when you know the economic issues are at risk

you know the economic issues are at risk and people having to risk their

and people having to risk their individual income to make changes but

individual income to make changes but yeah so the exhibit ends with a section

yeah so the exhibit ends with a section about some things that are happening

about some things that are happening locally in kansas city and also

locally in kansas city and also nationally um to try to combat some of

nationally um to try to combat some of these issues for things like local

these issues for things like local property taxes or sales tax excuse me um

property taxes or sales tax excuse me um that's then directed specifically to the

that's then directed specifically to the east side of kansas city east of troost

east side of kansas city east of troost to reinvest in the community nonprofits

to reinvest in the community nonprofits that are working to rehab houses and

that are working to rehab houses and sell them at affordable prices working

sell them at affordable prices working with black craftsmen and contractors and

with black craftsmen and contractors and then sell them at affordable prices um

then sell them at affordable prices um to the african-american community east

to the african-american community east of truce

of truce and things like reparations whatever

and things like reparations whatever that means for different communities i'm

that means for different communities i'm thinking about urban renewal and decades

thinking about urban renewal and decades of disinvestment there are lots of other

of disinvestment there are lots of other things in between all of those but those

things in between all of those but those are some ways and as individuals we can

are some ways and as individuals we can think about where we shop and where we

think about where we shop and where we choose to eat um who owns the places we

choose to eat um who owns the places we go to those are some ways to really

go to those are some ways to really think about helping the community

think about helping the community and as a staff we recognized that when

and as a staff we recognized that when these policies were made the people who

these policies were made the people who were most impacted by them were never at

were most impacted by them were never at the table

the table in the civil rights era and the people

in the civil rights era and the people who were impacted were still very rarely

who were impacted were still very rarely at the table as these attempts were made

at the table as these attempts were made to undo the system of redlining and so

to undo the system of redlining and so listening

listening including more voices at the table and

including more voices at the table and listening to communities needs in their

listening to communities needs in their own words

own words is probably a good way to just reach a

is probably a good way to just reach a more equitable future have you done that

more equitable future have you done that with museum programming by inviting

with museum programming by inviting different uh groups i know a louisville

different uh groups i know a louisville museum is doing that by just getting

museum is doing that by just getting people to the table we have not

people to the table we have not we have not i think that would be a

we have not i think that would be a wonderful program um i will say we've

wonderful program um i will say we've had um

had um lots of church groups who are doing this

lots of church groups who are doing this work in their their communities and also

work in their their communities and also other community organizations but um

other community organizations but um coming in for for tours and then talking

coming in for for tours and then talking about these things afterwards um it's

about these things afterwards um it's it's really great to see so many people

it's really great to see so many people engaging with the material and having

engaging with the material and having these conversations in the gallery and

these conversations in the gallery and also in the feedback wall that we have

also in the feedback wall that we have within the gallery

within the gallery people engaging it's a post-it note wall

people engaging it's a post-it note wall so people are writing post-it notes to

so people are writing post-it notes to each other

each other but it's interesting to see

but it's interesting to see people really reflect on their

people really reflect on their experiences in the in the exhibit i'm

experiences in the in the exhibit i'm going to try and see some questions here

going to try and see some questions here excellent presentation have you

excellent presentation have you considered partnering partnering with

considered partnering partnering with the kansas and missouri real estate

the kansas and missouri real estate commission

commission to educate real estate licensees

to educate real estate licensees also the appraisal boards and banking

also the appraisal boards and banking commissions

commissions great question we would absolutely be

great question we would absolutely be open to

open to working with those groups for tours or

working with those groups for tours or programming if they're interested um

programming if they're interested um someone would need to probably reach out

someone would need to probably reach out to uh reach out to us

to uh reach out to us so if you have a contact

so if you have a contact in those groups um

in those groups um that would be a great idea along the

that would be a great idea along the same line city mayors city councils you

same line city mayors city councils you know those

know those um

um those are the people from all the

those are the people from all the communities black and white that need to

communities black and white that need to start discussing and then seeing this

start discussing and then seeing this it's an excellent exhibit you really

it's an excellent exhibit you really you have done so much work and it's a

you have done so much work and it's a topic that has not been addressed in

topic that has not been addressed in museums traditionally yeah you know and

museums traditionally yeah you know and as a staff we're all historians and our

as a staff we're all historians and our director has a phd in american history

director has a phd in american history and so we're familiar with the topic but

and so we're familiar with the topic but we did not know the degree to which this

we did not know the degree to which this was an intentional system right i think

was an intentional system right i think that's something that surprises so many

that's something that surprises so many people is the intent behind this it's

people is the intent behind this it's not that people just settled where

not that people just settled where they're comfortable or went in different

they're comfortable or went in different directions it was an intentional system

directions it was an intentional system from private action through federal

from private action through federal policy and so um the degree of that is

policy and so um the degree of that is really surprising and and i think even

really surprising and and i think even if you think you have a handle on what

if you think you have a handle on what the topic of redlining is there's

the topic of redlining is there's something to

something to uncover in this exhibition

uncover in this exhibition and i do want to give you credit in your

and i do want to give you credit in your main gallery your permanent gallery you

main gallery your permanent gallery you do address redlining there as well but

do address redlining there as well but you also have an electric house which

you also have an electric house which shows how modern have you ever discussed

shows how modern have you ever discussed putting in a house that was

putting in a house that was considered you know in the yellow

considered you know in the yellow district or the bad red district to

district or the bad red district to to provide a big chunk of material

to provide a big chunk of material culture in people's faces about the

culture in people's faces about the difference it's an interesting question

difference it's an interesting question we haven't considered that but i will

we haven't considered that but i will say that the all-electric house which

say that the all-electric house which was sort of the american dream from 1954

was sort of the american dream from 1954 right um coming out of the red line

right um coming out of the red line exhibit uh you you go into that house it

exhibit uh you you go into that house it it it feels a little different now

it it feels a little different now there's a wonderful sense of nostalgia

there's a wonderful sense of nostalgia for people when they go into that house

for people when they go into that house from the cabinets to the smells and

from the cabinets to the smells and things um

things um and and yet now coming out of the

and and yet now coming out of the redlined exhibit which you you come to

redlined exhibit which you you come to first

first it's interesting to see that and think

it's interesting to see that and think back about who's accessing and who's not

back about who's accessing and who's not accessing

accessing that house through this system

that house through this system well we do have

well we do have someone who's

would like to be in touch with you because he feels that your story is not

because he feels that your story is not inclusive

inclusive and that he would it was not the

and that he would it was not the experience he had and he would like get

experience he had and he would like get in contact with you so i would encourage

in contact with you so i would encourage uh bob to use your information here on

uh bob to use your information here on the screen to contact you directly sure

the screen to contact you directly sure because i know as a museum as a

because i know as a museum as a historian

historian we're always open there's not just one

we're always open there's not just one viewpoint there's never just one story

viewpoint there's never just one story everybody's holding on to that elephant

everybody's holding on to that elephant you know in different places and you see

you know in different places and you see it

it it's hard to get the full picture

it's hard to get the full picture sometimes but

sometimes but yeah sure so you know in an hour

yeah sure so you know in an hour presentation um

presentation um we talk we talk generally and with broad

we talk we talk generally and with broad sweeps right i would encourage that

sweeps right i would encourage that person to see the exhibit as well and

person to see the exhibit as well and then absolutely get in contact with me

then absolutely get in contact with me send me an email my contact information

send me an email my contact information is on the screen

is on the screen i'm happy to

i'm happy to to chat with you so

to chat with you so thanks for the comment

thanks for the comment okay

okay um

um another question how did jc nichols i

another question how did jc nichols i mean you did a really good job

mean you did a really good job explaining his influence on the national

explaining his influence on the national level

level how did he become the voice

how did he become the voice did he come from money did he have

did he come from money did he have you know something that

you know something that inspired him to become this mogul

inspired him to become this mogul it's a great question so

it's a great question so he comes from a family that owned a farm

he comes from a family that owned a farm in johnson county his dad was county

in johnson county his dad was county treasurer

treasurer and involved in one of the banks

and involved in one of the banks and he goes to i think he went to ku and

and he goes to i think he went to ku and then on to

then on to one of the ivy league schools and comes

one of the ivy league schools and comes back to kansas city and um sort of falls

back to kansas city and um sort of falls into real estate and bill worley wrote a

into real estate and bill worley wrote a book it's from the 90s so a little bit

book it's from the 90s so a little bit older but it's a great uh a great book

older but it's a great uh a great book about jc nichols

about jc nichols just overall what he was doing and how

just overall what he was doing and how revolutionary it was at the time

revolutionary it was at the time and he uh

and he uh he meets up with other people like uh

he meets up with other people like uh edward

edward bowton who or bhutan who created roland

bowton who or bhutan who created roland park outside of baltimore he knows

park outside of baltimore he knows somebody who's working in real estate in

somebody who's working in real estate in los angeles and these individuals are

los angeles and these individuals are just communicating with each other about

just communicating with each other about what's working for them and then they

what's working for them and then they become members of nareb right and share

become members of nareb right and share that out and he

that out and he i don't know why country club district

i don't know why country club district was so successful what the secret was

was so successful what the secret was there and but that really propelled him

there and but that really propelled him um especially in the eyes of other real

um especially in the eyes of other real estate developers um in that

estate developers um in that organization um and he just becomes um

organization um and he just becomes um this sort of icon and he continues it

this sort of icon and he continues it over his entire career he builds housing

over his entire career he builds housing for you know 40 000 people plus

for you know 40 000 people plus um through all of his different

um through all of his different developments far more than that that's

developments far more than that that's just country club district excuse me

just country club district excuse me um how long was he active he was active

um how long was he active he was active from like 1905 until he died in 1950 but

from like 1905 until he died in 1950 but his company continued after that with

his company continued after that with his son

his son miller nichols continued the company's

miller nichols continued the company's um work and i believe the companies are

um work and i believe the companies are still essentially around today through

still essentially around today through other they've been renamed and things

other they've been renamed and things but

but um there's an estimate from one

um there's an estimate from one historian um that nichols and his

historian um that nichols and his company uh developed about a tenth of

company uh developed about a tenth of the post-war housing in in the kansas

the post-war housing in in the kansas city region

city region and i think it's interesting then to

and i think it's interesting then to think about that none of that was

think about that none of that was accessible to black families none of

accessible to black families none of that was intentionally created for

that was intentionally created for communities of color or open to them um

communities of color or open to them um and so for somebody who was

and so for somebody who was clearly good at developing things and

clearly good at developing things and making money by developing things

making money by developing things that desire to to work with that segment

that desire to to work with that segment of the population that so desperately

of the population that so desperately needed new housing and segregated

needed new housing and segregated districts

districts never never happened and that's not

never never happened and that's not unusual that's the case around the

unusual that's the case around the nation but um

nation but um it's interesting to think about

it's interesting to think about well and you also address the issue

well and you also address the issue about

about the

the non-white population um renting or being under contract to

um renting or being under contract to get a house

get a house um and so i would assume and you might

um and so i would assume and you might if you can address this a little more

if you can address this a little more that the banks not only wouldn't they

that the banks not only wouldn't they get they wouldn't give you a mortgage

get they wouldn't give you a mortgage but they also wouldn't give you a loan

but they also wouldn't give you a loan is that correct yeah that's right

is that correct yeah that's right okay yeah so that added to the misery

okay yeah so that added to the misery that's exactly right and so when don

that's exactly right and so when don snowing for example in in johnson county

snowing for example in in johnson county when he moves into fairway in 1966

when he moves into fairway in 1966 i believe um

i believe um he is associated with a bank in

he is associated with a bank in wyandotte county the douglas state bank

wyandotte county the douglas state bank which is a bank

which is a bank run by african americans for african

run by african americans for african americans in kansas city kansas and that

americans in kansas city kansas and that is how he gets his home loan he also

is how he gets his home loan he also moves into a house with a

moves into a house with a pre-arrangement with the seller

pre-arrangement with the seller this he knows the seller will sell to a

this he knows the seller will sell to a black family um and is able to make that

black family um and is able to make that sale a lot of times when when

sale a lot of times when when integrators were were moving into the

integrators were were moving into the suburbs that was how it happened or

suburbs that was how it happened or sometimes with what were called straw

sometimes with what were called straw buyers people who were standing in to

buyers people who were standing in to buy the house and immediately turn it

buy the house and immediately turn it over to the black family to hide the

over to the black family to hide the true purchaser sometimes they families

true purchaser sometimes they families would purchase through foreclosures on

would purchase through foreclosures on an fha or va loan

an fha or va loan so buying from the government especially

so buying from the government especially after the civil rights era that made it

after the civil rights era that made it easier to purchase homes

easier to purchase homes because even though the civil rights era

because even though the civil rights era stopped all that discrimination

stopped all that discrimination there's still private action that's

there's still private action that's happening steering and banks still

happening steering and banks still discriminating and things so it didn't

discriminating and things so it didn't it wasn't a switch overnight right to

it wasn't a switch overnight right to make the suburbs or anywhere that had

make the suburbs or anywhere that had been restricted accessible it took a lot

been restricted accessible it took a lot of time and i'm still in process right

of time and i'm still in process right you know greenwood in tulsa oklahoma has

you know greenwood in tulsa oklahoma has been in the news a lot lately and had

been in the news a lot lately and had such a strong black community

such a strong black community um with all the services they needed for

um with all the services they needed for a segregated community

a segregated community did that ever occur in kansas city

did that ever occur in kansas city so there was a really strong

so there was a really strong healthy

healthy yeah

yeah yeah it was that 12th to 18th and vine

yeah it was that 12th to 18th and vine district what was referred to as 18th

district what was referred to as 18th and vine today but it was a much larger

and vine today but it was a much larger district that second downtown um that

district that second downtown um that was own really for for black

was own really for for black professionals um because the main

professionals um because the main downtown was was off limits essentially

downtown was was off limits essentially to to african americans so 18th and vine

to to african americans so 18th and vine was a center of culture

was a center of culture and excellence in professions in

and excellence in professions in newspapers the kansas city call was

newspapers the kansas city call was based there jazz was essentially based

based there jazz was essentially based there

there barbecue was essentially based there

barbecue was essentially based there things that are still around that we

things that are still around that we identify as being part of that 18th and

identify as being part of that 18th and vine culture today

vine culture today came from there i will say whereas

came from there i will say whereas greenwood and and other areas and like

greenwood and and other areas and like south side chicago and east st louis

south side chicago and east st louis experienced

experienced traumatic and awful violence

traumatic and awful violence greenwood district was essentially

greenwood district was essentially burned down

burned down kansas city did not experience that it

kansas city did not experience that it escaped at large-scale racial violence

escaped at large-scale racial violence in that era and

in that era and there were some home bombings and things

there were some home bombings and things like that to try to stop

like that to try to stop african-americans from purchasing but

african-americans from purchasing but there was not that

there was not that burning down of 18th and bind and did

burning down of 18th and bind and did not happen so

i think we've run out of questions do you have anything else you'd like to

you have anything else you'd like to leave us a

leave us a pearl of wisdom

pearl of wisdom i would just encourage everyone to check

i would just encourage everyone to check out those resources i i showed on the

out those resources i i showed on the screen and also come see the exhibit if

screen and also come see the exhibit if you're able to it's part of general

you're able to it's part of general museum admission

museum admission um

um and so it'll be up through january and i

and so it'll be up through january and i want to thank again

want to thank again mary and the kansas city historical

mary and the kansas city historical society for having me tonight i really

society for having me tonight i really appreciate it and

appreciate it and if you enjoy museums and you enjoy the

if you enjoy museums and you enjoy the things you see there here's my wisdom

things you see there here's my wisdom for museum's sake share that out with

for museum's sake share that out with other folks to encourage people to

other folks to encourage people to attend museums again as we're rebuilding

attend museums again as we're rebuilding from the pandemic word of mouth is the

from the pandemic word of mouth is the best advertising for museums so helps a

best advertising for museums so helps a lot you have an excellent one and having

lot you have an excellent one and having been ice skating at the king louis i

been ice skating at the king louis i like the change

like the change and um it's just so impressive and what

and um it's just so impressive and what you've done and

you've done and people should make a day of it it's

people should make a day of it it's it's comfortable it's it's well written

it's comfortable it's it's well written it's well designed

it's well designed and with these special exhibits um

and with these special exhibits um i just you're making such a good

i just you're making such a good contribution to the kansas city johnson

contribution to the kansas city johnson county area thank you thank you and we

county area thank you thank you and we did just open a new exhibit upstairs

did just open a new exhibit upstairs semi-permanent about the history of the

semi-permanent about the history of the building and that actually is you do not

building and that actually is you do not need to pay admission to see that

need to pay admission to see that there's also an exhibit a small one

there's also an exhibit a small one about how and why we collect as an

about how and why we collect as an organization so those are accessible

organization so those are accessible and then i forgot to mention downstairs

and then i forgot to mention downstairs is kidsky a history-based yeah for kids

is kidsky a history-based yeah for kids so i i would be uh that would be bad if

so i i would be uh that would be bad if i don't mention that so anyway i'll stop

i don't mention that so anyway i'll stop talking now and thank you again so much

talking now and thank you again so much thank you andrew thank you so much all

thank you andrew thank you so much all right take care you take care

right take care you take care for people who want to watch this it is

for people who want to watch this it is recorded and will be on our youtube

recorded and will be on our youtube channel

channel um kshs.org

um kshs.org go to our youtube channel and it will be

go to our youtube channel and it will be up in a couple

up in a couple uh days maybe a week

uh days maybe a week okay it should be up now oh thank you

okay it should be up now oh thank you okay

okay um we have another great program coming

um we have another great program coming for you next month

for you next month karen miriam goldberg

karen miriam goldberg who was our

who was our state poet laureate

state poet laureate uh

uh will bring together the astonishing

will bring together the astonishing stories of two polls

stories of two polls uh

uh a

a helicopter a holocaust survivor

helicopter a holocaust survivor lou friedman and a polish resistance

lou friedman and a polish resistance fire fighter

fire fighter jack

jack picakovic

picakovic they're both teenagers during world war

they're both teenagers during world war ii who each defied outrageous odds lost

ii who each defied outrageous odds lost everything and just about everyone in

everything and just about everyone in the war and yet summon the courage to

the war and yet summon the courage to create a new life

create a new life so i hope you will come in and join that

so i hope you will come in and join that program

program it is on friday august 12th at 6 30. all

it is on friday august 12th at 6 30. all of our programs are on

of our programs are on uh are it's 6 30 start on 6 30 start at

uh are it's 6 30 start on 6 30 start at 6 30 so

6 30 so from all of us at museum after hours

from all of us at museum after hours thank you and i hope you have a good

thank you and i hope you have a good weekend

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