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Embedded Systems and Design & Development - Feb 26, 2026 | Morning | VisionAstraa EV Academy

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Summary

Core Theme

This content details the critical characteristics and design considerations for electric vehicle (EV) motors, emphasizing the transition from theoretical understanding to practical application through simulation and adherence to industry standards.

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Good morning to you all.

I welcome you all for this session. So

hope so you are all good and uh so shall

we continue the session. So yesterday we

were discussing about that uh motor

right BLC motor and uh hope so you guys

might have understood like everything

like uh fine and uh you might have gone

through some facts and these things over

the evening also. So maybe I'll give

some 5 to 10 minutes like for general

discussion like uh do you have any

doubts regarding like yesterday's

session because still today's session is

going to involve more about design of

that motor. So maybe you can just uh go

through whatever we have learned

yesterday and uh if you have any queries

regarding that yesterday session I'll

give some five minutes time you can just

So yesterday I was telling right uh one

query is support like PM M DC and PMSM

that is brushless DC motor and permanent

manual synchronous machine. As I told

yesterday there is no significance

difference between uh significant

difference between a BLC motor or a PMSM.

PMSM.

But if you see the profile of the BLC

motor and PMSM with respect to its back

EMF BLC motors back EMF is trapezoidal

whereas your PMSM is pure sinosodal. So

that is the only difference. Apart from

that the construction or working

principle nothing varies. Okay. Both are

efficient and uh both can serve your

purpose but only thing is that the back

MF of BLC motor will be a sinus

trapezoidal. So because of that we call

it as a DC motor and whereas in the case

of PMSM it will be like pure sinosodal.

So we call it as an AC machine. So that

No as per rotor and stator configuration

might be they show some changes in uh

winding arrangement that also it is

negligible so they don't do much changes

uh maybe you can tell like the properly

wounded or properly manufactured

brushless DC motor can be called as a

PMSM you can take it in that aspect also

so the winding arrangement mainly so

based upon the winding arrangement only

they actually differ between uh BLC and

PMS but other than that the facts and

factuals of both are same only one. Yeah.

Yeah. So in that case I think uh

I have sh

answered the queries so far they have

asked for and now I'm just proceeding

with uh the session. So last class we

are seeing about the types of motor and

uh and the motors which are just

practically used for traction

application and uh what sort of uh

motors will be used for uh EV

application and in that we shortlisted

that PLC motor and PMSM could be a

better motor for that and we saw the

construction and working construction of

the BLC motor how do it varies with

different types of configuration and we

also saw about the working principle.

How do they work with the with the help

of uh power electronic drive circuit

with the help of power electronic drive

circuit? How it is electronically

commutated and how the electronic

computation is transferred in the form

of uh rotation? How the speed and

direction and the braking can be applied

by means of that power electronic

converter. And we also saw about like

what is the speedr characteristics of

that motor. And uh finally we concluded

with the performance analysis by

comparing its merits and demerits and we

saw a setback in a BLC motor because of

its uh permanent magnet arrangement that

is cogging torque. Right now I'm just uh

going to the next stage. This is these

are the characteristics of a EV motor.

Okay. Now you are specifically going to

design a motor for EV application.

Right. Now we are we know about the

motor what we are going to choose and

how it is working and these things. Now

we are going to parameterize that

particular motor to our EV application.

Okay. Why we have to parameterize that

because we need to understand for which

character station how it behaves and

what are the parameters should be taken

into an account and we have to control

it. then only we can construct the drive

circuit accordingly and we can program

through our microcontroller unit so that

it will work fine. So this is what the

connections uh I I'm repeatedly telling.

So whatever you are learning right it is

not you you cannot just like that say

like it is not related to

microcontrollers or these things. See

microcontroller is just a processor.

Okay, that processor has some addresses

and some registers from timing timing

frequencies and these things right. So

that we are not going to build a ar

architecture for that microprocessor.

Instead what we are going to do is that

we are trying to explore it and whatever

there inside how we are going to make

use of it for an EV application. In that

aspect only we are taking the sessions

right. So

now I can say the par. So for that

reason only now we are getting into that

characteristic of that EV motor and we

will go into the design aspect of EV

motors also. And finally in today's uh

afternoon session we will be seeing

about the control drive system and it's

how it is controlled using a micro drive

through a simulation uh thing. If time

permits, if time permits in the morning

session, we will also be seeing about

the design I will just show an

introduction to multifysics tool of

motor design. Right? So this is a plan

of today and first coming to the

characteristics of the motor. First

thing is winding and it is measured in

turns per phase. So what is the meaning

of winding? Winding refers to the number

of coil turns per phase and the phase configuration.

configuration.

Okay. Okay. And the phase configuration

then bas for example if it is

singlephase or three-phase for one

particular phase how many turns you are

keeping. So that is actually the coil

turns you are giving that is actually a

winding. It affects the torque speed

resistance and voltage rating of the

motor. So for example if you are placing

a winding okay that winding you'll be

placing in such a way that your slot

area of the BLC motor should be filled.

Okay. So what is the slot area of the

BLC motor means if I am I while while

designing right I I will just show you

the slot area is the gap between the two

teeth two T stata teeth you will be

having slot. So that slot has to be

filled okay with the winding completely.

So in order to fill that winding you may

have different choices. For example, you

can take a thin wire and make more

number of turns or thick wire with less

number of turns. Okay. So in this in

this aspect, if you are going to wind

with respect to the thickness and the

length of the conductor, it will show a

direct effect on torque and its speed.

Okay. As you have higher thicker thicker

wires, your resistance of the

uh coil will be lesser. So that it will

it can handle more number of current.

Okay. So the winding whichever you are

choosing it should be a wise one and

that winding will directly show the

effect over the speed and torque of the

motor and you well you are well known

like from yesterday's class like speed

and torque are the only output parameter

of the motor. Other than that you don't

have any output parameter of the motor.

So you characterize the motor and you

evaluate the efficiency of the motor

based upon the speed and torque on it.

So this winding is a very crucial part

which is affecting the performance of

the motor with respect to torque and

speed. Okay. And moreover if you are

fixing in a voltage my my operating

wtage of the system is this much only

for that much voltage there is a class

and standard to fix the thickness of the

winding. so that it can handle this much

amount of current. So that is very very

very important aspect. So that is the

first characteristics and the next

characteristic is motor torque constant.

So anybody heard the term called motor

torque constant till now can anybody

define like what is motor torque

constant? Actually the motor torque

constant and motor velocity constant are

the were the key factors of

characterizing a motor. But generally we

don't define it in our syllabus. For

example, if you're studying any

electrical machines or something related

to that, we don't generally see about

these uh definitions. We generally see

about winding, power, speed, torque,

these things. Whereas the torque

constant and velocity constant. Whether

anybody can define what is torque constant.

Just if you could do just define it in

Okay, it's so generally you you use in

the calculation as a constant but you

don't know the definition. Correct. So

that is actually correct only because uh

unless and until you get into a design

and you are fixing the values you don't

know about these factors. So just from

today you should not tell you don't know

this because I'm going to defend it now.

What is a motor torque constant? Motor

torque constant means the torque

produced per ampere of current supplied

to the motor. When you are applying only

1 ampere to the motor at that particular

time a first twisting force will happen

and first torque will come. No, that is

called as the motor constant torque.

Okay, you should not apply more current.

You you have to apply only 1 amp of

current. at that time how much amount of

torque it is producing that is actually

the KT okay that is called as torque

constant okay so higher the KT you'll be

getting more torque for the same current

if you are choosing the motor torque

constant to be higher obviously your

torque will increase for the same current

current

so this is the thing okay so this is the

definition of motor torque constant in

the motor if you're giving only 1 ampere

the motor will give us torque and that

torque is called as the

constant torque motor torque constant KT

this is actually very very crucial in

the design part of the motor okay so if

you see here motor velocity constant so

what is motor velocity constant it is

the speed when you apply one volt to the motor

motor

when you apply one volt with no Under no

load condition if you are applying okay

one volt okay 1 volt in that one volt

only you will be getting certain

velocity that is speed okay if you are

applying one volt and you are able to

get one speed that speed is called as

the motor velocity constant okay that

indicates that a higher speed lower

torque motor if if kv is higher that is

velocity constant is higher that

indicates higher speed at lower torque.

Okay. So high speeded motor with low

torque. So if you want to increase your

speed and reduce your torque, you have

to increase the ratio of KV high.

Whereas if you want to increase your

motor torque or if you want to design a

motor with high starting torque, then

you have to concentrate on KT. So these

are the two different constant that is

very very very very important for

designing aspects of the motor that is

very very crucial and it is very very

important for designing these things. So

today you understood these two constant

and this is very very important

based upon that KT also you can fix your

own speed as well as your torque. Okay.

So based upon your KT and KV only you

can fix your speed and torque and

accordingly you can optimize your design

parameters also. So this can be done

either way you can fix your speed and

torque and actually you can obtain your

torque constant or velocity constant or

if you want to require KT and KV

accordingly if you want to fix your

speed and torque accordingly also you

can just go optimize your design and

come back. So anything can be done right

now coming to the next parameter nominal

power. It is the continuous mechanical

power the motor can deliver safely

without overheating under rated

condition. If you are appro uh I think

you understood this concept. So you are

operating a motor under rated condition.

Okay. then also it will be able to

deliver a constant power without

overheating that that power is called as

the nominal power. So to be in a safe

side what you can say is that nominal

power is the safe operating power zone

of the motor. So that is the next point

and the next point is maximum

instantaneous power. It is the peak

power the motor can deliver for a short duration.

duration.

Short duration means what? during any

acceleration or any overload without damage.

damage.

Okay. Though the motor is subjected to

sudden acceleration or any overload then

also the motor can give a peak power for

a short duration without damaging the

constructional or performance aspect of

the motor. In that power is called as

the maximum instantaneous power. This

kindly note down this power is

applicable for only short duration not

for more duration. If you are operating

the same at the same power for more

duration that will spoil the motor. So

the main key point you have to

understand in this definition is that

that short duration. Okay.

power supply. Somebody asked a question.

The torque constant is divided by the

ratio of torque produced by the motor to

the current flowing through it. Uh

actually that definition is correct only

but it is not torque produced by a motor

to the current to the to 1 ampere of

current that is actually very you have

to be very specific. Pervat has answered

so I'm just answering his query. So you

are uh you are mentioning like uh

produced by a motor to the current

flowing through it. It is not to the

current flowing through it. It is it is

a fixed current that is 1 ampere. You

have to mention it is 1 amp. Then it is

your definition is correct. Next I'm

just continuing with this session. Power

supply of the voltage. So you know that

the rated DC or AC voltage required to

operate the motor efficiently and

safely. So that is the power supply

wtage. Next one maximum continuous

current. So what is the meaning of

maximum continuous current? The maximum

current the motor can carry continuously

without exceeding the thermal limit. So

the currents output is thermal thermal

only. If your current is going to be

more it will exhibit its losses by means

of heat. So that too in a current

carrying conductor whenever the current

is higher at that particular point it

exhibits its its losses by means of

heat. So you will get more a number of

heat. So what you have to check with the

maximum current. The maximum current is

the the motor can carry continuously

without exceeding the thermal limits of

the winding. So that is the maximum

current continuous current definition.

Next wheel speed for a diameter. Okay.

What is the meaning of wheel speed for

diameter? Its unit is kilometer per hour

for each 1 volt of power supply. It is

the unit of this. So this will also be

new for you. Okay. So wheel speed for a

diameter. What is the wheel speed of

diameter? The vehicle's linear speed

obtained for each hold applied. Okay. So

considering the wheel diameter. It links

motor speed to the wheel vehicle speed.

Okay. It actually links the motor speed

to the vehicle speed. Okay. So you are

just applying a 1 volt 2 volt 3 volt

linearly. Okay. So for each volt how

many how many displacement it is showing

how much displacement it is showing.

Okay. So that is called as wheel speed

for a diameter actually it actually

tries to relates or links motor speed to

the vehicle speed. So this concept is

also maybe new to you. This is actually

exclusively done for electric vehicle

application. Okay. Whatever motor used

for traction application. Next torque.

So yesterday we have defined talk. So

what is

just comment in comment in your chat box

I'm just waiting for your answer. Define

Torque is a measure of the rotation

force that causes

and object to rotate or to

Torque is the measure of a force

tendency to cause an object to rotate.

Rotate, twist around or a specific. See,

everybody is using the term object. It

doesn't object. Okay. Tar doesn't

object. Okay.

Okay. So, torque doesn't object any your

force. Okay. It actually tries to

overcome the

uh forces that is acting opposing to the

rotor. So objection is not a right term

to be used.

Okay. So to be very precise I'm getting

some good answers. So to be very precise

torque is the rotational force produced

by the motor shaft. Okay. So with

respect to vehicle system if you try to

define the rotational force produced by

the motor shaft. Okay. The first initial

twist after overcoming all the opposing

force acting on the motor to stop its

rotation. Okay. So we can tell in that

way. So if you if the next question here

is if I am telling it is a higher torque

that means what? with respect to weight

with respect to vehicle. If I'm putting

a motor inside a vehicle and I'm telling

my vehicle has a high torque that means

with respect to vehicle what I'm trying

I repeat my question. So if I am telling

my vehicle has a high high starting

torque high torque maybe leave starting

torque also let us say high torque okay

that means

what I am trying to quantify my in my vehicle

so I'm getting few answers

low speed high capacity

speed is less decreases speed low speed

something like that you are relating

torque with speed and I'm telling you

are telling the answer but what I am

asking is I see ah some question some

answer is coming here pull more load yes

good right so if I am telling I am

having high torque means with respect to

vehicle system what I'm trying to

quantify is it gives better acceleration

and load carrying capability. That is it

can handle better acceleration. What is

the meaning of acceleration? Whenever

you are bringing your motor to

deceleration and I am trying to start

that is called as acceleration. So when

your motor is running and your vehicle

is running and you're bringing it to a

stand still again you are starting it

immediately means that is acceleration.

So if you have a high torque you'll be

having higher acceleration and if you

carry load also it will try to pull the

weight. So that is the main advantage. I

got certain answers correctly. Very

good. Thank you. Next I'm going to

speed. Speed is the rotational speed of

the motor. So it is nothing but a revol

revolutions per minute. How many

revolutions the motor is the rotor is

doing per minute.

Next the weight that is the total mass

of the motor influencing the vehicle

efficiency, handling and payload

capacity. So that is the total weight of

the motor. Next hall sensor. The

position sensor that is used in BLC

motor to detect what? Hall sensor is

I am shooting a question. A hall sensor

Yes, correct. Rotar position. Okay. So

the all sensor is a position sensor that

is used in BLC motor to detect rotar

position for proper electronic

computation and speed control. So to in

order to provide proper electronic

commutation and to control its speed we

actually require the hall sensor to

sense the rotor position. Very good. I'm

getting I'm getting good answers. That

means uh I think you have uh gone

through the yesterday's session nicely.

Thank you for that. And next finally the

number of pairs number of magnets in

pairs that is it represents the number

of magnetic pole pairs on the rottor.

Okay. So based upon the number of

magnets what is the parameter that will

show influence or shows effects is that

motor speed torque ripple and electrical

frequency. So based on the number of uh

magnets you'll be getting these things

only. So these are the clear

characteristics of a EV motor. If you

know if you are defining a motor or you

are designing a motor you have to

characterize these parameters then only

you will be achieving a proper electric

vehicle motor. Right? So this is the

simple definitions of all the things. So

if you have any doubts you may just ask

at this session or else we will move

Next slide. So just I'm moving to the

next slide.

the slide. So this is electro mechanical

system. Okay. As I said what is a motor?

A motor will convert electrical energy

to mechanical energy. Right. So now what

I'm going to do is I'm just going to

analyze the system. So let us take the

first in first system as the input

system that is electrical system. See

what are the things involved in

electrical systems are electric circuits

and the circuit components such as

inductance in a coil and these things.

Correct. In in a motor the electrical

component which is present in the motor

is only one thing that is coil. Other

than that there is no electrical

component present inside it only the

coil and you're going to send the

current through that coil only and

you're going to create that magnetic

field rotating magnetic field so it

should be alternating north south north

south like that it should be alternating

and that is called as RMF rotating

magnetic field it should be rotating

that is it should be alternating so the

current through the coil should be

changing from equal uh with time to time

equally then only the north south will

be rotating right. So I have to send

only AC supply. So only the current

component, electrical component present

in the motor is this electric circuit

such as inductance in a coil. Right?

Whatever you are having now in the coil

that is the only parameter.

Okay. So next what are the quantities

are there in an electrical system? Only

two quantities wtages and current. Okay.

Whatever you have if you if you see the

electrical terminologies you can define

with respect to its voltage and current.

there is no measurable quantities that

in an electrical system. Okay. So other

quantities will be the derivative or the

product or the derivative of this uh

voltages and currents only. So whether I

can compute this wtage and current. Yes,

you can compute this voltage and current

using circuit equations or Kirchov's

voltage law or Kchov's current law. You

can find the unknown parameters or these

things. Okay. What if I don't know this

KVL and KCL and the circuit loss. What

you will do in the very first session I

told you right you can measure the

voltages and currents through the

appropriate meters. To measure the

voltage you can use a voltmeter or a

clamp meter or you can use a multimeter.

And uh for measuring current you can

measure a use ameter or a multimeter. So

using those things you can measure.

Okay. Correct. This is an electrical

system. Now you are going to give input

as this system and that is being

converted by the motor to this system

that is mechanical system. So the

mechanical system involves mechanically

movable parts such as a plunger in a

linear actuator and a rotor in a

rotating electrical machine. So if you

see rottor is the rotating electrical

machine and that is a movable part and

that is the mechanical system. Other

than that we don't have mechanical

system in a motor. Now the system what

are the quantities present in this

mechanical system. One is position the

other one is speed and acceleration.

Okay. Okay. Whether we can compute these

things position speed and acceleration.

Yes. How we can compute by using force

or torque equation by Newton's law. You

we have predefined equations. By using

that equations what you can do you can

just put the unknown parameters or you

can give the input parameters and you

can predict what could be your output.

These things can be done. Okay. Okay.

Now if I don't know this equation

whether I can find these things. Yes.

Still you can find these things. How you

can find? You may know you may known to

tachometer and you can know

accelerometer. You have like uh taco

generator right and encoders and many

types of sensors to mention this speed

position acceleration many sensors for

example position you are using al sensor

right. So like this you have a number of

measuring quantities also. So from these

two systems if you check electrical

system and mechanical system you have

certain quantities and those quantities

can be parameterized and that parameters

can be either computed through equations

or it can be measured through any

measuring devices. Okay but if you are

going to concentrate on the design

aspect of your motor these two systems

are not involved. You have a

intermediate system before the

electrical system is going to take a

phase of mechanical system. It takes a

intermediate system called magnetic system.

system.

Okay. If you are going to optimize or

design a motor in the design aspect, you

have to study about this magnetic system

only because your electrical system is

the input and your mechanical system is

your output. You are given an input. You

are gi you you are given by the input by

means of energy sources and you are

given the constraints as an output by

means of the wheel speed vehicle speed.

Now where you have to play with the game

is you have to play with this magnetic

system only as a designer. As a designer

you are going to play with this magnetic

system only. So what are the s what what

is there in that system? It is nothing

but magnetic field in the core and the

argap your magnetic field you are

creating right? You're creating a two

magnets and between that a small line

will go that is magnetic lines right

that magnetic lines is called as the

magnetic field that is where that is

what there in this magnetic system what

is flowing in this magnetic system what

is the quantity flowing it is nothing

but magnetic flux

okay it is nothing but magnetic flux

okay now can I calculate this magnetic flux

flux

Can I measure this magnetic flux? You

can you can see the voltages and current

through a meter here. Okay, this is the

you can using the certain meters you can

measure the speed and torque also. Okay,

so you can also use equations to find

the unknown parameters. But what is the

challenge in this magnetic system is

either you cannot compute the parameters

or you can measure the parameters or you

can physically see the parameters. But

the challenge is you have to fix this

parameter. You have to make it as a

constant and you have to design and

optimize based upon these values only.

Isn't this looking challenging to design

a motor?

So this is what we are going to see like

with which aspect you are going to check

these systems what is there in the

system how you are going to take the

input and how you are going to derive at

an output by optimizing this system

so this is what we are going to follow

in the upcoming session right so I'm

just giving a break of 2 minutes so

because few students are asking for it

so just 2 minutes break. It is a short

break because if you are coming soon we

can go into more topic. So that is the

after that we I'll just join the you can

uh we'll continue with the session. I'll

be here only. If you can if you have any

doubts you can just ask the questions in

the chat box. Meanwhile I will answer

for it. After 2 minutes gap we will

So yes, I think we continue.

Okay. So there are a few questions sir

design-wise how all these are compacted

for example we can see the BLC fan which

are same size for traditional fans.

Yeah. Yes you can that yesterday I said

no. So this is the beauty of actually

brushless DC motor by just increasing

the strength of your magnet you may

achieve uh maximum speed and these

things because they are electronically

commutated by electronically computation

you can just pull out all sort of

things. The only thing is first thing is

you need to fix on your application that

I will actually go with the flow you may

just follow the sessions

you can answer. So they you are asking

for why you are not sharing the notes. I

cannot share the notes. The sharing

notes will be through the proper

channel. I can share it to them. That is

what I told you. I will share to the

team and you can uh give uh I am not

having any you don't have any group

right? I am not in the group. So I can

share the LinkedIn profile. I'll just

show you once the session is over. I'll

just show my thing. Okay? You can just

follow me there and these things, right?

So I'm just uh maybe I will discuss with

the team and I will let you know how to

share the notes and these things. Right.

This is actually a electrical circuit

and now we are going to study the about

electromagnetics. Okay. We are going to

see the electromagnetics. They said no

in uh magnetic system there are

parameters those parameters cannot be

measured or it cannot be visualized or

it cannot be computed. But how we are

going to play in that? Okay. How we are

going to play in this that we are just

going to compare the electrical system

or the mechanical system.

Generally we will compare with the input

only. So it is electric circuit. So the

electric circuit is being now compared

with the magnetic circuit. So let us

check what are the parameters how it is

getting related. So the first parameter

is emf electromagnetic

force electromagnet force that is

circulates in a closed path. Similarly

in a magnetic circuit it is so it is

called as magneto motive force mmf. So

the emf here is related with the mmf

here. Okay. So by means of achieving

this much of emf I just come to a

conclusion like my mmf would be of this

much amount of quantity. So that is the

thing flow of current is opposed by

resistance in this electric circuit

whereas the flow of current here it is

opposed through reluctance.

Okay. So I said no wherever minimum

resistance is there. Okay. Wherever

minimum resistance is there your current

will flow in this path. Similarly here

the current is related with flux. Okay.

So wherever minimum reluctance is there

at that point the flux will flow. So the

only thing what you want to understand

is that you are you will be able to

measure this resistance current and

current density. So by means of

measuring this current you should be in

a position to correct your flux.

So that is the thing you can do. So you

cannot directly measure your flux or

compute. Instead by means of current you

can actually check it.

Okay. So by means of this thing you can

actually check it. So that is what we

are going to do in this design aspect.

Okay. So the resistance in the electric

circuit is related with the reluctance.

The current in the electric circuit is

related with the flux. Current density

is related with flux density. So these

are the three main parameters in the

electric as well as the magnetic

circuit. So these are the similarities.

So what are the dissimilarities? Okay.

See here this is what I was telling in

electric circuit the current actually

flows. Whereas in magnetic circuit flux

does not flow. It is assumed to flow.

Okay. It is we have to assume by means

of this current. If your current value

is 5 amp, you obviously equate it with

the flux. Okay. When current lows, the

energy spent, the energy is spent

continuously. Whereas the energy is

needed only to create the flux but not

to maintain it. Okay? Whatever energy is

required is to just to create flux. You

cannot you need not maintain it. Okay?

Whereas here you have to continuously

check with the current flow current

flow. So that is the dissimilarity. Next

resistance. Resistance is independent of

current strength. Okay. So whereas here

if you see the reluctance it is totally

depending upon the total flex and its

density of the material. So in the

magnetic circuit in what I'm trying to

say is in electric circuit if you see

the electric circuit and magnetic

circuit similarity and dissimilarity it

is very simple. What it is means

electric parameters which is not

dependent upon the materials or the

materials or the component. Okay, that

are similarities whereas the electric

circuit parameters which is actually

depending upon the material or the core

or the core they show dissimilarity. So

because magnetic circuit is depending

upon the material which is being used

whereas electric circuit parameters are

not independent of the materials which

is being used. So this is the thing you

can understand by which you by which you

can understand the similarities and the

dissimilarities being followed between

electric circuit and the magnetic circuit.

circuit.

Right. Next

then how I can analyze the electromagnetic

electromagnetic

electromagnetic system because I cannot

measure it or I cannot compute it. So

how I can actually measure okay how I

can measure is that by means of this

simulation tools. Okay that is called as

FEA tools or FEM tools or multifysics

tools. So it it has actually two 2D and

3D model for mano statics time harmonic

transient or transient with motion

analysis you can do that sort of

analysis and you can compute the values.

Similarly it provides accurate finite

solutions for finite element measures.

So this is these are the things that a

multifysics tool can do. So what are the

multifysics tools available? First

answer is magnet motor XP Maxwell Jmac

motor XP

speed EMD tool motor sol

motor vizard opera flux motor quick

field motor RM expert. So these are the

tools which are available

for to analyze the multifysics operation

that is the FEA finite element analysis

can be performed using these tool

whereas you can find the multifysics uh

solutions for magnetic system study of

the motor. Okay. Apart from that you

also have FEM FEMM. Okay. So that is

actually a opensource tool for this that

will be good for analyzing this thing

also. You may note it down. FEMM that is

a open-source finite element tool for

motor design that is a opensource tool

but since that is a opensource you may

find some bugs or some certain

difficulties in designing the motor but

anyhow for learning phase that would be

a good thing right

what results it will give okay so like

this you can find results of a motor so

what are the output it will give through

the simulation tool what we can get

First total magnetic stored energy and

co-energy the energy total amount of magnetic

magnetic

magnetic energy stored as a energy and

co-energy can be studied. Next force and

torque on each body. Okay on each body

you can check the force and its torque.

Next flux linking each coil whether the

flux is flowing in all the coils if that

can be analyzed using this tool. Next

omic loss in each conducting component.

How much amount of losses will be there

in the conducting components that is

omic omic losses. Next you can also find

ion loss for each enabled component and

finally current in each coil and circuit

components. So these are the things you

can actually derive from the you can

actually visualize or we can obtain from

the finite element tools. Okay. So these

are the multifysics tools. This these

are the tools used for simulating the

motor design. By motor design simulation

only you'll be able to compute whether

you are designing a optimized motor or

not. So this is a small information I

would like to give to you.

Next before going into design a motor

what you have to consider okay what are

the things you have to consider as a

designer. Now now I am bringing you into

a role of design engineers. Okay. So

first thing what you have to do is you

have to follow the regulations and

standards given by government and any

other authorized organization. First

thing you have to stick on to the

regulations and standards. And the next

thing is OEM that is original equipment

manufacturer. Original equipment

manufacturer means they are the one who

are just manufacturing your design.

Okay. That is they are the actual owner

for your knowledge. Okay. For your

knowledge they are the owner. Okay. They

are only going to make it as a prototype

and they are going to sell. So whatever

constraints they are giving that also

should be in your mind. Next finally the

consumer. Okay. Though you are stick on

to the OEM standards and regulations you

also should see the comfort level and

the safety level of the consumer. So as

a designer you have to balance these

three things equally. One is first

priority is regulations and standards.

Second priority the one who is funding

for you to design it and finally the one

who is going to get benefited from from

your product. So all the three points

should be in a triangle. Okay. At which

point all the three is connected you

have to go in for third point. So that

is actually very very important for a

designer. Next homologgation. So what is

homologgation means? After any designing

process you have to go in for

homologgation. Homologgation means

approvals required for the vehicles

prior to the marketing. Okay. Be before

bringing into your product into

marketing or sales you have to perform

homologations. Homologgations means

test. You are performing certain test

and it has to be test validated. So that

is called as that procedure is called as

a homologgation. Where do you do this

allegations? There are many agencies in

India. Okay. One is International Center

for Automotive Technology IAT. Next one

is GAR, Global Automotive Research

Center. Third one is National Automotive

Test Tracks, NATRAS. And finally,

National Institute for Automotive

Inspection, Maintenance and Training. In

short, it is called as NI AD. Okay. So,

these are the organizations, government

organizations within India to certify

your products. Okay. Either it is going

to be a um inverter circuit or it is

going to be a rectifier circuit or it is

going to be a charger or it is going to

be a battery or any BMS system or any

motor. You need when you are going to

take that particular product into the

vehicle system you need to go in for

home education agencies and you have to

get certified then only your product

will be certified and it will be ready

for sales and marketing.

Next, what are the regulations you have

to follow? Standards and regulation you

have to follow. In India, the first

thing is central motor vehicle rules.

Okay, that is the vehicle rules because

you are going to fix in your motor to

that uh vehicle application only. So,

you have to first check with the central

motor vehicle rule CVM VR. Next, AR AI

that is automotive research association

of India. So what do they do? They do

component approval, component fitting

into vehicle, system approval, whole

vehicle take approval. Okay. So type

approval. There are many your vehicle is

coming under which type? Okay. Light

vehicle or heavy vehicle. Based upon

that they will give whole vehicle type

approval also. So based upon why you

need to see these things. Okay. Now you

are going to design a motor. Okay. Or a

inverter or a battery. Why I need to go

for these things? Because for designing

anything first thing you have to keep in

your mind is application.

So for which application you are

actually going to design a product or

design a circuit that is very very

important because I will I will always

tell this word in the world you can

design the best motor. Best motor okay

but that if you are taking that motor

and if you are putting into any

application for that application that

motor can go zero also. Are you getting

my point? You may design a bit best

inverter circuit. Okay. But if I take

that inverter and if I'm putting to

controll a motor that may be 0% inverter

also because based upon your application

only the performance of that particular

component is there. You have to always

take in your mind.

Is that clear? So I think few students

are writing it. If you want to write you

just mention in the chat box. I'll keep

the slide for a hold.

Okay. So anyhow you you you can make a

note no issues. Next the second point

that is Bureau of India in Indian Indian

Standards BAS and automotive industry

standards AS. Okay. So you have to study

these standards. Okay. Because even if

you are fixing a coil, even if you're

fixing the rating of the machine, that

should be compatible with the

regulations and standards in the

standard books published. Okay. So what

you have to refer? So this is that AIS038

AIS038

revised version 1 2015 and AMD1. This

will be keep on changing but thing is

that you have to keep with this in mind. AIS038

AIS038

what it actually delivers? It delivers

electric powertrain vehicles

construction and functional safety

requirement. What are the construction

and safety power safety requirements?

Next A03T also specifies this specific

requirements for electric power trains

of vehicle. Okay. Specific requirements

for electric powertrain. Powertrain

means your drive system with along with

your motor microcontrol unit everything

electric powertrain of vehicles. In that

part one tells about requirements of

vehicle with regard to specific

requirements for electric powertrain and

part two tells the requirements of

rechargeable electric energy storage

system. Okay, with regard to its safety.

So these are the standards you have to

go type in. This will be available in

from the government of India source

itself. So you can just download it and

you you can see like if my motor is

going to be of this much rating what

sort of winding I should use how much

amount of current can be allowed

everything is there. Okay. So you can

just go through it and you can fix it

the input parameters for your motor

design. Right. Next categories of the

power train whether it is a light medium

or night. So L MN based upon the

categories of powertrain also you can

classify L M and N based upon which your

your vehicle is going to actually fall

either it can be L category or M

category or N category right.

So just reply whether you are writing

What are the consideration you have to

be take into point before designing a

motor? Okay. So, first thing is vehicle

characteristics. Okay. Vehicle

characterist means what are the things

that is coming into that vehicle

characteristics? Size, weight, overload

and aerodynamics are crucial vehicle

characteristics. Okay. It ultimately

defines what? It defines the speed,

torque and power requirement of the

electric motor. So what is the power

requirement of the electric motor is

decided by the vehicle characteristics

only. So how much how the vehicle design

is going to be based upon that you

should find how much pulling capacity is

required. Based upon that only you can

fix with the speed, torque and power

requirement of the electric motor. Okay.

It also helps to understand the effect

of operating condition of the vehicle

where it is going to be the vehicle is

going to be operated. Based upon that

only you are not you can actually decide

which type of motor and you can go for

your design of the motor. Okay. Next

finally the essential to selection the

right powertrain. What type of

powertrain that is powertrain means what

type of motor what type of motor you are

going to fix in that also you have to

fix in within based upon the vehicle characteristics.

characteristics.

Next driving cycle. So what is a driving

cycle? Driving cycle is very very

important for electric vehicle design.

So what is a driving cycle means it is a

driving pattern of a zone. Okay. So it

is generally the plot between time and

speed. Okay. That speed is for 24 hours

or something. It will be for different

cycles. 30,000 cycle 76,000 some cycles

from the flight. Okay. It is actually

the driving pattern captured from

different vehicles and they made it as a

dry cycle. So if you are going to give

the drive cycle as an input it actually

gives the real time validation for the

system. So this is what the dry cycle

will give. How is the vehicle being used

is also very important. What will be the

what will be the usual drive cycles of

the vehicle. Will it be driven in an

urban area with many stops or will it be

driven with a long distances with only

few stops. So these are the inputs that

will be given that that will be given

through the driving cycle. So we have to

take the input of the driving cycle that

is very very important to parameterize

our vehicle. Next consideration you have

to make upon vehicle configuration.

Okay. First thing is whether it is fully

electric or hybrid. Okay. Now I'm just

going to ask you one question. Maybe it

can introduce your uh curiousness in

this study. So I'm just asking whether

it is a electric vehicle or a electric

hybrid vehicle in that aspect

why I should design a motor

My question is,

If my vehicle is fully electric or

hybrid. Hybrid means what? As I told in

the first session itself, it will have

IC engine also or it will and it will

have motor also. So it is hybrid. So

whether my vehicle is going to be a

fully electric or hybrid. Why I should

So the main thing is why I need to

consider which configuration it means

vehicle configuration means if it is

going to be fully electric I'm just

going to use only motor I'm not worried about the IC engine right so accordingly

about the IC engine right so accordingly I can design occupy my spaces and

I can design occupy my spaces and accommodate spaces for my motor okay

accommodate spaces for my motor okay that that is the thing and if I'm going

that that is the thing and if I'm going to use IC as well uh electric vehicle I

to use IC as well uh electric vehicle I need to find the space according to that

need to find the space according to that space only I have to design my motor.

space only I have to design my motor. Okay. So this is first point. Second

Okay. So this is first point. Second point is the power requirement. The

point is the power requirement. The power requirement is based upon what? So

power requirement is based upon what? So that is the power requirement in a

that is the power requirement in a hybrid and electric fully battery fed

hybrid and electric fully battery fed vehicle does changes. So based upon that

vehicle does changes. So based upon that power requirement also your vehicle uh

power requirement also your vehicle uh your dimensions of motors will change.

your dimensions of motors will change. So for so for that reason only what we

So for so for that reason only what we have to tell is first whether it is

have to tell is first whether it is going to have a fully hybrid or uh sorry

going to have a fully hybrid or uh sorry fully electric or hybrid and moreover

fully electric or hybrid and moreover the stop and start of the machine will

the stop and start of the machine will vary for electric vehicle and a hybrid

vary for electric vehicle and a hybrid vehicle. So based upon that I can I have

vehicle. So based upon that I can I have to concentrate whether my motor should

to concentrate whether my motor should pro provide the how much amount of

pro provide the how much amount of torque. So that is actually very very

torque. So that is actually very very important. So that is why we though we

important. So that is why we though we are going to design a motor the

are going to design a motor the consideration of vehicle configuration

consideration of vehicle configuration is very very must. So the next point is

is very very must. So the next point is maximum speed. So actually this is

maximum speed. So actually this is actually very very important because the

actually very very important because the speed of the motor actually tells the

speed of the motor actually tells the speed of the vehicle. So at what speed

speed of the vehicle. So at what speed the vehicle has to go that target is

the vehicle has to go that target is decided by the maximum speed. Okay. So

decided by the maximum speed. Okay. So whether for to achieving that speed

whether for to achieving that speed whether we need a gearbox or not if

whether we need a gearbox or not if gearbox is required whether that should

gearbox is required whether that should be coupled with the motor shaft in which

be coupled with the motor shaft in which way. So these things are very very

way. So these things are very very important while in the designing phase

important while in the designing phase itself. So that that actually

itself. So that that actually parameterizes the output parameter of

parameterizes the output parameter of the motor. Okay. Next

the motor. Okay. Next maximum torque. Okay. This tells right

maximum torque. Okay. This tells right so if you are going to have as I told

so if you are going to have as I told already when you are parameterizing when

already when you are parameterizing when we are parameterizing the

we are parameterizing the characteristics of motor right at that

characteristics of motor right at that time itself I told the torque the torque

time itself I told the torque the torque is actually deciding the acceleration

is actually deciding the acceleration and how much pulling the pulling

and how much pulling the pulling capacity how much load capacity my

capacity how much load capacity my vehicle will have. So fixing your torque

vehicle will have. So fixing your torque is very very important in the motor

is very very important in the motor vehicle vehicle design vehicle motor

vehicle vehicle design vehicle motor design. So at what torque you are fixing

design. So at what torque you are fixing based upon that only the pickup of the

based upon that only the pickup of the vehicle as well as the load carrying

vehicle as well as the load carrying capacity of the vehicle is depending

capacity of the vehicle is depending upon. So the fixing is actually required

upon. So the fixing is actually required and that decide this fixing of torque

and that decide this fixing of torque decides the weight of the vehicle that

decides the weight of the vehicle that is also actually equally related with

is also actually equally related with each other. So based upon your torque

each other. So based upon your torque only the weight of the motor is falling

only the weight of the motor is falling under place and that will taken into

under place and that will taken into consideration. So this point it is very

consideration. So this point it is very very important. Next consideration what

very important. Next consideration what you're going to do is maximum power. As

you're going to do is maximum power. As you know when speed and torque is coming

you know when speed and torque is coming obviously the role of power is also

obviously the role of power is also coming. The maximum power is found

coming. The maximum power is found simply at the maximum speed. Okay. So it

simply at the maximum speed. Okay. So it is the maximum power enables the vehicle

is the maximum power enables the vehicle to reach or maintain a constant speed

to reach or maintain a constant speed under any condition any slope or speed

under any condition any slope or speed or rugged thing everything. To calculate

or rugged thing everything. To calculate the maximum power, drag and friction

the maximum power, drag and friction coefficient plus the force is needed to

coefficient plus the force is needed to climb on the plane. Okay. So you have to

climb on the plane. Okay. So you have to calculate the maximum power by means of

calculate the maximum power by means of drag and its friction coefficient. Okay.

drag and its friction coefficient. Okay. So this is very very important. So based

So this is very very important. So based upon the power requirement only to to

upon the power requirement only to to achieve that power what uh motor I have

achieve that power what uh motor I have to design with this available voltage

to design with this available voltage and current configuration. So this is

and current configuration. So this is how they are related. Okay. So this is

how they are related. Okay. So this is the considerations. So next

the considerations. So next consideration is battery capacity. So

consideration is battery capacity. So battery capacity only will tell this

battery capacity only will tell this much amount of voltage and this much

much amount of voltage and this much amount of current I am going to give

amount of current I am going to give within that only you have to design a

within that only you have to design a motor and you have to give this much

motor and you have to give this much speed and this much torque and this much

speed and this much torque and this much deliver this much amount of power. So if

deliver this much amount of power. So if I do this thing how within how much time

I do this thing how within how much time the battery will drain. So these things

the battery will drain. So these things are to be studied within the motor

are to be studied within the motor design itself because motor is the heart

design itself because motor is the heart of your electrical vehicle. So if that

of your electrical vehicle. So if that motor is properly designed that and

motor is properly designed that and properly optimized, you can blindly tell

properly optimized, you can blindly tell that your vehicle is a good vehicle. The

that your vehicle is a good vehicle. The improvement of the quality of the motor

improvement of the quality of the motor will improve the quality of the entire

will improve the quality of the entire vehicle system itself. So that is the

vehicle system itself. So that is the importance of the motor. Right. Next

importance of the motor. Right. Next battery wtage. Okay. So that is what I

battery wtage. Okay. So that is what I said. No based upon the battery wtages

said. No based upon the battery wtages and size only the weight of the vehicle

and size only the weight of the vehicle as well as the range of the vehicle is

as well as the range of the vehicle is dependent. Okay. And moreover the power

dependent. Okay. And moreover the power electronic converter which you are

electronic converter which you are designing right that switching is also

designing right that switching is also that switching switches are also using

that switching switches are also using the same voltage from the battery only.

the same voltage from the battery only. So you have to maintain the voltage

So you have to maintain the voltage level from 6 600 voltage DC to,200

level from 6 600 voltage DC to,200 voltage DC. that is will be idle for all

voltage DC. that is will be idle for all the applications within the electric

the applications within the electric vehicle system that is also be studied

vehicle system that is also be studied right

right next gearbox are direct driven as I said

next gearbox are direct driven as I said for not only for your speed limitation

for not only for your speed limitation apart from that architectural itself to

apart from that architectural itself to arrange the architecture of the

arrange the architecture of the electrical vehicle system itself whether

electrical vehicle system itself whether it should be a gearbox or direct driven

it should be a gearbox or direct driven is very very that consideration is also

is very very that consideration is also very very important aspect next finally

very very important aspect next finally you are coming at the cost. Okay. So

you are coming at the cost. Okay. So finally you can design entirely a good

finally you can design entirely a good motor. Ultimately you want to satisfy

motor. Ultimately you want to satisfy your consumer. The consumer is satisfied

your consumer. The consumer is satisfied only by the cost which you are

only by the cost which you are providing. So to to reduce the cost what

providing. So to to reduce the cost what you will be doing? So as a designer now

you will be doing? So as a designer now you are a designer. So you are actually

you are a designer. So you are actually you are not worried about cost. Why?

you are not worried about cost. Why? Because you are you are not deciding

Because you are you are not deciding anything because you are constrained

anything because you are constrained with that some output you are given

with that some output you are given constraint with some input to achieve

constraint with some input to achieve that output you have to do some design

that output you have to do some design changes so that you will be achieving at

changes so that you will be achieving at the output that is what your

the output that is what your consideration but what how you can

consideration but what how you can increase or decrease your cost as a

increase or decrease your cost as a designer how you can decrease the cost

designer how you can decrease the cost of the product

of the product any answer

I just wanted an answer. As a engineer, as a design engineer, how you can reduce

as a design engineer, how you can reduce the cost of the product which you are

the cost of the product which you are designing

See reducing the cost of the component is not in your hand because you are a

is not in your hand because you are a design engineer. you are going to design

design engineer. you are going to design it because to achieve the output with

it because to achieve the output with the desired input you have to do certain

the desired input you have to do certain things that is not in your hand okay

things that is not in your hand okay I am not asking about the vehicle cost I

I am not asking about the vehicle cost I am asking about see for example you are

am asking about see for example you are now designing a motor right if I am

now designing a motor right if I am developing a product as a motor now I

developing a product as a motor now I want to reduce the cost of the motor as

want to reduce the cost of the motor as a design engineer what you can

complex shape. Okay, maybe maybe that can reduce few amount because if your

can reduce few amount because if your system is complex maybe that is actually

system is complex maybe that is actually a minor point

a minor point okay

okay that you can do.

that you can do. Yes, but what if your system requires

Yes, but what if your system requires that complexity again that is coming

that complexity again that is coming right?

So I'll just make it very simple. See a

I'll just make it very simple. See a cost of any product say for example a

cost of any product say for example a motor or a power electronic bridge

motor or a power electronic bridge circuit orientate

circuit orientate drive system or a developer board

drive system or a developer board anything you take okay the cost of the

anything you take okay the cost of the system if you take a pen okay you all

system if you take a pen okay you all use a pen the cost of the pen includes

use a pen the cost of the pen includes what and all you know the material the

what and all you know the material the design cost the

design cost the every individual component the ink which

every individual component the ink which is being used inside that pen the ball

is being used inside that pen the ball everything Everything is there and the

everything Everything is there and the name which you have written in the that

name which you have written in the that painting that stickering over the pen

painting that stickering over the pen that also bring includes the cost and

that also bring includes the cost and also what it includes is the R&D amount

also what it includes is the R&D amount the R&D amount the people who are

the R&D amount the people who are putting research and development in this

putting research and development in this in developing this pen right their pay

in developing this pen right their pay okay their runtime and before making

okay their runtime and before making this pen they might have at least made

this pen they might have at least made some 10 to 15 pins as a scratch and they

some 10 to 15 pins as a scratch and they might have tested it that cost also will

might have tested it that cost also will include in this spin. So as a design

include in this spin. So as a design engineer if your R&D work is reduced for

engineer if your R&D work is reduced for example if you are

example if you are going through all the consideration in

going through all the consideration in the paperwork itself and through

the paperwork itself and through simulation if you are able to correct

simulation if you are able to correct all the thing and bring into an

all the thing and bring into an optimized design that actually reduces

optimized design that actually reduces the cost of the motor. If you're

the cost of the motor. If you're spending more time on researchers and uh

spending more time on researchers and uh many time waste of wastage in

many time waste of wastage in prototyping and these things that will

prototyping and these things that will all be included in the end product of

all be included in the end product of the product end product which is coming

the product end product which is coming to the market right that will be in the

to the market right that will be in the product that will be in the cost. So as

product that will be in the cost. So as a design engineer if you take that

a design engineer if you take that responsibility and on paper if you are

responsibility and on paper if you are able to bring everything through

able to bring everything through equations perfectly and then if you are

equations perfectly and then if you are bringing it to the simulation

bringing it to the simulation environment in a perfect way and through

environment in a perfect way and through simu simulation environment if you are

simu simulation environment if you are able to optimize the motor to the

able to optimize the motor to the closest

closest or nearest best quality then if you go

or nearest best quality then if you go for prototyping that error that error is

for prototyping that error that error is not in your hand. So when you bring into

not in your hand. So when you bring into that error that error cost is not in

that error that error cost is not in your end but as a design engineer if you

your end but as a design engineer if you give them a best work from your side

give them a best work from your side that will actually indirectly reduce the

that will actually indirectly reduce the overall cost of that product. So this is

overall cost of that product. So this is the responsibility that every engineer

the responsibility that every engineer as a design engineer as well as every

as a design engineer as well as every engineer should take into keep in your

engineer should take into keep in your mind. So right so that is the main

mind. So right so that is the main points of the design consideration of

points of the design consideration of the motor. Right. Now

the motor. Right. Now what are the traction motor requirement?

what are the traction motor requirement? Okay, first thing optimal speed torque

Okay, first thing optimal speed torque characteristics with operational

characteristics with operational constraints, initial acceleration,

constraints, initial acceleration, gradability and maximum cruising speed

gradability and maximum cruising speed with minimum power requirement. That is

with minimum power requirement. That is the first point. Second point

the first point. Second point achieved if the power train is entirely

achieved if the power train is entirely operated in constant power region.

operated in constant power region. Third point, the entire drive operation

Third point, the entire drive operation is constant power is not practically

is constant power is not practically possible. So the constant power is

possible. So the constant power is possible with appropriate design and

possible with appropriate design and proper selection of motor control

proper selection of motor control technique only. So the first point is

technique only. So the first point is achieved only through operating the

achieved only through operating the motor in a constant power region. But

motor in a constant power region. But the fact and factuals is that you cannot

the fact and factuals is that you cannot operate a motor in continuous constant

operate a motor in continuous constant power zone continuously. That is not

power zone continuously. That is not practically possible because you are

practically possible because you are running a motor in a road environment. I

running a motor in a road environment. I cannot tell like I will always operate

cannot tell like I will always operate in constant power zone only and I can

in constant power zone only and I can hit the other person. I cannot do that

hit the other person. I cannot do that or I can go and fall in a ditch. I

or I can go and fall in a ditch. I cannot do that. So practically that is

cannot do that. So practically that is not at all possible. So the constant

not at all possible. So the constant power is possible. How means with

power is possible. How means with respect to its oper appropriate design

respect to its oper appropriate design and proper selection of motor control

and proper selection of motor control technique. Okay. But what you need to

technique. Okay. But what you need to know is that the mark in in the market

know is that the mark in in the market the motor will come into sales only if

the motor will come into sales only if this is being done. They will check with

this is being done. They will check with it. I said no there are some authorities

it. I said no there are some authorities to uh verify and certify your uh

to uh verify and certify your uh products that will be doing only if this

products that will be doing only if this constraint is there. If only if the

constraint is there. If only if the constant power zone is operating or if

constant power zone is operating or if that is not operating in the constant

that is not operating in the constant power zone they will not give approval

power zone they will not give approval itself. So once the motor is came back

itself. So once the motor is came back into the market you can you you cannot

into the market you can you you cannot play in this before coming into the

play in this before coming into the sales or market you can play with this

sales or market you can play with this okay but after coming to the market next

okay but after coming to the market next thing is after coming to the market

thing is after coming to the market after coming to the market still there

after coming to the market still there are certain things can be made okay that

are certain things can be made okay that is through reverse engineering you can

is through reverse engineering you can still make betterment of the motor

still make betterment of the motor product what you can do is that what I'm

product what you can do is that what I'm suggesting is that if you are interested

suggesting is that if you are interested in doing any projects or many projects

in doing any projects or many projects You can if you are aiming to reverse

You can if you are aiming to reverse engineer any motor design for example

engineer any motor design for example already there is a motor inside a

already there is a motor inside a electrical vehicle you are just going to

electrical vehicle you are just going to recreate it in a simulation environment

recreate it in a simulation environment and you are going to show some

and you are going to show some improvement in the design like that if

improvement in the design like that if you're trying to do means that is well

you're trying to do means that is well and good project. Now what in that what

and good project. Now what in that what you can do? Motor design optimization

you can do? Motor design optimization advancement in materials and sciences

advancement in materials and sciences and electronics and new developed

and electronics and new developed control techniques can be implemented

control techniques can be implemented inside the motor. New motor types with

inside the motor. New motor types with you can you can design your own motor

you can you can design your own motor types also with high efficiency and

types also with high efficiency and reliability for different applications.

reliability for different applications. Okay. For weight whatever application

Okay. For weight whatever application you want for that particular application

you want for that particular application you can customize your own motor. Okay.

you can customize your own motor. Okay. and whatever latest to research and

and whatever latest to research and development is happening you can go in

development is happening you can go in with less expensive material for

with less expensive material for laminations and chromes. Next research

laminations and chromes. Next research in materials also you can be doing

in materials also you can be doing reduction of motor losses and overall

reduction of motor losses and overall efficiency improvement. Okay, based upon

efficiency improvement. Okay, based upon these things also you can check with

these things also you can check with that aspect. So these are the aspect

that aspect. So these are the aspect which can be done after market

which can be done after market optimization. After aftermarket means

optimization. After aftermarket means the product has come out. After that

the product has come out. After that what are the research you can just focus

what are the research you can just focus or design considerations design changes

or design considerations design changes you can bring into a motor. So that is

you can bring into a motor. So that is what I have listed out you can just

what I have listed out you can just check with this.

check with this. Next if you are going to design a motor

Next if you are going to design a motor what you have to do. Okay

what you have to do. Okay first thing I said no application

first thing I said no application requirement. Okay first thing is

requirement. Okay first thing is application requirement for which

application requirement for which application you are going to design the

application you are going to design the motor. That is very very important.

motor. That is very very important. Again I am repeating my first point.

Again I am repeating my first point. You may design the world's best motor

You may design the world's best motor but if you bring that motor and going to

but if you bring that motor and going to apply to any application for example you

apply to any application for example you take the motor and just make it apply it

take the motor and just make it apply it to a fan it may be good if the same

to a fan it may be good if the same motor will be same power rating same

motor will be same power rating same motor is applica applied to a two-heer

motor is applica applied to a two-heer for that particular application that

for that particular application that will not be suitable. So the first thing

will not be suitable. So the first thing what you have to keep in your mind is

what you have to keep in your mind is application requirement

application requirement and second thing is and the second thing

and second thing is and the second thing is rotor type. Okay, as I said you all

is rotor type. Okay, as I said you all know universally the motors the stat of

know universally the motors the stat of the motors are universally the same type

the motors are universally the same type only but the changes of motor is

only but the changes of motor is depending upon the rotar type only the

depending upon the rotar type only the based upon the rotar configuration only

based upon the rotar configuration only the type of motor is actually changing

the type of motor is actually changing and next is since you are going to use a

and next is since you are going to use a permanent magnet motors magnet grade

permanent magnet motors magnet grade what type of matter magnet you are going

what type of matter magnet you are going to use and what grade you are going to

to use and what grade you are going to use so that is very very important

use so that is very very important important and next how many magnets you

important and next how many magnets you are going to make that decides the

are going to make that decides the number of poles okay how many magnets

number of poles okay how many magnets you are going to place so and the

you are going to place so and the characteristics also I told so the

characteristics also I told so the number of magnets actually directly

number of magnets actually directly shows the impact over the performance of

shows the impact over the performance of the motor right it actually shows the

the motor right it actually shows the disturbances in the motor like motor

disturbances in the motor like motor speed torque ripple and electrical

speed torque ripple and electrical frequency so next you are going to fix

frequency so next you are going to fix the number of magnets and based upon the

the number of magnets and based upon the number of magnets generally in which

number of magnets generally in which flow This is happening is you can

flow This is happening is you can understand first you're fixing the

understand first you're fixing the application and the next thing is you

application and the next thing is you are designing your motor from inner

are designing your motor from inner inner periphery inner periphery to the

inner periphery inner periphery to the outer periphery that is rotar is inside

outer periphery that is rotar is inside and you're going to the outer periphery

and you're going to the outer periphery like that you can keep in your mind

like that you can keep in your mind right next the number of stata slots per

right next the number of stata slots per faces. Okay so based upon your faces say

faces. Okay so based upon your faces say for example how much how you will be

for example how much how you will be fixing the stata slots means if your

fixing the stata slots means if your face is three the number of slots should

face is three the number of slots should be divisible by three. So it should be

be divisible by three. So it should be in this aspect. So I as I said the

in this aspect. So I as I said the number of slots if you divide by number

number of slots if you divide by number of poles it should be fractional number

of poles it should be fractional number accordingly you can fix the number of

accordingly you can fix the number of poles or slots. Okay. And you have to

poles or slots. Okay. And you have to arrive at the rough size. Okay. You have

arrive at the rough size. Okay. You have to arrive at the rough size and and you

to arrive at the rough size and and you have to fix the air gap length and

have to fix the air gap length and magnetic loading. So what what what is

magnetic loading. So what what what is the air gap? Means the gap between your

the air gap? Means the gap between your stator and rottor that is called as the

stator and rottor that is called as the air gap. That air gap is generally

air gap. That air gap is generally according to standards it is 0.5 mm but

according to standards it is 0.5 mm but based upon your magnetic strength and

based upon your magnetic strength and the material which you are using you can

the material which you are using you can just fix on with any sort of length but

just fix on with any sort of length but the IT standard suggest it is should

the IT standard suggest it is should should be.5 ml right

should be.5 ml right next determine the flux per pole

next determine the flux per pole combination so how much amount of flux

combination so how much amount of flux has to travel in that particular pole

has to travel in that particular pole that has to be determined and then state

that has to be determined and then state or lamination dimension. I said no

or lamination dimension. I said no stratas are made as thin thin

stratas are made as thin thin laminations that lamination

laminations that lamination boundaries and its dimension should be

boundaries and its dimension should be arrived and then number of conductors

arrived and then number of conductors and turns per coil that is what the over

and turns per coil that is what the over the teeth you are just

the teeth you are just wounding the coil right that coil is how

wounding the coil right that coil is how many numbers of conductors and for how

many numbers of conductors and for how much turns I have to make that I have to

much turns I have to make that I have to finalize and then wire size resistance

finalize and then wire size resistance and inductance per coil. Okay. So, we

and inductance per coil. Okay. So, we have to check one per coil's wire size,

have to check one per coil's wire size, resistance and its inductance. These are

resistance and its inductance. These are the

the internal parameters of the coil. Okay,

internal parameters of the coil. Okay, this you have to fix. And finally, you

this you have to fix. And finally, you have to calculate the performance when

have to calculate the performance when the performance in the performance

the performance in the performance output you have to check with

output you have to check with temperature rise, current density, flux

temperature rise, current density, flux density and demagnetization of the

density and demagnetization of the magnet. If everything goes perfect, then

magnet. If everything goes perfect, then it is fine. or else you have to go and

it is fine. or else you have to go and reiterate to your design. So this is

reiterate to your design. So this is what you have to do. Okay, is that clear

what you have to do. Okay, is that clear what you have to what you have to do in

what you have to what you have to do in a design flowchart? How you have to

a design flowchart? How you have to design a motor? Just comment in the chat

design a motor? Just comment in the chat box. I'll just proceed or else I can

box. I'll just proceed or else I can repeat it.

I cannot actually hear it. The quality is good but maybe due to your internet

is good but maybe due to your internet connectivity the blur is happening.

Okay. So next I'm just uh can I proceed? So still we have some

So still we have some previous slide I

previous slide I so this is what you have to do. First

so this is what you have to do. First thing is you have to fix with

thing is you have to fix with application requirement and then you

application requirement and then you have to check the rotar type what type

have to check the rotar type what type of rot you are going to use and you is

of rot you are going to use and you is you have to go with uh magnet grade

you have to go with uh magnet grade because the rotar is having permanent

because the rotar is having permanent magnet which grade of magnet you're

magnet which grade of magnet you're going to use based upon that you'll be

going to use based upon that you'll be fixing with number of poles number of

fixing with number of poles number of poles means number of magnets how much

poles means number of magnets how much it should be equal right four north

it should be equal right four north means four south okay something like

means four south okay something like that and then based upon the number of

that and then based upon the number of poles you'll be fixing the stata slots

poles you'll be fixing the stata slots as I said if you divide number of poles

as I said if you divide number of poles with status slots it should give

with status slots it should give fractional value. It should not be a

fractional value. It should not be a full value. It should not be integer or

full value. It should not be integer or even number. It should be fractional. So

even number. It should be fractional. So accordingly you'll be fixing the status

accordingly you'll be fixing the status value. By fixing this you'll be

value. By fixing this you'll be achieving a rough size and uh by

achieving a rough size and uh by maintaining the air gap as 5 mm. Okay.

maintaining the air gap as 5 mm. Okay. So this is the flow. After that you have

So this is the flow. After that you have to go with when this air gap is fixed

to go with when this air gap is fixed you'll be determining whether the flux

you'll be determining whether the flux is able to travel through the air gap

is able to travel through the air gap and reach the sta and then your state

and reach the sta and then your state lamination dimension total dimensions of

lamination dimension total dimensions of your state lamination. After finalisting

your state lamination. After finalisting you'll be winding the coil now number of

you'll be winding the coil now number of conductors and how much amount of turns

conductors and how much amount of turns you have to keep in the conductor that

you have to keep in the conductor that you'll be making. And finally you'll be

you'll be making. And finally you'll be fixing with the wire sizes. wire sizes

fixing with the wire sizes. wire sizes will have a internal parameter of

will have a internal parameter of resistance and inductance per coil. So

resistance and inductance per coil. So after that finally you'll be calculating

after that finally you'll be calculating the performance. If the per from the

the performance. If the per from the calculation of performance you you

calculation of performance you you should be able to get this temperature

should be able to get this temperature rise current density flux densities and

rise current density flux densities and demonetization of the current. If that

demonetization of the current. If that is there okay if that is there you can

is there okay if that is there you can just go with the flow. Or else what you

just go with the flow. Or else what you can do is you can just

can do is you can just change the thing you have to reiterate

change the thing you have to reiterate the thing. Okay. So this is what the

the thing. Okay. So this is what the design flow you have to maintain. Right?

Is that clear? So now I'm just going into the next slide. So I said few

into the next slide. So I said few multifysics tools right? I said few

multifysics tools right? I said few multifysics tools. In that multiplicics

multifysics tools. In that multiplicics tool uh what actually you can uh do is

tool uh what actually you can uh do is that okay what you have to do what is

that okay what you have to do what is the procedure you have to follow in the

the procedure you have to follow in the multifysics tool to design okay if if at

multifysics tool to design okay if if at all you use any multifysics tool you

all you use any multifysics tool you just open it first thing you have to

just open it first thing you have to open a new model okay you have to open a

open a new model okay you have to open a new model in that platform and the next

new model in that platform and the next step is build the geometric model

step is build the geometric model geometry model means the single line

geometry model means the single line diagram of the uh motor okay single line

diagram of the uh motor okay single line diagram okay if you draw a motor

diagram okay if you draw a motor boundary it will be looking in a way

boundary it will be looking in a way right that is called as geometry model

right that is called as geometry model so in how to build this geometric model

so in how to build this geometric model first you have to set the drawing space

first you have to set the drawing space and then draw the geometry sweep the

and then draw the geometry sweep the components so this is what you're going

components so this is what you're going to do in the building in the geometry

to do in the building in the geometry okay you are just going to when you take

okay you are just going to when you take a pen and if you draw a outline of a

a pen and if you draw a outline of a motor that is actually the building a

motor that is actually the building a geometry okay and then after that you

geometry okay and then after that you have to sweep the components. Sweep the

have to sweep the components. Sweep the components means what? You have to fill

components means what? You have to fill in necessary materials into it. So

in necessary materials into it. So whatever material you want to put, you

whatever material you want to put, you want to put it and you have to sweep it.

want to put it and you have to sweep it. That means what? You have to fill it

That means what? You have to fill it everything. Right? After filling that

everything. Right? After filling that you have just made the motor design,

you have just made the motor design, right? Then you have to create a coil.

right? Then you have to create a coil. Okay? How you will be creating coil? You

Okay? How you will be creating coil? You have to wound it and you have to make it

have to wound it and you have to make it as a coil. If you want to edit the coil

as a coil. If you want to edit the coil properties, you can edit where that is

properties, you can edit where that is where you can put the voltage and

where you can put the voltage and current value inside the coil. Okay.

current value inside the coil. Okay. Then then if you have any boundary

Then then if you have any boundary condition. Next step. Then if you have

condition. Next step. Then if you have any boundary condition, you can just fix

any boundary condition, you can just fix the boundary condition. For example, if

the boundary condition. For example, if you want to have a outer air temperature

you want to have a outer air temperature or inside if you are if you want to put

or inside if you are if you want to put some heat flow like this. If you are

some heat flow like this. If you are having any boundary condition, you can

having any boundary condition, you can just go through it. You can just add it

just go through it. You can just add it and finally you can customize the mesh.

and finally you can customize the mesh. This is optional actually. So mesh means

This is optional actually. So mesh means generally what multifysics tool will do

generally what multifysics tool will do is it will do finite element analysis.

is it will do finite element analysis. So what is finite element analysis means

So what is finite element analysis means it will analyze the whatever model you

it will analyze the whatever model you are giving in a volutric way. It will

are giving in a volutric way. It will volumetric way. It will actually

volumetric way. It will actually analyze. So how it will analyze is for

analyze. So how it will analyze is for example if you are checking the stress

example if you are checking the stress of your chapel you are just modeling

of your chapel you are just modeling your chapel and in the multifysics tool.

your chapel and in the multifysics tool. Now the boundary conditions are what it

Now the boundary conditions are what it will do is that your you can give like

will do is that your you can give like your road friction as the boundary

your road friction as the boundary condition and your weight on the as the

condition and your weight on the as the boundary condition over the chapel that

boundary condition over the chapel that can be a boundary condition. Okay. Or if

can be a boundary condition. Okay. Or if you want to add some temperature you can

you want to add some temperature you can add temperature also. Now when I walk

add temperature also. Now when I walk what happens to it? I'm going to analyze

what happens to it? I'm going to analyze right. So the mesh what it will do is uh

right. So the mesh what it will do is uh the finite element analysis what it will

the finite element analysis what it will do is it will split the uh chapel into

do is it will split the uh chapel into small triangles. Okay. And if it will

small triangles. Okay. And if it will calculate the value for each triangle

calculate the value for each triangle and finally it will give the output.

and finally it will give the output. Okay. So mesh means what you can do is

Okay. So mesh means what you can do is you can make the number of triangles

you can make the number of triangles more. So if you're making the number of

more. So if you're making the number of triangles more still your answers will

triangles more still your answers will be perfect. So that is called as

be perfect. So that is called as meshing. So if your meshing is very very

meshing. So if your meshing is very very uh less more number of measures more

uh less more number of measures more number of measures means you have less

number of measures means you have less more number of holes and dots. So the

more number of holes and dots. So the samples are more. So since the samples

samples are more. So since the samples are more your answers and waveform will

are more your answers and waveform will be still more perfect and redefined.

be still more perfect and redefined. Okay. So this is what measures will do

Okay. So this is what measures will do and finally you can solve it any there

and finally you can solve it any there will be any solver option you can solve

will be any solver option you can solve it. You can solve the equation and you

it. You can solve the equation and you can check it and finally you can check

can check it and finally you can check the plots and graph as the result. So

the plots and graph as the result. So this is what generally in a multifysics

this is what generally in a multifysics tool you have to do for motor design.

tool you have to do for motor design. Okay. So what I can tell is that here

Okay. So what I can tell is that here you can see if if at all this slide is

you can see if if at all this slide is being shared this will be with you. So

being shared this will be with you. So here if you go means uh you can uh I

here if you go means uh you can uh I have just added a YouTube link and an

have just added a YouTube link and an ITP paper here. So this YouTube link

ITP paper here. So this YouTube link will direct you to my demo demonstration

will direct you to my demo demonstration of uh multifysics tool. Okay

of uh multifysics tool. Okay demonstration of multifysics tool maybe

demonstration of multifysics tool maybe after I we I don't have the session

after I we I don't have the session timing uh this session timing is not

timing uh this session timing is not sufficient for it. So what I what you

sufficient for it. So what I what you can do is you can just go to my channel.

can do is you can just go to my channel. I have given a click button here. You

I have given a click button here. You can just click over it and you can go

can just click over it and you can go ahead. So if at all this slide is shared

ahead. So if at all this slide is shared you can use use it or else what I can

you can use use it or else what I can suggest is that I'm not sure whether if

suggest is that I'm not sure whether if I go out I can uh come back or not.

I go out I can uh come back or not. Anyhow I'll try to do that. If it is not

Anyhow I'll try to do that. If it is not coming back just just kindly bear for 5

coming back just just kindly bear for 5 minutes right I'll just show it.

So just I'm checking if it is going then it is fine.

it is fine. Yeah, this is my YouTube. You can just

Yeah, this is my YouTube. You can just go. This is my name,

go. This is my name, right? So this is my name. This is my

right? So this is my name. This is my YouTube channel. Here you can see I have

YouTube channel. Here you can see I have certain videos

right in this video just uh leave this part this is not related to you whereas

part this is not related to you whereas this part right uh if you click over

this part right uh if you click over this first video this this you can see

this first video this this you can see the description like this aspects of

the description like this aspects of brushless DC motor and magnet software

brushless DC motor and magnet software right using the magnet software how you

right using the magnet software how you can design a motor okay that will be in

can design a motor okay that will be in two parts. So here you can see it is

two parts. So here you can see it is nearly 2 hours of video. You can slowly

nearly 2 hours of video. You can slowly check with that. Okay. So still here I

check with that. Okay. So still here I have only 15 minutes of time. So I

have only 15 minutes of time. So I cannot demonstrate it. Anyhow I'll just

cannot demonstrate it. Anyhow I'll just give an input to that tool. Okay. You

give an input to that tool. Okay. You can just see it. So here you have that I

can just see it. So here you have that I said no that coging torque is a setback.

said no that coging torque is a setback. I have an half an hour video like how to

I have an half an hour video like how to minimize that cogging torque. So I'm

minimize that cogging torque. So I'm just putting that also. And finally for

just putting that also. And finally for electrical vehicle design how you are to

electrical vehicle design how you are to design that this session only actually

design that this session only actually you have seen now. Okay. So maybe you

you have seen now. Okay. So maybe you can follow this first second and third.

can follow this first second and third. Okay. From last first, second and third

Okay. From last first, second and third design aspects of BLC motor and cog

design aspects of BLC motor and cog minimization will be useful for you. It

minimization will be useful for you. It is nearly 2 and a half to 3 hours video.

is nearly 2 and a half to 3 hours video. Slowly you can watch at to whatever time

Slowly you can watch at to whatever time you want so that you you can practice

you want so that you you can practice and you will be knowing about the how to

and you will be knowing about the how to design a motor step by step okay that

design a motor step by step okay that you can do it. So if you someone asked

you can do it. So if you someone asked for link right so

so this is my profile. So you can just uh

uh stay connected with me in LinkedIn. So

stay connected with me in LinkedIn. So you can just uh go through my profile

you can just uh go through my profile and you can just uh if you if you want

and you can just uh if you if you want to have any doubt regarding electrical

to have any doubt regarding electrical vehicle system, power train and these

vehicle system, power train and these things you can just uh ask me right. So

things you can just uh ask me right. So these are my

these are my things you can just go through. I'm

things you can just go through. I'm coming back to our session.

Yeah. So I'm just coming back from to my session.

next. So next we are actually we are we had a

So next we are actually we are we had a battery design with this design aspect

battery design with this design aspect is over. So in the afternoon session if

is over. So in the afternoon session if you see battery design I think uh you

you see battery design I think uh you have gone with some other uh sessions

have gone with some other uh sessions also. So I'm just uh

also. So I'm just uh in afternoon you can see about the dry

in afternoon you can see about the dry system of the motor with MATLAB simuling

system of the motor with MATLAB simuling simul simulation demo. And now I'm just

simul simulation demo. And now I'm just going to introduce you to this thing

going to introduce you to this thing right uh this software tool. So I'm just

right uh this software tool. So I'm just minimizing this uh presentation. I'm

minimizing this uh presentation. I'm just opening the software tool and I'll

just opening the software tool and I'll just give a demo like how it can be done

just give a demo like how it can be done and these things right. So yes I'm

and these things right. So yes I'm closing this

I am just opening the sim center magnet to

to okay. So still we have some 15 minutes.

okay. So still we have some 15 minutes. So I'll just just give an intro. Okay.

So I'll just just give an intro. Okay. Just give an intro. You can I cannot

Just give an intro. You can I cannot give a entire demo. I cannot give an

give a entire demo. I cannot give an entire demo. So five to 10 minutes I can

entire demo. So five to 10 minutes I can just showcase like how you can uh just

just showcase like how you can uh just use this tool. So when you just open

use this tool. So when you just open this tool like this only the design tool

this tool like this only the design tool will look like. Here you can see the

will look like. Here you can see the file, edit, draw, model, boundary,

file, edit, draw, model, boundary, circuit. You can build your circuit. You

circuit. You can build your circuit. You can solve it. You can view, tool,

can solve it. You can view, tool, animate, scripting, extensions,

animate, scripting, extensions, everything is available over here. Here

everything is available over here. Here you can find some toolbarss. What are

you can find some toolbarss. What are the things you can have? Now actually if

the things you can have? Now actually if you want to draw motor, you have these

you want to draw motor, you have these many tools like circle, right? Arc and a

many tools like circle, right? Arc and a straight line. Okay. So I think using

straight line. Okay. So I think using this itself you can design any type of

this itself you can design any type of motor right. So now I'm just uh if you

motor right. So now I'm just uh if you want to put a circle right so here you

want to put a circle right so here you can see it is looking like a graph

can see it is looking like a graph correct. So here in the bottom actually

correct. So here in the bottom actually before this I was keeping it ready for

before this I was keeping it ready for you to demonstrate so I didn't do that

you to demonstrate so I didn't do that now I'm just showing you here you see

now I'm just showing you here you see the tools in this toolbar you have a

the tools in this toolbar you have a thing called keyboard input bar. Okay so

thing called keyboard input bar. Okay so just you have to click on it. If you

just you have to click on it. If you click on it, this toolbar will you can

click on it, this toolbar will you can see here a key keyboard toolbar. So here

see here a key keyboard toolbar. So here you can you can see it is in X and Y.

you can you can see it is in X and Y. That means what? This is X-axis and this

That means what? This is X-axis and this is Y-axis. This entire platform is in a

is Y-axis. This entire platform is in a treated as a graph sheet. Okay, it will

treated as a graph sheet. Okay, it will be in uh generally the BLC motor

be in uh generally the BLC motor measurements are within mm for electric

measurements are within mm for electric vehicle application. So I'm just going

vehicle application. So I'm just going and changing my unit to millimeters. So

and changing my unit to millimeters. So I'm just putting millmters. So I have

I'm just putting millmters. So I have changed my unit to millimeter. So

changed my unit to millimeter. So whatever you are drawing right you have

whatever you are drawing right you have to give measurements by means of zeros

to give measurements by means of zeros and y x and y coordinates. Okay. So here

and y x and y coordinates. Okay. So here first I'm putting I'm going to draw a

first I'm putting I'm going to draw a circle. Okay. I'm just adding a circle

circle. Okay. I'm just adding a circle over here. And now I'm I'm putting to

over here. And now I'm I'm putting to the key bar in keyboard 0 comma 0. That

the key bar in keyboard 0 comma 0. That is my center point. I'm going to start

is my center point. I'm going to start from there. Okay. I'm just putting an

from there. Okay. I'm just putting an enter. And again now my pen is going to

enter. And again now my pen is going to that point. Now I have to drop my pen at

that point. Now I have to drop my pen at that point only. So again another enter

that point only. So again another enter right and finally I need to give radius

right and finally I need to give radius right say let us take as 30 mm. So I

right say let us take as 30 mm. So I give 30 and give enter. Now actually the

give 30 and give enter. Now actually the 0a 30 mm is drawn but since it is slow

0a 30 mm is drawn but since it is slow you cannot see. So what you have to do

you cannot see. So what you have to do is you have to go and there will be

is you have to go and there will be option called view all. View all if you

option called view all. View all if you click here it will zoom to 30m. Actually

click here it will zoom to 30m. Actually uh if you see it through the your

uh if you see it through the your YouTube channel this will not be that

YouTube channel this will not be that much visible because the color gradient

much visible because the color gradient is not matching with the perfect screen.

is not matching with the perfect screen. If you are able to see then it is fine.

If you are able to see then it is fine. If it is if you're not able to see then

If it is if you're not able to see then you need not uh you are not worried

you need not uh you are not worried about it you are telling like do it in

about it you are telling like do it in afternoon right? See

afternoon right? See in afternoon actually you have a better

in afternoon actually you have a better demo in this demo is available within my

demo in this demo is available within my YouTube channel. You can go and view it.

YouTube channel. You can go and view it. Okay. during my during your free time

Okay. during my during your free time also you I need not waste time on it so

also you I need not waste time on it so only I'm just giving an intro only here

only I'm just giving an intro only here in your in my YouTube channel you can go

in your in my YouTube channel you can go slowly watch because that is actually

slowly watch because that is actually two two and a half hours video so I made

two two and a half hours video so I made it into two two three parts so you can

it into two two three parts so you can slowly sit and whenever you are finding

slowly sit and whenever you are finding time you just go through it and you can

time you just go through it and you can just stop it go to

just stop it go to back to your work you can do your work

back to your work you can do your work and again come back to the YouTube

and again come back to the YouTube channel you can view whenever you are

channel you can view whenever you are free you just do it okay So I'm just

free you just do it okay So I'm just given an intro right now I'm going to

given an intro right now I'm going to draw an in inner circle again again it

draw an in inner circle again again it is in circle now again 0 comma 0

is in circle now again 0 comma 0 now I'm going to radiuses say for

now I'm going to radiuses say for example 20 mm so 20 mm I have drawn a

example 20 mm so 20 mm I have drawn a another circle over here so I have drawn

another circle over here so I have drawn an inner circle here now if I want to

an inner circle here now if I want to draw a straight line now this is zero

draw a straight line now this is zero right so if is this is zero then I'm

right so if is this is zero then I'm going to just put

going to just put so straight line from here I have to put

so straight line from here I have to put my line okay so this is this is your

my line okay so this is this is your x-axis and this is your axis this is

x-axis and this is your axis this is zero from here I'm going to take some 1

zero from here I'm going to take some 1 mm say for example x-axis is um 1 mm

mm say for example x-axis is um 1 mm okay 1 mm and let this be 35 okay this

okay 1 mm and let this be 35 okay this is my starting point 35 I'm giving so 35

is my starting point 35 I'm giving so 35 I have drawn a line my pen is at 35 35

I have drawn a line my pen is at 35 35 now 1A 35 and I have to end it as nearly

now 1A 35 and I have to end it as nearly 13 for for example 20 I have drawn as

13 for for example 20 I have drawn as the inner diameter so I'm just drawing

the inner diameter so I'm just drawing as 18 now you see I have drawn one line

as 18 now you see I have drawn one line okay so now I have drawn one line you

okay so now I have drawn one line you can see here right this is the line now

can see here right this is the line now I'm just showing a demo only finally I

I'm just showing a demo only finally I will show the motor now if I want to

will show the motor now if I want to erase something okay now what I have to

erase something okay now what I have to do I have to go here select construction

do I have to go here select construction slide click on it this will become as a

slide click on it this will become as a slice Okay, this will become a slice.

slice Okay, this will become a slice. This will become a slice. Okay, now if I

This will become a slice. Okay, now if I want to cut this, if this is these are

want to cut this, if this is these are the external, this portion I need to cut

the external, this portion I need to cut means what I have to do. Now I have to

means what I have to do. Now I have to click this and I have to see here in

click this and I have to see here in edit you will be having actually edit

edit you will be having actually edit all tools. Yes, in edit

all tools. Yes, in edit draw. In draw you will see segment edges

draw. In draw you will see segment edges one scissor type of image will be there.

one scissor type of image will be there. Just put it. It will become into

Just put it. It will become into segments. Now same line if you again go

segments. Now same line if you again go and touch it, it will be into segments.

and touch it, it will be into segments. See here this has been made into a

See here this has been made into a segment. Now wherever you want to

segment. Now wherever you want to delete, you just keep on it. Just put

delete, you just keep on it. Just put delete. It will delete.

delete. It will delete. So like this what you can do is you can

So like this what you can do is you can entirely develop a model. Now I'm just

entirely develop a model. Now I'm just opening a model for you which I have

opening a model for you which I have created already. Right? I'm just opening

created already. Right? I'm just opening it.

entire model of your brushless DC motor as a wireframe model. This is what I am

as a wireframe model. This is what I am calling as wireframe model. This is what

calling as wireframe model. This is what I told you. You have to develop a

I told you. You have to develop a geometry. So this is a geometry. So here

geometry. So this is a geometry. So here you have to click on select construction

you have to click on select construction SL construction slice surfaces. You have

SL construction slice surfaces. You have to select that option. Okay. Or here you

to select that option. Okay. Or here you can see select components and here you

can see select components and here you can see select component faces. Here you

can see select component faces. Here you can see select component edges. So in

can see select component edges. So in this you just check

this you just check whether you are drawn correctly. Select

whether you are drawn correctly. Select construction slice surfaces. If you just

construction slice surfaces. If you just click it and keep it, you can see this

click it and keep it, you can see this is the stator. Okay? And this is your

is the stator. Okay? And this is your rottor. These are your magnets.

rottor. These are your magnets. Okay? And these are your winding coils.

Okay? Like this you have to make it. Okay? So now you have to make this as a

Okay? So now you have to make this as a component. Right? Now you have to make

component. Right? Now you have to make this as a component. Means you have to

this as a component. Means you have to just select it and you just go

just select it and you just go to select

See you have to make it as a component now. Now you just make in a model you

now. Now you just make in a model you have to make it as a component. Now I'm

have to make it as a component. Now I'm making as a component. Say for example

making as a component. Say for example this is STA. I am renaming it as

STAR and I have to put a material. Okay. So generally it is cold rled steel. So

So generally it is cold rled steel. So I'm just putting the cold r seal. So let

I'm just putting the cold r seal. So let us take this as a 100 m 100 mm length.

us take this as a 100 m 100 mm length. Okay. So if it is 100 mm

Okay. So if it is 100 mm this is the length. Okay. So now I have

this is the length. Okay. So now I have made a 100 mm length. Okay. Now I'm just

made a 100 mm length. Okay. Now I'm just moving to the rotor. Okay. Make

moving to the rotor. Okay. Make components in a line. Now I'm just again

components in a line. Now I'm just again I'm putting this as a rotor. Rot you can

I'm putting this as a rotor. Rot you can just change. Let us put like carpenter

just change. Let us put like carpenter silicon steel. This is randomly I'm

silicon steel. This is randomly I'm putting right.

Okay. So this is STAR and rotar we have created. Now now I need to create

created. Now now I need to create magnet. Right. So I'm just creating PM1.

magnet. Right. So I'm just creating PM1. Okay. So permanent magnet one. Okay. So

Okay. So permanent magnet one. Okay. So just I am technically you can check with

just I am technically you can check with this things in my YouTube channel.

this things in my YouTube channel. Right. Right. You can do that.

So you can put neodymium ion neodymium magnet. Okay. Type if it is you have to

magnet. Okay. Type if it is you have to if you are putting inward that will be

if you are putting inward that will be created as north. Okay. So I'm putting

created as north. Okay. So I'm putting radally invert. And next I have to put

radally invert. And next I have to put south. Okay. So I'm just putting it. Now

south. Okay. So I'm just putting it. Now next I have to put is put it as south

next I have to put is put it as south right. So PM

right. So PM 2 in that I have to put previously it

2 in that I have to put previously it was inward. So now I'm putting outward.

was inward. So now I'm putting outward. So this will become a south now. Okay.

So this will become a south now. Okay. So similarly I have to make all the

So similarly I have to make all the other components.

inward outward I have to change. So I'm creating north pole and south pole. So

creating north pole and south pole. So if you just uh

so if you you can just check with the model also if you want.

So you are you are you are now I'm just I'm just using a simple way in my

I'm just using a simple way in my YouTube channel. You can go and check

YouTube channel. You can go and check just to show a model. I'm just doing

just to show a model. I'm just doing this thing. So you have to do it but

this thing. So you have to do it but procedurically right.

procedurically right. Finally I'm putting this as a coil. So

Finally I'm putting this as a coil. So copper wire. So I have put Okay. Now I

copper wire. So I have put Okay. Now I have put windings also. Now I can

have put windings also. Now I can check this as a 3D model.

check this as a 3D model. I can show you see

I can show you see I have made a motor now right this is

I have made a motor now right this is how motor will look so whatever motor

how motor will look so whatever motor you are changing you can designing you

you are changing you can designing you can just check with it and you can

can just check with it and you can decide it this is a 3D view projected

decide it this is a 3D view projected view I'm showing to you right so this is

view I'm showing to you right so this is how actually

the motors motor drawing will look like right so you have designed a motor now

right so you have designed a motor now is uh

is uh you can design it and you can show the

you can design it and you can show the this thing now I'm

just uh closing here and I'm opening my next that is this is entirely I have

next that is this is entirely I have filled the material now I can show you

so this is how after filling this material you have to check. See here I

material you have to check. See here I have entirely filled all the materials

have entirely filled all the materials over here. STA, rotor, permanent magnet,

over here. STA, rotor, permanent magnet, air. I have to fill the air gap also.

air. I have to fill the air gap also. Slot A, slot B, slot 2 A, 2 B, 2 A, 3 A,

Slot A, slot B, slot 2 A, 2 B, 2 A, 3 A, 3 B. Like that I have created. And then

3 B. Like that I have created. And then I have created a coil. After creating a

I have created a coil. After creating a winding, what I should do? I should se

winding, what I should do? I should se select 1 2 3 4 and I have to do what? Go

select 1 2 3 4 and I have to do what? Go to model and I have to make now this

to model and I have to make now this this will not be enabled. So I have to

this will not be enabled. So I have to create a coil. Okay. So if I create a

create a coil. Okay. So if I create a coil, this will make it a this will be

coil, this will make it a this will be creating a coil. That is three phases

creating a coil. That is three phases means three coils will come. Now these

means three coils will come. Now these are those coils 3 A B C. Okay. So this

are those coils 3 A B C. Okay. So this is what you have to do. After creating

is what you have to do. After creating coil, you can just go go to the

coil, you can just go go to the properties. You can check. Okay. Here

properties. You can check. Okay. Here you can find the number of turns, how

you can find the number of turns, how much amount of wtage you have to give,

much amount of wtage you have to give, how much how much of current you have to

how much how much of current you have to give. Those things and all you can give.

give. Those things and all you can give. Similarly you can do that for all type

Similarly you can do that for all type of material. Whatever you want to give

of material. Whatever you want to give as properties you can just go you can

as properties you can just go you can give all type of material solver

give all type of material solver property if you want anything you can

property if you want anything you can give. Next after building all these

give. Next after building all these things you have to go in for you have to

things you have to go in for you have to go in for solving right. So you have to

go in for solving right. So you have to go to solve and you can see different

go to solve and you can see different types of solving for before before going

types of solving for before before going into different types of solving you just

into different types of solving you just go to set solver option whatever you

go to set solver option whatever you want to add it as input you can just

want to add it as input you can just give and uh there are many solver

give and uh there are many solver options you can see transate options

options you can see transate options also it will be there transient options

also it will be there transient options also for 3D means you can use P adaption

also for 3D means you can use P adaption for 2D means you can use H adaption so

for 2D means you can use H adaption so again I'm repeating in my in my YouTube

again I'm repeating in my in my YouTube channel you can find it more in deep

channel you can find it more in deep Okay. So you can give the start time and

Okay. So you can give the start time and stop time of the simulation and finally

stop time of the simulation and finally you can do any type of solving here.

you can do any type of solving here. Okay. So this solving will take so this

Okay. So this solving will take so this this I have not given any input suddenly

this I have not given any input suddenly because of my error because of my uh

because of my error because of my uh mistake something has I have pressed and

mistake something has I have pressed and I just given solving. So it is not

I just given solving. So it is not solved correctly with correct

solved correctly with correct adaptations. So I'm just opening the

adaptations. So I'm just opening the another model which is actually solved.

another model which is actually solved. Okay. Because this solve may take some

Okay. Because this solve may take some time based upon your uh this thing. Yes.

time based upon your uh this thing. Yes. So you can you can design solenoids and

So you can you can design solenoids and these things also since this is related

these things also since this is related to this thing I have made like this. You

to this thing I have made like this. You can definitely create any type of

can definitely create any type of circuits in it. Right? You can also

circuits in it. Right? You can also build your own circuit. You can give

build your own circuit. You can give your pulsing sequences everything in

your pulsing sequences everything in this also.

See opening that uh solved model itself is taking time.

So just wait for 2 minutes. Um by then I will be answering your questions like uh

will be answering your questions like uh for a generator sensor transformers

for a generator sensor transformers transformer you can do speakers uh yeah

transformer you can do speakers uh yeah it is not specific for motor for

it is not specific for motor for anything you if you want to do

anything you if you want to do multifysics operation you can just uh do

multifysics operation you can just uh do it. Okay. So it is not uh restricted

it. Okay. So it is not uh restricted towards motor alone transformer

towards motor alone transformer solenoids you can do anything. Okay

it is taking much more time because it is completely solved model right. So it

is completely solved model right. So it is taking so it is solved here you can

is taking so it is solved here you can see right once it is pin proper solver

see right once it is pin proper solver option is set and you have I have

option is set and you have I have actually solved with transient with 3D

actually solved with transient with 3D that is I have given motor as a running

that is I have given motor as a running parameter and I have given. So here if

parameter and I have given. So here if you see your model name is coming right.

you see your model name is coming right. Here also you can go adjust the

Here also you can go adjust the properties for different test cases also

properties for different test cases also you can solve. See for example I have

you can solve. See for example I have given all the solution right adaptation

given all the solution right adaptation I have given transit parameters I have

I have given transit parameters I have given like this start and stop. So every

given like this start and stop. So every test parameters you can give here. So

test parameters you can give here. So after that once it is solved you just go

after that once it is solved you just go to the result tab will open. Just go to

to the result tab will open. Just go to the result you can see energy forces.

the result you can see energy forces. Okay I said torque right? Cogging

Okay I said torque right? Cogging torque. The coging torque is the torque

torque. The coging torque is the torque which is coming in the X is Z axis. You

which is coming in the X is Z axis. You just keep on click on that numerical

just keep on click on that numerical value. You can see graph selection. If

value. You can see graph selection. If you put graph, okay, your plots will be

you put graph, okay, your plots will be like this. You will be getting these

like this. You will be getting these values in a plot also. Okay. If you want

values in a plot also. Okay. If you want to export this plot also, you can just

to export this plot also, you can just export it and you can analyze it in a

export it and you can analyze it in a Excel sheet also. Like this also you can

Excel sheet also. Like this also you can do. So if I want to see some for example

do. So if I want to see some for example let us take some

let us take some component force you can measure flux

component force you can measure flux linkages see flux linkage is nothing but

linkages see flux linkage is nothing but your current I said no so in coil B I

your current I said no so in coil B I can see my results here I'm just putting

can see my results here I'm just putting my graph this is the current value of

my graph this is the current value of coil B at different time I have given

coil B at different time I have given till 0 to 360 milliseconds okay so at

till 0 to 360 milliseconds okay so at different times and rotar positions you

different times and rotar positions you can you can take this in in terms of

can you can take this in in terms of positions also

positions also So you can uh do that right. So whatever

So you can uh do that right. So whatever results you want for your analysis you

results you want for your analysis you can just go check with the results who

can just go check with the results who make losses losses if you want at at

make losses losses if you want at at permanent magnet losses also you can get

permanent magnet losses also you can get as well as your slot B you are not

as well as your slot B you are not having any losses. Apart from that what

having any losses. Apart from that what you can do is you can also see here if

you can do is you can also see here if you want to view the flux pattern that

you want to view the flux pattern that also you can do. Okay.

also you can do. Okay. So I said about uh meshes. No. So this

So I said about uh meshes. No. So this is your

is your mesh. So this is how meshes will be

mesh. So this is how meshes will be created. I said no. You'll be getting uh

created. I said no. You'll be getting uh small small triangles like that. You can

small small triangles like that. You can also find it. Right? This is actually

also find it. Right? This is actually the mesh. So if you want to redefine it,

the mesh. So if you want to redefine it, you can redefine it into more number of

you can redefine it into more number of triangles. Still you'll be getting a

triangles. Still you'll be getting a smoother waveform. Right? Now you can

smoother waveform. Right? Now you can also if you go to uh field okay you'll

also if you go to uh field okay you'll be having these many parameters from

be having these many parameters from there if you want to check the flux

there if you want to check the flux function you can just update view it

function you can just update view it will give how the flux is flowing see my

will give how the flux is flowing see my fluxes are linking correctly so this is

fluxes are linking correctly so this is how your linkage should be there apart

how your linkage should be there apart from that you can also check with any

from that you can also check with any parameters like uh BH curve in magnets

parameters like uh BH curve in magnets you will be seeing BH curve now that

you will be seeing BH curve now that also you can check so for everything you

also you can check so for everything you can just uh go and check you will be

can just uh go and check you will be getting the color shader values here

getting the color shader values here also right this is how you can design

also right this is how you can design and validate a motor so here I'm

and validate a motor so here I'm concluding the session by this and then

concluding the session by this and then in the afternoon session you'll be

in the afternoon session you'll be seeing with the drive system control of

seeing with the drive system control of the motor right so you'll be having

the motor right so you'll be having matlab simulation demo there so I I am

matlab simulation demo there so I I am ready to meet you in the afternoon

ready to meet you in the afternoon session right so this for this again I

session right so this for this again I said no you just go to my YouTube

said no you just go to my YouTube channel and just you can find the in

channel and just you can find the in in-depth demonstration of this videos.

in-depth demonstration of this videos. Right. Shall we conclude the session

Right. Shall we conclude the session now?

now? Yeah, if you have any doubt you can ask

Yeah, if you have any doubt you can ask me. I will stay here till another five

me. I will stay here till another five minutes. I'll answer your questions. So

minutes. I'll answer your questions. So if not you can just leave. We may

if not you can just leave. We may conclude the session is concluded here

conclude the session is concluded here and we will conclude in the yeah this is

and we will conclude in the yeah this is actually the paid software only.

actually the paid software only. I said no fem f that is actually open

I said no fem f that is actually open source. You can use that software as a

source. You can use that software as a open source. It will be similar to this

open source. It will be similar to this one.

So I have already concluded. So if you have any doubt you can ask for the rest

have any doubt you can ask for the rest of the four minutes. I will stay online.

of the four minutes. I will stay online. Yeah.

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نص YouTube:Embedded Systems and Design & Development - Feb 26, 2026 | Morning | VisionAstraa EV Academy