<b>In the past, to heal heart muscle necrosis from heart disease</b>
<b>Though there are drugs and devices to extend life</b>
<b>The ultimate solution was only one</b>
<b>Heart transplant</b>
<b>To ask the patient's body to produce new healthy heart cells to replace the damaged and dead parts?</b>
<b>This was once a myth</b>
<b>Something only God could do</b>
<b>But sometimes myths come true in laboratories</b>
<b>Imagine</b>
<b>A piece of heart tissue engineered from your own skin cells</b>
<b>Contracting perfectly</b>
<b>Expanding</b>
<b>Over and over</b>
<b>It has its own life</b>
<b>Its own rhythm</b>
<b>A rhythm that could soon mask the murmur of a failing heart</b>
<b>A repair job once possible only for God</b>
<b>How did human scientists get this ticket</b>
<b>Today</b>
<b>We will explore</b>
<b>A 20-year Japanese scientific research</b>
<b>How it finally bore fruit</b>
<b>Welcome back to YOLO</b>
<b>Your host, Bonnie here</b>
<b>I want to start the episode with a question</b>
<b>If I told you</b>
<b>Inside each of us</b>
<b>There’s actually a magic button to rewind time</b>
<b>Would you believe it</b>
<b>One that can reset our aged cells</b>
<b>Like a video game reset</b>
<b>Back to the most youthful, optimal state overnight</b>
<b>Sounds like a movie plot, right</b>
<b>Think I’m joking?</b>
<b>Today I will unravel for you</b>
<b>This Nobel Prize-stirring</b>
<b>Yamanaka factors that can upend the future of human life codes</b>
<b>Yamanaka factors and iPS cells</b>
<b>Our story begins with a Dutch grandma, Hendrikje</b>
<b>She is remarkable</b>
<b>She lived to 115 years old</b>
<b>Think about it</b>
<b>She witnessed two world wars</b>
<b>From horse-drawn carriages to space, she’s a living history book</b>
<b>But her longevity isn’t the most impressive</b>
<b>It’s when she passed</b>
<b>Her mind was sharp</b>
<b>Her physical functions still fit</b>
<b>This grandma was full of love</b>
<b>She made a decision before passing</b>
<b>Donated her body to scientists for research</b>
<b>To uncover the secret of longevity</b>
<b>Scientists were thrilled</b>
<b>Immediately began thorough research</b>
<b>In her bone marrow they found</b>
<b>A shocking fact that left everyone speechless</b>
<b>At this point</b>
<b>Let me give you a quick explainer</b>
<b>Because there are many types of stem cells</b>
<b>I used to think stem cells were one thing</b>
<b>Turns out there are many types</b>
<b>The strongest are embryonic stem cells</b>
<b>They are pluripotent</b>
<b>Can become any cell in the body</b>
<b>Like a Superman in the cell world</b>
<b>Next are multipotent stem cells</b>
<b>Like those hematopoietic stem cells in Hendrick’s bone marrow</b>
<b>They can become different blood cells</b>
<b>Like red blood cells, white blood cells</b>
<b>But can’t become skin or muscle cells</b>
<b>Then there are unipotent stem cells</b>
<b>Like the repair workers in your muscle cells</b>
<b>Specializing in maintenance work</b>
<b>Back to our story</b>
<b>What we are talking about now</b>
<b>Are those multipotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow</b>
<b>Neighbors of YOLO Street</b>
<b>Guess how many</b>
<b>Hematopoietic stem cells does a young person have in the bone marrow</b>
<b>Basically the headquarters of the cell factories responsible for our blood</b>
<b>Let’s reveal the answer</b>
<b>About 100,000 to 200,000</b>
<b>Guess again</b>
<b>Grandma Hendrick</b>
<b>died at 115</b>
<b>Inside her body</b>
<b>How many did scientists find</b>
<b>10,000</b>
<b>1,000</b>
<b>The answer is..</b>
<b>2</b>
<b>You heard right</b>
<b>TWO</b>
<b>2</b>
<b>2 commanders left</b>
<b>What is this scene like</b>
<b>Like a giant Foxconn factory</b>
<b>With thousands of production lines</b>
<b>And just 2 employees struggling</b>
<b>Keeping the whole company running</b>
<b>Before grandma passed</b>
<b>All her blood cells</b>
<b>Relied on these 2</b>
<b>Divine stem cells</b>
<b>This discovery shows us</b>
<b>Human potential is astounding</b>
<b>But on the other hand</b>
<b>It draws a cruel end line</b>
<b>Our stem cells</b>
<b>Will eventually run dry</b>
<b>When the last soldier falls</b>
<b>Is life’s train doomed to arrive</b>
<b>Arrival is the question</b>
<b>Just thinking about it makes me a bit sad</b>
<b>Maybe that’s why</b>
<b>Humans have always tried</b>
<b>To defy fate</b>
<b>Some just want to stay young</b>
<b>And visit Korea</b>
<b>Big choices</b>
<b>Like demons in Journey to the West</b>
<b>Eating Tang Monk flesh</b>
<b>For immortality</b>
<b>Eating Tang Monk flesh</b>
<b>We’re not in on it</b>
<b>But if I tell you</b>
<b>A Japanese scientist found a non-mythical way</b>
<b>Through science</b>
<b>To change cell fate</b>
<b>While the world thought</b>
<b>Aging is a one-way street</b>
<b>With no return</b>
<b>A godly man appeared</b>
<b>His name is Shinya Yamanaka</b>
<b>Shinya Yamanaka</b>
<b>A scientist from Kyoto University</b>
<b>In 2006</b>
<b>He published research like something from Dragon Ball</b>
<b>He discovered four special genes</b>
<b>Named them Yamanaka factors</b>
<b>In his honor</b>
<b>Yamanaka factors</b>
<b>Reminds you of mountain retreats</b>
<b>Or mystical fungi?</b>
<b>Definitely not</b>
<b>These four factors are not elixirs</b>
<b>They are transcription factors</b>
<b>Transcription factors</b>
<b>What are transcription factors</b>
<b>Imagine them as ultimate cell keys</b>
<b>In every cell in our body</b>
<b>Like skin or heart cells</b>
<b>The DNA is identical</b>
<b>Why do they differ</b>
<b>With unique functions</b>
<b>Because different transcription factors</b>
<b>Activate or lock specific genes</b>
<b>Yamanaka</b>
<b>What makes OKSM so powerful</b>
<b>Their combination is like a lost martial art</b>
<b>"還原靚靚拳"</b>
<b>Just inject these four factors</b>
<b>Like giving an injection</b>
<b>With a pop into a mature</b>
<b>Skin cell that</b>
<b>A miracle happens</b>
<b>The skin cell seems to reverse time</b>
<b>Losing all its features</b>
<b>Reverting to a baby-like</b>
<b>Embryonic stem cell state</b>
<b>This artificially induced</b>
<b>Pluripotent stem cell</b>
<b>Is our star today</b>
<b>iPS Cells</b>
<b>Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells</b>
<b>Induced means guided</b>
<b>What does pluripotent mean</b>
<b>It means can become anything</b>
<b>It can turn into any cell in your body</b>
<b>Can become heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys</b>
<b>Can become nerves</b>
<b>Can become corneas</b>
<b>A true shapeshifter in the cell world</b>
<b>This discovery is so simple even Yamanaka</b>
<b>Said the process is like a magic microwave</b>
<b>He said it’s like putting in leftover pork</b>
<b>An old skin cell of ours</b>
<b>Press a few buttons</b>
<b>After a ding</b>
<b>Oops, out comes raw pork, not cooked</b>
<b>Turning back into raw pork</b>
<b>For any dish you want</b>
<b>Barbecue pork, sweet and sour, chops</b>
<b>Make it any way you like</b>
<b>Yamanaka knew</b>
<b>The material and the instruction</b>
<b>Skin cells and Yamanaka factors</b>
<b>Out they come, instantly transformed</b>
<b>Into iPS cells, multipurpose stem cells</b>
<b>But what actually happens in between</b>
<b>How do cells reset themselves</b>
<b>He didn’t fully understand then</b>
<b>But it’s okay, knowing how to use it is enough</b>
<b>This black box helped Yamanaka</b>
<b>Win the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2012</b>
<b>He didn’t just find the theory of immortality</b>
<b>He also gave us a tool</b>
<b>With this cell time machine</b>
<b>What kind of future can we envision</b>
<b>First, a future without organ donation waitlists</b>
<b>Imagine</b>
<b>When any organ in our body starts to fail</b>
<b>No more need</b>
<b>To wait anxiously for a match</b>
<b>Doctors can directly use our own cells</b>
<b>To print a new, perfectly compatible, non-rejecting organ</b>
<b>Second</b>
<b>A truly personalized medical future</b>
<b>No more guessing with medications</b>
<b>New drugs can be tested on your mini organs first</b>
<b>Ensuring 100% safety and effectiveness for you</b>
<b>Most importantly</b>
<b>this future has no moral controversy</b>
<b>because everything comes from your own cells</b>
<b>completely bypasses all moral shackles</b>
<b>allows scientists to work freely</b>
<b>to fight for human health</b>
<b>but</b>
<b>dreams are always perfect</b>
<b>reality falls short</b>
<b>sounds amazing</b>
<b>can we ask doctors tomorrow</b>
<b>to reset our cells?</b>
<b>Well, young man</b>
<b>you're still too young</b>
<b>to make all these dreams a reality</b>
<b>there are two towering walls ahead</b>
<b>one wall called time</b>
<b>the other called money</b>
<b>initially</b>
<b>customizing this iPS therapy for one person</b>
<b>how long do you think it takes?</b>
<b>the answer is about six months per case</b>
<b>what about the cost?</b>
<b>about 50 million yen</b>
<b>isn’t that almost millions of HK dollars?</b>
<b>imagine this scenario</b>
<b>a six-month wait</b>
<b>may be too late for seriously ill patients</b>
<b>plus</b>
<b>millions as the entry fee</b>
<b>excludes 99% of ordinary people</b>
<b>did this great invention meant to save lives</b>
<b>end up being a life-extending game for the rich?</b>
<b>when hope of life</b>
<b>reaches an unaffordable price for us</b>
<b>how is it different from despair?</b>
<b>when people thought iPS cells were just a costly marvel</b>
<b>a hero appeared</b>
<b>to dismantle the walls of time and money</b>
<b>scientists thought of two brilliant ideas</b>
<b>the first idea is</b>
<b>a cell bank</b>
<b>Kyoto University’s team thought</b>
<b>since customizing for each person is so expensive</b>
<b>why not create a universal one</b>
<b>an iPS cell bank</b>
<b>they built an iPS cell</b>
<b>HLA haplotype bank</b>
<b>Haplobank</b>
<b>what is HLA?</b>
<b>consider it the cell’s blood type</b>
<b>to distinguish self from non-self</b>
<b>scientists specifically found HLA types</b>
<b>from people with universal donor cells</b>
<b>to create this iPS cell repository</b>
<b>how effective is it?</b>
<b>by 2023</b>
<b>the bank’s cells can match</b>
<b>about 40% of Japan’s population</b>
<b>meaning in the future 40% of Japanese</b>
<b>needing cell therapy</b>
<b>don’t have to start from scratch</b>
<b>can directly withdraw from the bank</b>
<b>cost and time greatly reduced</b>
<b>and the second idea?</b>
<b>let me ask you</b>
<b>it’s 2025</b>
<b>any plans to visit</b>
<b>before October</b>
<b>the Osaka Kansai Expo?</b>
<b>if so</b>
<b>you might see</b>
<b>an amazing exhibit</b>
<b>a piece cultivated in the lab</b>
<b>Understanding your own beating heart muscle</b>
<b>Heart muscle cell sheets</b>
<b>You</b>
<b>What are these heart muscle cell sheets for</b>
<b>They are for treating a heart disease called ischemic cardiomyopathy</b>
<b>When heart muscle dies due to lack of blood</b>
<b>Doctors can use this vibrant heart cell sheet</b>
<b>Like a patch, applied directly on the failing heart</b>
<b>Helping it restore its pumping function</b>
<b>According to Mr. Murakami, a Japanese medical reporter tracking this tech long-term</b>
<b>This therapy has completed clinical trials</b>
<b>It might apply for approval from the Japanese government as soon as Q4 2025</b>
<b>Will officially apply for approval</b>
<b>Think about this concept</b>
<b>It</b>
<b>But a major medical breakthrough that could happen within a year</b>
<b>Why can it develop so quickly</b>
<b>From lab concept to expo exhibit</b>
<b>To being ready to apply as a formal therapy</b>
<b>The answer is Japan recently opened an unprecedented hospital</b>
<b>Solving the mass production problem of iPS cells</b>
<b>Located at My iPS Manufacturing in Osaka</b>
<b>Behind this project, aside from Professor Yamanaka</b>
<b>Is also a super influential person</b>
<b>Who we</b>
<b>Uniqlo Chairman</b>
<b>Mr. Tadashi Yanai</b>
<b>It</b>
<b>But a generous donation of 500 million yen annually</b>
<b>To support the operation of this manufacturing site</b>
<b>Mr. Yanai once said a powerful statement</b>
<b>He said at a press conference</b>
<b>This isn</b>
<b>It</b>
<b>To showcase to the world</b>
<b>How Japanese companies contribute to society and humanity</b>
<b>Okay</b>
<b>So how impressive is this manufacturing site</b>
<b>Why is it a game changer</b>
<b>Let</b>
<b>Then you’ll understand</b>
<b>Previously, making induced pluripotent stem cells</b>
<b>Was custom-made for each person</b>
<b>Costing around 50 million yen</b>
<b>Equivalent to several million HKD, taking six months</b>
<b>Relying on highly skilled researchers</b>
<b>All manually done</b>
<b>Like creating a piece of art</b>
<b>Now in My iPS Manufacturing</b>
<b>They can achieve</b>
<b>Cost, aiming to reduce it significantly to about 1 million yen</b>
<b>Around 60,000 HKD</b>
<b>Wow, from 3 million to 60,000</b>
<b>And the time reduced from six months</b>
<b>Rapidly shortened to three weeks</b>
<b>Production relies on this the most</b>
<b>Its annual output can produce iPS cells for 1000 people</b>
<b>From six months down to three weeks</b>
<b>From 3 million to 60,000</b>
<b>This isn’t just a leap in numbers</b>
<b>It means iPS therapies finally overcome time and cost barriers</b>
<b>Officially moving from unreachably advanced medical treatments</b>
<b>To having a chance to materialize</b>
<b>And reach ordinary people</b>
<b>Alright</b>
<b>With banks and factories</b>
<b>What diseases can we actually treat</b>
<b>The answer is yes</b>
<b>And it’s ongoing</b>
<b>For heart disease</b>
<b>Scientists have developed heart muscle cells that can beat</b>
<b>Like a bandage</b>
<b>Applied to failing hearts</b>
<b>This therapy may apply for government approval in Japan this year</b>
<b>Another is Parkinson’s</b>
<b>Replacing brain cells with new dopamine cells</b>
<b>Also aiming to apply for approval this year</b>
<b>But its greatest progress</b>
<b>Most affects all of us</b>
<b>As we age</b>
<b>Most people will face problems</b>
<b>With our eyes</b>
<b>In 2014, it successfully transformed stem cells into healthy retinal cells</b>
<b>Implanted in a patient with age-related macular degeneration</b>
<b>An age-related macular degeneration patient</b>
<b>By last year, 2020</b>
<b>Good news for treating eye diseases kept coming</b>
<b>A team in Kobe successfully used iPS</b>
<b>iPS cells created these retinal photoreceptors</b>
<b>Transplanted to three patients with a tough eye disease</b>
<b>Retinitis Pigmentosa</b>
<b>Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa</b>
<b>One patient showed noticeable vision improvement</b>
<b>And cells survived for a year without severe side effects</b>
<b>No severe side effects</b>
<b>Meanwhile, a team in Osaka</b>
<b>Made corneal tissue from iPS cells</b>
<b>Transplanted to four patients with Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency</b>
<b>Patients with Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency</b>
<b>Restoring their vision for normal life</b>
<b>From lab to clinic</b>
<b>iPS cells have taken nearly 20 years</b>
<b>A Nobel Prize-worthy invention</b>
<b>Step by step towards practicality</b>
<b>In the near future</b>
<b>We, who love visiting Japan</b>
<b>Might include iPS treatments in our travel plans</b>
<b>On our travel itinerary</b>
<b>We must also remember</b>
<b>Creating iPS cells is just the first step</b>
<b>How to teach them obediently</b>
<b>to become specific organ cells</b>
<b>a completely unsolved black box</b>
<b>But the completion of Osaka's MyIPS facility</b>
<b>seems like a new milestone</b>
<b>indicates we are living in</b>
<b>an era witnessing medical miracles</b>
<b>Extending healthy life until</b>
<b>our last day</b>
<b>we live with health and dignity</b>
<b>This ultimate goal of medicine</b>
<b>because iPS cells</b>
<b>seem really closer</b>
<b>This reminds me of</b>
<b>our program name YOLO, You Only Live Once</b>
<b>We used to say YOLO</b>
<b>means life is only once</b>
<b>Live it wonderfully</b>
<b>But with the emergence of iPS cells</b>
<b>might bring a new definition to living once</b>
<b>It's not about living 200, 300 years</b>
<b>but in our limited lifespan</b>
<b>live healthier</b>
<b>more quality</b>
<b>more dignity</b>
<b>Perhaps the true meaning of YOLO</b>
<b>is not the length of life</b>
<b>but the breadth and depth of life</b>
<b>And Yamanaka Factors</b>
<b>are a key to help us</b>
<b>expand the breadth of life</b>
<b>Alright</b>
<b>Today's YOLO Street share ends here</b>
<b>Hope after listening</b>
<b>you become more curious and hopeful</b>
<b>about this field full of possibilities</b>
<b>Bye Bye</b>
