This content explores the evolutionary relationships of turkeys within the bird family Galliformes, tracing their lineage back to ancient ancestors and highlighting surprising relatives, while also touching upon historical anecdotes and the unique reproductive anatomy of some waterfowl.
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when did this become a discussion on
giant cork screw [Music]
[Music]
penises well hi there happy American
Thanksgiving this is a turkey Alexander
Hamilton apparently said that no citizen
of the United States shall refrain from
Turkey on Thanksgiving day and not many
do we eat over 40 million of them each
year for Thanksgiving Day but this
command from Hamilton seems a bit odd
given that there's no evidence that they
ate turkey as part of the first
Thanksgiving dinner in 1621 though some
of their closest relatives were almost
certainly present relatives that you
probably wouldn't have guessed are
closely related to turkeys then why
would Hamilton single out the turkey
specifically I suspect that it has
something to do with a secret hatred
that Hamilton had for another Founding
Father Benjamin Franklin I mean did you
see Benjamin Franklin anywhere in
Hamilton's musical even the darn fool
that shot him had a major role but
Benjamin Franklin was conspicuously
absent makes you wonder well Benjamin
Franklin was also a major advocate for
the turkey he didn't ever actually
suggest that it should be our nation's
symbol but he did suggest that the
turkey whose head turns red white and
blue during the breeding season would be
a better symbol than the bald eagle for
it is a noble and courageous bird unlike
the bald eagle which he to be a bird of
bad moral character looks to me like
Hamilton didn't care for that comparison
one bit and he took his shot at the poor
turkey he didn't throw that one away but
how much do you really know about
turkeys and would it shock you to learn
that the close relatives of turkeys that
were actually eaten on Thanksgiving were
geese and ducks or that they're actually
two different species of turkeys and
you've probably only ever seen one of
them well let's not refrain from talking
about turkeys this Thanksgiving day and
all of their closest relatives because I
think we're all into that kind of thing
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order today all right so let's talk
about turkeys and all their crazy
relatives turkeys are part of the clay
Gallow and S which means rooster Goose
that's enough to make any serious Top
Gun fan cry it's also a pretty
reasonable name for this clade
previously we discussed the clade pale
ogy which is the CLA of Birds least
related to all of the other extent birds
that is to say that it diverged away
from the other birds before any of the
other bird lineages diverged away from
one another but the second lineage to
diverge away was this one the Gallow
Andi the pale ogy are the hagfish of
birds but the Gallow Andi are the
hagfish of the neogy the Gallow Ander is
composed of two major claves the Gories
the the rooster form birds or land fowl
and the ancera foris the goose form
birds or the water fowl which means that
turkeys and swans are closely related
which seems crazy but starts to make
more sense when you see this this
creature is a screamer they get that
name because they let out a loud scream
new
though I think it sounds more like a
goose which is interesting because it
looks more like a rooster but it tends
to live in and around water yet its feet
are not webbed at least not very much so
so is it a rooster or a goose well
molecular analysis suggests that
screamers are despite their resemblance
to galaform birds actually basil members
of the ancoris which suggests that the
common ancestors of the gallowan s
probably resemble more the galaform body
plan with the traditional duck body plan
evolving more recently within the ancera
form CLA sometime after the ancestors of
the screamers the family animedate
diverged from the rest of the clay all
three screamer species are found today
only in South America I honestly think
they look a bit like African secretary
Birds but with chicken bills and
slightly stouter more robust legs after
the screamer Lage diverged but
interestingly still before the
extinction event at the end of the
Cretaceous the family an serad diverged
as well from the other members of the
ancero foris this family is represented
today by a single species The Magpie
Goose and I want to be clear about this
both of these lineages diverged before
the extinction of the non-avian
dinosaurs this is important for two
different reasons first first it
demonstrates clearly that birds birds
that would clearly be identifiable as
birds coexisted with the nonavian
Dinosaurs it is a common misconception
that the dinosaurs turned into birds and
that's where they all went and while a
few species may have evolved along those
lines the evolution of birds had nothing
to do with the extinction of the
dinosaurs rather members of the Aven
lineage were the only dinosaurs that
survived the events that wiped out all
of the other lineages we actually have a
whole video about this from last
dinosaur December is anybody else as
excited as I am for dinosaur December to
be back here in a couple of weeks make
sure you have all of your notifications
on if you don't want to miss that okay
so that was the first thing but there is
something else that is rad here as well
not only did birds exist alongside the
other dinosaurs but multiple lineages
survived and survived to this day the
screamer lineage diverged before the
extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs
and so did the ANC serd lineage this
means that the ancestors of all three
ancero lineages independently survived
the extinction event that killed T-Rex
which is pretty rad that said the Anin
added lineage today is represented by
only a single species the magpi goose of
Australia and New Guinea now I should
mention that the magpi goose is not a
true goose and being the only surviving
member of its lineage it's more of a
Maverick than a goose oh yikes that had
that had two possible meanings and one
of them was yet another shot to the
heart for us Top Gun lovers I might need
a minute but uh anyway it does have much
more of the goose body plan especially
the bill which likely developed that
basic waterfoul shape somewhere between
the Divergence of the screamer lineage
and the Divergence of The Magpie Goose
lineage which again occurred before the
end of the Cretaceous but The Magpie
Goose does look quite a lot like a goose
uh some ways to differentiate it it is
black and white like a magpie not all
geese are black and white like that it
has relatively long yellow legs with
toes that are only slightly webbed and
unlike true geese it mols gradually and
thus does not pass through a flightless
stage like the last family of the ancero
foris but like this last group of the
ancero foris it has a penis I'll talk
more about that in a second because most
of the penis having birds in the whole
world belong to the largest family of
waterf the family to which all but four
of the 180 or so species of the ancero
foris belong the anad or as you more
likely know them swans geese and Ducks
which appear to be basically arbitrary
titles for different anat there is no
clear distinction between Ducks geese
and swans Flat Bill let's call you a
duck taller bill you can be a goose big
long neck duck you're a swan and we'll
mix in some other names like mergan teal
smw golden I scer Ider wdon Gadwall
shoveler pintail pochard scalp sheld
goose and shell duck just so it isn't
too easy to figure the whole thing out
whatever you call them this lineage that
also independently survived the in
Cretaceous mass extinction is clearly
doing the best of all the waterfall
lineages this family is generally
herbivorous though some like mergansers
are highly carnivorous they are
generally kind of flat bodied with their
limbs closer to the rear they are
buoyant and Float On the water's surface
but you know what they haven't lost
they're penises almost all birds lack
penises but most of the pale ogy and
most of the water fowl have them not the
screamers though and the penises of
water fowl are notoriously extreme now
water fowl are notorious themselves for
being monogamous or at least that's what
we thought until we started doing
paternity tests on their offspring
turns out that they engage in a lot of
extra pair copulations though some are
less promiscuous than others some even
breed for life but some are notoriously
uh what's a polite word for forceful
copulation well they do a lot of that
with their enormous prehensile Corkscrew
penises and I think we should talk about
that for a few minutes I mean wouldn't
you be a bit disappointed if we didn't
okay well both Magpie geese and ineds
have penises but whereas Magpie geese
mate on land most ineds mate in the
water and there's a bit of an arms race
going on under there you see generally
for birds to mate the female needs to
present her cloa to the male who presses
his cloa to hers to seal the deal and
sperm is transferred faster than you can
say uy doob Scooby Dooby bie via This
clal Kiss well that's not how it works
if you've got a penis in fact a male
might swim next to you and ask if you
know when the next migration is coming
and then bam suddenly you're carrying
his ugly little ducklings and his jeans
might not be the best in the pool if you
get my drift so it is long behooved
females to be rather difficult to
inseminate for example the vagina of
minan adids is shaped like a corkscrew
maze with many pocket dead ends where
sperms go to die if they aren't inserted
perfectly this makes the old swim by
fertilization much less likely
successful matings are much more likely
to occur if the female allows the male
to get into the correct position and
take his time maybe a second or two to
ensure that his sperm makes it to the
end of the Maze and as the female vagina
has become more elaborate and more
difficult to navigate the male penis has
become longer coiled and elaborate as
well some are even longer than the birds
that possess them and as there is always
a fitness incentive for males that would
otherwise not have opportunity to mate
to to find Opportunities to mate the
arms race continues and on that happy
note let's talk about turkeys weren't we
supposed to be talking about
turkeys when did this become a
discussion on giant cork screw
penises and how many times can we say
the word penis in a video before it becomes
becomes
demonetized okay turkeys turkeys don't
have penises in fact their entire clay
to the Gories are clal kissers no Under
the Sea funny business from the rooster
form Birds though they do tend to be
pretty promiscuous sorry Ben Franklin
Now The Gories Diversified from the
ancera foris before the screamers
Diversified from the rest of that CLA
this means that the Gories definitely
survived the Inc Cretaceous mass
extinction independently from any other
bird lineage and the first lineage to
diversify away from the rest of the
Gories was the family megapod which are
also known as incubator birds or mound
builders one megapod clade are even
called Bush turkey and they look a lot
like turkeys even though of all of the
galaform birds the megap poads are the
least closely related to actual turkeys
now something that the entire Gallow and
S clade has in common is that their
offspring hatch out very welldeveloped
they are called precocial Offspring
precocial meaning mature before its time
this is in stark contrast to many other
bird lineages that hatch very
underdeveloped naked blind and helpless
these are called altricial Offspring
altricial referring to the need that
they have to be nourished or nursed
though obviously not with milk as with
mammals so all members of the Gallow and
S are precocial but the 21 or so species
of megapod produce offspring that are
what are called super precocial somehow
they hatch even more welldeveloped than
a kiwi they are the most fully developed
of all birds birds at hatching they
hatch with full Wing feathers they can
run hunt and some species can even fly
on the day that they hatch most of them
simply do not require parental care and
that's a good thing because their
parents may not be anywhere around when
they hatch so who incubates the eggs
that's a great question did I mention
that in addition to being able to run
hunt and fly on the day that they hatch
they can also dig which is good because
if they couldn't dig they would probably
die megapod means great foot and refers
to their Burly legs and feet that they
use to dig remember when I said that
they're often called incubator birds or
mound builders well these guys don't
incubate their eggs like most birds they
incubate their eggs like many of their
closest living non-avian relatives the
crocodilians and turtles they bury their
eggs either in a burrow or in an above
ground compost Mound that they build
with their great feet the same great
feet that their offspring will use to
dig themselves out before flying away
and that they also use to break out of
their thinly shelled eggs since they
have no egg tooth their feet can be used
to distinguish them from most other
members of the galap foris not only
because of their robust size but based
on the location of the rear-facing toe
the H in most galaform birds like
turkeys the h is not only rear-facing
but elevated off of the ground when
walking not so with the mega pods it's
right on the ground with the other three
toes so if you're anywhere in austral
Asia and you see a turkey- is looking
bird with its rear-facing toe on the
ground pop out of a hole or a mound look
around and then fly away well you'll
know what you house I've probably spent
too much time on them but at the same
time I kind of want to make a whole
video about this group alone how cool
are these guys oh and and to answer your
question yes this group probably did
diversify before the extinction event
that killed the non-avian dinosaurs
though the next group to diversify away
from the turkey lineage may not have
done so until after the in Cretaceous
mass extinction though the molecular
evidence would suggest otherwise and
these are the family crad of South
Central and Southern North America the
approximately 56 species of kurasa guans
and chakal lakas this is another group
of birds that look A like turkeys
unsurprisingly though they tend to be
longtailed smaller and spend more time
up in trees this is reflected in the
location of the HX which again is more
on the same level as the other toes not
elevated for this reason many early
philogynes plac them with the megapodius
though subsequent molecular analysis has
revealed that they're actually more
closely related to all of the other
galliforms than they are to the MEAP
poads it is likely that the lower
placement of the Helix is the ancestral
condition and it moved up after the CD
lineage diverged from the other G forms
like turkeys their body plumage tends to
be fairly drab but their heads can be
quite spectacularly beautiful and like
MEAP pads they hatch very welldeveloped
while they are not as super precocial
they do often fly within just a few days
of hatching not too shabby now the rest
of the Gories were a single lineage at
the end of the Cretaceous and only began
to diversify during the eocene and the
first of these groups to diverge from
the rest of the Gories is a family of
birds that I personally do not like and
those would be the guinea fowl of Africa
the family numid which I don't like
because they are too good at getting run
over by trucks you see when I worked at
Disney's Animal Kingdom many of my best
friends were Safari drivers and I should
mention that the second scariest part of
being a safari driver is is the fact
that if you hit an animal you are fired
which means that you lose your job and
your housing and your entire life
essentially explodes and there would be
little excuse for hitting an animal well
unless that animal is small stupid and
likes to run under tires I believe every
guinea fowl that they had cost somebody
their job and that was the second
scariest thing about being a safari
driver I'm just glad it wasn't my job so
I have a certain animal vity towards
guinea fowl but that doesn't mean that
they aren't a really cool group most are
dark bodied and some have spots one
species the vulturine guinea has some
beautiful iridescent blue feathers as
well and then they have comparatively
tiny generally naked heads the one genus
has crazy New Kids on the Block hair
well feathers but you'll know which ones
I'm talking about the helmeted guinea
fowl really looks like a tiny CAW it
almost looks more like a double waddled
caer than the dwarf caer doeses and it's
an actual caer but unlike ceries guinea
fowl are great Flyers despite the fact
that they spend most of their time on
the ground following herds and troops of
monkeys eating the seeds that the
animals deposit as well as the
arthropods that they attract they can
actually fly great distances and this
seems like a good time to discuss white
meat versus dark meat which is better
well it depends how long are you going
to be flying or running or using that
muscle many galaform birds are burst
Flyers they generally walk or run but
when startled they can absolutely
explode into the air turkeys are a good
example of burst Flyers their flight
muscles are composed almost entirely of
fast twitched fibers these fibers
contract very quickly and provide a lot
of power for a short period of time they
can explode into the air but they won't
stay up very long long this is because
white muscle like this is very low in
mitochondria the PowerHouse of the
cell when I ask them nobody ever knows
what a Powerhouse is but what
mitochondria do is they convert energy
in the form of carbohydrates fats and
proteins into a form that the cell can
actually use for energy adenosine
triphosphate ATP and they do this using
oxygen this is actually the reason that
you breathe in to get oxygen to allow
this process called aerobic cellular
respiration to occur in the end aerobic
cellular respiration produces ATP and
also water and carbon dioxide this water
byproduct is the reason that camel humps
are full of fat and not water you can
turn fat into water and ATP hooray the
CO2 is actually waste from the food that
you ate that could no longer be used to
make ATP and is expelled that is why you
breathe out it's your lunch and again
white fast twitch muscle is very low in
mitochondria this means that they can do
very little aerobic respiration so birds
like turkeys can slowly load their
muscles with ATP and then use it rapidly
but not for very long they recharge very
slowly and if they tried to fly for very
long they have to use Anor robic
respiration to make ATP this doesn't
require mitochondria or oxygen but it
makes very little ATP and it creates
lactic acid as a byproduct in animals
this is what makes your muscles burn
when you do a prolonged workout and if
you keep going it will change the
acidity of your muscles to the point
that they will seize up cramp which puts
a quick into flight so they fly hard but
not for very long before they have to
stop and recharge for a very long time
they're like Teslas and in ludicrous
mode well that wouldn't work for birds
that need to fly farther birds like
guinea fowl these birds have dark slow
twitch muscles that are loaded with fats
and mitochondria they don't have the
same amount of speed and power as the
white fast twitch fibers but they can
recharge their ATP stores rapidly and
without producing much lactic acid it's
the Toyota Prius of the sky another way
to distinguish a guinea fowl from a
cassowary other than the flying and the
fact that it's from Africa would be by
looking at their feet they have aalex
caor have none and for the first time in
the Gories it's elevated as it will be
in the remaining two lineages and while
I will confess guinea fowl are actually
pretty cool Birds I absolutely adore
these last two clades these last two are
the most closely related clades among
the Gories being the new world Quail
odonto forde I love quail and the turkey
and their rad cousins in the family
fasan I love pheasants okay let's start
with the quail and save the turkey for
last I mean you can't leave without
learning about turkeys what would
Alexander Hamilton say it's unamerican qu
qu
they're adorable I love them there are
actually two groups of birds often
called Quail three really they're around
34 species of New World quail in the
family odono for that's what we're
discussing now there are also more than
a dozen species of Old World Quail that
are all more closely related to turkeys
than they are to the new world quail and
I said old world quail in quotes because
they aren't one another's closest
relatives either basically any f anid
that looks and acts sort of like an Odon
forid they called an old world Quail but
anyway let's talk about the new world
Quail I love them most of them are
unsurprisingly found in the Americas
from Canada to Brazil but a couple are
from Africa and a few have been
introduced elsewhere like New Zealand
New World Quail are smallish round cute
little birds that are shy and run around
in adorable little families I love them
so much unlike Guinea fowl they have
feathered heads and often sport fancy
little head ornaments called plumes or
Top Knots little families of cute little
Samurai just walking around in your
neighborhood I love them so much they
tend to walk and are burst Flyers so you
know what their flight muscles look like
but you would never eat them because
they're too cute for this world I might
need some quail and Clin reptile room we
might need to do a video soon to find
out if they're the best pet dinosaur for
me but when I think about getting a bird
that looks like a dinosaur I think of
two groups the pale ogy and we will be
doing a pet video about one of them this
December just in case you're
notifications weren't turned on but I
also think of these is that not one of
the most beautiful things you've ever
seen this is a golden pheasant I do
consider getting one it is glorious and
that tail just brings that therapod
profile together it's Perfection golden
pheasants are part of the same family as
the turkeys fean an along with about 184
other species most of them being from
the old world Africa Asia Europe
Australia and New Zealand though Grouse
are circumpolar and the turkeys both
species are distinctly American is't
that right Mr Franklin as are a few
others they are generally plump
heavy-bodied birds with Short Round
Wings most obviously not turkeys have
feathers on their heads and some species
have a spur on their leg above the
elevated h
these are birds like pheasants
partridges jungle fowl the closest
relatives to domestic chickens turkeys
both species oldworld quail and pea fowl
which are called real turkeys Pabo in
Spanish there are also two species of
those Grouse monals prairie chickens
tarmigan cyes Argus bur fowl Franklins
and snow coocks and phog genetically
there is little Rhyme or Reason to the
com names of any of these but they are
pretty cool so let's take just a minute
to talk about turkeys I'd hate to be
challenged to a duel because I refrained
from talking about turkeys on
Thanksgiving there are two species of
turkeys one of them being the largest of
all fanid the species you're probably
more familiar with is the wild turkey of
Eastern and Central North America that
has been domesticated and often appears
in grocery stores around Thanksgiving
you know to keep Hamilton on your side
must be nice interestingly the domestic
turkey has been domesticated for around
2,000 years so it wasn't Hamilton's
close relatives that did it you may be
unfamiliar with the wild turkey's
closest relative the gloriously
beautiful oscillated turkey of Mexico
and that region turkeys are easily
distinguishable by their naked heads and
snoods you know that crazy lump that
suddenly enlarges and covers the beak of
a turkey when it starts to stress it's
called a snood I would like to shake the
hand of whoever came up with that name
that's my kind of person tragically the
snood is often the target of attack from
other turkeys so to prevent
complications from snood related
injuries domestic turkeys often have
their snoods removed by a process called
desing that's terrible but you know
what's wonderful snoods those suckers
get up to 6 in Long when fully inflated
and they say that size doesn't matter
but they must not be talking about
snoods because size totally matters
females prefer to mate with long sned
males and other males also defer
dominance to larger sned males when it
comes to snoods size is everything kind
of makes you wonder if Hamilton had a
tiny little snood doesn't it the
oscillated turkey of the Yucatan
Peninsula in Mexico bise in Guatemala
has a very similar overall shape to the
wild turkey of the north but they are
small smaller and their bodies are much
more colorful those eye spots on the
tail feathers are the reason for their
name and both sexes have blue heads even
the snood is blue blue
snood I saw him standing
alone that snot it was so long I had to
make him my own and now you know which
group should we cover next as always
like And
subscribe we hope see real
soon what the heck was that suddenly you're
singing's what is
wonder lit come [Laughter]
[Laughter]
on so much in
Endo all right let's do this people
people we'll do it live
live
me how was my hair after that and sperm
is transferred faster than you can say
J are we going be
demonetized maybe I think we need to do
video lots of talk of
penises that that's the warning for
sensitive viewers warning there's a lot
of penis talk in this much discussion of
penises Brandon watches our Channel when
he goes to
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