The content explores the historical and ongoing ambition to create a universal repository of human knowledge, exemplified by H.G. Wells' "world brain" concept and Google's massive book digitization project, while also highlighting the complex legal, ethical, and societal implications of such endeavors.
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There is no practical obstacle whatever
now to the creation of an efficient
index to all human knowledge, ideas and
achievements to the creation that is of
a complete planetary memory for all mankind.
mankind.
He was one of the early inventors of of
science fiction.
The idea of time travel, the possibility of
of [Laughter]
[Laughter]
invisibility, of intergalactic
struggles, and then he came up with
ideas of how we might reorganize the
knowledge apparatus of the world, which
he called the world brain.
For wells, the world brain had to
contain all that was learned and known
and that was being learned and known. If
you have access to anything that's been
written, not just theoretical access,
but like instant access next to your
brain, that changes your idea of who you
are. It can be reproduced exactly and
fully in Peru, China, Iceland, Central
Africa, or wherever else. They were
frank in their ambition and dazzling in
their ability to execute it.
The Google book scanning project is
clearly the most ambitious world brain
scheme that has ever been invented.
This is no remote dream, no fantasy. It
is a plain statement of a contemporary
[Music]
The nightmare scenario in 20 years time
would be Google tracking everything we
read. Google could basically hold the
whole world hostage.
Ever since Wells, science fiction is
always about the possibility that people
don't really matter in the future. And
the plot is always about some heroic
person that either succeeds or doesn't
succeed in proving that people really
matter after all. [Music]
It's a library, a public library where
people go to look at books and read them
and take them
away. That girl works at the library and
she checks on books that are going out
and books that are coming back in. I
love libraries. I like the smell uh the
smell of paper properly preserved. It's
as if it's a smell of a hay barn that's
been cleared of all its animals and made
into human intelligence. And in a
library, you you really even if you're
sitting in the tea room discussing your
latest findings. It's amazing how much
social interaction with other people
will actually help you to enrich what
you're doing. In this part of the
library, the grown-ups can read the
stories to the children. People
sometimes say to me, "Aren't libraries
obsolete? Um, it's it's absurd. They are
nerve centers, centers of intellectual
energy." Libraries stand for an ideal,
which is an educated public. And to the
degree that knowledge is power, they
also stand therefore for the idea that
uh power should be disseminated and not centralized.
[Music]
The first appeal of
Google's enterprise when we saw it was
just digitizing millions and millions of
books. At Harvard, we have by far the
greatest university library in the
world. It's enormous, 17 million
volumes, and every library wants its
holdings digitized for lots of reasons,
including preservation. But beyond that,
the it raises the possibility of sharing
your intellectual wealth. I think of the
Harvard Library as an international
asset, something that should be opened
up and shared with the general
population. So, here comes Google.
They've got the energy, they've got the
technology, they've got the money, and
they said, "We'll do it for you free."
Google did such a fabulous job in
creating a vision, not only that a
universal digital library could be
created, but that it could be done
today. The Google
engineers are like good engineers
everywhere. They just like to think
about how do we surmount these
challenges. They sort of leave the
lawsuit to the uh to the lawyers to worry
worry [Music]
about. Google's a company that believes
in its fundamental mission of empowering
everyone in this world with all the
information they need.
Enriched with the right information,
people can make better decisions for
themselves, their families, and their
communities. This world is full of
wonderful individuals which have varied
needs from a farmer in Africa to a
mother in India to a business person in
Japan. Everyone needs information in
this modern day and age. And Google
believes in breaking all the barrier
between every individual and the
information they seek. When you actually
negotiate with Google um and do so on
their turf, you enter a strange world.
Uh a Google office doesn't have chairs
like this chair. Uh the furniture
consists of large inflated balls that
are colored green or red or yellow and
the young Google engineers are sitting
on these. It's a kind of never neverland feeling.
feeling. [Music]
[Music]
About 10 years ago, I got a visit from
the vice president of Google and she
walked into my office and described a
project that Google had in mind, which
was to digitize all the books in the
Harvard library. My first thought was to
put it bluntly that maybe they were
smoking something because I didn't think
it was possible.
Harvard had been digitizing books from
time to time, but there were very
limited in number and we didn't do many.
It was a very expensive and complicated
project. I don't remember exactly, but
it was several hundred just for a single
book. But they had invented a copying
station uh that was a lot cheaper and
easier to use uh that didn't damage the
books or at least went out of its way
not to damage the books and it seemed to
me that it had a lot of plausibility and
so we decided to uh to give it a try.
Every great library did digitizing
sometimes on a large scale. Our open
collections program digitized 2.3
million pages. I mean that's big but
nothing like as big as what uh Google
attempted to do. The sheer ambition of digitizing
[Music] [Applause]
everything in the ancient world at the
library of Alexandria. They copied rolls
and tablets and attempt to copy all that
was known. And eventually the library
was destroyed by Julius Caesar and the
loss of the library of Alexandria was an
was an international
catastrophe. The universal library is
being talked about for millennia. I
think there's a kind of a continuity of
development and you know we mustn't
forget the important role that libraries
and scholars have always made for for
millennia of copying and then you see
with the development of printing the
multiplicity of texts the copying of
original texts it was possible to think
in the Renaissance that you might be
able to amass the whole of published
knowledge in a single room or a single [Music]
[Music] institution.
[Music]
Then in the 19th century you have
various suggestions in France and
Belgium that you can create a catalog of
everything. What will come next is
microfilm and so you start finding huge
microfilming projects. And so for us the
Google project was a sort of a natural
development. Project Gutenberg of
Michael Hart was the first digital
library. He started in the 4th of July
and early 1970s to going and typing the
Declaration of Independence so that
everybody could have access to it.
Thousands of volunteers work from all
over the world to go and build this. He
even had the idea that it ought to be
possible to download the entire library
that he had created if you wanted it.
And I think it did act as a kind of
example of something that later on
Google and others took up in a much
My name is Raymond Kurszwall and I'm
from Queens, New York. When I was 12, I
became fascinated with pattern
recognition. And as a young teenager, I
did a project to teach computers how to
recognize patterns in music. I built a
computer and by feeding in certain
relationships in music, I was able to
write music with it. See, Raymond, how
old are you? I'm 17. Do your parents
know what you've been up to? Recognizing
printed letters was a classical unsolved
problem in the field of pattern
recognition. And so I created the first
omnif font optical character
recognition. This was around
1975. 1978 we developed a commercial
version. And we talked about how you
could ultimately scan all books and all
printed material.
When automobiles came along first, they
seemed likely to become a rich man's
monopoly. They cost upward of
£1,000. Henry Ford ought to be all that.
He put the Mo man on the road. We want a
Henry Ford today to modernize the
distribution of knowledge. Make good
knowledge cheap and easy in this still
very ignorant, ill-educated, illserved,
English-speaking world of ours, which
might be the greatest power on earth for
We started the internet archive in
1996. The idea was to have all the
published works of humankind available
to everybody that this was the
opportunity of our generation that like
the previous generation had put a man on
the moon. The internet archive had been
completely open with Google. In fact,
I'd gone and given a speech that was
attended by I think all of the senior
executives on how one could go about
building a digital library of all books,
music, video, and I had hoped that there
was going to be a way to work with them
and but that was not to be. Libraries
had signed secret agreements with
Google. We we didn't know what was
really going on. When they started
coming out as a completely separate
project and not working with others,
then I started to become uh
suspicious. Larry Paige, who founded
Google with me, first proposed that we
digitize all books a decade ago when we
were a fledgling startup. 5 years later,
in 2004, Google Books was born. Despite
a number of important digitization
efforts to date, none have been at a
comparable scale simply because no one
else has chosen to invest the requisite
resources. If Google Books is
successful, others will follow. I don't
think that Google is aware of the fact
that it's a corporation. I think Google
Google does think of itself as an NGO
that just happens to make a lot of money
and they think of themselves as social
reformers who just happen to have their
stock traded on stock exchanges and who
just happen to have investors and
shareholders. But they do think of
themselves as ultimately being in the
There are few more irreparable property
losses than vanished books. Nature,
politics, and war have always been the
mortal enemies of written works. Most
recently, Hurricane Katrina dealt a blow
to the libraries of the Gulf Coast. At
Chain University, the main library sat
in 9 ft of water.
In the 1970s, the Cam Rouge regime in
Cambodia decimated cultural institutions
throughout the country. Cam Rouge
fighters took over the national library,
throwing the books into the street,
burning them while using the stacks as a
pigsty. Now with Google, the University
of Michigan is involved in one of the
most extensive preservation projects in
world history. Google Books is a potent
idea on a number of dimensions. What I
like about Google Books is the idea of
not losing books, especially books that
might be genuinely abandoned. The idea
of getting all that stuff online is of
course going to be a benefit. So that
[Music]
I went to Google in January 2003. I
actually made what now I I feel quite
embarrassed about. Um, I made a
presentation to them telling them what
they ought to be doing only to find out
a few months later they' actually been
doing it for a while
already. Project Ocean was the kind of
code name, development code name that
Google were giving to what eventually
became Google Books. So, it was called
imagine Google seemed to think that they
[Music]
You could say that this mass
digitization is something like running a
huge machine through a library. You take
books by the shelf. They they're put in
cartons on carts. They're loaded onto
trucks. Um and then Google at this time
had three places in the country where it
was doing
digitization. Uh supposedly it didn't
give the address of where they were.
Google won't say how much scanning all
the books cost, but there are estimates
that it's somewhere between $30 and $100
per book. So if you multiply that times
20 million, Google early on bent over
backwards to keep us from
communicating with the other libraries.
There were three or four large ones. And
each of us was told we should not tell
the others what kind of a contract we
had and how we were working with Google.
To begin with, it had to be kept fairly
quiet. It was probably mid 2003 when I
started to take the wraps off in terms
of this is going to be a possibility
that we might be working with
Google. I witnessed the scale of the
operation and it was very impressive.
20 very large
workstations with very high resolution
cameras sitting on top of cradle with
very intense
lights and underneath a lot of black
boxes which presumably contained all of
Google's algorithms that makes Google
search what it is and they uploaded that
stuff straight to um Mountain View
straight from Oxford.
Google certainly depends on knowing more
and more and more for their algorithm to
be better and better and better. Uh and
this is the core of the way economics in
the space now works.
They had a specific interest in having
lots of things in Google that would lead
people to use Google so they could make
money by having advertisements there.
What are books? They're full of data.
And so the more uh data you have, the
more you can fine-tune your search technologies.
Some of the
enthusiasts for Google's way of
gathering data, and it's not just Google
at all. I mean, it's Silicon Valley in
general. It's the the current cultural
moment. It includes the other Silicon
Valley companies, but also the modern
world of finance and also the modern
world of spycraft for states and also
the modern world of criminality and the
modern world of insurance and
healthcare. Um, all these things have
this idea that you grab all this data in
order to become very powerful. You
create a differential in your ability to
see information versus the ordinary
person and you create these new
incredible castles of power. But it's
okay. It's not just traditional power
mongering because you're making the
[Music]
efficient. I was a little boy in the 70s
growing up in India watching reruns of
Star Trek on our family's black and
white TV. And from that those times, the
picture of a Star Trek computer was
deeply ingrained in my head. As a little
boy, I was just fascinated by the fact
that you can walk up to a computer and
ask it computer, what's the atmosphere
of that planet? That was just the most
fascinating thing to a little boy. And
from that day on, it was my dream to
build that Star Trek computer.
Only later would I grow up and realize
it's really hard because computers don't
understand language and I went through
this brief period of disbelief as a
graduate student uh where I didn't think
I would reach my dream in my lifetime.
But thanks to Google and all the
technologies that we have built here and
what I see in the pipeline, I'm closer
internet personal spiritual uh
Google were and are free to do what they
want with the scans. That's and and why
us? I mean, part of our ethos and part
of our objective as a library is to make
the information that's contained in our
library available as free of charge as
we can possibly make it to anybody who
needs it. And if Google is going to do
that on a larger scale, that's fine. if
they are going to make money out of it
down the line, why not? You know,
they've invested a lot of money in it.
lunch. Who wouldn't want to have all of
the world's knowledge available to
everyone on the planet? Uh, the problem
is that Google as an intermediary in
this process has certain interests and
has a certain agenda that is not always transparent.
transparent.
If you're in Silicon Valley, you have
another job which is you're building
this new life form that's going to take
over the world. And Google is providing
the memories for its brain or the other
companies are providing the memories.
And this is something that's openly talked
talked
about. It's all human knowledge in books
and out of books woven
together into a single entity that's
accessible by anybody anywhere in the
world. any time and that all knowledge
is transformative. It just really kicks
up the civilization in our society into another
another
level. Shortly after the launch of
Google Books in different events, I ran
into Larry Pageige and Sergey Brin and
had this brief exchange with them about
the potential. And you know there was a
characteristic Google founder response
which was a kind of glint in their eyes
and a smile and the sense that this was
just the beginning of something much
bigger than you even you at this point
can can [Music]
[Music] [Applause]
imagine. At Harvard we only permitted
Google to digitize books in the public
domain. But the other research libraries
that Google first went to permitted
Google to digitize books covered by
copyright. As soon as you get into the
copyright area, things get rapidly complicated.
We're allowing Google to scan all of our
books, those in the public domain and
those still in copyright. And we believe
it is legal, ethical, and a noble
endeavor that will transform our
society. Legal because we believe
copyright law allows us fair use of the
millions of books that are being digitized.
digitized. [Music]
Fair use is a piece of American
copyright law that allows uh us to make
copies without ever asking any
permission, without paying any fee for
certain carved out uses. I happen to
think Google's fair use defense is
strong. One of the things that courts
have done over the last decade or so is
decided that search engines who
routinely make copies of information are
making fair uses when they do it in
order to help people find information
that they're looking for. One of the
things Google has done is provide links
to places where you can buy the book.
They scanned but they did not release
the copy. You could not search except
for keywords. you could not see a page
except for snippets. They were trying to
uh allow indexing and searching uh
without allowing people to get copies
and we will protect all copyrighted
materials your work in that archive. Let
me repeat that. I guarantee you we will
protect all copyrighted materials.
I assure you we understand that
providing public access to materials and
copyright particularly those still in
print would be unlawful. One of the
things that you need to understand about
Google is that they try to uh roll out
projects first and then to think about
the consequences later. So you would
often see them experiment with something
that looks very cool. Uh it may be the
Google Street View project. Google
launched Street View in 2007, part of
the search engine's long-term goal to
create a virtual 3D map of the whole
planet, right down to street level. But
investigations have revealed that
Google's Street View cars were
collecting more than just photographs
for their datab banks. Their antennas
were also hoovering up personal
information from unencrypted Wi-Fi
networks, including internet history and passwords.
passwords.
I think the case of Google collecting
Wi-Fi information uh it reveals complete
lack of respect for privacy within the
corporation. Such projects often reveal
that Google does not fully understand
the social consequences of its own work. [Music]
We actually do more search queries in
China alone than any other search
company does in any other single
national market by which I really mean
Google in in the United States. So we
certainly do aspire to be a world brand.
I think HG Wells was I mean he's well
known for having been quite preient
about a lot of the things that he
envisioned. Sure we don't have a time
machine yet but um pretty much the rest
of it was dead on. We have a product
which is very very popular product. It's
called BU. Uh the Chinese name of it is
the BU library. Um it allows people to
upload uh materials that they have that
are either you know of their own
creation or uh that they have the the
site. [Music]
There isn't an area of human knowledge
that hasn't been filled out and made
more rich and wondrous by the fact of
the internet. I'm often just sort of
shocked at people who see it as the
beginnings of this sort of dystopian
future. I embrace it unequivocally. The
fundamental knowledge system which
accumulates, sorts, keeps in order, and
renders available everything that is
known, centers on Barcelona with its 17
million active
workers. It is the memory of mankind. [Music]
You can look at the internet as
something divine. We eventually will
come, I think, to revere some of our
technological creations like the
internet to be almost like cathedrals of
redwoods to be as complicated and as beautiful
beautiful as
as
natural creations. And
that in a real sense that there is more
of God in a cell phone than there is in
a tree frog because a cell phone is an additional
additional
layer of evolution
It's a new form of medieval church or
something like that. Everybody is to
give their data in service of worship of
this new digital god. And I think it's
It's not unique to this era. You can
look at previous technologies whether it
was radio, whether it was television,
whether it was the telegraph, whether it
was electricity. Uh you do have many
similar hopes that those technologies
will bring uh universal communication.
People would talk to one another. there
will be peace everywhere. Education will
spread globally. A lot of similar hopes
uh have been expressed uh in connection
to earlier technology. So this is
nothing new. But I think there is
something about the scale uh at which uh
projects and groups and various
companies and organizations now are
putting those cybertopian beliefs to
work. That is different now than from
what it was before.
Science fiction never imagined Google.
Google is a gamechanging tool on the
order of the equally handy flint handax.
But Google is not ours. We are its
unpaid content providers in one way or
another. We generate product for Google.
Our every search a minuscule
contribution. Google is made of us. A
sort of coral reef of human minds and
their products. We have yet to take
I do think that Google genuinely wants
to make all of the world's information
organized and available uh to people
throughout the globe. I do think that
they genuinely believe in that mission.
Um but they also happen to believe that
uh nothing will get lost and no one will
get harmed if it's Google who will
implement that mission. And I think it's
normal if they didn't trust themselves
to do it then they would be you know
they would have some weird uh
schizophrenic problem you know they
don't trust themselves to implement
alert. One of the concerns which came
out as you would expect from France was
that this was really part of a plot uh
in the United States to make English the
universal language. And as we know the
most important thing about France, aside
from its wine is its language. And there
was a real sense that uh who were we uh
to be digitizing all those books in
English. And I remember some
correspondence about the fact that we at
Harvard were not just digitizing English
books but were digitizing very large
number of books in French. to which if I
remember correctly the response came
back. Who are you to digitize books in French?
First, we learned that Google was
scanning books. And I remember loving
that idea because I'm a reader and I
write non-fiction books and I do
research and I wanted access to those
books. Then we heard that they were
scanning our books. They were scanning
copyrighted books and they hadn't asked
anyone's permission. the libraries had
just handed them over. Well, that was
obviously a violation of our copyrights
and and a little bit of a surprise to
put it mildly. I remember being very
curious about what they were doing and I
popped my name into Google and saw that
it came up uh with uh uh snippets of my
book. So what I did was I searched for
terms that I knew were common in the
book like like star or galaxy and there
were lots and lots of hits and it would
display several snippets and then uh I
would search for other common words and
it was clear that if you were clever
about your searches you could see quite
a bit of the text if not all of it. The
problem that most authors have is
obscurity. That's the issue. There are
gazillion books. How do you get people
to pay attention to yours? Google
claimed that its use of of these
millions of copyrighted books that it
had digitized was an example of fair
use. Why? I'm not sure. I still don't
understand how that can be justified.
The point is that the entire book has
been copied and it's been copied by a
single company that's doing it for
purposes of profiting off the work. If
you allow a profit-making company to to
to copy a million books, then how can
you say no to the next enterprise that
also wants to copy the million books?
So, the Author's Guild uh organized a
class action suit asking them to stop
doing that. The Author's Guild on
Tuesday filed a lawsuit against search
engine Google, alleging that it scanning
and digitizing of library books
constitutes a massive copyright infringement.
infringement.
The Author's Guild represents more than
8,000 authors and is the largest society
of published writers in the United
States. When Google made its decision to
scan these millions of books, it
certainly realized that depending upon
how litigation developed, um, this could
be a bet the company decision because
copyright liability in the United States
can be quite extreme. $150,000 per
copyrighted work. Uh, and depending on
the number of copyrighted works at
stake, it could be in the billions of dollars.
dollars.
The Association of American Publishers
has filed a lawsuit against Google,
alleging the internet company's plan to
scan and digitally distribute the text
of major library collections would
I think the issue of copyright is an archaic
archaic
unproductive view. When you create
something, you're building on the work
of other people. No matter who you are,
whether you're JK Rowling or
Shakespeare, you're you're basing your
work on the work of others. You're
basically taking their ideas. Artist
does not own their ideas. No artist
does. any useful information is exists
because of the efforts of real people
and copyright is our way of remembering
who those people are and uh it's crucial
to not lose that and I think cyber
culture is missing the point of
copyright you might say well who cares
about authors let a few authors not make
as much money as they would have but
it's a precedent the whole internet will
become um a uh a tool for the
concentration of power and that would be
a disaster Internet is the world's
largest copy machine and anything that
touches it is being copied and that just
to just to transmit something along the
way. Um people are making copies of
things. Copies are valless. They have no
worth at all. And so there's a focus on
copies because that's an industrial age artifact.
artifact. [Music]
[Music] [Applause]
[Music] [Applause]
[Applause] [Music]
Fore a book is really a plateau that a
person reaches to say this is my
testament. This is what I can offer. A
book is not just an extra-l long tweet.
A book is something that's hard to do.
It's hard to finish. It's hard to
publish. It's a certain achievement of
scale. It's a declaration of this is
what my life has learned. This is what I
can offer. And that is not something
that can be dissected and the little
minced pieces simply can't mean the same thing.
The lawsuits were commenced in the fall of
of
2005 and within six months the author's
guild and the publishers came to Google
with a a proposal about settling the
lawsuit. I was sitting innocently in my
office and uh a lawyer for the
university appeared and he said, "You
are about to take a non-disclosure
oath." Well, I I've never had anything
to do with lawyers except once in my
life when I made a will and I thought,
"Oh, I'm in deep water now. What is this
all about?" Well, it turned out that
there were secret negotiations between
Google on the one hand and the Author's
Guild and the Association of American
Publishers on the other. They were suing
Google for infringement of copyright.
And as happens frequently with suits,
they began to negotiate a settlement.
Well, we were not part of that at
Harvard. However, we had to be informed
about it because we had the books. It
took three years to work it out because
there were a lot of issues to be
discussed. There were publishers at the
table as well as authors and publishers
and authors did not have identical
interests. There were libraries not at
the table but very much in the picture.
They were talking to Google away from
the room. And I'm not sure how much I
can say. I definitely cannot talk
specifically about the negotiations
because I signed a non-disclosure
agreement which I'm told is still in
force and I don't want to go to jail.
Google's longunning legal battle with
the US publishing industry came to an
unexpected halt this morning as the
parties announced a settlement that will
see both sides cooperate on online
access to copyrighted books. Google have
agreed to pay $125 million in the
settlement. $34.5 million of that sum
will go towards the establishment of a
rights collecting body for digital
books. 45 million has been set aside to
compensate writers whose copyrighted
books Google has already scanned. They
will get around $60 per book. The
largest portion of the settlement, 45.5
million, will go just on the legal fees.
But the most striking aspect of the
agreement is that it turns Google into a
book seller selling online access to out
of print but still in copyright works.
For those of you who don't know the
details of the settlement agreement,
it's 385 pages. It has 46 sections of
definitions. It's got 15 sections on
Google's obligations. It's got nine
sections on the economic terms. It's got
six se sections on libraries
obligations. So this is not a little
three or four page memorandum of
understanding that we're talking about
here. This is a very heavily negotiated
agreement. So how many people have not
read the 334 pages? Okay. We proposed
something that was a little bit outside
the box and that was if money is being
made, share the money with the rights
holders. It couldn't be simpler. So I
thought it would be pretty non-controversial.
non-controversial.
That apparently was naive of me. I
personally became increasingly
disenchanted with what originally looked
like a great idea. They basically
transformed the search service into a
gigantic commercial enterprise. They
really thought they would digitize every
book in existence and make it available
for a price everywhere. [Music]
The settlement would allow Google to
have essentially a license to
commercialize all books that are out of
print. There
were certainly hundreds of thousands and
probably millions of books for whom even
if they were in copyright, no author, no
publisher, no rights holder would come
forward. and those books are orphans and
Google would be able to commercialize
those and nobody else would. A monopoly
was being created, a monopoly of access
to knowledge. Did we want the greatest
library that would ever exist to be in
the hands of one giant corporation which
could really charge almost anything it
wanted for access to it? It's not a
library, it's a bookstore. and you know,
sell it as a bookstore if you want, but
don't pretend that it's a library. When
I talk to people in the publishing
industry, they find it humorous because
it's like, well, they're orphan for a
reason. Um, and that in fact, if if we
suddenly found this gold mine where the
future of the book are the orphan books,
okay, then boy, those publishers sure
Our principal concern here today in this
in this discussion is that under the
proposed settlement, Google would be the
only only entity that could treat
copyright as an opt- out mechanism.
Everyone else would have to treat it as
opt-in. There are other problems with
this proposed [Music]
settlement. Listed below are various
potential revenue streams for Google as
identified within the settlement.
Institutional subscriptions, consumer
purchases, advertising uses, public
access service, print on demand, custom
publishing, PDF downloads, consumer
subscription model, summaries,
abstracts, compilations of books. That's
what you're going to end up with at a
minimum. But what I'm saying to you, Mr.
Drummond, does this in fact place Google
at such a tremendous advantage in
disregard of what has been historically
copyright law? How do you respond to
those concerns? As of today, we have
zero market share in any sort of books.
So, we're a new entrance to the market.
Uh so far, far from being someone who's
controlling the market, we're not even
in it yet. We're trying to get in there.
They thought that all we have to do is
kind of announce this to the world and
the world will go, "God, what a great
agreement." And for a while some people
did, but then you started reading the
agreement really carefully and there
were lots of [Music]
[Music]
questions. The problem was there was
nothing in the agreement that respected
the privacy of the people who were
looking at the books. Google was going
to be keeping track of who exactly was
reading that book, how long they were
reading it, and what they read next.
That information could get back to the
government, could get back to the FBI,
could get back to police, could get back
to their employer cuz Google wasn't
making any kind of guarantees about what
they were going to do in respect of this privacy.
If people find that the privacy policies
of particular technology are not to
their liking, they should unplug it.
They should retreat from the
internet. They should cut off their
phone lines and they should go up and
hide in the mountain. They have that choice.
Wells's conception of a well bane was
that it was intended to have a power of
surveillance over mankind. Information
gathered and organized in such a way
that we had an eye that could actually
survey everything that was going on. It
would be able to register where
everybody was, everywhere they went,
potentially all the transactions that
they were engaged in. and he seemed to
think this is likely to be a good thing.
It was a a gradual process of getting to
know the details of Google book search.
And it was the cumulative effect of
these details that made me feel this project
project
was actually something that I myself
could not recommend to the president and
fellows of Harvard as something that we
should enthusiastically support. [Music]
[Music]
HG Wells's idea of the world brain was a
dictatorship of technologists and
intellectuals. These are the geeks of
their day. And gradually he saw their
power would spread from laboratory to
laboratory, from university to
university. These people with the
expertise began to coalesce into sort of
almost like managerial groups that would
mean that we don't need the politicians
and the conflicts and the noise, the
confusion, the babble. But for the world
brain, there was to be a further
component. And this is the component
that is is what disturbs me. It's that
how that would be used to achieve the
ultimate goals of civilization as it
interface. It's going to change how we
interface with information. People are
going to ask, "How did it do that? How
did it accomplish this task which before
we thought only humans could ever hope
to do?" David Hume held this view that
sense and experience are the sole
foundation of knowledge.
Watson, what is empiricism? After IBM's
success with Deep Blue, they looked
around for other kinds of games that
they could take on and they wanted
something that was a very different kind
of game than chess. And so they picked
Jeopardy, which is basically a fancy
trivia game. It's one of those games
that you and I can play. It's a human
standing there with their carbon and
water versus the computer with all of
its silicon and its main memory and its
disc. After Germany invaded the
Netherlands, this queen, her family, and
cabinet fled to London. Maria, who is
Beatrix? No. Watson, who is Willamina?
That is correct. This US president
negotiated the Treaty of Portsouth,
ending the RussoJapanese War. Watson,
who is Theodore Roosevelt? Good for
$800. I did talk to Larry Page when
Google first started because I was
really perplexed about why would anybody
make a new search engine when we had
Alta Vista, which was the current search
engine. It seemed good enough. And he
said, "Oh, it's not to make a search
engine. It's to make an AI."
Most of my discussions have been with
Larry Page. We've talked in general
about their quest to digitize all
knowledge and then develop true AI. I
mean, we can create intelligent systems
if you have very large databases. And
books are actually probably more
valuable than all the other stuff on the
internet cuz we have a high standard for
The computer industry and its
implications in terms of information
technology is a multi- trillion dollar
part of the economy. It will be, you
know, the basis of everything we do in
the future. What Watson showed was you
can take a very large, very messy set of
data and if you can use those inputs
correctly, you can actually answer
really sophisticated questions. And
certainly the presence of large amounts
of data on the internet is going to be
as much an input for machines as it is
for people. What we really will need to
tap that is uh computer systems that can
understand natural language and natural
language understanding is actually
coming along very well. IBM's Watson is
a very good example of uh the current
state-of-the-art in computers
understanding natural language because
not only did Watson have to understand
the convoluted language in the Jeopardy
query which includes metaphors and
simileies and puns and riddles and jokes
but it got its knowledge to respond to
the query from actually reading 200
million pages of natural language
documents including all of Wikipedia and
several other encyclopedias. And when
you see a computer play it better than
we ever could, it's one of those moments
where you realize, "Oh yes, the world
really is different." An IBM
supercomputer named Watson has won the
first ever Jeopardy quiz show
competition starring a computer as a
player. The Google book project is in sense um trying to make that universal
sense um trying to make that universal library um which could then be read by
library um which could then be read by an AI or a Watson like um supercomput by
an AI or a Watson like um supercomput by 2045 we'll have expanded according to my
2045 we'll have expanded according to my calculations the intelligence and
calculations the intelligence and capability of the human machine
capability of the human machine civilization a billionfold. So that's
civilization a billionfold. So that's such a profound transformation such a
such a profound transformation such a singular transformation that we call it
singular transformation that we call it the singularity. Now this is not yet
the singularity. Now this is not yet inside my body or brain. Uh it may as
inside my body or brain. Uh it may as well be. I'm very dependent on it. I
well be. I'm very dependent on it. I think this is part of who I am.
think this is part of who I am. Ultimately this kind of device will be
Ultimately this kind of device will be the size of blood cells and will go
the size of blood cells and will go inside our body to keep us healthy. Go
inside our body to keep us healthy. Go inside our brains. Put our brains
inside our brains. Put our brains directly on the internet. Give us direct
directly on the internet. Give us direct access to the entire library of all
access to the entire library of all books.
books. AI is just a religion. It doesn't
AI is just a religion. It doesn't matter. What's really happening is real
matter. What's really happening is real world examples from real people who
world examples from real people who entered their answers, their trivia,
entered their answers, their trivia, their experiences into some online
their experiences into some online database is actually just a giant puppet
database is actually just a giant puppet theater repackaging inputs from real
theater repackaging inputs from real people who are forgotten. We're
people who are forgotten. We're pretending they aren't
pretending they aren't there. This is something I really want
there. This is something I really want people to see that this the insane
people to see that this the insane structure of modern finance is exactly
structure of modern finance is exactly the same as the insane structure of
the same as the insane structure of modern culture on the internet. They're
modern culture on the internet. They're precisely the same. It's an attempt to
precisely the same. It's an attempt to gather all the information into a high
gather all the information into a high castle, optimize the world, and pretend
castle, optimize the world, and pretend that all the people information came
that all the people information came from don't deserve anything. That that
from don't deserve anything. That that it's all the same mistake. Google search
it's all the same mistake. Google search is going to be assisted intelligence and
is going to be assisted intelligence and not artificial
not artificial intelligence. In my mind, I think of
intelligence. In my mind, I think of search is this beautiful symphony
search is this beautiful symphony between the user and the search engine
between the user and the search engine and we make music together. Forefall.
There stands a god. A man comes from the country
god. A man comes from the country begging admittance to the law.
it the man tries to peer through the entrance.
entrance. He had been taught that the law should
He had been taught that the law should be accessible to every
be accessible to every man. Do not attempt to enter without my
man. Do not attempt to enter without my permission, says the god.
the trial. I've been surprised at the level of controversy there. Uh
level of controversy there. Uh because digitizing the world's books and
because digitizing the world's books and making them available, there's
making them available, there's really there's nobody else who has
really there's nobody else who has attempted it at our scale or who is
attempted it at our scale or who is really working on it. So um and and I
really working on it. So um and and I feel like we had a number of technical
feel like we had a number of technical challenges which we've overcome. uh
challenges which we've overcome. uh there was this legal dispute which which
there was this legal dispute which which we have settlement a settlement's
we have settlement a settlement's proposed uh at least that we jointly
proposed uh at least that we jointly agreed to with the authors and
agreed to with the authors and publishers and so forth but anyway but
publishers and so forth but anyway but it it remains somewhat controversial
it it remains somewhat controversial uh so yeah I'm surprised at the amount
uh so yeah I'm surprised at the amount of resistance uh that's had uh but
of resistance uh that's had uh but ultimately I'm optimistic that we're
ultimately I'm optimistic that we're going to be successful
going to be successful [Music]
[Music] It's important to understand that the
It's important to understand that the Google book settlement uh was negotiated
Google book settlement uh was negotiated by a small number of people claiming to
by a small number of people claiming to represent authors and claiming to
represent authors and claiming to represent publishers, but not every
represent publishers, but not every author and not every publisher was in
author and not every publisher was in the room. So once the settlement's
the room. So once the settlement's announced, there's a six-month period in
announced, there's a six-month period in which it's required to notify them about
which it's required to notify them about the terms of the settlement and give
the terms of the settlement and give them a chance to opt out if they don't
them a chance to opt out if they don't like the settlement or to give them a
like the settlement or to give them a chance to object to the terms of the
So the silver [Music]
for republic. The
republic. The president collaborator
The first time I realized Google scanned my book was 2009 November actually. Um
my book was 2009 November actually. Um is it my was my lawyer called me and he
is it my was my lawyer called me and he said do you know your book be scanned by
said do you know your book be scanned by Google book search engine Google came
Google book search engine Google came under intense fire from Chinese authors
under intense fire from Chinese authors as is a digital library used books
as is a digital library used books written by Chinese authors without
written by Chinese authors without permission the reader they can search my
permission the reader they can search my book by the keyword and made maybe 100
book by the keyword and made maybe 100 around 100 keyword but I remember the
around 100 keyword but I remember the most ridiculous keyword of my book is
most ridiculous keyword of my book is the bed be d and telephone that's two
the bed be d and telephone that's two word I remember and made me laugh. So
word I remember and made me laugh. So this is not intellectual at all. Me and
this is not intellectual at all. Me and my lawyer decide to sue Google. My
my lawyer decide to sue Google. My lawyer ask 60,000 something like that.
lawyer ask 60,000 something like that. My journalist friend said I even don't
My journalist friend said I even don't want to tell people I know you. Why you
want to tell people I know you. Why you ask such low money? So I wrote this blog
ask such low money? So I wrote this blog uh at that night and I go sleep when I
uh at that night and I go sleep when I wake up it's like a 400s messages at my
wake up it's like a 400s messages at my blog said damage this girl and this
blog said damage this girl and this girl's blah blah blah blah blah
really disgusting horrible message I become a public enemy after the Google
become a public enemy after the Google said they will leave China and also
said they will leave China and also Chinese young people start to sending
Chinese young people start to sending flower to the Google's office which is
flower to the Google's office which is made even my best friend they confused
made even my best friend they confused they said is the government send you to
they said is the government send you to su Google
[Music] Foreign!
[Applause] Foreign speech. Foreign speech.
Foreign speech. Foreign speech. [Music]
Before the court is the plaintiff's motion to approve the settlement as fair
motion to approve the settlement as fair and reasonable. Numerous materials have
and reasonable. Numerous materials have been submitted. Did anyone count up the
been submitted. Did anyone count up the number of objections? We have in the
number of objections? We have in the range of 500. Thank you.
range of 500. Thank you. I flew to New York and it was very
I flew to New York and it was very exciting. There were
exciting. There were 25 outside parties
25 outside parties that made presentations to Judge Chin
that made presentations to Judge Chin and there were 500 objections for him to
and there were 500 objections for him to read. Judge basically said, "I'm not
read. Judge basically said, "I'm not going to rule from the bench." But
going to rule from the bench." But people were hanging on every word. This
people were hanging on every word. This is a fascinating turning point actually
is a fascinating turning point actually in the whole history of knowledge and of
in the whole history of knowledge and of access to knowledge. And it was being
access to knowledge. And it was being played out in a New York courtroom
played out in a New York courtroom before Judge Denny Chin in the Southern
before Judge Denny Chin in the Southern Federal District Court of New York.
I confirm that one of my books has been digitally scanned by Google without my
digitally scanned by Google without my permission because this act is a clear
permission because this act is a clear violation of the copyright law of Japan.
violation of the copyright law of Japan. I have asked the Metropolitan Police
I have asked the Metropolitan Police Department of Japan to criminally charge
Department of Japan to criminally charge Google and its CEO for this violation.
Google and its CEO for this violation. The court's decision was to a
The court's decision was to a considerable extent going to determine
considerable extent going to determine the future of books of digital books.
the future of books of digital books. The proposed settlement results in a de
The proposed settlement results in a de facto monopoly on information and an
facto monopoly on information and an intensification of media concentration
intensification of media concentration on Google. As a result, the right of
on Google. As a result, the right of free access to information as well as
free access to information as well as the existing cultural diversity in both
the existing cultural diversity in both Germany and Europe will be usurped.
Germany and Europe will be usurped. Would it be basically in the hands of
Would it be basically in the hands of commercial speculators whose
commercial speculators whose responsibility was to their their
responsibility was to their their shareholders or would it be organized
shareholders or would it be organized for the public good? There was a risk of
for the public good? There was a risk of monopolization there that the Department
monopolization there that the Department of Justice saw.
of Justice saw. The proposed settlement would establish
The proposed settlement would establish a marketplace in which only one
a marketplace in which only one competitor would have authority to use a
competitor would have authority to use a vast array of works. The risk was
vast array of works. The risk was that Google could basically hold the
that Google could basically hold the whole world hostage to the price of
whole world hostage to the price of access to these books. And because no
access to these books. And because no one else would have a license, no one
one else would have a license, no one else would have a corpus like the corpus
else would have a corpus like the corpus they had, we'd have to pay whatever they
they had, we'd have to pay whatever they wanted to charge.
wanted to charge. The core concerns seem to be that this
The core concerns seem to be that this would diminish the availability to read
would diminish the availability to read books in private. That is not true. This
books in private. That is not true. This service would be available at public
service would be available at public libraries. You can walk into your
libraries. You can walk into your neighborhood library. You can sit down
neighborhood library. You can sit down at a free access terminal anonymously.
at a free access terminal anonymously. You can search for and read a book. And
You can search for and read a book. And if you want to look at it at home, then
if you want to look at it at home, then what? Well, if you want to look at it at
what? Well, if you want to look at it at home, that may present an
home, that may present an issue. Here's the rub. This is a tension
issue. Here's the rub. This is a tension between requirements for security that
between requirements for security that are insisted on in order not to have
are insisted on in order not to have these works be sort of freely
disseminated. In my view, the Google book such settlement is no different
book such settlement is no different from the piracy cases in which the
from the piracy cases in which the internet and digital technology are
internet and digital technology are abused. I strongly urge the court to
abused. I strongly urge the court to reject the proposed settlement. I
reject the proposed settlement. I remember there being a Japanese writer
remember there being a Japanese writer there and the language was very vivid.
there and the language was very vivid. It was as though you know as copyright
It was as though you know as copyright uh copyright was going to be swept away
uh copyright was going to be swept away and that copyright was going to be
and that copyright was going to be destroyed and the approval of the
destroyed and the approval of the settlement was going to you
settlement was going to you know make the United States out of
know make the United States out of compliance with treaty obligations.
compliance with treaty obligations. There's a real risk that should the
There's a real risk that should the court approve the settlement, members of
court approve the settlement, members of the World Trade Organization will
the World Trade Organization will initiate settlement proceedings against
initiate settlement proceedings against the US government. And if the US
the US government. And if the US government were to lose such
government were to lose such proceedings, which is a very real
proceedings, which is a very real possibility, our partners would be
possibility, our partners would be entitled to impose trade sanctions
entitled to impose trade sanctions against the United States. You don't use
against the United States. You don't use words like that very often. And it
words like that very often. And it wasn't kind of like, oh gee, there are
wasn't kind of like, oh gee, there are these issues and we're concerned about
these issues and we're concerned about something. It was like, this violates a
something. It was like, this violates a treaty. How can the judge do something
treaty. How can the judge do something that's going to violate a treaty? This
that's going to violate a treaty? This is crazy. I am not going to rule today.
is crazy. I am not going to rule today. There's just too much to digest. I will
There's just too much to digest. I will reserve decision. There's much to think
reserve decision. There's much to think about. Arise.
about. Arise. And then Judge Chin thought about it. He
And then Judge Chin thought about it. He thought about it and he thought about
thought about it and he thought about it.
He took a very long time. Every morning I got up and I thought, what what is is
I got up and I thought, what what is is Judge Chin going to announce his
Judge Chin going to announce his decision today? And when he finally did,
decision today? And when he finally did, I myself felt thrilled because the court
I myself felt thrilled because the court actually refused to sanction the
actually refused to sanction the settlement. Then Google Book Search
settlement. Then Google Book Search could not take place, at least according
could not take place, at least according to Google's original business plan. US
to Google's original business plan. US Circuit Judge Denny Chin said the
Circuit Judge Denny Chin said the creation of the Universal Library would
creation of the Universal Library would benefit many, but would simply go too
benefit many, but would simply go too far. Chin said the settlement of a class
far. Chin said the settlement of a class action lawsuit that the company reached
action lawsuit that the company reached with US authors and publishers would
with US authors and publishers would grant Google significant rights to
grant Google significant rights to exploit entire books without permission
exploit entire books without permission of copyright owners. Chin also said the
of copyright owners. Chin also said the deal gives Google a significant
deal gives Google a significant advantage over competitors and it would
advantage over competitors and it would be rewarding it for engaging in
be rewarding it for engaging in wholesale copying of copyrighted works
wholesale copying of copyrighted works without permission.
I think you you you could read the the decision by Judge Chen as a defeat of
decision by Judge Chen as a defeat of the screen by the book. But um this is a
the screen by the book. But um this is a long war. This is this this is one
long war. This is this this is one battle and and um whatever whatever
battle and and um whatever whatever triumph there might have been for books
triumph there might have been for books is going to be shortlived because the
is going to be shortlived because the screen will
screen will ultimately
triumph. They spent several months trying to negotiate a new settlement.
trying to negotiate a new settlement. Couldn't reach a new settlement that was
Couldn't reach a new settlement that was mutually acceptable. So, so they're
mutually acceptable. So, so they're going to have to go to trial.
BU, China's search engine giant, has been blamed by Chinese writers for
been blamed by Chinese writers for participating in copyright violation.
participating in copyright violation. This is because the website offers free
This is because the website offers free online excerpts of stories and books
online excerpts of stories and books without the author's prior approval. uh
without the author's prior approval. uh I think very late March or early April
I think very late March or early April of of 2011, we purged the site of about
of of 2011, we purged the site of about uh 2.8 million files that we believed
uh 2.8 million files that we believed might be copyright infringing within a
might be copyright infringing within a period of 72 hours. I think a good
period of 72 hours. I think a good number of them were books or chapters of
number of them were books or chapters of books. We then implemented a a rule
books. We then implemented a a rule where no one could upload anything of
where no one could upload anything of more than 1,000 Chinese characters uh
more than 1,000 Chinese characters uh without it being uh manually inspected
without it being uh manually inspected for copyright infringement or or
for copyright infringement or or automatically inspected for copyright
automatically inspected for copyright infringement. The problem is that then
infringement. The problem is that then people started uploading parts of books
people started uploading parts of books in 1,00 character increments so that
in 1,00 character increments so that they would avoid detection. So um
they would avoid detection. So um there's there are always people who want
there's there are always people who want to abuse the system.
The question is, has Google already been able to make its search engine better uh
able to make its search engine better uh because of the Google books corpus and
because of the Google books corpus and the scanning of 20 million books? I
the scanning of 20 million books? I think the answer to that is yes. the
think the answer to that is yes. the question of whether large internet
question of whether large internet companies are making our lives easier or
companies are making our lives easier or uh gaining power over us. I think it
uh gaining power over us. I think it presents the kind of false binary
presents the kind of false binary because they're doing both. I mean if
because they're doing both. I mean if they were not making our lives easier,
they were not making our lives easier, no one would be using their services.
no one would be using their services. This is the tricky complicated question
This is the tricky complicated question that we'll have to face down the road. I
that we'll have to face down the road. I mean all of them are making our lives
mean all of them are making our lives easier. I mean they're making products
easier. I mean they're making products cheaper. They're making uh our commute
cheaper. They're making uh our commute less uh bothersome and more exciting.
less uh bothersome and more exciting. Google will be supplying us with glasses
Google will be supplying us with glasses that will augment reality and tell us
that will augment reality and tell us about where our friends are in the city.
about where our friends are in the city. They'll tell us the weather. They'll
They'll tell us the weather. They'll tell us everything. The question is what
tell us everything. The question is what would the trade-offs be? And no one has
would the trade-offs be? And no one has asked what happens with all of the
asked what happens with all of the information that would pass through
information that would pass through Google Glasses. I mean surely it will be
Google Glasses. I mean surely it will be stored somewhere. Surely Google will not
stored somewhere. Surely Google will not be discarding it because they will need
be discarding it because they will need to know what it is that I've seen
to know what it is that I've seen yesterday so that they can customize
yesterday so that they can customize what I see today even better. But then
what I see today even better. But then the question is would the National
the question is would the National Security Agency be able to go to Google
Security Agency be able to go to Google and ask for that data? Ask for
and ask for that data? Ask for everything I've seen through my Google
everything I've seen through my Google glasses. And if that would be the case,
glasses. And if that would be the case, then the question should be, do we
then the question should be, do we actually want to have a society where
actually want to have a society where citizens are wearing CCTV cameras on
citizens are wearing CCTV cameras on their heads?
[Music] More getting to a better system where
More getting to a better system where people are rewarded for their
people are rewarded for their information contributions to the world.
information contributions to the world. getting to that system from where we are
getting to that system from where we are where people are expected to get by with
where people are expected to get by with less that's going to be a hard
less that's going to be a hard transition and they might involve
transition and they might involve government but they might involve the
government but they might involve the big companies and the reason why is that
big companies and the reason why is that the big companies like Google and Amazon
the big companies like Google and Amazon and all the rest are shooting themselves
and all the rest are shooting themselves in the foot with what we're doing
in the foot with what we're doing because what we're doing is shrinking
because what we're doing is shrinking the economy I mean I don't know so my
the economy I mean I don't know so my concern is not so much with the uh
concern is not so much with the uh direction in which Google or Facebook
direction in which Google or Facebook for that matter want to take the world.
for that matter want to take the world. My concern is with the fact that it's
My concern is with the fact that it's Google and Facebook taking us in that
Google and Facebook taking us in that [Music]
foreign. Our current policy is to open up the library and to make it part of
up the library and to make it part of this really
this really very ambitious project, more ambitious I
very ambitious project, more ambitious I think than Google's which we call the
think than Google's which we call the digital public library of America. You
digital public library of America. You know, I think that we owe a great deal
know, I think that we owe a great deal to Google.
to Google. Um, I can't imagine that this digital
Um, I can't imagine that this digital public library of America would ever
public library of America would ever have gotten off the ground had Google
have gotten off the ground had Google not started to race ahead with its own
not started to race ahead with its own version of digitization on this massive
scale. However, you know, Google, wonderful as it is, is not familiar with
wonderful as it is, is not familiar with books. For example, Walt Wittman's
books. For example, Walt Wittman's famous book of poems, Leaves of Grass,
famous book of poems, Leaves of Grass, was cataloged under gardening.
We're designing the digital public Library of America so that it will be
Library of America so that it will be perfectly compatible with Europeana and
perfectly compatible with Europeana and that means soon we will have a worldwide
that means soon we will have a worldwide network a gigantic world
library. HG Wells's view of science and technology was what sustained him and
technology was what sustained him and sustained his ideas throughout his whole
sustained his ideas throughout his whole life. He had this sense that if only we
life. He had this sense that if only we could get the scientists and the
could get the scientists and the technologists working in the right way,
technologists working in the right way, we could transform the world. And he he
we could transform the world. And he he he continued with that belief up until
he continued with that belief up until the absolute final disillusionment with
the absolute final disillusionment with the entire human world and with a book
the entire human world and with a book which he called so fittingly mind at the
which he called so fittingly mind at the end of its teor. He felt that the whole
end of its teor. He felt that the whole evolutionary process that he had been
evolutionary process that he had been studying and that what he felt was
studying and that what he felt was leading us to something new and
leading us to something new and wonderful had failed. And his last words
wonderful had failed. And his last words were that there was no way out or round
were that there was no way out or round or
through. Our world of self-d delusion will perish amidst its evasions and
will perish amidst its evasions and fertuitities.
fertuitities. It is like a convoy lost in darkness
It is like a convoy lost in darkness along an unknown rocky coast with
along an unknown rocky coast with quarreling pirates in the chart room and
quarreling pirates in the chart room and savages clambering up the sides of the
savages clambering up the sides of the ship to plunder and do evil as the whim
ship to plunder and do evil as the whim may take
may take them. That is the rough outline of the
them. That is the rough outline of the more and more jumbled movie on the
more and more jumbled movie on the screen before us.
screen before us. There is no way out or
There is no way out or round or
through. [Music]
Heat. Heat. [Music]
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