Everything has its wonders, even darkness and silence...
Everything has its wonders, even darkness and silence...
- Helen Keller
What does the future look like?
How will the universe meet its end?
We may never be truly certain.
But science has begun to paint a stunning picture of how the future might unfold.
Let's take a journey to the end of time.
We will travel through time exponentially, doubling our speed every 5 seconds.
The vision of the future will surely evolve
as we probe for more clues. But one thing is clear:
The universe has only just begun.
2019
[Anthrpocene era]
2020
[Anthrpocene era]
2021
[Anthrpocene era]
2021
The Holocene has ended.
[Anthrpocene era]
2021
The Holocene has ended.
[Anthrpocene era]
2022
The Holocene has ended.
[Anthrpocene era]
2023
The Holocene has ended.
[Anthrpocene era]
2023
[Anthrpocene era]
What we do now,
What we do now,
What we do now,
What we do now,
and in the next few years,
will profoundly affect
the next few thousand years.
The only conditions modern humans
have ever known so far, are changing.
And changing fast.
Nothing stays the same on this planet.
Everything changes.
The Earth is going into one of these jumps
The Earth is going into one of these jumps
and you don't know what is going
to be on the other side of those jumps.
The Earth is always jumping.
[Earth's magnetic field flips]
[Earth's magnetic field flips]
[Comet Hale-Bopp returns]
[Drastic sea level rise]
Things move on this planet
[Drastic sea level rise]
Things are not still!
Everything is turning.
[30 meter asteroid impact]
[30 meter asteroid impact]
[Antares goes supernova]
[Sahara becomes tropical]
[Constellations begin to wander]
[Voyager I passes nearby star]
[Interglacial period ends]
[Supervolcano eruption]
[New Hawaiian island appears]
[New island chains]
[Apollo footprints fade]
[Betelgeuse goes supernova]
[Stone monuments erode]
[Deadly gamma ray burst]
[Mars moon becomes a ring]
[Saturn's rings vanish]
[Antarctica melts]
[Major asteroid impact]
[New supercontinent]
[Sun increases luminosity]
As it begins to run out of fuel,
[Sun increases luminosity]
As it begins to run out of fuel,
[Photosynthesis ceases]
the sun won't simply fade away to nothing.
[Photosynthesis ceases]
the sun won't simply fade away to nothing.
[All plant life dies]
[All plant life dies]
[Oceans evaporate]
Its core will collapse,
[Oceans evaporate]
[Oceans evaporate]
and the extra heat this generates
[Oceans evaporate]
will cause its outer layers to expand.
[Oceans evaporate]
will cause its outer layers to expand.
[All life dies]
[All life dies]
[Sun expands]
[Sun becomes red giant]
[Earth destroyed by the dying Sun]
[Sun becomes a White Dwarf]
The sun is now dead.
[Sun becomes a White Dwarf]
Its remains slowly cooling
[Sun becomes a White Dwarf]
in the freezing temperatures of deep space.
The fate of the sun is the same as for all stars.
One day, they must all eventually die,
and the cosmos will be plunged
into eternal night.
All stars eventually will run out of fuel.
[Stars begin to die off]
[Stars begin to die off]
The temperature of the universe drops.
[Stars begin to die off]
[Stars begin to die off]
Stars, one by one,
in the night sky,
will turn off.
And there will be no more new stars
created.
And so the universe will end
not with a bang,
but with the whimper.
And not in fire,
[Last Red Dwarf stars die]
[Last Red Dwarf stars die]
but in ice.
[Last Red Dwarf stars die]
[Last Red Dwarf stars die]
[Degenerate era]
"With the death of the last sun, the age of starlight comes to an end."
[Degenerate era]
[Degenerate era]
"The universe becomes a cosmic boneyard, strewn with remnants of dead stars."
"The universe becomes a cosmic boneyard, strewn with remnants of dead stars."
"Our Sun becomes a White Dwarf - a hot, dense, shrunken stellar corpse."
With no fuel left to burn,
a white dwarf's faint glow
comes from the last residual heat
from its extinguished furnace.
Looking at it from where the earth is now,
it would only generate the same amount of light
as the full moon
on a clear night.
The faint glow of white dwarfs
will provide the only illumination
in a dark and empty void
littered with dead stars
and black holes.
In some ways it's kind of a ghost universe
it's the corpses,
the zombie stars,
that will take us into the future.
"Over time, gravity ejects dead stars and planets from their galaxies, sending them out into the freezing void."
"By chance, some Brown Dwarfs collide and form accidental new stars."
"Colliding neutron stars puncture the darkness with ultra bright supernova."
[Neutron star collision]
Colliding neutron stars puncture the darkness with ultra bright supernova."
[Neutron star collision]
"Any surviving life forms may find refuge around aging White Dwarfs."
"But in time, even the White Dwarfs will fade and die."
A black dwarf will be the final fate of those last stars
[Stars become Black Dwarfs]
White dwarfs that have become so cold,
[Stars become Black Dwarfs]
that they barely emit any more heat or light.
Black dwarfs are dark,
dense,
decaying balls of degenerate matter.
Little more than the ashes of stars,
their constituent atoms are so severely crushed
that black dwarfs are a million times
denser than our sun.
Stars take so long to reach this point
we believe there are currently
no black dwarfs in the universe.
"Any matter that fails to escape its galaxy
is sucked into a supermassive black hole at the center."
[Black holes swallow stray matter]
[Black holes swallow stray matter]
"Long dormant black holes flare up in a blaze of glory."
[Degenerate era]
"The rotational energy of black holes becomes the last reliable source of power for any exotic future civilizations."
We have a pace of life that's based
on the energy available to us now.
You could imagine living,
conscious systems,
which have a very different pace and therefore,
can extend out, at least,
a lot farther than you'd imagine otherwise.
You could have a living system where if,
it had a thought every 10 trillion years,
that would seem normal.
Ever if
our life dies out, one could imagine
at some time arbitrarily far in the future,
a fluctuation occurs which allows intelligent life
to exist again, for a little while.
So you might have islands in time of intelligence.
"As the expansion of the universe accelerates, it
begins to spread matter apart faster than the speed of light."
[Expansion of spacetime]
[Expansion of spacetime]
"By this point, distant galaxies and stars are receding do fast that their light has become undetectable."
[Expansion of spacetime]
"By this point, distant galaxies and stars are receding do fast that their light has become undetectable."
"The secrets of the cosmos are locked away forever."
"Current theories predict that atoms themselves will begin to decay, destroying all remaining matter in the universe."
[Proton decay]
"Current theories predict that atoms themselves will begin to decay, destroying all remaining matter in the universe."
[Proton decay]
A proton, one of the fundamental building blocks
of atomic matter, what makes us up,
can just spontaneously fall apart.
Any material that evades the pull of a black hole
eventually dies away as its protons disintegrate.
"Proton decay is still unproven - and so this chapter of the future could look very different in light of new discoveries."
The matter inside black dwarf's,
the last matter in the universe,
will eventually evaporate away,
and be carried off into the void as radiation
leaving absolutely nothing behind.
[Black hole era]
With the black dwarfs gone,
[Black hole era]
there won't be a single atom of matter left.
[Black hole era]
[Black hole era]
All that will remain of our once-rich cosmos
will be particles of light and black holes.
"The Black Hole Era begins."
"No planets, no stars, no lingering stellar remnants for life to cling to."
"Yet even now, time has only begun to tick."
"On the scale of a human lifetime, the universe has just emerged from the womb."
"Cold, dark, and empty - this is how the cosmos will spend most of its life."
"Our universe gives life only a brief moment to shine - a haven in time, safe from its fiery birth and icy death."
The arrow of time creates a bright window
in the universe's adolescence
during which life is possible.
But it's a window that doesn't stay open for long.
As a fraction of the lifespan of the universe,
as measured from its beginning
to the evaporation of the last black hole,
life,
life, as we know it,
life, as we know it, is only possible for
one
(10^(0))
one thousandth
(10^(-3))
one thousandth of a
(10^(-3))
one thousandth of a billion
(10^(-12))
one thousandth of a billion billion
(10^(-21))
one thousandth of a billion billion billionth
(10^(-30))
one thousandth of a billion billion billionth,
billion
(10^(-39))
one thousandth of a billion billion billionth,
billion billion
(10^(-48))
one thousandth of a billion billion billionth,
billion billion billionth
(10^(-57))
one thousandth of a billion billion billionth,
billion billion billionth billion
(10^(-66))
one thousandth of a billion billion billionth,
billion billion billionth billion billion
(10^(-75))
one thousandth of a billion billion billionth,
billion billion billion billion billion billionth,
(10^(-84))
one thousandth of a billion billion billionth,
billion billion billion billion billion billionth, of a percent.
(10^(-84)%)
Black holes become
the fundamental building block of the universe.
A galaxy will basically be
a supermassive black hole in the center,
with smaller black holes orbiting it.
Zombie galaxies filled with black holes continue to evolve.
They'll eat each other, and they'll get bigger,
and maybe they'll fall into
the supermassive black hole and it'll get bigger.
The universe will still be an exciting, dynamic place.
it's just that the time scales we're talking about
are now trillions of years,
instead of thousands or millions of years.
[Black home mergers]
"In this far flung age, black hole mergers become the main event."
"Some grow to enormous sizes, possibly trillions of times the mass of our sun."
"When they merge, they send out powerful gravity waves that resonate throughout the universe."
Black holes can bang on space-time like mallets on a drum.
And have a very characteristic song,
Imagine two black holes that have lived a long life together
At the end of their lives they're going around each other,
crossing thousands of kilometers in a fraction of a second.
As they do so,
they leave behind in their wake a ringing of space
an actual wave on space-time.
Space squeezes and stretches as it emanates out
from these black holes banging on the universe.
Those are the gravitational waves
and are literally the sounds of space ringing
and they will travel out from these black holes
at the speed of light as they ring down and coalesce into one,
spinning, quiet, black hole.
If you were standing near enough,
your ear would resonate
with the squeezing and stretching of space,
you would literally hear the sound.
Imagine a lighter black hole
falling into a very heavy black hole.
The sound you're hearing
is a light black hole banging
on space each time it gets close.
As it falls in, it gets faster, and it gets louder.
Scientists used to think black holes were immortal,
but even these will one day die.
Now we're talking about time scales of unimaginable length
quadrillions of years into the future.
On that time scale,
even the black holes begin to evaporate.
[Hawking radiation]
[Hawking radiation]
[Hawking radiation]
[Hawking radiation]
According to quantum mechanics,
According to quantum mechanics,
[Hawking radiation]
According to quantum mechanics,
space is filled with virtual particles
[Hawking radiation]
space is filled with virtual particles
space is filled with virtual particles
[Hawking radiation]
and antiparticles that are constantly materializing in pairs,
and antiparticles that are constantly materializing in pairs,
[Hawking radiation]
and antiparticles that are constantly materializing in pairs,
[Hawking radiation]
separating, coming together again,
separating, coming together again,
[Hawking radiation]
separating, coming together again,
[Hawking radiation]
and annihilating each other.
and annihilating each other.
[Hawking radiation]
and annihilating each other.
[Hawking radiation]
[Hawking radiation]
In the presence of a black hole,
one member of a pair of
[Hawking radiation]
one member of a pair of
[Hawking radiation]
virtual particles may fall into the hole,
virtual particles may fall into the hole,
[Hawking radiation]
virtual particles may fall into the hole,
virtual particles may fall into the hole,
leaving the other member
without a partner with which to annihilate.
[Hawking radiation]
without a partner with which to annihilate.
without a partner with which to annihilate.
[Hawking radiation]
The forsaken particle appears to be radiation
The forsaken particle appears to be radiation
[Hawking radiation]
The forsaken particle appears to be radiation
The forsaken particle appears to be radiation
emitted by the black hole.
[Hawking radiation]
emitted by the black hole.
[Hawking radiation]
[Hawking radiation]
And so, black holes are not eternal.
And so, black holes are not eternal.
[Black hole evaporation]
They evaporate away at an increasing rate,
until they vanish in a gigantic explosion.
Quantum mechanics has allowed particles and radiation
[Black holes begin to die]
to escape from the ultimate prison -
A black hole.
"Black holes begin to evaporate away, erasing the last large-scale structures in the universe."
"As they die, they light up the darkness one by one."
"As the black holes slowly die off, the universe continues to expand, driven by a mysterious force we don't yet understand."
[Dark Energy inflates the universe]
"As the black holes slowly die off, the universe continues to expand, driven by a mysterious force we don't yet understand."
"This is the frontier of human knowledge - a frontier ripe for exploration and discovery."
Philosophers and poets have asked the question,
"Will the world end in fire or ice?"
We can now give an answer.
The latest evidence shows that the universe
is not slowing down,
but it's speeding up out of control.
And the universe, we think, will die in ice
trillions upon trillions of years from now.
Empty space itself has energy.
In every little cubic centimeter of space,
whether or not there's stuff,
whether or not there's particles,
matter, radiation, whatever...
there is still energy, even in the space itself.
And this energy, according to Einstein,
exerts a push on the universe.
What is the weird stuff that's accelerating the universe?
We call it 'Dark energy'.
And this stuff is the dominant stuff of the universe
almost 3/4 of the matter-energy content
of the universe is this dark energy
and we don't know what it is.
Dark energy, unlike matter or radiation,
does not dilute away, as the universe expands.
This has crucial implications
for what the universe is going to do in the future.
So, what will be the future of the universe?
Well, if the dark energy remains dominant and repulsive,
the universe will expand forever.
Faster and faster and faster with time -
A runaway universe.
70% of the energy of the universe
resides in empty space and we don't understand why.
But we do know what will happen.
If that energy continues to be there,
the universe will become cold and dark and empty.
That's the future as it might be.
We don't know because
we don't yet understand the nature of dark energy.
until we do,
we won't know the future,
we won't even understand our own origins
and that's why we want to know
and study this subject.
"Discovering the true nature of dark energy could change our vision of the future dramatically."
"If it somehow weakens over time, the universe could collapse under gravity - a 'big crunch'."
"Given a boost, it could tear the universe apart at the seams - a 'big rip'."
[Black hole era]
"Physicists increasingly suspect that there may be multiple universes beyond our own, each with their own unique laws of physics."
"Some would harbor the right conditions for life. Others could collapse or be ripped apart."
"Others sill could be far more exotic than anything we could imagine."
"New pieces to this puzzle are out there somewhere, waiting to be found."
The forecast does seem to be for
an ever-colder, ever-emptier universe.
But then of course we have to ask,
"Could that end lead to a new beginning?"
And there are ideas, whereby what actually is the end
of our universe, could in some sense,
lead to the beginning of a new one.
"Some speculate that there may be a way to escape our universe before entropy erases everything."
"We could create simulated virtual universes, or with enough energy, create another one just like our own."
We've worked out the mathematics,
the equations,
they seem to say that
if you have an atom smasher,
that can constrict tremendous
amounts of energy at a single point,
you can perhaps open up a gateway -
A 'Baby universe'
Facing the death of everything there is
this perhaps is their only possibility of escape.
And this also raises a very intriguing possibility,
sheer pure speculation of course,
that perhaps any universe that has intelligent life in it,
will create baby universes, will create 'Lifeboats',
and will proliferate child universes.
and will proliferate child universes.
[Last Black Hole evaporates]
[Last Black Hole evaporates]
So an evolution may take place among universes,
[Last Black Hole evaporates]
in the multiverse.
[Last Black Hole evaporates]
Survival of the fittest may take place.
So those universes which do not have intelligent life are 'Infertile',
they have no children.
But those universes that have
mild temperatures, stars like ours,
would create civilizations that could open up child universes
and they would then proliferate.
"If there is no way to escape the universe, then entropy will march on, destroying the last remaining supermassive black holes."
"As the last one explodes and dies, it bathes the universe in light one last time."
[Black Hole era]
"As the last one explodes and dies, it bathes the universe in light one last time."
[Last Black Hole evaporates]
"As the last one explodes and dies, it bathes the universe in light one last time."
THE END.
After an unimaginable length of time,
even the black holes will have evaporated,
and the universe will be
nothing but a sea of photons
gradually tending towards the same temperature
as the expansion of the universe cools them
towards absolute zero.
Once the very last remnants
of the very last stars
have finally decayed away to nothing,
and everything reaches the same temperature,
the story of the universe finally comes to an end.
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS"
For the first time in its life,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS"
the universe will be permanent and unchanging.
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS"
and it keeps not happening,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS, FOREVER.
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS, FOREVER.
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS, <b>FOREVER.</b>"
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS, <b>FOREVER.</b>"
"Everything has its wonders, even darkness and silence...
...and I learn, whatever state I may be in, therein to be content."
- Helen Keller
CRAFTED BY MELODYSHEEP
Supported by:
Supported by:
Protocol Labs
Protocol Labs
Protocol Labs
What will you discover?
Protocol Labs
What will you discover?
How will you change the future?
What will you discover?
How will you change the future?
Featuring the voices of:
Featuring the voices of:
David Attenborough
Featuring the voices of:
Craig Childs
Featuring the voices of:
Brian Cox
Featuring the voices of:
Neil Degrasse Tyson
Featuring the voices of:
Michelle Thaller
Featuring the voices of:
Lawrence Krauss
Featuring the voices of:
Michio Kaku
Featuring the voices of:
Mike Rowe
Featuring the voices of:
Phil Plait
Featuring the voices of:
Janna Levin
Featuring the voices of:
Stephen Hawking
Featuring the voices of:
Sean Carroll
Featuring the voices of:
Alex Filippenko
Featuring the voices of:
Martin Rees
Thanks to:
Juan Benet & my supporters on Patreon
Patreon.com/melodysheep
MELODYSHEEP.COM | @MUSICALSCIENCE
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