This content introduces XPath as a powerful locator strategy, explaining its definition, types (absolute and relative), and practical applications in web automation, emphasizing the preference for relative XPath due to its robustness against UI changes.
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so today uh we'll see uh xath locator the last classes we have seen the basic locators like
ID name link text partial link text tag name and class name and then we also discussed about CSS
selector and different combinations of CSS selector and today we'll see one more type
of uh locator which is xath and most important and most of most of the times we prefer to use
xath 80 to 90% of the times we always use xath to locate the element even in Automation and realtime
projects and almost everywhere uh let's see what exactly xath means and what it contains so how we
can write an xath how we can generate an xath and what are the different types of xath we can create
there are multiple things we have to discuss in this okay let us start so the basic definition
what is an exp X path is nothing but it is derived from the XML path basically the X path Works based
on the XML it is derived from the XML language XML is a extensible markup language it is just like
an HTML XML is also another type of a scripting language from XML xath is got created or designed
in shortcut in XML path in shortcut we can call it as a x paath and what is the definition of the
xth X paath is an address of the element xath is representing an address of the element means what
if there is an element on the web page it can be anywhere on the throughout the web page it can be
placed anywhere there should be some address for that element okay for every element there should
be some address and that address we can capture that is called xath address of the element xath
is representing an address of the element okay from where we will get that xath xath works based
on the Dom Dom is nothing but a document object model so document object model this is the full
form of Dom so let us try to understand what is a Dom Dom is nothing but a document object
model which is got created when you browsing the web page at the run time okay so normally what
is happening is how we can browse the pages you will open the browser and he will you will type
some URL like this so as soon as you type URL or as soon as you hit something and at the run time
it will load the Dom structure so now you got a page so if you try here and you can say inspect
so whatever you can see here this is called Dom okay so here in the elements you can see right
this is called Dom d document object model okay so this document object model this Dom will be loaded
at the run time once you browse any web page and based on this Dom the XML or xath will work also
we can capture xath uh from this particular do docment object model okay so xath is an address
of the element and we can capture the xath from the Dom itself okay sometimes what happens is you
have created some xath locator in your automation script and you have executed and you may get some
kind of exception like Dom is not loaded something like that so what does it mean is that xath will
able to capture from the Dom but when you browsing the page at the time Dom is still not fully loaded
so once this Dom is fully generated by the browser then only xath will able to capture it the element
or xath will automatically works if the Dom is still not loaded completely so even the xath
is correct it cannot identify the element and that cannot be find in the Dom so Dom should
be completely loaded and then only xath will work right so document object model so xath will work
based on the Dum document object model now there are two kinds of xar and somebody's writing just a
second
okay just a
moment all right so xath is an address of the element Dom is a document object model based
on the Dom xath will work okay now so there are two kinds of X paath we have let us see what are
those two types of X paths two types of X path okay one is called absolute X path absolute X
path and this is also called as full X path second type of X path is called relative X path which is
also called partial X paath okay absolute X paath and partial X path absor X paath means what is
also called as full X paath relative X paath is nothing but a partial X paath these are the two
kinds of X paath we have so let me show you how these xarts looks like suppose I just open open
some application here any application you can just open suppose I want to find xath of this
input box okay so you can just right click on it and uh you can simply say uh here you
can say inspect that element so here input is a tag name there are some more attributes are
there right so if you want to capture xath from the dev tools simply you can write click on this
statement and here you can see copy and here you can see two options copy xath copy full X paath
so when I say copy full X paath and then paste it over here this is called absolute xath okay
now let me show you relative xath so for the same statement again I'm right clicking here
go to copy and then say copy xath just copy xath and then you can see xath like this so this is a
relative xath and this is a absolute xath this is an example for Absol xath this is the example for
the relative xath so there are two kinds of xath which we have one is called absor X path this is
an example I'll discuss all the stuff differences how we can generate all those things just to have
some time okay this is a relative X path okay so this is Absol X path and this is the relative X
path okay now if you look at these two x paaths we can see lot of difference so in absolute xath if
you look at here this exper is got generated what exactly they are if you look at this what is this
HTML body header d d input these are all tab these are all tag names okay if you look at this HTML
you can see HTML header body right and these are all multiple T tags are there and here there is a
input so absolute xath contains only the tag names but where exactly our element is present this is
our EXA element which is having input tag right that is our exact element we are looking for but
apart from this tag it is also captured other tag names which are there in the previous nodes means
what if you look at the absolute X path this is the actual element but from where it is got
generated from the HTML then it go to body then header section inside this there are D inside
this another D inside this another D again here there are multiple DS are there so it is go to
Second D again one more D and here we can find the input act that means Absol X paath will be created
created by navigating each and every node till you reaches the expected node for example let's say
here input is tag so what is the root node here is HTML we are just navigating from the beginning
so Absol xath is always start from the root HTML node we can call it every tag is a node okay node
is representing one element so HTML is a root node and inside this we go to body inside the body we
go to header and inside the header there is one D tag if I look at this uh X paath you can just
compare like this so first HTML then body then header so inside the header there is only one D
tag here so there is a One D now if we expand this D tag little bit like this again there is two D
tags are there three D tags are there inside the D so this is a header header contains One D tag
inside this D tag there is one more D tag and you can look at here this is a main D tag under header
and inside this there is another D tag now if you expand this D tag again there are three D tags
now in which D tag is available our element in the second D tag so we need to expand the second
one right so here we can say index D of two and inside this there is only one D tag and this D tag
contains a input tag so here which contains only one du tag which contains the input so if you look
at this absolute xath observed xath will navigate from the root HTML so till it reads the element it
will capture every node or every tag between the HTML and your element between these two
whatever the nodes are available in the hierarchy basically it will follow the hierarchy structure
in that particular tree or hierarchy model it will capture each and every tag or node till it
reaches the element and Absol X paath contains only tag names okay so this is a Absol X paath
it is starting from the HTML node navigated each and every tag in the hierarchy and then finally it
reaches the element here this is called absolute X paath now come to the relative X path relative X
path will directly jump to the element because in the relative X path we no need to navigate
from the root node we will directly jump to the element by using some attribute so what is the
major difference between absolute and relative xath is absolute xath we never specify any
attributes we never use any attributes here just we use only tag names of the elements but in the
relative X path we use something called attributes we can use single attribute or we can use multiple
attributes there are multiple options are there but we will use mainly attribute of the element
and here star star representing a node star star uh sorry SL SL star is representing the tag name
or instead of star we can put the tag name also no problem and attribute and first it will go to
search and in that you can find the input tag suppose if you look at here this is input and
where is this input tag is there in the parent so this div is a parent so input is not having
any ID here so do we have any ID attribute here no so it is taken parent element by using ID it
is create xath for this inside this there is input tag so you can simply say slash input we can also
write direct xath for input if you want to write simply can specify the attribute so name equal to
search is there so instead of ID you can directly say name equal to search and you can remove this
part this is called relative xath okay this is actual relative xath we just use some attribute
of the element inside the xath and what is the major difference here is absolute X paath will
start from the beginning and each and every node it will capture till it reaches the final node
and relative X paath by using the this attribute it will directly jump to the element and then it
will find out it will not navigate from each and every node okay so this is an example for absolute
xath this is an example for the relative xath so if you want to capture from the dev tools you can
simply inspect that element go to the statement you can right click and copy and then use these
two options and suppose if you want to capture this by using selector Hub then how we can do
it there are direct options are available you can just right click on the element go to selector Hub
here and here you can see direct options so ID you can copy directly name you can copy relative xath
you can copy okay and then uh CSS you can copy absolute xath ABS xath means it's an Absol xath
relative xath you can directly copy from here so you can get it the EXP pass directly from
this uh context menu options or you can directly inspect this element get the selector Hub this is
a selector Hub the last class I have shown you this is selector Hub window right so this is
automatically generated if you look at here this is a x paath relative X paath and where is absor
xath if you scroll down here you can see this is a absor x paath of the element okay you can directly
get them from the dev tools or by using selector Hub or or by using context menu so everywhere
options are available you can directly get those xals but most of the times uh but sometimes it
is okay you can capture the xath directly but sometimes we have to write our own xths I will
show you in which in which scenarios we have to write our own xath okay and always we cannot
generate xath for every type of element but there are certain situations where we have to create our
own xals okay let me I'll show you that options also but as of now this is a b absolute xath this
is a relative x paath two kinds of X paath we have one is called absor xath another one is relative
xath okay so if you look at these two types of xths which xath we will prefer to use any guess
absolute xath Rel X there are two kinds of xath in our automation which xath we will prefer most of
the times which xath will prefer okay so people are saying relative xath we will prefer to use
most of the times okay so if I ask why relative xath is preferred when you compare these two
absolute and relative X paath which type of xath we will prefer is relative xath we will prefer
most of the times we'll prefer relative xath okay yeah it is just a given one example I will explain
this relative xath in detail okay so we have to learn about more about relative xath I'll
come to and explain the relative xath in detail but here I'm just showing types of xath stick
to that so we will discuss again individually with more examples I will give you more examples
just hold on for some time okay now why we will use relative expath why we will prefer relative
expath okay there are multiple reasons so many people will say one single answer that is absolute
xath is very lengthy whereas relative xath is very smaller okay so if I use Absol X paaths in
our Automation in many places your code looks ugly right it's not clean but if I use short xath like
this it's very simple and also code looks good very clean right but this is the answer most of
the people will tell but the actual reason is sometimes Absol xath will may be smaller than
relative xath suppose if the web page is very smaller and there are very few number of elements
times your absolute xath will be smaller than relative xath okay but what is the actual reason
behind that why we should use relative xath this is the most popular inter question so how many
types of xths absolute and relative xath and why which xath we will prefer relative xath we will
prefer why relative xath is preferred it is not because of length of the X path the main reason
is suppose if you are using Absol X path let us say I have used absolute X path how it is going
to work how exactly absolute X path Works how it is going to locate an element for example let's
say Absol path everything is a hierarchy right suppose this is element in this there is another
element in this another element in this another element this other this is the actual element we
want to find out but from where the navigation is started from the root HTML so from here to
here it should come again here here here and here it should find the element and here every tag is
representing some element so if I look at here every tag is representing some element on the
web page every node is representing particular element in the web page so if you're using if
you're using absur xath the problem is suppose if the developer changed something let's say he put
some elements like this on the web page developer can introduce some new element somewhere in the
middle of something or developer can change the location of the web element suppose today logo
is present here and tomorrow developer is got to change the logo position here and these changes
keep happens in the real time in the real time projects on day-to-day basis and the UI changes
keeps happens so when the UI changes are happens or developer is added some element new element
okay developer is removed some element existing element or developer has changed the position of
the element these changes definitely will impact the hierarchy right suppose if this particular got
changed into some other position then what happens this observative xath connection is got connection
is got Disturbed right so then what happens the navigation cannot reach to the El so this is
the major problem for the absolute expath okay so why we should not prefer absolute expath because
developer keep doing some changes on the web page they can add a new elements or they can remove
existing element they can do a reposition element because of these changes the hierarchy will keep
impacted and our xath willo will be broken then we cannot locate our element these chances are very
very very uh H so because of those changes our X paath will impact that's the reason we don't
prefer absolute X path okay but don't we have such problem in the relative x paath no why because in
the relative X paath basically it will work based on the attribute of the element we specify some
attribute so SL SL SL will directly jump to the element whichever is having this attribute so
it will not navigate throughout the hierarchy or throughout all the nodes so even though element
is got added some new element is got added or existing element is got moved the attributes will
not change so this xath will always works so that is the reason relative xath is always referred it
is not because of size of an xath it is because of changes on the web page the changes in the
web page definitely will impact absolute xath but that cannot be impacted relative X paath so that
is the reason we always prefer to use relative X paath okay so very important question so I'm
going to write here which X path will be preferred always we will prefer relative X paath okay now
what are the major differences when you compare absolute and relative xath what
are the major differences this is also another most important interation during
the interview so difference between X paath absolute and relative X
paath so difference between absolute and relative X paath just now we understood one difference what
is it one difference we noticed so absolute xth will navigate each and every node till
it reaches the actual element but relative X paath will directly jump to the element based
on the attribute which we provided that's the one difference apart from this there are some
more differences are there so let me put it here most popular inter equation the first difference
observed xath will always start with the single slash whereas relative xath will always start
with the double slash remember this single slash will navigate only one level but double slash can
navigate multiple levels that's the reason in Absol X path when I use single slash it will go
to the only Next Level only one level so under body there's a header from body to D we cannot
directly jump why because we are using single slashes here and double slash can directly jump
to the element okay so Absol xath will start from single slash relative X path will start with the
double slash this is a one important difference so single slash is always representing the root node
that is HTML is a starting node on the HTML that's a root node absolute exper do not use attributes
if I look at here in absolute xath we haven't used any attributes of the element we used only be tag
names it can be any tag name okay in between HTML root node to input tag whatever the elements are
there in between these two it is captured the tag names of all the elements and it is made a root or
it is made a path that's called X paath right so absolute X path don't use any attributes whereas
relative X paath Works based on the attribute it will use set an attribute without attribute we
cannot create a xath but there are another ways to do it if I don't use attribute but attribute must
be there so in relative xath we have to use some attribute third difference Absol X path Travers
through each and every node till it finds the element so it will start from HTML it will go
to each and every node and finally it reaches the input element and relative X path directly jump
and find the element by using at Ute so these are the differences between absolute xath and relative
xath so during interview if anybody ask you you should explain all three differences so absolute
xath start with single slash relative xath will start with the double slash absolute xath will use
attri absolute xath don't use attributes whereas relative xath will use attributes absolute xath
will navigate throughout the Dom whereas relative X paath will directly jump and find the element
in the do so these are the three differences okay so the performance wise is almost the same even
it is Absol xath and relative xath performance wise there is no much difference okay but user
perspective there is a n number of chances are there in Absol xath definitely will will be
broken because developer keeps doing some Chang on the web page because of that absor XO will
always impacted so that's the reason absor XO is not preferred relative XO is preferred it is not
because of uh performance but slight difference is there but that is negligible per that is a
negligible as a user we cannot see that much of difference when I use OBS relative X paath okay
yes attributes in the sense we already know what what is attribute means we already discussed what
is an attribute what are the attributes every element is having certain attributes right see
for example if I look at this input box so what are the attributes of the element type is one
attribute name is an attribute placeholder is value class is an attribute these are all
attributes so xath can use any of these attributes okay xath can use any of the attribute so that's
called attribute so absolute X path use attribute but sorry relative xath we use an attribute but
absolute X paath we don't use any attributes we use only tags of the elements okay so these are
the differences between absolute X path and then relative X path now absolute X path is very very
simple because just it is a hierarchy right and it can be generated as I said we can just right click
here copy and copy full xot this is the option which is available or else you can directly use
selector Hub and copy Absol xath you can use this option or you can directly go to selector Hub tool
and you can get it from the selector Hub here you can see Absol xath so you can get it from
here and if you press enter it will check whether this xath is able to locating element or not so
these are the multiple ways we can capture the X path but Absol xath is straightforward means
what it will directly navigating from the root node it will generate the xath so now you guys
can tell me I will write something here you guys can tell me the absolute xath how we can write
absolute X paath okay let's say I have some node called a and uh then B and then C so inside this
a again I have a sub noes A1 A2 A3 inside the A3 I have a31 a32 a33 and inside the C also I
have a C1 let's say these are all different nodes okay C3 in the C2 I have again C uh c21 in the c21
I have a C 21 1 okay let's say this is my HTML hierarchy or Dom hierarchy now I want to locate
this particular element now tell me how to write absolute X path first we will start from the root
a slash inside they have a three nodes A1 A2 A3 so which node we have to go here A3 so a/ A3 SL
inside the A3 again I have a three nodes a31 a32 a33 which element you want to find third element
so a 33 so this is our X path okay similarly I want to find c21 1 this is the element I
want to find then how to write X path starting node is what a BC this is all comes under this
is starting node a BC a BC and again let's say this is there is a root node inside this uh we
have a b and c okay now let me tell you root is a node from the root we have to to go to the C
inside the C we have a three node C1 C2 C3 which where we have to go C2 C2 slash inside the C2 we
have a c21 c21 slash inside this we have a c21 again c21 one so this is how we can write a ab
x path from the Dom but it is very challenging if you have a hug or very complex web pages okay
because you sometimes you may have 10 elements in between you may have 20 30 50 elements if
the page complexity is increased obviously the ABS X path complexi also will be increased so
it is not recommended most of the times first of all but if you still want to write an exact
absolute expert you can simply write like this by using hierarchy we can by based on the Dom
we can clearly write our own exports okay this is simple so we don't need to discuss more about
absolute X paath because relative xath is most important than absolute X paath so now you got
some idea about the X path right what is an Absol X paath basically absur X paath is the
complete path we have to write by specifying the each and every node means each and every tag of
the element till we reaches the uh expected element that is an absolute X path so it is
not big thing uh we can simply write a absolute X path now let us discuss more about relative X
PA because that's the most important so let us discuss about relative X paath and which is also
called as a partial X paath so the relative X paath we can generate automatically and we can
also create manually so two different ways we can create a relative export first approach we can do
automatically okay automatically we can create second option is we can create manually so can
do we can create relative xath manual or we can say our own xath our own xath we can generate okay
so automatically means we can use either Dev tools option okay Dev tools option or by using selector
Hub selector Hub we can automatically generate by D tool selector we can automatically generate so
example let's go here and suppose if you want to create an xath for this logo element you can just
right click and inspect and go to the script here right click copy here you can find copy full xath
copy xath so these two options are available from the dev tools and from the selector Hub
if you want to use again just right click on the element directly go to selector Hub and here you
can get these options copy relative x paath copy absolute xath you can see these two options okay
I'm just copying relative X paath for that logo element and it seems like this see it is used some
attribute of the element okay and absolute xath if you want to capture absolute X path you can
just right click and select our Hub and you can say uh here this is copy ABS X path so this will
give you Absol X paath okay so you can directly capture the xath automatically and if you want to
use selector Hub what you can simply do it and inspect and open the selector Hub tool so here
go to selector Hub and in the selector Hub this is our selector Hub so here you can directly get
the element so inspect this element as soon as we inspected here you can see this is a x
paath relative X path and this is a if I scroll down you can see the absolute xath this is the
absolute xath and if you want to verify that xath is correctly working or not you can just double
click here it will copy and press enter and this will find one element is matching same thing for
absolute xath if I go to Absolute X path this is Absol X path of the element press enter and
it is finding the one element so it is very easy to generate xpaths it can be absolute or relative
xath we can easily generate by using Dev tools and the selector okay but how we can generate manually
manually I want to generate my own XO so then we have to follow a syntax so if you know the syntax
you can easily generate our own xox okay so let me tell you what is a syntax how to generate our
own xath I'll give you multiple examples and syntax is first thing you need to start with
the SL slash and you can put the tag name here tag name of the element in the bracket specify
the attribute and value of the element and we need to start with at theate symbol at theate
here attribute name equal to attribute value you have to specify in single or double quotations so
this is a syntax and other is suppose if you don't want to specify the tag name or if you don't know
the tag name you can also put simply star star representing a regular expression so this is a
syntax so tag name is Tag name is not optional you should specify the tag name or at least you
should specify the star if you don't know the tag name okay and attribute we can specify by
using at theate symbol here we use at theate at theate attribute name equal to value of the
attribute and here also at theate attribute equal to value of the attribute so this is a syntax so
if you know the syntax you can write XB for any element now let me show you how we can write
it just a
moment okay now let us see how to write a relative xath for few elements let's go and check any
element so in this particular page I want to write relative xath uh for some element let us say you
can take any element let's say I I will take this desktop image element okay so inspect this element
and if you're inspecting this element so this is the HTML of this T this image right so how
to write relative xath for this image what is the tag name here IMG is a tag name so say IMG
SL slash start with a SL slash IMG in the bracket and what are the attributes are available for this
SRC is available but most of the times we don't use SRC because this is representing the target
URL alt property title and class okay and let me take the title title equal to Macbook so let me
capture this this entire thing go back and here at theate that's it title whatever the attribute
is available you can specify equal to the value of the attribute so this is the relative exp part
very simple and you can try this directly whether it's working or not how we can verify you can go
to the selector Hub and you can just paste it over here then press enter now we can see this
x paath is exactly matching with one element okay so we can simply write our relative xath if you
know the syntax of the element so what is the syntax SL SL even if you put the star also this
will work suppose if you don't know the tag name you can simply put star so this will also find
the one element so in the relative xath mainly it will works based on the attribute you must specify
the attribute of the element along with the tag so if you know the syntax you can easily write
our own X paaths for the element and again there are different types of relative expath different
ways we can write there are multiple things like we can specify multiple attributes we can use some
built-in methods in this we can use different operators and R operators and chain EX parts
there are multiple flavors of relative expath are available so we will discuss them one by one
so for everybody is clear got some idea about the xath what is an xath what are the types of
xath how we can create an xath so here you can put single or double codes so if you put double codes
what you need to do is you need to use something called regular expression like this why because
in Java we have to keep this entire xath in double quotations so double quotations inside the double
quotations are not allowed so we should specify the regular expression by using slash and instead
of that you can simply put single quotations okay put single quotation that is also fine right so
this is how we can create relative xath based on the syntax right so now we'll see different
types of xpaths in relative xath only we have a different flavors we will see all of them one by
one by using example so now let's go to Eclipse directly and then create new package dat 24
inside this I'm creating a new class name it as a xath demo taking main method and set
finish okay so now I'm going to show you how we can use an xath in our automation
with some examples first of all I want to launch my browser so for that I can
say web driver driver equal to new Chrome driver I'm taking all right so import Chrome
driver or you can say control shift o so that will import required packages and then we will
launch our application I can say driver dot get and here I will specify this open cut demo
application this is the URL and how to maximize the page what's the command driver dot manage dot
window dot driver. manage do window. maximize okay this will maximize the page now so let
us try to use xath the first example x paath with single here I'm showing you all of them
are relative xath okay xath with single attribute xath with the single attribute how we can write
suppose this is the input box I want to locate this is input box I want to locate just inspect
this element and there are multiple attributes are there so I want to create an xath for this
element if I go back to the selector Hub you can write your own xath or else you can capture this
xath and if you look at this this is a single attribute which we have used so how we can use
xath driver dot find element by dot xath so here we have to call X paath method X paath
and specify the X paath like this and if you put double quotations what is the problem in
this is you will see some error kind of thing so why we are getting this error because the double
quotations we already used but inside this again another double quotations we are using this is
the problem so you can put the single quote inside this okay now this is the next path
of the element and once you locate an element then I can pass some value in it let's say I'm
passing uh you can pass any anything so I can pass t-shirts like this okay
this is having single attribute so the relative xath is having single
attribute this is an example for single attribute we can also specify multiple
attributes but this we have used only one single attribute so let's execute and see
okay it is started
execution yes now we can see there is a value which is got as sent here
input box is recognized fine so this is one single x paath x paath with a
single attribute but sometimes we can also specify multiple attributes if
you want to specify multiple attribute you can specify so X path with multiple
attributes suppose if you want to specify xath with multiple attributes how we can
specify so this is for single
attribute no no it is executing very fast actually I'm using two monitors so that's
the reason my browser is opening in my main monitor so I'm just dragging into
secondary monitor so that's the reason still it is showing like that otherwise
it will maximize it okay so let me run this one more time it is going
very faster so as soon as you executed my browser is open now you can see yeah it is
maximized right so now how we can specify multiple attributes in the xar so to specify
the multiple attributes in the X path uh you can see like this okay I will also copy this uh single
attribute X path with single attribute this is an example so now xath with multiple attributes
so if you want to create an xath with multiple attributes we can still create so if you want
to do it you can say open cut application and then so for the same element I want to specify
two attributes then what you can do is go here and go to selector Hub and here you can write
your own X paath so this is the element I want to write our own xath by specifying multiple
attributes SL slash input is a tag name and the first attribute I'm using uh name name equal to
search okay and second attribute if you want to specify use one more bracket okay and here you
can specify at the rate one more bracket at the rate and you can use any other attribute for this
element so I have something called placeholder so that I can use at theate Place holder equal
to and the values are case sensitive exactly you have to provide so you can see the value of the
name is such s is a lowercase character and the value of the placeholder is also search but the
value is started with the uppercase character so when you press enter this is able to locate an
element okay so this is a x path of the
element by specifying multiple attributes we can write our own
xal so so which one you have not understood Vera can you tell me I can repeat so x paath
with a single attribute xath with the multiple attributes if you want to specify multiple
attributes you can specify in another bracket so this is one attribute this is another attribute
okay if you put multiple attributes it will be more stronger so like this also we can use
x paath by specifying multiple attributes so how we can write it now Drive dot find
element by do X paath and here I can specify the X and the dot send Keys here I'm passing
the value so this is how we can use x path with multiple attributes you can specify n
number of attributes whatever is available for the T okay so this is one more example
so instead bracket bracket we can use and that is a different case I'll come
to that they are operators end or they are operators so if you want to specify
multiple attributes you can specify like this so this is one attribute and this is another
attribute for the same element okay so this is another flavor let's execute now run as Java
application see my web page is maximized and then you can see the values got entered okay
so xath with the single attribute xath with the multiple attributes now in the xath we
can also use operators we have something called end or operators X path with and R
operators so if one value is correct if one value is wrong it cannot locate the element
both attributes should be correct okay if you specify multiple attributes even one attribute
is not correct this cannot be located the element it will throw exception so whatever attributes are
specify here all the attributes should be true all the attributes should be correct then only
it will able to locate the element okay all right so now X path with end R operator there are two
operators we can use in X path end operator R operator most important listen carefully
end R operator again in the end R operator we can specify multiple attributes okay for example look
at the same input box so this is one attribute right at theate name equal to search here I'm
using something called end operator end end at the rate placeholder equal to search okay
just observe so this is the EXP I have return and this will able to locate one element let's
try to understand this in this x paath i specified multiple attributes single bracket but I specified
something called end operator here so at theate name equal to search and at theate placeholder
is also suchar so how exactly this end operator works when I use this x paath when it will able
to locate the element if both the attributes are correct then only this xath will able to locate
the element it is almost similar to this one okay but here we use additional end operator so how
exactly end means end means first one and second one both attributes should be correct then this
locator will identify the element okay suppose if I'm using R operator instead of end I say R
then then at least one attribute should be matched suppose this first attribute is correct but second
one is not matching will it identify element or not yes still able to identify similarly
the first attribute is not correct but the second one is correct correct in that case also it will
able to locate the element so end operator means both attributes should be true then only it will
able to locate an element in the r operator at least one attribute should be true at least one
attribute should be true then only it will able to locate the element if one of the attribute is
false all both uh if both attributes are false or both attributes are not matching with any
element then finally it cannot locate a element now if I look at here I'm using end operator so
one element is matching so for example uh I'm giving some incorrect value see Zero element
so even though the first attribute value is correct the second one is wrong that's the
reason end operator cannot locate any element zero elements okay suppose instead of end I'm
using r r now able to locate element why because at least one attribute should be matched then our
operator will able to locate a element end means what both attributes should be matched then only
the xath will able to locate the element okay so you can put multiple multiple attributes not only
two attributes you can put multiple attributes 3 4 five also you can put right this is about end
R operator end means what both both should be true then only it will able to locate element
or means at least one should be true then only it will locate operator when it cannot locate if
both attributes are not correct then it cannot locate the element okay so let's try to use in
our automation so that is up to you if you want to use multiple oper multiple attributes you can
use that will make your xath very stronger okay so suppose uh if I use this one end operator that
means you are expecting both attributes must be there you're expecting both attributes must
be there in that case you can use end suppose at least one uh at least one attribute is matching
then you can find that element if you want to find element at least with one attribute you can
specify both attributes and even one is okay or one is match then it can find that element in that
particular scenario we can use and or so multiple attributes make your xath more stronger instead
of depending on one attribute you can also specify multiple attributes that will make your xath very
stronger okay so if your element is having one single attribute right there is no question of
using second uh multiple attributes so you have to use only one single attribute especially suppose
you have an Anor tag which is having only one attribute called HF attribute right so other
other than this there is no other choice so in that case you can specify only one attribute
that is again based upon the availability okay if the attribute is having multiple attributes
if the element is having multiple attributes provided in the Dom you can use it in xar if
not provided one single attribute is available then you can use it okay that's still F even
though attribute is not available still you can write an X path I will come to that part
suppose I don't have any attributes for the element still can we write an X path yes we
can still write an xath for the element even though the attributes are not available I will
come to that how we can write okay so xath axis no here I'm not discussing any xath axis so don't
discuss that okay we will discuss xath axis which is very Advanced concept we will cover
in the next session so this I'm just talking about some basic type of xath today I'm not
going to deeper aspects okay just stick to that right so end or op operators let's go back and
let us see how we can use them so the next One X path with end operator X path with end operator
yeah so we can write driver. findind element by. xath in the double quotations we can specify this
XPath right so here end operator we have to use and Dot send keys of we can pass the
value okay so this is how uh we can use multiple attributes with end operator okay
execute
okay now maximized now you can see the values got entered same thing we can
try with r operator so if I just look at here R operator so instead of end I'm saying r r means
at least one should be true even secondary is not correct still it will work fine so what
I will do is I make placeholder is some XY Z it is incorrect but still it will able to locate l
okay now we can see the values got entered so this is a r operator x paath with end R operators
okay got the difference everyone so difference between end or end means both attributes should
be true should be matched then only it will able to locate element R means at least one attribute
should be true then only it will able to locate the element that is a major difference between and
R yes if the developer keeps changing the attributes and all we will try to handle them
in different way that is a different concept again so how we can handle the elements those attributes
are dynamically changing that's a different concept I will come to that part so these are
X paaths which we have currently using is for static attrib rutes if the attributes are not
changing they are constant then you can go with this attributes but initial stages the developer
do more more number of changes but once your build is stable right once you get two three
four five builds in every cycle you'll get a new builds slowly the stability come into picture so
once the build is stable then your xath and attributes everything will become stable so
you don't need to change every time but in initial stages the attributes are El keeps
changing in those cases static stuff will not work properly okay how to handle the dynamic elements
I will come to that part that's the next topic okay this is xath for and or I will cover each
and everything guys you don't need to ask before itself first let us listen first okay once you
listen everything once I finish the session then if you have something to discuss you can ask the
question and don't go beyond this topic so if you already know something keep fight sometime
okay don't ask ask anything if you already know something and you can ask the question at the end
of the session because otherwise unnecessarily other people will be confused I'll go step by
step each and everything I will cover okay now and R operator we discussed with multiple attributes
so there is another flavor suppose sometimes we can also write an xath with inner text what is
an inner text suppose uh if you locate any element inner text inner text will be there for few types
of elements so for example let us say let's take any link suppose here desktops is there
so let me inspect this element okay so basically what is what this desktop is it is a link right
anchor tag which is having HF attribute and class attribute some attributes are there you
can use this attribute in the xath but I don't want to use any attributes of the X paath any
attributes of the elements still I want to write an xath for this link how we can write it so we
need to capture the inner text so this is called inner text this is called as a inner text so by
using this inner text we can find the element we can find the element by using inner text okay so
let me show you how we can find this inner text capture this inner text and we can write X paath
like this x paath with inner text so inner text means what here we have to use something called a
method x paath with text method there is a method is there which is called text so I will write the
syntax a little bit change when I use methods SL slash tag name okay what is the tag name
of the desktop element anchor tag right so a in this I'm not going to provide any attribute I'm
not going to provide any attribute simply what you can do is I can use one method called text
equal to what is the value of the text here is MacBook this is the inner text desktop whatever
you want you can find out desktops I'm taking so you can put desktop so this is also next PATH so
have we used any attribute in this x path no we haven't used any attribute of the element
and whatever we have used here this is what inner text okay the text is a method if the text value
of the a is equal to desktops then it will go and match with that element then it will find
that element okay similarly if I want to locate this MacBook inspect this MacBook link and this
is also inner text and tag name is a so without using attribute also we can sometimes we can
write an X path so here we can say text bracket equal to you can specify the value like this so
this is also X paath so by using text method we can find the element and when this is Possible
only if you have a inner text then only it is possible but if you look at the input box here
do we have any inner text for this input box do we have any inner text for this input box yes or
no yes most of the times link text is almost link text is also we considered as inner text
but sometimes inner text doesn't have a link I will show you that okay so for example if
I look at here input box do we have inner text for this input box do we have an inner text for
this input box no we do not have a inner text for that so we cannot use text method for this
element okay suppose I'm uh I'm locating this one featured feature text do we have inner text for
this H3 tag name do we have attribute or do we have inner text for this element yes do we have
attributes for this element attributes no okay so this is this a link is this a link featured
is this a link no this is not a link this is not having any any attribute it is just a simple and
inner text okay so here MacBook is inner text or not yes this is also link this is also link text
and also part also inner text but in this in this case featured this is not a link text this is not
a link text but it is a inner text you got my point it is an inner text so you understood the
difference between this one inner text and Link text the link L text can be in inner text but
all inner text cannot be a links that's the point I want to convey okay now let me write something
like h a anchor tag a HF equal to okay some htdp is something XY z.com something is there
okay and here I'm say click me and closing Anor now tell me is this a link text or not click me
is a link text or not click me is a link text or not yes it's a link text yes and is it inner text
or not is it an inner text or not yes it is also inner text so this is the inner text and also it
is a link text suppose if I write like this div I'm writing a div no attributes welome come and
again D tag is got closed now in this is it a link text or not is it a link text no do we have inet
text here yes you understood now what is the difference between inner text and Link text so
the link text can be an inner text but all inner text may not be a link text until unless you have
this HF attribute you cannot say that is a link okay so if you have this kind of inner text and
if you do not have any attributes so by using inner text we can still locate an element it
is still locate an element without depending on any attributes still we can locate an element by
using inner text how it is possible by writing a text method okay so let me show you so here x
path with text method so how we can write driver. find element by. xath in the double quotations we
have to specify SL slash if you specify the T tag name you can specify or you can put star
no problem and in the bracket text method equal to the value of the text is what I say MacBook
okay so this will able to find the MacBook element then I will perform the click action
on this click action on this MacBook I want to perform the click action like this because that
is a link type of element we can perform the click action okay let's execute now
and first of all let us check this is working in the Dow tools go back to the
page okay now go to selector
Hub so I'm just pasting the xath here press enter yes now it is matching with
one element so xath with text method so now we can directly use it here then
run yes now it is successfully clicked so it is going to the next page right so x
paath with text method so here we consider inner text we consider the inner text we
are not using any attributes in this we are not using any attributes so by using
inner text we can still find the element in the xar okay let me show you one more
in the same page I want to capture this text featured okay I want to print that in my
console window that is not error actually that's application related error so when I click on the
MacBook it is if you do manually it is working fine but when you try to automate because we are
doing through automation right it is asking for some kind of authentication so that's a
problem with the application not our code okay now this link is fine but what about this one
featured featured this is just a normal label it is not a link right so how to
capture this inspect and uh inner text right this is inner text featured is inner text so
let us try to capture it so can we do any operation on that label can we do any type
of action on this if it is a link we can click on it but it is not a link nothing
it is just a label so what we can do we can capture this value text value we can
capture and we can print in the console window right so let's write an xath for
this okay sl/ H3 is a tag in the bracket I say text equal to
featured that's it now now one element is matching now we can use this yeah we can
check display status we can also capture the text value so you can say this is the X paath
now let me write driver. find element by. xath in the double quotes we put this okay now if
you want to just verify this display status you can write is dis displayed is displayed
so this will return return true or false so display status and what is the type of this
variable is Boolean type of variable and then you can print display status true or
false okay suppose if you want to capture the text value of this element so then what you
can do dot there is a method called get text do get text so that will capture the text value of
the element that I can store in a string variable okay or string value that I can
print right so I can check the text value uh that label is displayed or not if it is displayed I can
also capture the text value of the element yes you can compare this value with your expected value by
just writing one if condition you can check this value is correct or not okay let me run
it okay now we can see we got output as a true and also featured so this is how we can capture this
sh selector is not related to selenium okay this is related to some other tools it is no so the
selector have is not only for selenium selectors okay it is also supported some other tools like
test Trier play right Cypress locators so all types of tools are supported as of multiple
tools are supported so this sh selector is not related to uh cenum selector okay right so now we
have understood how we can use text method along with the X path everybody's clear so far in this x
paath with text method how we can use and when we have to use if you have inner text of the element
then you can use it and if without using any attributes we can still write an X path by using
text all right so there is another method just like a text we have another method called contains
contains x paath with contains method
contains okay so let us see how we can use this uh contains method very simple let's say I want
to locate this input box called search inspect this element and there are some attributes are
available for this element so name placeholder and so many things right so what I can do is
I can write an expo for this like this SL slash input here I'm not going to specify any attribute
I'm not going to specify any attribute but what I can do is I can say one method called contains
method is available contains here we have to pass two parameters contain method will expect
two parameters so first parameter is which attribute I'm using placeholder and comma the
second parameter is the value of the placeholder so what is exact value of the placeholder is
search search is an exact value but here I will just specify only s e a c that's it and then close
this single quotation so this will able to locate the element so zero element as of now
why it is zero element input this tag name is not correct yeah one element so if I look at this how
exactly we have written this what is contains method will do see when I use contains method
specify the name of the attribute and specify the value of the attribute so when I use contains
method I no need to provide the complete value of the attribute I can just specify some partial
value of the attribute so in the strings also we have a contains method right yes exactly it
is a substring in the strings we discussed about contains method what this will do it will return
return the subsection or substring of the main string similarly the contain method will verify
this wherever the placeholder attribute is having this particular string that will go and match with
that element so contains me we can verify the partial value of the attribute we can verify
the partial value of the attribute so whichever attribute we specify here that attribute contains
this one and that will go and match with the element so this is all about contains method
you can use any attribute here but you can you don't need to specify the complete value
you can just specify some partial value that's called contains method okay let's go and use it
here
contains X path
with contains method so driver dot find
element by. xath dot this is uh input box so I'm using send
keys right so if I look at here input is a tag contains is a method placeholder is an
attribute and this is a value of the attribute is not complete value some partial value I'm
provided so this will able to locate element so this is the contains method contains means
it will verify the partial text value of the element so it is able to locate it same way we
have another method called start with X paath it is almost similar to cont but slight difference
is there x paath with start with function start with start with so in this also we
can write same thing so instead of contains I can say start with and again placeholder and
the attribute value starting with sea right so you can keep that no problem so instead
of contains I can also use start with it is another function or another method available in
xath okay now it is got enter the value let me run one more time there is some exception
yeah okay so this time we got some exception so
we'll see first of all this particular X paath is correct or not let's copy
this okay see there is a syntax error so red color Mark is representing a syntax error it
is clearly saying selector Hub also can cross check whether it's valid syntax or not so it is
saying invalid syntax now let us check why it is invalid syntax SL slash input it is I think it is
a start starts plural okay it is not start it is starts starts with placeholder c yeah now it is
matching so instead of start you can say
starts
okay so now it is able to locate element so this is how we can use start now what is the difference
between contains and start with can anyone guess what is the difference between contains and start
withd difference between contains and start with so in contain method this value which we provided
can be anywhere in the string okay actual string is what see in both the cases what is an actual
string search right this is an actual string that's what expected string so in the contain
method we just say only s EA that is a part of the main string so it is matching with this but
in start with also the search is start with sea so this is also matching so the major difference is
cont method will check the string anywhere it can be beginning or it can be middle or it can be end
wherever it is comes it still matches but start with method will not match like that okay start
with method will we have to this particular string has to be beginning of the string so
then only it will able to match okay that is a major difference between contains and start
and one more important thing so this contains and start with functions we can use whenever you want
to locate Dynamic web elements whenever you want to locate Dynamic web elements you can use start
with and contains functions so let me tell you suppose your attributes are keep changing the
values of attributes are keep changing then how we can locate those Elements by using exp and
most important entry questions how we were able to handle the dynamic elements using XA so here
we use something called contains or start with functions so let me show you an example how we
can handle the dynamic elements using start withd and contains finding very very important scenario
handling Dynamic attributes Dynamic attributes in the sense what the attribute values are keeps
changing at the run time so suppose if you are using some ID in the xath same ID will not be
there in the runtime so then xath will definitely won't work so in that case how we can handle this
so let me explain this with some examples so you guys can also tell me the answers for that
let me take let us assume I have some button on my application my button name is called start
I have a start button okay so when you click on on this button immediately it is turn into stop
so most of the times you can notice this kind of behavior for stop watches when you click on
start the stopwatch will start and rotating whenever you click on the stop it will stop
the same button is acting as a start and stop so once you click on it once you click on it
it will turn into stop same button there are no multiple buttons there is single button and it
is changing start to stop again stop to start okay when the button is in start State let us
say the ID value of the button is start okay when button is turned into stop then ID value
becomes a stop this is my scenario so when the button is in start stage the ID value start when
button is in stop state ID value changing stop so now I want to write one single X path and
through that X path I'm able to locate element in whichever state it is having EI either it can
be start or it can be stop in both the states I want to locate the element by rating a xath
then how can we write xath for this there are multiple ways are there now just tell me one by
one Give Me One X path start and stop same button turn into start and stop again start
and stop ID is start and stop stop so sometimes ID is a stop sometimes ID is
a stop then I want to write one single X path through which I should able to
locate element for example if I write an xath like this whether it's correct
or not you tell me SL slash I don't know tag name I can say star here I'm using something
called uh at the rate ID equal to start so this is the exper I have written so will it
work first of all is this x paath correct the way of writing syntax the syntax the way of
writing xath is correct yes xath is correct but it can locate element only one time that
means if the button is in start State then only it can identify but once it is turning to stop
it cannot identify right it cannot identify same thing if you put stop here then it can identify
only if the button is in stop state but once it is into start State this xath cannot work
so by specifying the ID directly we cannot locate these elements only in one state we can locate but
another state the xath will will not work so we need to write an xath let us use R operator and
see there are multiple ways one approach is our operator let's see SL SL star at theate ID equal
to start or at theate ID equal to stop can we write like this will it able to handle in both the
situations yes why because we use R operator can we use end operator here end no end means
both the property should be true but at the time ID cannot be start and stop right so we
should use only R so in case of start the first attribute will match in case of stop the second
attribute will match at least one should match so this x paath will able to handle this kind of a
situation this is one approach this is correct now another approach by using contains also we
can do it by using contains also we can do it how we can do it contains contains specify the atate
ID attribute and we need to identify one common thing in both IDs what is a commonly there in
both IDs what is a common value which we have in both IDs first two characters are common right St
is common so that you can specify here s okay so then this exper also can identify element in both
the states because in even if ID is start still it is working ID is stop also it is working perfectly
fine now another way by using start with function you can say start starts with at theate starts
with at theate ID here I can say again STD so will it work yes so these are the three different
because every ID is starting with st only right so this also works so we can also handle the Dy
attributes by using cond and start with functions in multiple ways we can handle so these X paath
we cannot generate we have to write manually okay these type of xath we have to create our
own okay so very very important so contains a text yeah that is also same contains a text
contains that also you can write so another way you can do like this SL slash star okay
and you can say in the bracket contains in the contains the two parameters it will take and
the text parameter comma here you can put s so contains text text is nothing but what the
text should contains a SD so text method will capture the text value of the element and that
contains St so this we cannot use for this element way because this will work only for
inner text okay the text method will work only for inner text and links for buttons we don't
see any inner text most of the times okay so that's the reason if there is inner text then
it will fine or else it will not work so these three are appropriate to handle this scenario
now I will give you some more examples you get can tell me when to use contains when to
use start with you guys can tell me suppose I have a name attribute for the element the
name attribute is keeps changing so initially the name attribute is what XY Z 0 01 XY Z 0 01
that is initial stage and after that the same name attribute is got change like this XY Z 02
XY J 03 XY J 04 or again XY Z 0 01 and XY Z 0 02 like this it keeps changing 1 2 3 4 again 1
2 again 2 one like that dynamically changing then how can you write an xath for this so tell me one
exp yes contains and start with functions works if there is something commonly there
but definitely there is some common thing will be there whenever you kind some Dynamic
kind of a behavior yeah I'll show you more example now tell me if the name is changing
like this how can we handle this attribute by writing an X can we use contains here
contains contains at theate name contains at theate name what is
the commonly there in all the names XY Z is a common so that you can specify
XY Z is a common so this xath is valid can we use start with start
with starts with at theate name comma X wet so we can use start with only right because
all the names are start with XY Z perfectly fine so change we can use start with also we
can use both are valid in this context okay now 0 0 is also common right so can we write
like this 0 0 also common in all the scenarios contains a name 0 0 can we write like this yes
that is also valid but in start with we cannot write 0 0 why because 0 0 is something in the
middle of the string so it should have only XY Z fine so now another scenario now let's
say my name attribute is like this name value is initially it is 0 0 1 XY Z 0 02 XY Z 0 03 XY Z
0 04 XY Z again 0 0 1 XY Z okay how to write an X path can we use contains here contains
contains yes contains at theate name equal at theate name sorry contains
is a method Open Bracket atate name is what can put XY Z because XY Z can
be anywhere in the string so we can put no problem can we use starts with starts with
no why because the starting values keeps changing right 0 0 is a common you can
you start with with 0 0 that is fine starts with name 0 0 because every name is starting
with 0 0 you can still use but 0 0 1 0 02 you cannot specify because the values are
keeps changing okay so contain method you cannot use start with method you cannot
use you can use with one zer suppose if 0 0 not available let's say 0 0 is not
there now can we use start with can we use start with no start with we cannot
use okay then I'll show you one more scenario in this case start
with we cannot use only contains uh will
work now let me take another example name equal to 101 XY J 201 1 XY J 31
XY J 41 XY Z yeah now tell me can we use contains here
contains contains we can use because XY Z is
a Comm can we use start with start with we cannot use only
contains SL slash
star contains and here at theate name simply you can say XY Z okay so now you
understood what is the difference between start with and contains method so these
are the two methods through which we can identify the elements their attributes are
dynamically changing okay now let me use it in your example we already used okay
fine so now let us see uh another type of X path called chainex path chainex path
yeah 01 also use the contains method 01 is common right yes contains name is 01 01 is
common all are valid so now another type of X path is called chained X path so what is the chain X
path and when we need to go with the chain X path sometimes uh if you're not finding any attributes
of the element and even you you are not having any inner text okay you don't have any inner
text and you don't have any attributes for the element in that case how we can write an xath
for the element okay for example let's say here I'm taking this logo element if I inspect this
element you can find IMG tag and there are some attributes okay so let us assume you don't have
any attributes for this IMG you assume you do not have any attributes for this element then how we
can locate element you don't have any attributes you don't have any inner text so then how we can
locate this element so if you don't find any attributes for the element you need to just go
to the parent element okay what is the parent of this IMG what is the parent of this IMG tag what's
the parent y a is an Ang and let us assume a is also not having any attributes then what we should
do again we need to go to another parent what is the parent of EA div div so the div is having some
attribute right so we will start writing xath from div tag div ID equal to logo can we write xath for
this yes so how to write SL slash D atate ID equal to what is an ID value here is logo so I can say
logo this is an xath for the D tag but this xath is not direct xath for the image but my target is
what image I want to look at but image doesn't have any attributes then I went to parent even
parent also not having any then again I go to another parent so I started from here so I have
written xath for this logo then what is the child item for this div tag a is a child item and for
a IMG is a child item so we can say slash a/ IMG now in this xath what is the target element Target
element is what image IMG is a target element but did we write an direct X path for IMG direct xath
for IMG no we have written xath for the parent from there we have navigator to child from there
again navigated to the another child if I look at this it seems like the combination of relative
and absolute xath right so till here this is a relative X paath from here it is a absolute X
path why because we are saying slash slash so the combination is called chained X paath this
is a combination of relative and absolute X path which is called chained X path chained means what
if you do not find any attributes of the element then we will check the parent element is having
some attribute so from the parent we will try to locate the child element so it is just like this
let's say I have some element here this having another element this having another element now
I want to locate this element no attributes then I will go to parent let's say this is a b c and
d go to parent elements if the parent elements having attribute then you can directly write xath
for this and slash you can specify the tag name of the CH element even this is also not having
having any attribute then go to another parent so here you can find some attribute ID equal to some
XY Z then you can write xath for this B like this slash at the right ID equal to some XY Z and from
there you need to navigate two levels slash c/ D like this you can write this is called chain
expath this is called chain xal sometimes if you could not find any attributes of the elements you
can try writing the path for the parent element from the parent element you can navigate to The
Chain elements this is called chained X paath okay so now can we use this element use this
x paath yes let me check it in the selector Hub go to selector Hub and here I'm keeping
this yes one element is matching so this is a EXA element so I can say this is chain X
path so driver dot find element by. XPath and what we can do on
this image what kind of actions we can do on the
image display status we can verify right so dot is displayed so we can take a Boolean variable image
status so driver. find element TT path is
displayed so why is giving an
error this will return a Boolean
value I think this variable have used anywhere somewhere
okay yeah so now let us print status so this will verify the status of the image element
so chain expath means if the attributes are not available for the particular element we
can write we can take the attributes of the parent element and write an X
path from there we can navigate to the CH element so that is all about chain X
path okay so everything is clear so far so these are the basic understanding what is an
X path okay and how many types of X path which X path will be preferred and x paath with single
attribute and multiple attributes x paath with end or operators x paath with text function xath
with contains function xath uh chain X paath okay and how to handle the dynamic elements
using start with and contains function there are n number of functions are there but more widely
we use start with and contains functions okay so apart from this there are some more options
are there we can say expath access like following preceding parent child sibling
preceding sibling following sibling there are multiple options we can use along with the xath
so in the next class we will discuss about the xath so what is a main difference between xath
and CSS okay so before that let me answer this question what is the difference between contains
and can you write your complete question I could not understand this so difference
between
yeah can you write the statement okay so contains a text so this is a different actually so this
this will work only for inner text okay if suppose inner text we are checking suppose
inner text contains something or not if you want to check you can write text and here you
not specify anything nothing right so text contains nothing this will go and match so
contains a text nothing so you can write another way okay it is not matching with these things okay
these scenarios are different but this works only if you have this is right syntactically
this is correct actually this syntactically it is correct so when this will match if you have
any inner text okay suppose I have something like this anchor tag or suppose I have some D tag like
this slash div do we have inner text in this inner text no okay if you write an xath like
this contains SL slash do contains so here text is what empty there is no inner text so here I'm
not putting anything just simple put single braces empty single braces right so now this will match
exactly with with this this element this du tag because there is no inner text here okay so text
value is empty text is representing what empty no no value so this will exactly match with this
okay so another one is this
one SL slash contains dot so dot is also representing a text so this is
another way of representing the text instead of text method you can simply
use dot also so dot operator also you can use instead of text so both are same both
are same okay these both are same instead of text method instead of text you can put dot
also so okay the question is we usually use an attribute that is not repeative how come we have
a list of values this is I'm just taking for an example see I'm not saying one attribute is
having multiple values no what I'm saying if the name attribut is keeps changing okay initially
this is a attribute value name values one1 XY and after some time on the same name attribute is got
changed 20 01 XY again same name attribut is got change something else so sometimes
if you refresh the pages the attributes are keep changing so that's where the web pages normally
designed most of the times very if you look at the complex web pages the attribute values will
not be same every time so I'm not saying all the values at a time okay so initially name values
this one let's say after refreshing the page name values got changing like this and after
refreshing again another value are getting these are the different values are changing
for the same attribute in that context I have taken this example but one attribute
cannot have multiple values one attribute is having only one value at a time okay remember
that right so practice this example for today's session and I will upload one presentation today
you guess can go through the presentation and whatever locators so far we have understood all
the locators are specified here this presentation I will show types of locators and different types
of locators with an example all the screenshots example I have taken everything so this is
example for ID so name attribute link text and partial link text class name tag name and also
CSS selectors whatever so far we covered CSS selector how we can use tag and class tag and
attribute tag class and attribute the next PATH so we have discussed all these Concepts what is
next PATH what is Dom document object model so you can see this is HTML this is the Dom view
of the HTML this is actual web page so then absolute xath what is an absolute xath what
is relative xath syntax of relative xath xath with r operator xath with end operator xath
with contains method xath path with starts with method xath with the text method okay so I'll
share this presentation today you can go through each and every slide and try to understand all
the examples in tomorrow session I will continue xath xath with access yeah so now the difference
between CSS and expa what is a major difference very popular interview question let us say your
Dom is like this this is your Dom structure Okay so if when I compare with cs and X paath
CSS will go to only top down approach so CSS will go from top to down only one directional X paath
will multi-directional suppose if there is an element here you can get this element from by
navigating from the top or we can get this element by navigating from the bottom also
in all the directions we can get that element xath will Traverse throughout all the direction
of the Dom whereas CSS will Traverse Only One Direction so that's a major difference but how
xath is Direct in all the directions today we have seen only one direction from the root node
we have navigated each and every node and find that element from root node and this is again
top down approach but how come the Rex paath will navigate all the directions by using x paath axis
concept so in the tomorrow session I will discuss about this how we can TR davers throughout the Dom
in all the directions using xath axis so this concept we will discuss tomorrow session so
there a major difference CSS will navigate only in One Direction whereas xath can direct in all
the directions we can move in all the directions chain X path goes from bottom to top no no no
top to bottom so whatever chain X paath today we discuss that will go to because we identify parent
child and child right so first we have written xath for the parent from the parent to we go to
child element so this is top down only so this is a top down approach so down to top we can do
only by using xath axis in the next class I will discuss about this okay in all the direction like
parent to child child to parent child to child okay and parent to parent so like child parent
and grandparent so child to grandparent also we can directly go similarly from the grandparent
to child also we can directly jump so all levels of navigations are possible in expar but CSS only
top down approach is possible so exper axis I will discuss in the tomorrow session in
detail okay so I'll stop the session today for here and tomorrow we will
continue
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