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Stars 101 | National Geographic

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Summary

Core Theme

Stars, born from nebulae through the process of thermonuclear fusion, are classified by temperature and luminosity, and their eventual death releases elements that seed the universe, potentially leading to life.

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- [Narrator] Like fireflies on a still summer night,

they gently dot and illuminate the infinite velveteen sky.

Stars.

Be they millions or billions of years old,

are all born in nebuli, clouds of dust

and mostly hydrogen gas.

Within these stellar nurseries,

stars begin life as protostars

or hot cores formed by the collection

and collapse of dust and gas.

As the protostars become hotter,

hydrogen nuclei inside of the cores begin to fuse

and create helium.

It is this chemical reaction, thermonuclear fusion

that generates a star's heat and energy

and causes it to shine.

Stars are categorized

by a number of characteristics.

One of these classifications is by surface temperature

called spectral classes.

These seven major groups range

from the coolest stars which are designated

as M and up to the hottest stars

which are designated as O.

Stars are also classified by the amount

of light they emit or luminosity.

Called luminosity classes,

these nine major groups range

from the small, less bright white dwarfs

to the large and extremely bright hypergiants.

But no matter their luminosity or surface temperature,

all stars eventually burn through their hydrogen fuel

and die out.

Less massive stars

such as our sun release their stellar material into space

leaving behind a white dwarf surrounded

by a planetary nebula.

More massive stars instead blast matter

into space in a bright supernova

leaving behind an extremely dense body

called a neutron star.

But the most massive stars,

stars that are at least three times our sun's mass

collapse into themselves

and create a bottomless well of gravity, a black hole.

But from the remnants of stars,

heavier elements are cast into the universe

and it is this star dust

that form the seedlings of life itself.

(dramatic music)

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Transcription YouTube :Stars 101 | National Geographic